7.

EQUILIBRIUM

Chemistry Smart Booklet

Theory + NCERT MCQs + Topic wise Question
MCQs+NEET PYQs
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 EQUILIBRIUM
Introduction
Equilibrium is the most important characteristic property of reversible reactions.
These reactions for which the forward reaction occurs to a much greater extent are
considered to be unidirectional in nature and whenever the rate of forward reaction
is equal to rate of backward reaction, equilibrium is attained, not to forget that
equilibrium exists only in closed system.
It is the state of system at which temperature, pressure, volume and composition
have fixed value and does not vary with time. Chemical Reactions can be divided into
two categories:
Irreversible Reactions: The reactions which proceed to completion and the products
fail to recombine to give back reactants. For example:
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

Reversible Reactions: The reactions which never go to completion and products

recombine to give back reactants. For example:
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)

Physical Equilibrium
We know that solid, liquid and gas are the three states of substance. Therefore, three
types of physical equilibrium are possible. These are

Solid(s) ⇌ liquid (l)

Liquid(l) ⇌ gas(g)

Solid(s) ⇌ gas(g)

Here the sign double half arrows (⇌) pointing in the opposite directions is both for
the reversible change as well as for the equilibrium state.

1. Solid(s) – liquid(l) equilibrium: At equilibrium two processes takes place at

the same rate i.e.,

Ice(s) ⇌ water(l)

H2O(s) ⇌ H2O(l)

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 At equilibrium,

Rate of melting of ice = Rate of freezing of water

The temperature at which the solid and liquid states of a pure substance are
in equilibrium at the atmospheric.

pressure is called the normal freezing point or melting point of that substance.

2. Liquid(l) – gas(g) equilibrium:

H2O(l) ⇌ H2O(g)

In such type of equilibrium,

Rate of vaporisation of water = Rate of condensation of water vapour

3. Solid(s) – gas(g) equilibrium: Such type of equilibrium is attained in case of

volatile solids.

Example: If solid iodine is placed in a closed vessel, violet vapours starts

appearing in the vessel.

The intensity of violet vapour increases with time and ultimately it becomes
constant.

I2(s) ⇌ I2(g)

In this equilibrium,

Rate of sublimation = Rate of condensation

4. Solids in liquids: Suppose sugar is added continuously into a fixed volume of

water at room temperature and stirred thoroughly with a glass rod. First the
sugar will keep on dissolving but then a stage will come when no more sugar
dissolves. Instead it settles down at the bottom. The solution is now said to
be saturated and in a state of equilibrium. In this state

Rate of dissolution = Rate of precipitation

Sugar(s) ⇌ Sugar (in solution)

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 The amount of the solid in grams that dissolves in 100 g of the solvent to form
a saturated solution at a particular temperature is called the solubility of that
solid in the given solvent at that temperature.

Gases in liquids

Such type of equilibrium is present in soda water bottle in which CO2 gas is dissolved
in water under high pressure. There is a state of dynamic equilibrium between the
CO2 present in the solution and the vapours of the gas above the liquid surface at a
given temperature.

CO2(g) ⇌ CO2(aq)

Henry’s law
Periodic table may be defined as the tabular arrangement of elements in such a way
that the elements having same properties are kept together.

m ∝p

m = kp

where k is Henry’s constant and its value depends upon the nature of the gas, nature
of liquid and temperature.

General Characteristics of Physical Equilibrium:

1. Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a given temperature.

2. Both the opposing processes occur at the same rate and there is a dynamic
but stable condition.
3. All measurable properties of the system remain constant.
4. When equilibrium is attained for a physical process, it is characterised by
constant value of one of its parameters at a given temperature.
5. The magnitude of such quantities at any stage indicates the extent to which
the physical process has proceeded before reaching equilibrium.

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Chemical Equilibrium
Every reversible reaction consists of one pair of reaction, one is forward and other
is backward reaction. At one stage during reversible reactions, forward and
backward reaction proceed at the same time with the same rate, the reaction is then
said to be in equilibrium. If the opposing processes involve chemical reactions, the
equilibrium is called Chemical equilibrium.

1. Law of Chemical Equilibrium: This law states that the rate of an elementary
reaction is proportional to the product of the concentration of the reactants.
At a constant temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is directly
proportional to the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants each
raised to a power equal to the corresponding stoichiometric coefficients as
represented by the balanced chemical equation. Let us consider the reaction,

A+B⇌C+D

rf = Kf[A][B]

rb = Kb[C][D]

At equilibrium rf = rb.

Kf[A][B] = Kb[C][D]

K c [C][D]
Kc = =
K c [A][B]

Kc is called the equilibrium constant, [ ] ⟶ denotes active masses.

For a general reversible reaction,

aA + bB ⇌ cC+ dD

[C]c [D]d
Kc =
[A]A [B]B

2. Equilibrium constant of reverse reaction: Equilibrium constant for the reverse

reaction is the inverse of the equilibrium constant for the reaction in the
forward direction.
1
K ′c =
Kc

Relation between Kp and Kc

For a general reversible reaction

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 aA + bB ⇌ cC+ dD

[CC ]C [CD ]d
Kc = … (1)
[CA]a [CB ]b

[PC]C [PD ]d
Kp =
[PA ]a [PB ]b

[CC ]C × [RT]C . [CD ]d × [RT]d

Kp =
[CA]a × [RT]a . [CB ]b × [RT]b

[CC ]C [CD ]d (RT)c+b

Kp =
[CA]a [CB ]b (RT)a+b
From Eq. (1),

K p = K C (RT)(c+d)−(a+b)

K p = K c (RT)Δn

Where, Δn = difference of stoichiometric coefficients of gaseous products and reactants.

3. Characteristics of Equilibrium

i. At the state of equilibrium, certain available properties like pressure,

concentration and density becomes constant.

ii. Chemical equilibrium can be established from either side.

iii. A catalyst can cause the state of equilibrium to be reached faster, but does not
alter the state of equilibrium.

iv. Chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature.

v. Any change in external stress (Pressure, temperature or concentration) causes

disturbance in equilibrium state. The state of equilibrium being stable, is again
reached by some adjustment.

vi. If temperature is changed, a new equilibrium is achieved with a new value for
relative concentration of products and reactants.

vii. If temperature is kept constant, pressure and concentration of reactants /

products is altered, system shifts in forward or backward direction in order to
nullify the alteration (stress).

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Factors Affecting Equilibria

i. Change in Concentration: When the concentration of any of the reactants or

products in an equilibrium reaction is altered, the equilibrium mixture’s composition
changes in order to minimize the effect of the concentration change.

ii. Change in Temperature: According to Le-Chatelier’s principle if the temperature of

an equilibrium system is increased, the equilibrium will move in the direction of the
added heat.

iii. Change in Pressure: The pressure has no effect on the equilibrium if the number of
moles of gaseous reactants and products does not change. The change in pressure in
both liquids and solids can be neglected in heterogeneous chemical equilibrium.

iv. Change in Volume: When the volume of a gaseous mixture at equilibrium is

increased, the equilibrium moves in the direction of a larger number of gaseous
molecules.

v. Effect of a Catalyst: The equilibrium is unaffected by the catalyst. This is due to the
fact that the catalyst favours both forward and backward reactions equally.

Homogeneous Equilibria
When in an equilibrium reaction, all the reactants and the products are present in the
same phase (i.e., gaseous or liquid) it is called a homogeneous equilibrium. For example,

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

Heterogeneous Equilibria
When in an equilibrium reaction, the reactants and the products are present in
two or more than two phases, it is called a heterogeneous equilibrium.

The equilibrium between water vapour and liquid water in a closed container is an
example of heterogeneous equilibrium.

H2O(I) ⇌ H2O(g)

Le Chatelier's Principle
It states that if a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium for the
time being gets disturbed. As a result system moves in a direction which tends to
relieve the external stress and finally a new equilibrium is attained.

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Ionic Equilibrium
Electrolyte: Electrolytes are the substances which conduct electricity in molten
state or in solution. Example HCl, NaCl, KCl, CH3COOH etc.

Arrhenius theory of Electrolytic dissociation: When an electrolyte is dissolved in a

solvent it spontaneously dissociates into oppositely charged particles called ions,
to a considerable extent. Electrolytic ionization or dissociation gives ions and
unionized molecules in solution. For neutrality, the total charge on cations is equal
to the total charge on the anions.

Degree of Dissociation (α): It is the fraction of one mole of the electrolyte that has
dissociated under the given conditions. The value of α depends on temperature,
dilution of electrolyte, nature of electrolyte and solvent.

α = No. of ionized moles/ Total mo. Moles

Ostwald's Law of Dilution:

According to this law, "The degree of ionization (or dissociation) of any weak
electrolyte is inversely proportional to the square root of concentration."

K
α= √
C

Where, K = proportionality constant

Concepts of Acids and Bases

1. Arrhenius Concept:
• Acid: Any substance when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of
H+. e.g., HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 etc.
• Base: Any substance when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of
OH-. e.g., NaOH, KOH etc.

2. Bronsted - Lowry Concept:

• Acid: Species (Molecule or ion) that donates a proton to another species.

• Base: Species (Molecule or ion) that accepts a proton from another species.
HCl(Acid) + NH3(Base) ⟶ NH+4 + Cl-
3. Lewis acids and bases:
According to Lewis concept of acids and bases, a Lewis acid is an electron pair
acceptor and a Lewis base is an electron pair donor.

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 Lewis acids: H+, Ag+, Fe2+, AlCl3, BF3, BCl3, BeCl2 etc.
Lewis Bases: Cl-, CN-, OH-, X-, NH-2, SH- etc.
An acid base reaction is the sharing of an electron pair with an acid by a base.
This process is simply defined as coordination or neutralisation.
a. A strong acid is an acid that ionizes completely in water.
HCl(aq) + H2O (l) ⟶ H3O+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)

b. A weak acid is an acid that is only partially ionized in water

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH2COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

c. A strong base is a base that ionizes completely in water.

KOH(aq) ⟶ K+(aq) + OH-(aq)

d. A weak base is a base which is partially ionized in water

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH+4(aq) + OH–(aq)

The pH Scale
pH of solution may be defined as negative logarithm of hydronium ion
concentration.
pH = −log [H3O+ ]
1
pH = log
[H3 O+ ]
The pH range at 25°C is taken as 0 to 14.
pH = 7 Neutral
pH > 7 Basic
pH < 7 Acidic
Common Ion Effect
The suppression in the dissociation of a weak electrolyte by the addition of a strong
electrolyte having a common ion is called common ion effect.

