SOL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerContents Chapter 3: Data Types Section 31 DECIMAL ond NUMERIC Section 3.2: FLOAT and REAL .. Section 33 Integers ana : Section 3.4: MONEY ond SMALLMONEY . INA AE CHAR and VARCHAR Section 37: NCHAR and NVARCHAR Section 3.8 UNIQUEIDENTIFIER ‘Chapter 4: NULL Section 41: Filtering for NULL IM QUENES sancnanen ing fel tlon 61: Using the wildcard character to select all columns in & qué snes 1 Section 62: SELECT Using Column Aliases Se Select Individual Column: i ified numt 9 ‘Section 65; Selecting with Condition 20 Section 66: Selecting with CASE . 20 Se 3 a rv 2 Section 610: Selecting without Locking the toble lon 611: Selecting with Aggregate functions ion 614: Selection with sorted Result ‘Section 6115: Selecting with aul Section 616: Select distinct (uniaue values onl Section 617; Select rows from multiple tables Chapter 7: GROUP BY Section 21: Basic GROUP BY 2x0MDle .ncunnnnsnnnnnnnininnintntnnninnnininannnnsents a Section 7.2: Filter GROUP BY results using o HAVING clause . 2B P BY f . inioue ent Section 7.4: ROLAP aggregation (Date Mining) ... Scanned with CamScannerChapter 8: ORDER BY Chapter 9: AND & OR Operators Section 911 AND OR Example ..... Chapter 10: CASE 101: U: jection 10.2: Search 4 ‘Section 10.4: Shorthand CASE in SELECT 9 10.5: Using CASE in UPDA’ Section 10.6: CASE use for NULL values ordered last Chapter 11: LIKE operator it Ti Mote et ei tH cincinnati ianionintiiitnisiiinkin tion 112: Single character match os Section 113: ESCAPE statement in the LIKE-query ‘Section 114 Search fora range of characters .. Section 115: Match by range or set ‘Section 11.6 Wildcard characters Chapter 12: IN clause Section 121 Simple IN clouse Section 122. Using IN cause with o rains 43 Section 131: Use BETWEEN to Fiter Results . Section 152: Use HAVING with Aggregote Functions tion 139: Where EXISTS anon Section 1310. Use HAVING to check for multiple conditions in a grou hapter 14: SKIP TAKE (Pagination) ........ Section 14. Limiting omount of results .. Section 143. Skioping some rows from result Chapter 15: EXCEPT .. tion 15,1: Select dataset except where values are in this other GOtaset innnnminmnnnnnnnnmnnnsnennne 52, Chapter 16: EXPLAIN and DESCRIBE Section 161: EXPLAIN Select query . Section 162: DESCRIBE teblenome, ter 17: EXi: USE ... Section 171. EXISTS CLAUSE ‘Chapter 18: JOIN Scanned with CamScannerSection 18% Self Join . Section 182. Differences between inner/outer joins ci 56 tion 18.3: JOIN Terminology: Inner, Outer. Semi AML. sesnnn 59 n 18.4 Join Section 1810: Bosic explicit inner join 18: Joinin: Chapter 19: UPDATE Chapter 20: CREATE Database . Section 201: CREATE Database Chapter 25: TRY/CATCH Section 231: Tronsaction in © TRY/CATCH nuns ter 24: UNI Al “ Section 241: Bosic UNION ALL query .. Section 242: Simple explanation and Exomple Chapter 25: ALTER TABLE Section 251, Add Column(s) Section 252: Drop Column . . . ‘Section 253: Add Primary Key me ™ Ps ~ . 86 tion 264: Insert Chapter 27: MERGE Section 27:1: MERGE to make Target match Sour. ection 27.2: MuSQL. counting users by name ‘Section 273: PostgreSQL: counting users by name... ultiple rows at Scanned with CamScannerChapter 29: DELETE Chapter 31: DROP Table Section 311: Check for existence before dropping .. ‘Section 321: DROP Detabase .. Chapter 33: Cascading Delete 33 Chapter 35: XML Section 351: Query from XML Doto Type... ri stat i see 100, Section 373: Crecting Gn INGEX .snens Section 37.4: Dropping an index or Discbling and Rebuilding it on 37.6: Bi index .. 