For example: Ionisation of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and effect of addition of a small
amount of acetate ion.
CH3COOH(aq) ⟶ CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
CH3COONa(aq) ⟶ CH3COO-(aq) + Na+(aq)

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Buffer Solution
A buffer solution is that solution which resists any change in its pH value on addition
of small amount of acid or base. Although the pH of buffer changes on doing so, but
the change in pH value will be less than the expected change. There are three types
of buffer solution.

Acidic Buffer: This consists of solution of a weak acid and its salt with strong base.
Example; CH3COOH and CH3COONa.

Basic Buffer: This consists of solution of weak base and its salt with strong acid. e.g.,
NH4OH and NH4Cl

Salt Buffer: It is a solution of salt which itself can act as a buffer. Such a salt is the
salt of weak acid and weak base. For example,

CH3COONH4 ⇌ NH4+ + CH3COO-

When an acid is added, it reacts with CH3COO- to produce CH3COOH and when a
base is added, it react with NH4+ to produce NH4OH.

Buffer Capacity
It is the number of moles of acid or base required by one litre of a buffer solution for
changing its pH by one unit.

Buffer Capacity = No. of moles of acid or base adder per litre / Change in pH

Solubility and Solubility Product

The number of moles of solute in one litre of a saturated solution (mole / L) is
defined as solubility. Let us calculate solubility of salt AgCl.

AgCl ⇌ Ag+ + Cl-

Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]

Ksp is called solubility product.

In pure water,

Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]

Ksp = S2 {∵ S = [Ag+] = [Cl-]}

S = √K sp

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Summary
1. Equilibrium: It represents the state of a process in which the properties like
temperature, pressure, concentration of the system do not show any change
with the passage of time.

2. Physical equilibrium: It is a state of equilibrium in which the two opposing

processes involve changes in physical state only.

3. Chemical equilibrium: It is a state of equilibrium in which the two opposing

processes involve change of chemical species.

4. Reversible reaction: A reversible reaction is one which proceeds in both the

forward and backward directions.

5. Law of mass action: This law states that at constant temperature, the rate of
chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of molar
concentrations of the reacting substances.

6. Equilibrium constant (K): It is the ratio of the product of the molar

concentrations of the substances formed to that of the reacting substances
raised to the powers equal to their stoichiometric coefficients in the chemical
equation at a particular temperature.

7. Henry’s law: The mass of a gas dissolved in a given mass of a solvent at any
temperature is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the
solvent.

8. Le Chatelier’s Principle: When a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a

stress such as a change in concentration, pressure or temperature, the
equilibrium shifts in a direction that opposes or reduces the stress.

9. Strong electrolytes: Electrolytes which are ionized almost completely in

aqueous solution under similar conditions of concentration and temperature
are called strong electrolytes.

10. Weak electrolytes: Electrolytes which are poorly ionized in aqueous solution
under similar conditions of concentration and temperature are called weak
electrolytes.

11. Solubility product: It is the product of concentration of ions in a saturated

solution of a sparingly soluble salt at a given temperature.

12. Arrhenius acid-base concept: According to Arrhenious, an acid is a substance

which gives hydrogen ions and base is a substance which gives hydroxyl ions in
aqueous solutions.

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13. Bronsted-Lowry acid-base concept: According to this concept, an acid is a
proton donor and base is a proton acceptor.

14. Lewis acid-bases concept: According to this concept, an acid is an electron pair
acceptor and base is an electron pair donor.

15. pH value: pH value of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration (in moles per litre) present in it. Thus pH = -log[H+]

16. Irreversible reaction: If a reaction cannot take place in the reverse direction i.e.,
the products formed do not react to give back the reactants under the same
conditions is called an irreversible reaction.

17. Homogeneous equilibria: When in an equilibrium reaction, all the reactants

and the products are present in the same phase (i.e., gaseous or liquid), it is
called a homogeneous equilibrium.

18. Heterogeneous equilibrium: When in an equilibrium reaction, the reactants

and the products are present in two or more than two phases, it is called a
heterogeneous equilibrium.

19. Buffer solution: It is defined as a solution which resists in its pH value even
when small amounts of the acid or the base are added to it.

20. Conjugate base: A base formed by the loss of proton by an acid is called
conjugate base of the acid.

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 NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS
(1.) Assertion: If in a saturated solution of NaCl, HCl gas is passed, then sodium chloride is precipitated.
Reason: Concentration of chloride ions decreases due to common ion effect of HCl . [Page: 230]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(2.) At what dilution benzoic acid would be 10% dissociated? (Dissociation constant for benzoic acid
= 6.6  10−5 ) [Page: 219]
(a.) 198 (b.) 158
(c.) 168 (d.) 178

(3.) Which of the following statements is correct? [Page: 205]

(I) Equilibrium constant does not depend on concentration as well as temperature.
(II) Expression of equilibrium constant is applicable only when concentrations of the reactants and
products have attained constant value at equilibrium state.
(III) The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is equal to half of the equilibrium constant for the
forward reaction.
(a.) I only (b.) I and II only
(c.) II only (d.) L II and III

(4.) Consider the following statements: [Page: 228]

(I) Solubility depends on lattice enthalpy of the salt and solution enthalpy of the ions.
(II) For a salt to be able to dissolve in a particular solvent its solvation enthalpy must be lesser than its
lattice enthalpy.
(II1) In case of non‐polar solvents, solvation enthalpy is not small and it is sufficient to overcome the
lattice enthalpy of the salt. Thus, salt is able to dissolve in non‐polar solvents. Which of the following is
incorrect?
(a.) I only (b.) II and III only
(c.) I and II only (d.) III only

(5.) Which of the following statements is correct? [Page: 2l6]

(I) Bronsted acids are species which give H + ions only in aqueous solution.
(II) H3O+ is an acid according to Arrhenius and Bronsted but not according to Lewis.
(III) NH 3 can act as base according to both Bronsted and Lewis.
(a.) I and II only (b.) II and III only
(c.) III only (d.) None of these

(6.) Assertion: For a given reaction,

A (g ) + B(g ) C(g ) + D (g )

Reason: If the value of K c is very large, the reaction proceeds nearly to completion and if K c  10−3 , then
reactants predominate over

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 products. [Page: 206]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(7.) Read the given reactions,

[NCERT Exemplar Modified, Page: 20l]
H2S H+ + HS− − − − K1
HS− H + + S2− − K 2
H2S 2H+ + S2− − K3
The relation between K1 , K 2 and K 3 is
(a.) K 3 = K1 + K 2 (b.) K 3 = K 2  K1
(c.) K 3 = K 2 / K1 (d.) K 3 = K1 / K 2

(8.) For the reaction N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3 in a vessel, after the addition of equal number of moles of N 2 and
H 2, equilibrium state is formed. Which of the following is correct?. [Page: 198]
(a.)  H2  =  N2  (b.)  H2    N2 
(c.)  H2    N2  (d.)  N2  =  H2  =  NH3 

(9.) Assertion: For any chemical reaction at a particular temperature, the equilibrium constant is fixed and is
a characteristic property.
Reason: Equilibrium constant is independent of temperature. [Page: 209]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (b.) Both A and R are true but R is nor the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(10.) Which of the following conditions will favour maximum formation of the product in the reaction?
[NEET‐2018, Page: 211]
A 2 ( g ) + B2 ( g ) X 2 ( g )  r H = −X kJ
(a.) High temperature and low pressure (b.) Low temperature and low pressure
(c.) Low temperature and high pressure (d.) High temperature and low pressure

(11.) The pH of a solution containing 2.0 g of NaOH per litre of water is

(a.) 12 (b.) 14
(c.) 12.7 (d.) 13.3

(12.) The concentration of  Ag +  = 10−6 in a solution. Then the concentration of Cl −  required for the
precipitation of AgCl ( K sp = 110−13 ) is [Page: 230]
(a.) 10−6 (b.) 10−10
(c.) 10−8 (d.) 10−9

(13.) Accepting the definition that an acid is a proton donor, the acid in the following reaction is:
NH3 + H2 0 → NH4+ + OH−

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(a.) NH 3
(b.) H 2O
(c.) NH +4
(d.) OH −

(14.) If the equilibrium constant for [AIPMT‐2O15, Page: 20l]

N 2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) 2NO ( g ) is K, the equilibrium constant for
1/ 2N 2 ( g ) + 1/ 2O 2 ( g ) NO ( g ) will be
1 (b.) K
(a.) K
2
(c.) K2 (d.) K1/ 2

(15.) The reaction N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH3 ( g ) is exothermic. Which of the following sets correctly states
the changes in the equilibrium yield of NH 3 when the reaction conditions are changed? [Page: 211]
Increase in pressure Increase in temp. Use of catalyst
(a.) More NH 3 Less NH 3 No change (b.) Less NH 3 More NH 3 No change

(c.) More NH 3 Less NH 3 More NH 3 (d.) Less NH 3 More NH 3 More NH 3

(16.) What is the pH of the resulting solution when equal volumes of 0.1M NaOH and 0.01M HCl are Mixed?
[AIPNIT‐2015, Page: 218]
(a.) 7.0 (b.) 1.04
(c.) 12.35 (d.) 2.0

(17.) Which of the following pairs of substances cannot exist together in solution?
(a.) Na 2CO3 + NaOH (b.) NaHCO3 + Na 2CO3
(c.) NaHCO3 + NaOH (d.) NaOH + NaCl

(18.) The concentration of HCN and NaCN in a solution is 0.0l M each. The concentration of hydroxyl ions
is ( K a for HCN is 7.2 10−10 )
(a.) 7.2 10−8 (b.) 1.39 10−5
(c.) 3.97 10−6 (d.) 1.49 10−7

(19.) 0.2 moles of A, 0.3 moles of B and 0.5 moles of C are taken in a 2 L flask to obtain the following
equilibrium: [Page: 206]
A (g ) + B(g ) C(g )
If the equilibrium constant for the reaction is
3.0 10−1 , then predict the direction of the reaction.
(a.) Forward direction (b.) Backward direction
(c.) At equilibrium (d.) Can’t be predicted.

(20.) For the reaction,

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 ZnCO3 ( s ) ZnO ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) [Page: 202]
The correct expression for K p is

(a.) Kp =
 ZnOCO2  (b.) Kp =
PZnCO3  PCO2
 ZnCO3  PZnCO3
(c.) K P = PCO2 (d.) K p = PZnO
2
 Pco2

(21.) 3. Which of the following will nor act as a buffer [Page: 227]
(a.) NaHCO3 + H 2CO3 (b.) CH 3COOH + CH 3COONa
(c.) NaOH + NaCl (d.) NH 4OH + NH 4CL

(22.) Solution of 0.1 NNH 4OH and 0.1 NNH 4Cl has pH 9.25. Then find out pK b of NH 4OH.
(a.) 9.25 (b.) 4.75
(c.) 3.75 (d.) 8.25

(23.) Which of the following cannot act both as Bronsted acid and as Bronsted base [Odisha NEET‐2019,
Page: 214]
(a.) HSO−4 (b.) HCO3−
(c.) NH 3 (d.) HCl

(24.) In which of the following reactions, the yield of the products decreases by increasing the pressure. [Page:
210]
(a.) N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH3 ( g ) (b.) H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) 2HI ( g )
(c.) C ( s ) + O2 ( g ) CO2 ( g ) (d.) PCl5 ( g ) PCl3 ( g ) + Cl2 ( g )

(25.) If at 25C only 25.5 g AgBr salt is soluble in 2 L water, then K sp for the salt at 25C will be (in mol2 L−2 )
[Page: 228]
(a.) 4.6110−3 (b.) 6.79 10−2
(c.) 144.89 (d.) 6.85 10−3

(26.) CaCO3 CaO + CO 2 reaction in a lime kiln goes to completion because [Page: 193]
(a.) CaO does not react to CO 2 to give CaCO3 (b.) Backward reaction is very slow
(c.) CO 2 formed escapes out (d.) None of these

(27.) The value of G for an isomerization reaction is 5.5 kJ / mol . Then the value of equilibrium constant K c
for the reaction at 298 K is [Page: 208]
(a.) 1.5 (b.) 0.596
(c.) 0.1086 (d.) 10.59

(28.) For the given reaction, equilibrium can be reached

A+ B C + D [Page: 196]
(a.) When only A and B are initially present (b.) When only C and D are initially present
(c.) Any of these (d.) None of these

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(29.) Assertion: If K c for the reaction, 2HI H 2 + I 2 is 5, then K c for the reaction H 2 + I 2 2HI is 0.2.
Reason: Equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is the inverse of the equilibrium constant for the
reaction in the forward direction. [Page: 200]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(30.) In the reaction A + B 2C , the initial concentrations of A and B are 1.0 and 2.0 mol L−1 respectively,
If at equilibrium the concentration of C is 0.4 mol L−1 , the value of equilibrium constant is
(a.) 0.028 (b.) 0.111
(c.) 0.166 (d.) 0.200

(31.) Which of the following statements is correct about acids? [Page: 213]
(a.) The lining of our stomach secretes approx. 2.l (b.) Lemon and tamarind contain ascorbic and
to 5.l L of hydrochloric acid per day. citric acids.
(c.) Acids turn blue litmus red. (d.) Acids liberate hydrogen gas on reacting with
non‐metals.

(32.) Which of the given statements is/are correct? [NCERT Exemplar Modified, Page: 210]
(I) On addition of catalyst, the equilibrium constant value is not affected.
(II) The intensity of red colour increases when oxalic acid is added to a solution containing iron nitrate and
potassium thiocyanate.
(a.) I only (b.) II only
(c.) Both of these (d.) None of these

(33.) The molar solubility of CaF2 ( K sp = 5.3 10−11 ) in 0.1M Solution of NaF will be [Odisha NEET‐2019,
Page: 22S]
(a.) 5.3 10−10 mol L−1 (b.) 5.3 10−11 mol L−1
(c.) 5.3 10−8 mol L−1 (d.) 5.3 10−9 mol L−1

(34.) Which one of the following is the correct order of basic strength?
(a.) NH 3  CH 3 NH 2  NF3 (b.) CH 3 NH 2  NH 3  NF3
(c.) N3  CH 3 NH 2  NH 3 (d.) NH 3  NP3  CH 3 NH 2

(35.) The solubility product of Al ( OH )3 is 2.7 10−11. Then its solubility will be [Page: 228]
(a.) 10−4 (b.) 10−6
(c.) 10−3 (d.) 10−2

(36.) What will be the value of pH of 0.01 mol / dm3HCOOH? ( K a for HCOOH = 1.8 10−4 ) [NCERT
Exemplar Modified, Page: 22O]
(a.) 1.127 (b.) 3.412
(c.) 1.89 (d.) 2.87

18
(37.) The pH of an aqueous solution of 1 M ammonium formate is if pK a of HCOOH is 3.8 and pK b of
ammonia is 4.8 (assuming complete dissociation)
(a.) 5.5 (b.) 6.5
(c.) 7.5 (d.) 4.5

(38.) Acidity of AlCl3 can be explained on the basis of which of the following concepts? [NCERT Exemplar
Modified, Page: 216]
(a.) Arrhenius concept (b.) Bronsted‐Lowry concept
(c.) Lewis concept (d.) Bronsted‐Lowry as well as Lewis concept

(39.) At 927 K and 1 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of CO and CO 2 an equilibrium with solid carbon has
80.15% CO by mass
C ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) 2CO ( g )
K c for the reaction at 927 K will be
(a.) 0.189 (b.) 0.072l
(c.) 0.0893 (d.) 0.285

(40.) Match the following: [Page: 228]

Salt K sp
(P) BaSO 4 (1) 4s3
(Q) Ag 2Cr0 4 (2) 27s 4
(R) Zr3 ( PO4 )4 (3) s 2
(S) Al ( OH )3 (4) 6912s7

(a.) P‐2, Q‐ 1, R‐4, S‐3 (b.) P‐ 1, Q‐4, R‐3, S‐2

(c.) P‐3, Q‐ 1, R‐4, S‐2 (d.) P‐ 3, Q‐ 1, R‐ 2, S‐4

(41.) The aqueous solution of which of the following salts will have the lowest pH?
(a.) NaClO3 (b.) NaClO
(c.) NaClO 4 (d.) NaClO 2

(42.) Consider the following statements: [Page: 228]

(I) Ionic product should be greater than solubility product for precipitation.
(II) If solubility is less than 0.0l M, then the salt is known as a sparingly soluble salt.
( )
1/3
(1II) Solubility for AB 2 type electrolyte is given by K sp / 4 .
Then the incorrect statement(s) is/are
(a.) I only (b.) II only
(c.) Both II and III (d.) None of these

(43.) Assertion: Increasing order of acidity of hydrogen halides is HF  HCl  HBr  HI

Reason: Polar nature of bond is the most important factor compared to H‐A bond strength to determine
acidity. [Page: 224]
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

19
(44.) The percentage of pyridine ( C5H5 N ) that forms pyridinium ion ( C5H5 NH ) in a 0.10 M aqueous pyridine
solution ( K b for C5H5 N = 1.7 10−9 ) is [NEET‐2016, Phase‐II, Page: 22l]
(a.) 0.0060% (b.) 0.013%
(c.) 0.77% (d.) 1.6%

(45.) The two Bronsted bases in the reaction,

HC2O 4 + PO34− → HPO 24− + C 2O 24−
are [Page: 215]
I II III IV
(a.) I and II (b.) II and III
(c.) II and IV (d.) I and III

(46.) Boiling point of a liquid can be increased by [Page: 194]

(a.) Increasing atmospheric pressure (b.) Decreasing atmospheric pressure
(c.) Going at high altitude (d.) Boiling point is fixed for a substance, it cannot
be increased.

(47.) Consider the following equilibrium:

C ( s ) + 2H 2 ( g ) CH 4 ( g ) [Page: 210] increasing pressure will shift the equilibrium
(a.) towards left (b.) towards right
(c.) first left then right (d.) equilibrium state will not change.

(48.) The equilibrium constant for the reaction: [Page: 199]

2A + 3B → 2C will be

(a.)
 2A 3B  A  3B
2

(b.)
 2C  C
2

(c.)
 2C  C
2

(d.)
 2A 3C  A   B
2 2

(49.) Which one of the following pairs of solution is not an acidic buffer? [AIPNIT‐2015, Page: 227]
(a.) H 2CO3 and Na 2CO3 (b.) H 3PO 4 and Na 3PO 4
(c.) HClO 4 and NaClO 4 (d.) CH 3COOH and CH 3COONa

(50.) The following solutions were prepared by mixing different volumes of NaOH and HCl of different
concentrations: [NEET‐2018, Page: 218]
M M
(I) 60mL HCl + 40mL NaOH
10 10
M M
(II) 55mL HCl + 45mL NaOH
10 10
M M
(III) 75mL HCl + 25mL NaOH
5 5

20
 M M
(IV) 100mL HCl + 100mL NaOH
10 10
pH of which one of them will be equal to l?
(a.) IV (b.) I
(c.) II (d.) III

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1: Law of Mass Action, Equilibrium Constant (Kc and Kp) and its Applications
1. A cylinder fitted with a movable piston contains liquid water in equilibrium with water vapour at 25 °C.
Which operation result in a decrease in the equilibrium vapour pressure?
1) Moving the piston downward a short distance 2) Removing a small amount of vapour
3) Removing a small amount of the liquid water 4) Dissolving salt in the water
2. The reaction CaCO3 ( s ) CaO ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) goes to completion in lime kiln because
1) Of the high temperature. 2) CaO is more stable than CaCO3.
3) CaO is not dissociated. 4) CO2 escapes continuously.
3. Which of the following conditions represents an equilibrium?
1) Freezing of ice in an open vessel, temperature of ice is constant.
2) Few drops of water is present along with air in a balloon, temperature of balloon is constant.
3) Water is boiling in an open vessel over stove, temperature of water is constant.
4) All the statements 1), 2) and 3) are correct for the equilibrium.
4. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding chemical equilibrium?
(i) Equilibrium is maintained rapidly.
(ii) The concentration of reactants and products become same at equilibrium.
(iii) The concentration of reactants and products are constant but different.
(iv) Both forward and backward reactions occur at all times with same speed.
1) (i) and (iii) 2) (i), (ii) and (iii) 3) (iii) and (iv) 4) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
5. At the triple point of water there exists an equilibrium between
1) Ice and water 2) ice and vapours
3) Ice, water and vapours 4) none of the above.
6. Two moles of PCl5 were heated in a closed vessel of 2 L. At equilibrium 40% of PCl5 is dissociated into
PCl3 and Cl2. The value of equilibrium constant is
1) 0.53 2) 0.267 3) 2.63 4) 5.3
1
7. For the following reaction in gaseous phase CO ( g ) + O2 ( g ) → CO2 ( g ) , K p / K c is
2
1) ( RT ) 2) ( RT ) 3) ( RT ) 4) ( RT )
1/ 2 −1/ 2 −1