9 377. Inserting 2 Re en Section 38.2: Row numbers without pertitions tion 383: Row numbers with partitions... Chapter 39: SOL Group By vs Distinct Section 391: Difference between GROUP BY and D/STIN so Chapter 40: Finding Duplicates on a Column Subset with Detail Section 401: Students with same name ond cote of birth chapter 41: String Fi ic Section 411: Concotencte ‘Section 412 Length Section 413. Trim empty spaces Section 414: Upper & lower case Section 415: Solit Section 416: Replace Section 417: REGEX® ‘Section 41.8: Substring Section 419: Stuff Section Scanned with CamScannerSection 411: REVERSE seneee WA Section 4112: REPLICATE isso 4113: Replace function in sql Select an ry soe M1 Section 4114: INSTA .. 12 112 114 4 Section 42.2; List Concatenation 14 SECTION 42.3: SUM ..s.sccson tee seananese woe scsenssconensiononsenan sevenssasnees 116 Section 424: AVGO 16 Section 425: Count 116 Section 426 Min "7 Section 427: Max Chapter 43: Functions (Scalar/Single Row) ...... Section 431: Date And Time 118 119 ng ‘Section 43.2: Character modifications 120 Section 433: Configuration and Conversion Function .. =. 120 Section 4: Ico and Mathmetical Funct 121 Chapter 44: Functions (Analytic) . Section 441: LAG and LEAD. 123 123 124 125 Section 444: LAST VALUE " N 125 fer 45: Wi Fui S 127 lon 451: Settin flag if other rows have a common properti on 127 Section 452. Finding "out-of-sequence” records using the LAGO function .... : 127 Section 45 3: Getting a running total... a ss 128 n 45.4: Adding the total r 128 i 1 « st 129 46: bI 130 Section 461; generating volues 130 130 snnennsssinnnnnnesnie TI EG 132 132 134 134 134 135 135 136 136 136 17 137 137 139 tion 465: Temporary query. Scanned with CamScannertion S11: Create Sequenc: Section 512: Using Sequences Section 52.4: Correlated Subaueries Section 525: Filter query results using query on different table Section 526: Subquerles In FROM CIQUS€. sues tenn ection 527: Subqueries in WHERE cloust Chapter 53: Execution blocks Section $31: Using BEGIN. END chapter. tor n 541: Create ank Section 581 Create SuNOAYM anu Chapter 59: Information Schema ection 591. Basic information Schema Search . Chapter 60: Order of Execution ion 601: Logical Order of Quer hapter 61: Clean in ~ ection 611: Form: Section 612: indenting Section 613: SELECT * Section 614: Joins .. 151 sue 152 Scanned with CamScannerAbout Please feel free to share this PDF with anyone for free, latest version of this book can be downloaded from: hittps://goalkicker.com/SQLBook This SQL Notes for Professionals book is compiled from Stack Overflow Documentation, the content is written by the beautiful people at Stack Overflow. Text content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, see credits at the end of this book whom contributed to the various chapters. Images may be copyright of their respective owners unless otherwise specified This is an unofficial free book created for educational purposes and is not affiliated with official SQL group(s) or company(s) nor Stack Overflow. All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective company owners The information presented in this book is not guaranteed to be correct nor accurate, use at your own risk Please send feedback and corrections to [email protected] Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1: Getting started with SQL Version Short Name Standard Release Date 1986 SQL-86 ANSI X3.135-1986, ISO 9075:1987 1986-01-01 1989 SQL-89 ANSI X3.135-1989, ISO/IEC 9075:1989 1989-01-01 1992 SQL-92 ISO/IEC 9075:1992 1992-01-01 1999 SQL:1999 ISO/IEC 9075:1999 1999-12-46 2003 © $QL:2003 ISO/IEC 9075:2003 2003-12-15 2006 © SQL:2006 ISO/IEC 9075:2006 2006-06-01 2008 © SQL:2008 ISO/IEC 9075:2008 2008-07-15 2011 SQL:2011ISO/EC 9075:2011 2011-12-15 2016 SQL:2016 ISO/IEC 9075:2016 