8. At a given temperature the equilibrium constant for the reaction of PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2 is 2.4 × 10–3. At
the same temperature, the equilibrium constant for the reaction PCl3 ( g ) + Cl2 ( g ) PCl5 ( g ) is
1) 2.4 10−3 2) −2.4 10−3 3) 4.2 102 4) 4.8 10−2
9. Which of the following is correct for the reaction?
N2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH3 ( g )
1) K p = K c 2) K p  K c 3) K p  K c 4) Pressure is required to predict the correlation

21
10. Boiling point of the liquid depends on the atmospheric pressure. It depends on the altitude of the place;
at high altitude the boiling point…………..
1) increases 2) decreases 3) either decreases or increases 4) remains same
11. 5 mole of NH4HS (s) start to decompose at a particular temperature in a closed vessel. If pressure of
NH3(g) in the vessel is 2 atm, then Kp for the reaction,
NH 4 HS ( s ) NH3 ( g ) + H 2S ( g ) , will be
1) 2 2)4 3)0.4 4)0.8
12. A reaction is said to be in equilibrium when
1) the rate of transformation of reactant to products is equal to the rate of transformation of products to
the reactants.
2) 50% of the reactants are converted to products.
3) the reaction is near completion and all the reactants are converted to products.
4) the volume of reactants is just equal to the volume of the products.
13. If the Kp for the equilibrium, M.5H2O ( s ) M.3H 2O ( s ) + 2H 2O ( g ) is110−4 . Then M.5H2O ( s ) will
show efflorescence when it is exposed to an atmosphere where vapour pressure of water is
1) more than 10–2 atm 2) below 10–2 atm 3) more than 10–4 atm 4) below 10–4 atm
14. For the reaction : 2NO2 ( g ) 2NO ( g ) + O2 ( g ) , ( K c = 1.8 10−6 at 1840 C and R = 0.0831kJ / mol K )
When Kp and Kc are compared at 1840C, it is found that
1)Whether Kp is greater than, less than or equal to Kc depends upon the total gas pressure
2) Kp = Kc 3) Kp is less than Kc 4) Kp is greater than Kc
15. The equilibrium constant for the reversible reaction N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3 is K and for reaction
1 3
N2 + H2 NH3 , the equilibrium constant is K’
2 2
The K and K’ will be related as:
1) K  K ' = 1 2) K = K ' 3) K ' = K 4) K = K '
16. For the reaction CO + 2H 2 CH 3OH at 427o C , the partial pressure of CH3OH, CO and H2 at
equilibrium are 2,1 and 0.1atm. respectively. The value of Kp for the decomposition of CH3OH to CO
and H2 is
1) 5 10−3 atm−2 2) 2 10−2 atm−2 3) 5 10−2 atm2 4) 2 10−1 atm2
17. In A + B C . The unit of equilibrium constant is
1) Litre mol–1 2) Mol litre 3) Mol litre–1 4) No unit
18. A reaction is A + B C + D. Initially we start with equal concentrations of A and B. At equilibrium we
find that the moles of C is two times of A. What is the equilibrium constant of the reaction?
1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 2
19. The decomposition of N2O4 to NO2 is carried out at 280 K in chloroform. When equilibrium has been
established, 0.2 mole of N2O4 and 2×10-3 mole of NO2 are present in a 2L solution. The equilibrium
constant for the reaction, N2O4 2NO2 is
–2
1) 1 × 10 2) 2 × 10–3 3) 1 × 10–5 4) 2 × 10–5
20. For the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI (g) at 721 K, the value of equilibrium constant is 50, when
equilibrium concentration of both is 5M. Value of Kp under the same conditions will be
1) 0.02 2) 0.2 3) 50 4) 50 RT
21. The rate constant for forward and backward reaction of hydrolysis of ester are 1.1  10–2 and 1.5  10–3
per minute respectively. Equilibrium constant for the reaction
CH3COOC2H5+ H+ CH3COOH+ C2H5OH is

22
 1) 4.33 2) 5.33 3) 6.33 4) 7.33
22. Consider the following graph and mark the correct statement.

1) Chemical equilibrium in the reaction, H2 + I2 ƒ2HI can be attained from either directions.
2) Equilibrium can be detained when H2 and I2 are mixed in an open vessel.
3) The concentrations of H2 and I2 keep decreasing while concentration of HI keeps increasing with
time.
4) We can find out equilibrium concentration of H2 and I2 from the given graph.
23. Steam reacts with iron at high temperature to give hydrogen gas and Fe3O4 (s). The correct expression
for the equilibrium constant is
(P ) ( P )  Fe O   Fe3O4 
4 4
PH2 2 H2 H2 3 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
P2
H2O (P ) 4
H2O ( P ) 4  Fe
H2O  Fe
24. For a reaction the free energy change. G = −RT ln K p + RT ln Qp where Kp = equilibrium constant.
Qp = reaction quotient. For the reaction to be in equilibrium state
Qp Qp Qp
1) 1 2) 1 3) =1 4) Qp K p = 1
Kp Kp Kp
TOPIC 2: Relation between K, Q, G and Factors Affecting Equilibrium
25. What is the effect of halving the pressure by doubling the volume on the following system at 500 °C?
H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) 2HI ( g )
1) Shift to reactant side 2) Shift to product side
3) Liquefaction of HI 4) No effect
26. The equilibrium constant for a reaction, N2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) 2NO ( g ) is 4 10−4 at 2000 K. In the
presence of catalyst, the equilibrium is attained 10 times faster. The equilibrium constant in presence of
catalyst at 2000 K is:
1) 10 × 10–4 2) 4 × 10–2 3) 4 × 10–4 4) 40 × 10–4

27. The formation of SO3 takes place according to the following reaction:
2SO 2 + O 2 2SO3 ; H = −45.2kcal
The formation of SO3 is favoured by
1) Increase in temperature 2) removal of oxygen
3) Increase of volume 4) increase of pressure
28. According to Le-chatelier’s principle, adding heat to a solid ƒliquid equilibrium will cause the
1) Temperature to increase 2) temperature to decrease
3) Amount of liquid to decrease 4) amount of solid to decrease
29. Consider the reaction
2SO2 (g) +O2(g) 2SO3(g) for which Kc = 278 M–1. 0.001 mole of each of the reagents SO2(g),
O2(g) and SO3(g) are mixed in a 1.0 L flask. Determine the reaction quotient of the system and the
spontaneous direction of the system:

23
 1) Qc = 1000; the equilibrium shifts to the right
2) Qc = 1000; the equilibrium shifts to the left
3) Qc = 0.001; the equilibrium shifts to the left
4) Qc = 0.001; the equilibrium shifts to the right
30. For the reaction XCO3 (s) ƒXO(s) +CO2 (g), Kp = 1.642 atm at 727°C. If 4 moles of XCO3(s) was
put into a 50 litre container and heated to 727°C. What mole percent of the XCO3 remains unreacted at
equilibrium?
1) 20 2) 25 3) 50 4) None of these

31. Which one of the following information can be obtained on the basis of Le Chatelier principle?
1) Dissociation constant of a weak acid 2) Entropy change in a reaction
3) Equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction
4) Shift in equilibrium position on changing value of a constraint
32. The equilibrium constant Kp for a homogeneous gaseous reaction is 10–8. The standard Gibbs free
energy change  G° for the reaction (using R = 2 cal K–1 mol–1) is
1) 10.98 kcal 2) –1.8 kcal 3) –4.1454 kcal 4) +4.1454 kcal
33. For the reaction NH4HS(g) NH3(g) + H2S(g) in a closed flask, the equilibrium pressure is P atm.
The standard free energy of the reaction would be:
1) – RT ln p 2) – RT (ln p – ln 2) 3) – 2 RT ln p 4) – 2 RT (ln p – ln 2)
TOPIC 3: Theories of Acids and Bases, Ionic Product of Water and pH Scale
34. In HS–, I–, RNH2 and NH3, order of proton accepting tendency will be
1) I– > NH3 > RNH2 > HS– 2) HS– > RNH2 > NH3 > I–
3) RNH2 > NH3 > HS– > I– 4) NH3 > RNH2 > HS– > I–
35. Which one of the following compounds is not a protonic acid?
1) SO2 (OH)2 2) B(OH)3 3) PO(OH)3 4) SO(OH)2
36. Which of the following molecules acts as a Lewis acid?
1) (CH3)2 O 2) (CH3)3 P 3) (CH3)3 N 4) (CH3)3 B
37. Which one of the following is the correct statement?
1) HCO3− is the conjugate base of CO32− 2) NH −2 is the conjugate acid of NH3.
3) H2SO4 is the conjugate acid of HSO −4 4) NH3 is the conjugate base of NH −2
38. Which of the following has highest pH?
M M M M
1) KOH 2) NaOH 3) NH 4OH 4) Ca ( OH )2
4 4 4 4
39. The pH of a 10–3 M HCl solution at 25 °C if it is diluted 1000 times, will be –
1) 3 2) zero 3) 5.98 4) 6.02
40. What will be the pH of a solution formed by mixing 50 mL of 0.5 M HCl solution and 150 mL of 0.5 M
NaOH solution and 300 mL H2O?
1) 13 2) 12.7 3) 7 4) 11
41. Water is well known amphoprotic solvent. In which chemical reaction water is behaving as a base?
1) H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4− 2) H2O + H2O → H3O+ + OH−
3) H2O + NH2− → NH3 + OH− 4) H2O + NH3 → NH+4 + OH−

42. The value of ionic product of water at 393 K is

1) Less than 1 × 10–14 2) greater than 1 × 10–14 3) Equal to 1 × 10–14 4) equal to 1 × 10–7
43. Three reactions involving H 2 PO −4 are given below:

24
 1) H3PO4 + H2O → H3O+ + H2 PO4− 2) H2 PO4− + H2O → HPO42− + H3O+
3) H2 PO4− + OH− → H3PO4 + O2−
In which of the above does H 2 PO −4 act as an acid?
1) (ii) only 2) (i) and (ii) 3) (iii) only 4) (i) only
44. The value of the ionic product of water
1) depends on volume of water 2) depends on temperature
3) changes by adding acid or alkali 4) always remains constant
45. Which of the following increasing order of pH of 0.1 M solution of the compounds 1) HCOONH4,
2) CH3COONH4, 3) CH3COONa and 4) NH4Cl is correct?
1) A < D < B < C 2) D < A < C < B 3) A < D < C < B 4) D < A < B < C
46. On increasing the temperature of pure water
1) both pH and pOH increase 2) both pH and pOH decrease
3) pH increases and pOH decreases 4) pH decreases and pOH increases
TOPIC 4: Ionization of Weak Acids and Bases and Relation between K a and Kb
47. The dissociation constant of two acids HA1 and HA2 are 3.14 × 10– 4 and 1.96 × 10– 5 respectively. The
relative strength of the acids will be approximately
1) 1 : 4 2) 4 : 1 3) 1 : 16 4) 16 : 1
48. At 298K a 0.1 M CH3COOH solution is 1.34% ionized. The ionization constant Ka for acetic acid will
be
1) 1.82 × 10– 5 2) 18.2 × 10–5 3) 0.182 × 10–5 4) none of these
49. Ka1 , Ka2 and Ka3 are the respective ionisation constants for the following reactions.
H 2S H + + HS−
HS− H + + S2−
H 2S 2H + + S2−
The correct relationship between K a1 , K a 2 and K a3 is
1) K a3 = K a1  K a 2 2) K a3 = K a1 + K a 2 3) K a3 = K a1 − K a 2 4) K a3 = K a1 / K a 2
50. A monobasic weak acid solution has a molarity of 0.005 and pH of 5. What is the percentage ionization
in this solution?
1) 2.0 2) 0.2 3) 0.5 4) 0.25
51. Which of the following will occur if 0.1 M solution of a weak acid is diluted to 0.01 M at constant
temperature?
1) [H+] will decrease to 0.01 M 2) pH will decrease
3) Percentage ionization will increase 4) Ka will increase
52. At a certain temperature the dissociation constants of formic acid and acetic acid are 1.8 × 10–4 and
1.8 × 10–6 respectively. The concentration of acetic acid solution in which the hydrogen ion has the
same concentration as in 0.001 M formic acid solution is equal to
1) 0.001 M 2) 0.01 M 3) 0.1 M 4) 0.0001 M
53. The degree of dissociation of acetic acid in a 0.1 M solution is 1.32 × 10–2. Find out the dissociation
constant of the acid.
1) 1.50 × 10–4 2) 1.80 × 10–16 3) 1.76 × 10–5 4) 1.2 × 10–3
TOPIC 5: Common Ion Effect, Salt Hydrolysis, Buffer Solutions and Solubility Product
54. Solubility of salt A2B3 is 1 × 10–4, its solubility product is
1) 1.08 × 1020 2) 1.08 × 1018 3) 2.6 × 10–18 4) 1.08 × 10–18
55. Which of the following metal sulphides has maximum solubility in water?
1) CdS (Ksp = 36 × 10–30) 2) FeS (Ksp = 11 × 10–20)

25
 3) HgS (Ksp = 32 × 10–54) 4) ZnS (Ksp = 11 × 10–22)
56. The Ksp for Cr(OH)3 is 1.6 × 10–30. The solubility of this compound in water is :
1) 4 1.6 10−30 2) 4 1.6 10−30 / 27 3) 1.6 10−30/ 27 4) 1.6 10−30

57. Consider the following equilibrium

AgCl  2NH3 [Ag ( NH3 )2 ]
White precipitate of AgCl appears on adding which of the following?
1) NH3 2) aqueous NaCl 3) aqueous HNO3 4) aqueous NH4Cl
−2
58. A saturated solution of Ag2SO4 is 2.5 10 M, the value of its solubility product is :
1) 62.5 10−6 2) 6.25 10−4 3) 15.625 10−6 4) 3.125 10−6
59. The solubility of AgI in NaI solution is less than that in pure water because
1) the temperature of the solution decreases.
2) solubility product of AgI is less than that of NaI.
3) of common ion effect. 4) AgI forms complex with NaI.
60. A litre of solution is saturated with AgCl. To this solution if 1.0 × 10–4 mole of solid NaCl is added,
what will be the [Ag+], assuming no volume change?
1) More 2) Less 3) Equal 4) Zero
–12
61. The solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt BA2 is 4 × 10 . The solubility of BA2 is
1) 4 × 10–4 2) 4 × 10–12 3) 4 × 10–3 4) 1 × 10–4
62. The pH of an acidic buffer mixture is
1) > 7 2) = 7 3) < 7 4) depends upon Ka of the acid
63. The pH of a weak mono acidic base, neutralized up to 80% with a strong acid in a dilute solution, is
7.40. The ionization constant of the base is
1) 1.0 × 10–5 2) 1.6 × 10–7 3) 1.0 × 10–6 4) None of these
64. When a buffer solution, sodium acetate and acetic acid is diluted with water :
1) Acetate ion concentration increases 2) H+ ion concentration increases
3) OH– ion conc. Increases 4) H+ ion concentration remains unaltered
65. A buffer solution is prepared by mixing 0.1 M ammonia and 1.0 M ammonium chloride. At 298 K, the
pKb of NH4OH is 5.0. The pH of the buffer is
1) 10.0 2) 9.0 3) 6.0 4) 8.0
66. The product of ionic concentration in a saturated solution of an electrolyte at a given temperature is
constant and is known as
1) Ionic product of the electrolyte 2) Solubility product
3) Ionization constant 4) Dissociation constant
67. What is the molar solubility of Fe(OH)3 if Ksp = 1.0 ×10–38 ?
1) 3.16×10–10 2) 1.386×10–10 3) 1.45×10–9 4) 1.12×10–11
68. The correct order of increasing solubility of AgCl in 1) water, 2) 0.1 M NaCl, 3) 0.1 M, BaCl2 , 4) 0.1 M
NH3 is
1) D > A > B > C 2) D > C > B > A 3) B > A > D > C 4) A > D > B > C
69 . If s and S are respectively solubility and solubility product of a sparingly soluble binary electrolyte then
1) s = S 2) s = S2 3) s = S1/ 2 4) s 1/2 S
70. Solubility product of M(OH)2 is 10 . What should be the concentration of M2+ in 0.1 M solution of
–14

NH4OH, if NH4OH gets 10% ionised ?

1) 10–10 2) 10–5 3) 10–12 4) 10–4

26
 NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. Which one of the following conditions will favour maximum formation of the product in the
reaction,
A2 (g) + B2 (g) X2 (g)  r H = –X kJ : [2018]
1) Low temperature and high pressure 2) Low temperature and low pressure
3) High temperature and low pressure 4) High temperature and high pressure
2. The solubility of BaSO4 in water is 2.42 × 10 gL–1 at 298 K. The value of its solubility product
–3

(Ksp) will be (Given molar mass of BaSO4 = 233 g mol–1)

[2018]
1) 1.08 × 10–10 mol2L–2 2) 1.08 × 10–12 mol2L–2
3) 1.08 × 10–8 mol2L–2 4) 1.08 × 10–14 mol2L–2
3. Following solutions were prepared by mixing different volumes of NaOH and HCl of
different concentrations:
[2018]
M M M M
1. 60mL HCl + 40mL NaOH 2) 55mL HCl + 45mL NaOH
10 10 10 10
M M M M
3) 75mL HCl + 25mL NaOH 4) 100mL HCl + 100mL NaOH
5 5 10 10
pH of which one of them will be equal to 1?
1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4
4. The equilibrium constant of the following are : [2017]
N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3 K1
N 2 + O2 2NO K2
1
H 2 + O2 → H 2O K3
2
The equilibrium constant (K) of the reaction:
5
2NH3 + O2 2NO + 3H 2O, will be;
K

2
1) K 2 K 33 / K1 2) K 2 K 3 / K1 3) K32 K 3 / K1 4) K1K33 / K 2
5. Concentration of the Ag+ ions in a saturated solution of Ag2C2O4 is 2.2 10−4 mol L−1 . Solubility
product of Ag2C2O4 is
[2017]
1) 2.66 10−12 2) 4.5 10−11 3) 5.3 10−12 4) 2.42 10−8
6. Which one of the following statements is not correct? [2017]
1) The value of equilibrium constant is changed in the presence of a catalyst in the reaction at
equilibrium
2) Enzymes catalyse mainly bio-chemical reactions
3) Coenzymes increase the catalytic activity of enzyme
4) Catalyst does not initiate any reaction
7. A 20 litre container at 400 K contains CO2(g) at pressure 0.4 atm and an excess of SrO (neglect
the volume of solid SrO). The volume of the container is now decreased by moving the
movable piston fitted in the container. The maximum volume of the container, when pressure
of CO2 attains its
maximum value, will be : [2017]
(Given that : SrCO3 ( s ) SrO ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) , K p = 1.6atm )
1) 10 litre 2) 4 litre 3) 2 litre 4) 5 litre

27
8. MY and NY3, two nearly insoluble salts, have the same Ksp values of 6.2 × 10–13 at room
temperature. Which statement would be true in regard to MY and NY3?
[2016]
1) The molar solubilities of MY and NY3 in water are identical.
2) The molar solubility of MY in water is less than that of NY3
3) The salts MY and NY3 are more soluble in 0.5 M KY than in pure water.
4) The addition of the salt of KY to solution of MY and NY3 will have no effect on their
solubilities.
9. Consider the nitration of benzene using mixed conc of H 2SO4 and HNO3. If a large amount of
KHSO4 is added to the mixture, the rate of nitration will be [2016]
1) faster 2) slower 3) unchanged 4) doubled
10. The Ksp of Ag2CrO4, AgCl, AgBr and AgI are respectively, 1.1 × 10–12, 1.8 × 10–10, 5.0 × 10–13,
8.3 × 10–17. Which one of the following salts will precipitate last if AgNO3 solution is added to
the solution containing equal moles of NaCl, NaBr, NaI and Na 2CrO4? [2015]
1) AgCl 2) AgBr 3) Ag2CrO4 4) AgI
11. If the value of an equilibrium constant for a particular reaction is 1.6 × 1012, then at
equilibrium the system will contain :- [2015]
1) mostly reactants 2) mostly products
3) similar amounts of reactants and products 4) all reactants
12. Which of the following statements is correct for a reversible process in a state of equilibrium?
[2015]