2016-12-01 Section 1.1: Overview Structured Query Language (SQL) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). SQLlike languages can also be used in Relational Data Stream Management Systems (ROSMS), or in "not-only SQL” (NoSQL) databases. SQL comprises of 3 major sub-languages: 1. Data Definition Language (DDL): to create and modify the structure of the database; 2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): to perform Read, Insert, Update and Delete operations on the data of the database; 3. Data Control Language (DCL): to control the access of the data stored in the database. SQL article on Wikipedia ‘The core DML operations are Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD for short) which are performed by the staternents TNSERT, SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE. ‘There is also a (recently added) NERGE statement which can perform all 3 write operations (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). CRUD article on Wikipedia Many SQL databases are implemented as client/server systems; the term "SQL server" describes such a database. At the same time, Microsoft makes a database that is named "SQL Server". While that database speaks a dialect of SQL, information specific to that database is not on topic in this tag but belongs into the SQL Server documentation. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 2 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 2: Identifier identifiers, ie. syntax rules for names of tables, columns, and other database objects. This topic is about Where appropriate, the examples should cover variations used by different SQL implementations, or identify the SQL implementation of the example. Section 2.1: Unquoted identifiers Unquoted identifiers can use letters (a-z), digits (8-9), and underscore (_), and must start with a letter. Depending on SQL implementation, and/or database settings, other characters may be allowed, some even as the first character, e.g. Ms SQL:@, §, #, and other Unicode letters (source) MySQL: $ (source) Oracle: , #, and other letters from database character set (source) PostgreSQL: $, and other Unicode letters (source) Unquoted identifiers are case-insensitive. How this is handled depends greatly on SQL implementation: ‘+ MS SQL: Case-preserving, sensitivity defined by database character set, so can be case-sensitive. MySQL: Case-preserving, sensitivity depends on database setting and underlying file system. Oracle: Converted to uppercase, then handled like quoted identifier. PostgreSQL: Converted to lowercase, then handled like quotes identifier. ‘SQLite: Case-preserving; case insensitivity only for ASCII characters. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerChapter 3: Data Types Section 3.1: DECIMAL and NUMERIC Fixed precision and scale decimal numbers. DECIMAL and NUNERIC are functionally equivalent. Syntax: DECIMAL ( precision | , scale] NUMERIC ( precision | , scale] ) Examples: SELECT CAST(123 AS DECIMAL(S,2)) --returns 123.06 SELECT CAST(12345.12 AS NUMERIC(1@,5)) --returns 12345.12000 Section 3.2: FLOAT and REAL Approximate-number data types for use with floating point numeric data. SELECT CAST( PI() AS FLOAT) --returns 3.14159265358979 SELECT CAST( PI() AS REAL) --returns 3.141593 Section 3.3: Integers Exact-number data types that use integer data. Data type Range Storage bigint — -2963 (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808) to 263-1 (9,223,372,036,854,775,807) 8 Bytes int “2031 (-2,147,483,648) to 2931-1 (2,147,483,647) 4Bytes smallint -215 (32,768) to 25-1 (32,767) 2Bytes tinyint. 0 t0 255 1 Byte Section 3.4: MONEY and SMALLMONEY Data types that represent monetary or currency values. Data type Range Storage money _-922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807 8 bytes smallmoney -214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 Abytes Section 3.5: BINARY and VARBINARY Binary data types of elther fixed length or variable length syntax: BINARY | ( n_bytes ) | VARBINARY [ ( nbytes | max ) n_bytes can be any number from 1 to 8000 bytes. max indicates that the maximum storage space is 2°31-1 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerExamples: ‘SELECT CAST(12345 AS BINARY(10)) -- @xooaeeeaa0e0000003039 SELECT CAST(12345 AS VARBINARY(18)) -- @xo0003039 Section 3.6: CHAR and VARCHAR String data types of either fixed length or variable length. Syntax: CHAR | ( nchars ) VARCHAR [ (n_chars ) | Examples: SELECT CAST(‘ABC* AS CHAR(1@)) -- “ABC * (padded with spaces on the right) SELECT CAST('ABC' AS VARCHAR(1@)) -- ‘ABC’ (no padding due to variable character) ‘SELECT CAST(' ABCDEFGHTJKLMNOPORSTUVWXYZ" AS. CHAR(1@)) ABCDEFGHIJ' (truncated to 1@ cha Section 3.7: NCHAR and NVARCHAR UNICODE string dats types of either fixed length or variable length. Syntax: NCHAR [ ( nchars ) | VARCHAR [ ( nchars | MAX ) ] Use Wax for very long strings that may exceed 8000 characters. Section 3.8: UNIQUEIDENTIFIER A16-byte GUID / UID. DECLARE @GUID UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = NEWID() SELECT @GUID -- 'E28838D9-9174-41A9-8508-899A78A33540. DECLARE @bad_GUID_string VARCHAR(1@@) = E28838D9-9174-41A9-8508-899A78A33540_foobarbaz* ‘SELECT @bad_GUID_string, ~~ "£28B98D9-9174~41A9-8508-899A78A33549_foobarbaz CONVERT(UNIQUETDENTIFIER, @bad_GUID_string) -- “£28B3B)9-9174-41A9-8508-899A78A33540" Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 5 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 4: NULL NULL in SQL, as well as programming in general, means literally "nothing". In SQL, itis easier to understand as "the absence of any value". portant to distinguish it from seemingly empty values, such as the empty string "or the number 8, neither of which are actually NULL. Itis also important to be careful not to enclose NULL in quotes, like NULL’, which is allowed in columns that accept text, butis not NULL and can cause errors and incorrect data sets. Section 4.1: Filtering for NULL in queries The syntax for filtering for NULL (i.e. the absence of a value) in WHERE blocks is slightly different than filtering for specific values. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE ManagerId IS NULL SELECT = FROM Employees WHERE ManagerId IS NOT NULL Note that because NULL is not equal to anything, not even to itself, using equality operators - NULL or <> NULL (or | NULL) will aways yield the truth value of UNKNOIN which will be rejected by WHERE. HERE filters all rows that the condition is FALSE or UKNONN and keeps only rows that the condition is TRUE. Section 4.2: Nullable columns in tables When creating tables it is possible to declare a column as nullable or non-nullable. CREATE TABLE MyTable MyColt INT NOT NULL, ~~ non-nullable Mycol? INT NULL -- nullable By default every column (except those in primary key constraint) is nullable unless we explicitly set NOT NULL. constraint. Attempting to assign NULL to a non-nullable column will result in an error. INSERT INTO MyTable (MyCol1, MyCol2) VALUES (1, NULL) ; -- works fine INSERT INTO HyTable (MyCol1, HyCol2) VALUES (NULL, 2) cannot insert the value NULL into column "MyCol1', table ‘MyTable’ ; column does not allow nulls. INSERT fails Section 4.3: Updating fields to NULL Setting a field to NULL works exactly like with any other value: UPDATE Employees SET ManagerId = NULL WHERE Td = 4 