1) G = 2.30 RT log K 
2) Gº = –2.30 RT log K
3)  Gº = 2.30 RT log K 4)  G = –2.30 RT log K
13. Which of the following salts will give highest pH in water? [2014]
1) KCl 2) NaCl 3) Na2CO3 4) CuSO4
14. Using the Gibbs energy change,  G° = + 63.3kJ, for the following reaction,
[2014]
Ag 2CO3 → 2Ag + ( aq ) + CO32− ( aq ) the K sp of Ag 2CO3 ( s ) in water at 250 C is: ( R = 8.314JK −1mol−1 )
1) 3.2 10−26 2) 8.0 10−12 3) 2.9 10−3 4) 7.9 10−2
15. For the reversible reaction, N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH3 ( g ) + heat
The equilibrium shifts in forward direction [2014]
1) By increasing the concentration of NH3(g)
2) By decreasing the pressure
3) By decreasing concentration of N2(g) and H2(g)
4) By increasing pressure and decreasing temperature.
16. For a given exothermic reaction, Kp and K 'p are the equilibrium constants at temperatures T1
and T2, respectively. Assuming that heat of reaction is constant in temperature range between
T1 and T2, it is readily observed that: [2014]
1) K p  K p
'
2) AgBr 3) Ag 2 CrO 4 4) AgI
17. pH of a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 is 9. The solubility product (Ksp) of Ca(OH)2 is
[NEET-2019]
(1) 0.5 × 10–15 (2) 0.25 × 10–10 (3) 0.125 × 10–15 (4) 0.5 × 10–10

18. Conjugate base for Bronsted acids H2O and HF are:- [NEET-2019]
(1) OH– and H2F+ respectively (2) H3O+ and F–, respectively
(3) OH– and F–, respectively (4) H3O+ and H2F+, respectively
19. Which will make basic buffer? [NEET-2019]
(1) 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH + 25 mL of 0.1 M CH 3COOH
(2) 100 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH + 100 mL of 0.1M NaOH
(3) 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl + 200 mL of 0.1 M NH 4OH

28
 (4) 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl + 100 mL of 0.1 M NaOH
20. The pH of 0.01 M NaOH (aq) solution will be [NEET-2019 ODISSA]
(1) 7.01 (2) 2 (3) 12 (4) 9
21. Which of the following cannot act both as Bronsted acid and as Bronsted base?
[NEET-2019 ODISSA]
− −
(1) HCO3 (2) NH3 (3) HCl (4) HSO4
22. The molar solubility of CaF2 (Ksp = 5.3 × 10 ) in 0.1 M solution of NaF will be
–11

[NEET-2019 ODISSA]
(1) 5.3 × 10–11 mol L–1 (2) 5.3 × 10–8 mol L–1 (3) 5.3 × 10–9 mol L–1 (4) 5.3 × 10–10 mol L–1
23. Which among the following salt solutions is basic in nature ? [NEET-2020 COVID]
(1) Ammonium chloride (2) Ammonium sulphate
(3) Ammonium nitrate (4) Sodium acetate
24. The solubility product for a salt of the type AB is 4 × 10–8. What is the molarity of its standard
solution? [NEET-2020 COVID]
(1) 2 × 10 mol/L
–4 (2) 16 × 10 mol/L (3) 2 × 10 mol/L (4) 4 × 10 mol/L
–16 –16 –4

25. Hydrolysis of sucrose is given by the following reaction [NEET-2020]

Sucrose + H 2O Glu cos e + Fructose
If the equilibrium constant ( KC ) is 2 1013 at 300K , the value of  r G O at the same temperature
will be
1. −8.314 J mol −1K −1  300 K  ln ( 4 1013 ) 2. −8.314 J mol −1K −1  300 K  ln ( 2 1013 )
3. 8.314 J mol −1 K −1  300 K  ln ( 2 1013 ) 4. 8.314 J mol −1K −1  300 K  ln ( 3 1013 )
26. Find out the solubility of Ni ( OH )2 in 0.1M NaOH . Given that the ionic product of Ni ( OH )2 is
2 10−15. [NEET-2020]
−13 −8 −13
1) 110 M
8
2) 2 10 M 3) 2 10 M 4) 110 M
27 The pK b of dimethylamine and pK a of acetic acid are 3.27 and 4.77 respectively at T (K). The
correct option for the pH of dimethylammonium acetate solution is : [NEET-2021]
1) 5.50 2) 7.75 3) 6.25 4) 8.50

28. 3O ( g ) 2O ( g ) [NEET-2022]
2 3
For the above reaction at 298 K, Kc is found to be 3.0 10−59 . If the concentration of O2 at
equilibrium is 0.040M then concentration of O3 in M is
1) 4.38 10−32 2) 1.9 10−63 3) 2.4 1031 4) 1.2 1021
29. The pH of the solution containing 50mL each of 0.10 M sodium acetate and 0.01M acetic acid is
[Given pKa of CH3COOH = 4.57] [NEET-2022]

1) 5.57 2) 3.57 3)4.57 4) 2.57

29
 NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – ANSWERS
(1.) c (2.) c (3.) c (4.) b (5.) c
(6.) a (7.) b (8.) b (9.) c (10.) c
(11.) c (12.) a (13.) b (14.) d (15.) a
(16.) c (17.) c (18.) b (19.) b (20.) c
(21.) c (22.) b (23.) d (24.) d (25.) a
(26.) c (27.) c (28.) c (29.) a (30.) b
(31.) c (32.) a (33.) a (34.) b (35.) c
(36.) d (37.) b (38.) c (39.) b (40.) c
(41.) c (42.) d (43.) d (44.) b (45.) c
(46.) a (47.) b (48.) d (49.) c (50.) d
TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS - ANSWERS
1) 4 2) 4 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3 6) 2 7) 2 8) 3 9) 2 10) 2
11) 2 12) 1 13) 2 14) 4 15) 3 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3
21) 4 22) 1 23) 2 24) 3 25) 4 26) 3 27) 4 28) 4 29) 2 30) 4
31) 4 32) 1 33) 4 34) 3 35) 2 36) 4 37) 3 38) 4 39) 3 40) 1
41) 1 42) 2 43) 1 44) 2 45) 4 46) 2 47) 2 48) 1 49) 1 50) 2
51) 3 52) 2 53) 3 54) 4 55) 2 56) 2 57) 3 58) 1 59) 3 60) 2
61) 4 62) 4 63) 3 64) 4 65) 1 66) 2 67) 2 68) 1 69) 3 70) 1
NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-ANSWERS
1) 1 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3 6) 1 7) 4 8) 2 9) 2 10) 3
11) 2 12) 2 13) 3 14) 2 15) 4 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3
21) 3 22) 3 23) 4 24) 1 25) 2 26) 2 27) 2 28) 1 29) 1

NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – SOLUTIONS

(1.) (c) On passing HCl gas in saturated NaCl solution, sodium chloride is precipitated due to increased
concentration of chloride ion available from the dissociation of HCl .
2 10
(2.) (c) K = = = 0.1
V (1 −  ) 100
( 0.1)
2
2
V= =
K (1 −  ) 6.6  10−5 (1 − 0.1)
0.1 0.1 10,000
= −6
= = 168.35L
6.6  9 10 6.6  9
(3.) (c) Equilibrium constant depends only on temperature and equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction
is equal to the inverse of the equilibrium constant for the forward reaction.
(4.) (b) For a salt to be able to dissolve, its solvation enthalpy should be greater than its lattice enthalpy. As
in non‐polar solvents, solvation energy is small, it does not overcome the lattice enthalpy, so the salt is
unable to dissolve in non‐polar solvents.
(5.) (c) The species which can donate H + are acids according to Bronsted.
(6.) (a)
(7.) (b) On adding equations I and II we can get equation III. Thus, K 3 = K1  K 2
(8.) (b) To attain equilibrium 1 mol of N 2 reacts with 3 mol of H 2

30
 N2 + 3H 2 2NH3
Initially 1 1 0
At equilibrium 1 − x 1 − 3x 2x
Thus, N 2 is more than H 2 at equilibrium.
(9.) (c) Equilibrium constant is a characteristic property but it depends on temperature.
(10.) (c) In an exothermic process, according to Le Chatelier’s principle, raising the temperature shifts the
equilibrium to the left. And on increasing pressure the equilibrium shifts in a direction where the
number of moles of gas decreases (i.e, pressure decreases). So for maximum yield we require low
temperature and high pressure.
(12.) (a) AgCl Ag + + Cl−
K sp =  Ag +  Cl− 
110−13
Cl−  = K sp /  Ag +  = 10−7
10−6
For precipitation Qsp  Ksp thus Cl−   10−7
(14.) (d) For dividing equation by two
K = K or K1/2
(15.) (a) As the reaction is exothermic and has less number of moles at the product side, so decrease in
temperature and increase is pressure are favourable conditions.
(16.) (c) Normality of resulting solution
N 3V3 = N1V1 − N 2 V2
N 3  2 = 0.1 1 − 0.01 1
N 3  2 = 0.09  N 3 = 0.09 / 2
As NaOH is higher in concentration, thus
OH −  = 0.09 / 4 = 0.0225
pOH = −log 0.0225 = 1.65
pH = 14‐ 1.65 = 12.35
(19.) (b) For A ( g ) + B ( g ) C(g)

Qc =
C = 0.5 = 8.33
 A B 0.3  0.2
K c = 0.3
Since, Qc  K c , so reaction will proceed in the backward direction.
(20.) (c) The pressure for solid substances is taken as unity. Thus, K p = P ( CO2 )
(21.) (c) It is a mixture of a strong base and its salt with strong acid, so it is not a buffer solution.
(23.) (d) Bronsted acid is capable of donating a proton and Bronsted base is ‘capable of’ accepting a proton.
Hense HSO−4 ,HCO3− and NH 3 can act as both Bronsted acid and base but HCl can act only as Bronsted
acid.
(24.) (d) According to Le Chatelier’s principle, on increasing the pressure equilibrium shifts to left since the
volume of the gaseous products is increasing in the given reaction.
(25.) (a) Solubility of AgBr = 25.5/2 = 12.75 g/L
12.75
Solubility in moles/L = = 6.79 10−2 mol / L
187.8
( )
2
For AgBr Ksp = s2 = 6.79 10−2
Ksp = 4.6110−3 mol2L−2