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals é Scanned with CamScannerSection 4.4: Inserting rows with NULL fields For example inserting an employee with no phone number and no manager into the Employees example table: INSERT INTO Employees (Td, FName, Name, PhoneNumber, ManagerId, DepartmentId, Salary, HireDate) VALUES (5, ‘Jane’, ‘Doe", NULL, NULL, 2, 808, ‘2016-07-22") Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerChapter 5: Example Databases and Tables Section 5.1: Auto Shop Database In the following example - Database for an auto shop business, we have a list of departments, employees, customers and customer cars. We are using foreign keys to create relationships between the various tables. Live example: SOI fiddle Relationships between tables ‘+ Each Department may have 0 or more Employees ‘+ Each Employee may have 0 or 1 Manager ‘+ Each Customer may have 0 or more Cars Departments ld Name THR 2 Sales 3 Tech SQL statements to create the table: CREATE TABLE Departments ( Id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT. Name VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY (Td) INSERT INTO Departments ((1¢], [Name]) VALUES (1, ‘HR: (2, *Sales") (3, 'Tech*) Employees IdFName — LName PhoneNumber Managerid Departmentld Salary HireDate 1 james Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 1000 01-01-2002 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 3 Michael Williams 13579111311 2 600 12-05-2009 4 Johnathon Smith 1212121212 2 1 500 24-07-2016 SQL statements to create the table: CREATE TABLE Employees Td INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT. FName VARCHAR(35) NOT NULL, LName VARCHAR(35) NOT NULL, PhoneNumber VARCHAR( 11) Managerid INT. DepartmentId INT NOT NULL, Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals @ Scanned with CamScannerSalery INT NOT NULL. HireDate DATETIME NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY (Id) FOREIGN KEY (ManagerId) REFERENCES Employees(Id) FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentId) REFERENCES Departments(Td) iB INSERT INTO Employees ([¢), [FName], [LName], [PhoneNumber], |ManagerId), (Departmentid), (Salary VALUES (1, ‘James’, ‘Smith’, 1234567890, NULL, 1, 1808, '61-01-2002') (2, ‘John’, ‘Johnson’, 2468181214, 1°, 1, 498, '23-@3-2005' ) (2, ‘Michael’, ‘Williams’, 1357911131, '1', 2, 608, '12-85-2009"), (4, ‘Johnathon’, ‘Smith’, 1212121212 1, 500, °24-07-2016") Customers Id FName LName Email PhoneNumber PreferredContact 1 William Jones [email protected] 3347927472 PHONE 2 David Miller [email protected] 2137921892 EMAIL 3 Richard Davis [email protected] NULL EMAIL SQL statements to create the table: CREATE TABLE Customers ( Id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, FName VARCHAR(35) NOT NULL, LName VARCHAR(35) NOT NULL, Email verchar(10@) NOT NULL. PhoneNumber VARCHAR(11) PreferredContact VARCHAR(S) NOT NULL. PRIMARY KEY (Id) INSERT INTO Customers ([¢), [FName], [LName|, [Email], |PhoneNumber}, [PreferredContact) VALUES “Jones*, ‘william. jonestexample.com’, '3347927472', ‘PHONE') (2, ‘David’, ‘Miller’, “dmillertexample.net', '2137921892", ‘EMAIL') (3, ‘Richard’, ‘Davis’, ‘[email protected]’, NULL, "EMAIL") Cars Id Customerid Employeeld Model Status Total Cost 1 2 FordF-150 READY 230 21 2 FordF-150 READY 200 32 1 Ford Mustang WAITING 100 aa 3 Toyota Prius WORKING 1254 SQL statements to create the table: CREATE TABLE Cars ( Id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT. CustomerId INT NOT NULL. EmployeeId INT NOT NULL Wodel varchar(5@) NOT NULL, Status varchar(25) NOT NULL [HireDate]) Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerTotalcost INT NOT