31
(26.) (c) As CO 2 is gas it escapes out and thus reverse reaction is not possible.
(27.) (c) ΔG = − RTln K c
5.5 103 = −8.314  298  lnK c
5.5 103
ln K c = − = −2.22
8.314  298
K c = e −222 = 0.1086
(28.) (c) Equilibrium can be achieved from either direction.
(29.) (a) If 2HI H 2 + I2 K c = 5
Then for reaction
1 1
H 2 + I2 2HI K c' = = = 0.2
Kc 5
(31.) (c) The lining of our stomach secretes approx. 1.2‐1.51L/day and tamarind contains tartaric acid not
ascorbic and citric acid.
(32.) (a) The intensity of red colour decreases when oxalic acid is added to a solution containing iron (III)
nitrate and potassium thiocyanate as concentration of Fe ( SCN )
2+
decreases.
(33.) (a) CaF2  Ca 2+ + 2F−
s(2s + 0.l) (0.l from NaF )
Ksp = s ( 2s + 0.1) = 2s 2 + 0.1s 0. 1s  2s 2 thus Ksp = 0.1s
5.3 10−11
s = K sp / 0.1 = = 5.3 10−10 mol / L
0.1
Al ( OH )3 Al3+ + 3OH −
(35.) (c) s 3s

K sp = s  ( 3s ) = 27s 4
3

27s 4 = 2.7 10−11  s 4 = 10−12

s = 10−3
HCOOH + H 2O H 3O + + HCOO −
(36.) (d) Initial 0.01 0 0
At equilibrium 0.01 − x x x
2
X
Ka =
( 0.01 − x )
x  0.01 thus 0.01 − x  0.01
X2
= 1.8 10−4  X 2 = 1.8 10−6
0.01
x = 1.34 10−3
pH = − log H + = − log (1.34 10−3 ) = 3 − log1.34 = 3‐0.127 = 2.873
(38.) (c) According to Lewis concept, the molecules or compound which can accept an electron act as acids;
thus AlCl3 due to lack of electrons in valence shell (6) can accept electron and act as an acid.
BaSO 4 ( s ) Ba 2+ ( aq ) + SO 2− ( aq )
(40.) (c)
s s
K sp = s 2

32
 Ag 2CrO4 2Ag + + CrO 24−
2s s
K sp = ( 2s ) s = 4s3
2

Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH −

s 3s
K sp = s  ( 3s ) = 27s 4
3

Zr3 ( PO 4 )4 3Zr 4+ + 4PO34−

3s 4s
K sp = ( 3s ) ( 4s ) = 6912s 7
3 4

(42.) (d) All the given statements are correct.

(43.) (d) Increasing order of acidic strength is HI  HBr  HCl  HF as bond strength of ( H ‐ A ) bond is a
more important factor in determining the acidity of an acid.
(44.) (b) C5H5 N + H2O C5H5 NH+ + OH
Kb 17 10−9
= = = 1.30 10−4
C 01
Percentage of ionization = 1.3 10−4 100 = 0.013
(45.) (c) Bronsted base is one that accepts H +ion , so here PO34− and C2O42− are Bronsted bases.
(46.) (a) Boiling point of a liquid increases with increase in atmospheric pressure. Boiling point also depends
on the altitude of the place; at high altitude boiling point decreases.
(47.) (b) As the number of gaseous molecules decreases in the forward direction, increasing pressure will
shift the equilibrium in the forward direction.
(48.) (d)
(49.) (c) Acidic buffer is a mixture of weak acid and its sal[ with strong base. But HClO 4 is a strong acid.
(50.) (d) pH = 1 i.e. H + = 10−1
Por acid, base mixing: N 3V3 = N1V1 − N 2 V2
1 1
For I N3V3 = 60  − 40   N3 100 = 2  N 3 = 2 10 −2
10 10
1 1
For II N3V3 = 55  − 45   N3 100 = 1  N3 10−2
10 10
1 1
For III N3V3 = 75  − 25   N3 100 = 10  N3 = 10−1
5 5
1 1
For IV N3V3 = 100  − 100   N 3V3 = 0
10 10
Means neutral solution pH = 7

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS – SOLUTIONS

1. (4) Dissolution of salt lowers the V.P. It is also effected by temperature.
2. (4) In lime kiln CO2 escapes continuously so reaction proceeds in forward direction.
3. (2) Equilibrium can be achieved only in closed system.
4. (3)
5. (3) Triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid and
solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
6. 2) PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
a (1− x ) ax ax

33
 a = 2, x = 0.4, V = 2L
2 (1 − 0.4 )
 PCl5  = = 0.6molL−1
2
2  0.4
 PCl3  = Cl2  = = 0.4molL−1
2
0.4  0.4
 Kc = = 0.267
0.6
2)For a gaseous phase reaction K p and K c are related as K p = K c ( RT ) g For the given reaction
n
7.
1
CO ( g ) + O2 ( g ) → CO2 ( g )
2
1
n g = 1 − (1 + 0.5) = −0.5or −
2
1 Kp 1
 K p = K c ( RT ) 2 or = ( RT ) 2
− −

Kc
1 1
8. 3) K ' = ; K ' = = 4.2 102
K 2.4 10−3
9. 2) N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH3 ( g )
n = n products − n readants = 2 − 4 = −2
Kc
 K p = K c ( RT )
−2
or K p =
( RT )
2

Thus K p  K c
10. 2)
11. 2) PNH3 = PH2S = 2atm
 K p = PNH3  PH2S = 4
12. 1) A reaction is said to be in equilibrium when rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward
reaction.
( )
2
13. 2) K p = PH2O
PH2O (at equilibrium) = K p = 10−2
Forward reaction will occur if value of PH2O is less than 10−2 atm.
14. 4)For the reaction ; 2NO2 ( g ) 2NO ( g ) + O2 ( g )
Given Kc = 1.8 10−6 at1840 C
R = 0.0831KJ / mol K
K p = K c ( RT )
n g

K p = 1.8 10−6  0.0831 457 = 6.836 10−5

 1840 C = ( 273 + 184 ) = 457K, n = ( 2 + 1, −1) = 1
Hence it is clear that K p  K c
15. 3) N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3
 K =  NH3  /  N 2  H 2  ………………….(i)
2 3

1 3
N2 + H2 NH3
2 2
 NH3  ............... ii
 K' = ( )
 N2  H2 
1/ 2 3/ 2

34
 Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we get
K' = K
PCH3OH 2
16. 1) K p = ; Kp = = 200 atm −2
PCO  p 1 ( 0.1)
2 2
H2

1
For reverse reaction, K p = = 5 10−3 atm−2
200
17. 1) For A + B C, n = 1 − 2 = −1
n −1
 mol   mol 
Unit of K c =  = = litre mol−1
 litre   litre 

18. 3)
19. 3)
20. 3) H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) 2HI ( g )
K p = K c ( RT ) ; n = 2 − 2 = 0; K p = K c
n

21. 4) Rate constant of forward reaction (Kf) = 1.1 × 10–2 and rate constant of backward reaction
(Kb) = 1.5 × 10–3 per minute.
K 1.110−2
Equilibrium constant (Kc) = f = = 7.33
K b 1.5 10−3
22. (1) Equilibrium can be attained by either side of the reactions of equilibrium.
23. 2) 3Fe ( s ) + 4H 2O ( steam ) Fe3O4 ( s ) + 4H 2 ( g )
( pH 2 )
4

Kp = only gaseous products and reactants

( p H2O )
4

24. 3)
25. 4) H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) 2HI ( g )
Since the reaction does not involve any change in number of moles, the equilibrium state is not affected
by change of pressure.
26. 3) Catalyst only changes time to achieve equilibrium, it does not affect the value of equilibrium
constant.
27. 4)
28. 4) Solid Liquid
It is an endothermic process. So when temperature is raised, more liquid is formed. Hence adding heat
will shift the equilbrium in the forward direction.
SO3 ( g ) 
2

29. 2) QC = = 1000  K c i.e., reaction moves backward also if volume increases

SO 2 ( g )  O 2 ( g ) 
2 1

pressure decreases  Qc 
1.642  50
30. 4)Moles of CO 2 present at equilibrium = = =1
0.08211000
1
Mole % of XCO3decomposed = 100 = 25%
4
Hence, 75% remains undecomposed
31. 4) According to Le-chatelier's principle whenever a constraint is applied to a system in equilibrium, the
system tends to readjust so as to nullify the effect of the constraint.
32. 1) G 0 = −2.303 RT log K = −2.303  2  298log10 −8 = −2.303  2  298  ( −8) cal = 10980cal = 10.98kcal
P
33. 4) PNH3 = PH2S = atm
2

35
 2
P P2
K p = PNH3 PH2S =   =
2 4
2
p
G = −RT ln K p = −RT ln   = −2RT ln p − ln 2 
2
34. 3) Strong base has higher tendency to accept the proton. Increasing order of base and hence the order of
accepting tendency of proton is I−  HS−  NH3  RNH2
35. 2) B ( OH )3 does not provide H+ ions in water instead it accepts OH– ion and hence it is Lewis acid.
−
B ( OH )3 + H2O B ( OH )4  + H +
36. 4) ( CH3 )3 B − is an electron deficient, thus behave as a Lewis acid.
37. 3) HSO −4 accepts a proton to form H 2SO 4 .
Thus H 2SO 4 sis the conjugate acid of HSO −4
+
+H
HSO−4 ⎯⎯⎯ → H SO2 4
base conjugate acid of HSO−4

38. 4) Among M/4 KOH, M/4 NaOH, M/4 NH4OH and M/4 Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 furnishes highest number
of OH– ions ( Ca ( OH )2 → Ca 2+ + 2OH − ) so pH of M / 4Ca ( OH )2 is highest.
39. 3)on dilution  H +  = 10−6 M = 10−6 mol
Now dissociation of water cannot be neglected, total  H +  = 10−6 + 10−7 = 1110−7
pH = − log  H +  = − log (1110−7 ) = 5.98
40. 1) Acid and base will neutralise each other. Since volume of NaOH is more (150 mL) in solution.
M V − M1V1 150  0.5 − 50  0.5 1
  OH −  = 2 2 = = Now
V1 + V2 + V3 50 + 150 + 300 10
OH +  OH −  = 10−14   H +  = 10−13 ; pH = 13
41. 1) Bronsted base is a substance which accepts proton. In option 1), H2O is accepting proton, i.e., acting
as a base.
42. (2) Kw increases with temperature.
43. 1)

44. (2) The value of ionic product of water changes with the temperature.
45. (4) All the salts undergo hydrolysis in aqueous solution. The acids formed have their strength in the
order: HCl > HCOOH > CH3COOH
The strength of the bases formed follow the order : NaOH > NH4OH.
46. 2) On increasing T, Kw increases and so also  H3O +  and OH − 
1 K al 3.14 10−4
47. 2) = = = 4 :1
2 Ka2 1.96 10−5
2
 1.34  −5
48. 1) K = c 2 = 0.1   = 1.8  10
 100 
49. 1)

36
50. 2) HA → H + + A −
 H +   A − 
Ka = ,  H +  = 10− pH   H +  = 10−5 ; and at equilibrium  H +  =  A − 
 HA
10−5 10−5
 Ka = = 2  10−8
0.0015
Ka 2 10−8
= = = 4 10−6 = 2 10−3
C 005
Percentage ionization = 0.2
51. 3) Ostwald's dilution law, dilution increases ionisation.
52. 2)  H +  = C  K a = 0.0011.8 10−4 for formic acid
53. 3)
54. 4)
55. 2)Higher the Ksp, more soluble is that compound in H2O.
 K sp of FeS (1110−20 ) is highest
So it is more soluble and has maximum solubility in H2O
56. 2) Cr ( OH 3 )( s ) Cr 3+ ( aq ) + 3OH − ( aq )
s 3s

( s )( 3s ) = K sp
3

27s = Ksp
4

1/ 4 1/ 4
 K sp   1.6 10−30 
s=  = 
 27   27 
+
57. 3) 2HNO3 ( aq ) +  Ag ( NH3 )2  + Cl− → AgCl ( s )  +2NH 4+ + 2NO3−
2−
58. 1) Ag 2SO4 → 2 Ag + + SO
2x x 4 (moles after diss)

Ksp = Ag  SO42−  = ( 2x )  x = 4x 3

+ 2 2

Given solubility = x = 2.5 10−2 mole/litre

 Ksp = 4  ( 2.5 10−2 ) = 4 15.6 10−6 = 62.5 10−6
3

59. (3) Solubility of weak electrolyte decreases in solvent having common ion. So solubility of AgI in NaI
solution is less than in pure water because of common ion effect.
60. (2) The dissociation of a weak electrolyte (AgCl) is suppressed on adding the strong electrolyte having a
common ion (Cl–), hence concentration of Ag+ ion will be less.
61. 4) BA 2 → B+ 2A
x 2x

Solubility product =  x  2x  = 4x 3
2

4 10−12
4 10−12 = 4x 3 or x = 3
4
 x = 10−4
 salt 
62. 4) pH of acidic buffer = − log K a + log 
 acid 
 pH of acidic buffer depends upon value of K a
 salt  8 4
63. 3) At 80% neutralization,  = =
 base  2 1

 pOH = pK b + log
salt 
 base

37
 14-7.4 = pK b + log 4 ; pK b = 6.6 − 0.6 =; K b = 10−6
64. 4) pH or  H +  of a buffer does not change with dilution.
65. 1) The pOH of a buffer consisting of NH3 (i.e. NH4OH) and salt NH4Cl (salt) is given by the equation
pOH = pK b + log = 5.0 + log
0.1 = 5.0 − log10 = 5 − 1 = 4.0
1.0
pH + pOH = 14 ; pH = 14 − 4 → 10
66. 2) Solubility product is the product of ionic concentration in a saturated solution of an electrolyte at a
given temperature.
67. 2) K sp =  Fe3+  . 3OH − 
So molar solubility of Fe3+ = s and 3OH −  = 3s
Fe ( OH )3
3+
Fe + 3OH −
s  3s
1.0 10−38
1.0 10−38 = s 3s  = s 4  27 ; s 4 = s = ( 3.703 10−40 )
1/ 4
= 3.703 10−40 ; = 1.386 10−10
3

27
68. 1) The solubility decreases by common ion effect
A; Cl−  = 0, B; Cl−  = 0.1
C; Cl−  = 0.2, D; Cl−  = 0
[soluble compelx is formed [Ag(NH3)2Cl]
+ −
AB A +B
s s s

Hence, solubility product of AB

K sp =  A +   B−  ; S = ss  s = S1/ 2
2 10 K sp 10−14
70. 1) Ksp =  M +2  OH −  ; OH −  =  0.1 = 0.01 ; [M +2 ] = = = 10−10
0.01
2 2
100 OH 
−

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-EXPLANATIONS

1. 1) A2 ( g ) + B2 ( g ) X2 ( g ) ; H = −xkJ
On increasing pressure equilibrium shifts in a direction where number of moles decreases i.e. forward
direction. On decreasing temperature, equilibrium shifts in exothermic direction i.e., forward direction.
So, high pressure and low temperature favours maximum formation of product.
2. 1)Solubility of BaSO 4 = 2.42  10−3 gL−1
2.42 10−3
s = = 1.038 10−5 mol L−1
233
Ksp = s2 = (1.038 10−5 ) = 1.08 10−10 mol2L−2
2

1
3. 3)Meq. Of HCI = 75  1 = 15
5
1
Meq. of NaOH = 25  1 = 5
5
Meq. of HCl in resulting solution = 10
10 1
Molarity of [H+] in resulting mixture = =
100 10
1
pH = − log  H +  = − log   = 1.0
10 
4. 1)

38
5. 3) Ag 2C2O4 ( s ) 2Ag + ( aq ) + C2O42− ( aq )
2
Ksp =  Ag +  [C2O24− ]
 Ag +  = 2.2 10−4 M
Given that
 Concentration of C2 O 24− ions
2.2 10−4
[C2 O 42− ] = M = 1.110−4 M
2
 Ksp = ( 2.2 10−4 ) (1.110−4 ) = 5.324 10−12
2

 K = K 2  K33 / K1
6. (1) A catalyst speeds up both forward and backward reaction with the same rate. So, equilibrium
constant is not affected by the presence of a catalyst at any given temperature.
7. (4) Max. pressure of CO2 = Pressure of CO2 at equilibrium For reaction, SrCO3 ( s ) SrO ( s ) + CO2
K p = PCO2 = 1.6 atm = maximum pressure of CO2
Volume of container at this stage
V = nRT/P ……………………….(i)
Since container is sealed and reaction was not earlier at equilibrium
 n = constant
PV 0.4  20
n= = ……………………..(ii)
RT RT
Put equation (ii) in equation (i)
 0.4  20  RT
V= = 5L
 RT  1.6
8. 2)

39
  molar solubility of NY3 is more than MY in water.
9. 2) The presence of large amount of KHSO4 will decrease ionisation of H2SO4 that result in lesser
ionisation of nitric acid and lesser formation of nitronium [NO2+]. Hence the rate of nitration will be
slower.
10. 3) Ag 2 CrO 4
2
Ksp = Ag +  Cr2O4−2  = 1.110−12
1.110−12
 Ag +  =
[Cr2 O 4−2
AgCl
K sp =  Ag +  Cl−  = 1.8 10−10
1.8 10−10
 Ag +  =
Cl− 
AgBr
K sp =  Ag +   Br −  = 5.0 10−13
5.3 10−13
 Ag +  =
 Br − 
AgI
K sp =  Ag +   I −  = 8.3 10−17
8.3 10−17
 Ag +  =
 I − 
If we take Cr2O−42  = Cl−  =  Br −  =  I −  = 1 then maximum  Ag +  will be required in case of Ag 2 Cro 4
11. 2) Equilibrium constant for reaction:

K = 1.6 1012 =
 Pr oduct  The value of K is very high so the system will contain mostly products at
 Re ac tan t 
equilibrium
2) G = −2.30RT log K
0
12.
Because at equilibrium G = 0
13. 3) Na 2 CO3 is a salt of strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (H2CO3). On hydrolysis this salt will produce
strongly basic solution. i.e. pH will be highest (pH > 7) for this sotluion. Others are combination of
KCl = Strong acid + Strong base → neutral solution (pH  7)
NaCl = Strong acid + Strong base → neutral solution (pH  7)

40
 CuSO4 = Strong acid + weak base → Acidic solution (pH  7)

14. 2) G = −2.303log K here

2
K = Ag +  CO3−−  = Ksp
 63.3 10−3 = −2.303  8.314  298log K sp
63.3 10−3
 log K sp = − = −11.09
5705.8
 Ksp = Anti log ( −11.09 ) = 8 10−12
15. (4) Given reaction is exothermic reaction. Hence according to Le-Chatelier's principle low temperature
favours the forward reaction and on increasing pressure equilibrium will shift, towards lesser number of
moles i.e. forward direction.
16. (1) In exothermic reactions on increasing temperature value of Kp decreases
 K p  K 'p (Assuming T1 < T2)
17.

18. Conjugate base of H2O is OH–

Conjugate base of HF is F–
19.. Basic buffer is mixture of weak base and salt of weak base with strong acid
milli mole of HCl = 100 × 0.1 = 10 milli mole
milli mole of NH4OH = 200 × 0.1 = 20 milli mole
HCl + NH 4 OH → NH 4 Xl + H 2 O
10 20 − −
− 10 10
20.

21.

22

41
23. CH3COONa  Salf of CH3COOH ( WA ) + NaOH (SB )
Solution of CH3COONa shows basic nature
24. K sp for AB = s 2 = 4 10−8
 Molarity of solution = solubility = K sp
= 4 10−8 = 2 10−4 mol / L
25. G0 = −2.303RT log10 K = − RT ln k = −8.314 J .mol −1k −1  300k  ln ( 2 1013 )

26. 2)
Ni ( OH )2 N12+ + 2OH −
S S 2S
( 2S + 0.1)
in presence NaOH of 0.1M
2
K sp =  Ni 2+  OH − 

2  10−15 = ( S )( 2 S + 0.1)
2

2  10−15 = ( S )( 0.1) ( 2 S  0.1)

2

 S = 2 10−13

27. PH = 7 +
2
( P − Pkb ) ;
1 ka

1 1
PH = 7 + ( 4.77 − 3.27 ) = 7 + (1.5) = 7.75
2 2
28 3O 2 2O3
Kc = 3.0 10−5.9
O2  = 0.040M
O3  = ?

42
 O 
2
−59
3.0 10 = 3 3
O2 
O3  = 3.0 10−59  0.040  0.040  0.040 = 0.000192
2

= 1.92 10−4 = 1.92 10−4 10−59 = 1.92 10−63 = 19.2 10 −64
4.38 10−32

29 PH = Pka + log (N.V) salt/(NV) acid = 4.57 + log(50x0.10/50x0.01) = 5.57

43