NULL. PRIMARY KEY (Id) FOREIGN KEY (CustomerId) REFERENCES Customers (Id), FOREIGN KEY (EmployeeId) REFERENCES Employees (Id) INSERT INTO Cars (1d), [Customertd), [EmployeeId), |Model), (Stetus|, [Totelcost)) VALUES (1), "11, '2", "Ford F-188", ‘READY’, '230'), 2, '1!) '2", ‘Ford F-15", ‘READY’, ‘208'), 3°, '2', ‘1°, ‘Ford Mustang’, ‘WAITING’, ‘100° ) 4°/ °3'| '3", ‘Toyota Prius’, ‘WORKING’, ‘1254') Section 5.2: Library Database In this example database for a library, we have Authors, Books and BooksAuthors tables. Live example: SOI fiddle Authors and Books are known as base tables, since they contain column definition and data for the actual entities in the relational model. BooksAuthors is known as the relationship table, since this table defines the relationship. between the Books and Authors table. Relationships between tables ‘* Each author can have 1 or more books ‘+ Each book can have 1 or more authors ‘Authors (view table) IdName Country 1 |.D. Salinger USA 2 F. Scott. Fitzgerald USA 3 Jane Austen UK 4 Scott Hanselman USA 5 Jason N. Gaylord USA 6 Pranav Rastogi India 7 Todd Miranda USA 8 Christian Wenz USA SQL to create the table: CREATE TABLE Authors ( Id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT. Name VARCHAR(7@) NOT NULL, Country VARCHAR(108) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (Id) INSERT INTO Authors Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 0(Name, Country) VALUES (J.D. Salinger’, 'USA’) (CF. Scott. Fitzgerald’, ‘USA') (‘Jane Austen’, ‘UK") (‘Scott Hanselman’, ‘USA’) (‘Jason N. Gaylord’, ‘UsA’) (‘Pranav Rastogi’, ‘India") (‘Todd Miranda’, *usa’) (‘Christian Wenz’, ‘USA') Books (view table) id 1 The Catcher in the Rye 2 Nine Stories 3 Franny and Zooey 4 The Great Gatsby 5 Tender id the Night 6 Pride and Prejudice 7 Professional ASP.NET 4.5 in C# and VB SQL to create the table: CREATE TABLE Books ( Id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, Title VARCHAR(5®) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(Id) o INSERT INTO Books (Id, Title) VALUES (1, ‘The Catcher in the Rye’), (2, ‘Nine Stories"), (3, ‘Franny and Zooey’) (4, ‘The Great Gatsby’) (5, ‘Tender id the Night" ) (6, ‘Pride and Prejudice’), (7, ‘Professional ASP.NET 4.5 in C# and VB’) BooksAuthors (view table) Bookid Authorid 1 1 1 wR wn Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScannerNuvo SQL to create the table: CREATE TABLE BooksAuthors ( AuthorId INT NOT NULL, BookTd INT NOT NULL. FOREIGN KEY (AuthorId) REFERENCES Authors(I¢) FOREIGN KEY (BookId) REFERENCES Books (Id) ) INSERT INTO BooksAuthors (Booktd, Authorid) VALUES ay (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 2) (5, 2) (6, 3), (7, 4) (7, 5), (7, 6) (7, 7) (7, 8) Examples View all authors (view live example): SELECT » FROM Authors; View all book titles (view live example): SELECT * FROM Books View all books and their authors (view live example): ‘SELECT ba.AuthorId, a.Nare AuthorName. ba. BookId, b.Title BookTitle FROM BooksAuthors ba INNER JOIN Authors a ON a.id = ba.authorid INNER JOIN Books b ON b.i¢ = ba.bookid Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 2Section 5.3: Countries Table In this example, we have a Countries table. A table for countries has many uses, especially in Financial applications involving currencies and exchange rates. Live example: SOL fiddle Some Market data software applications like Bloomberg and Reuters require you to give their API either a 2 or 3 character country code along with the currency code. Hence this example table has both the 2-character 150 code column and the 3 character 1803 code columns. Countries (Wiew table) Id 180 1SO31SONumeric CountryName Capital _ContinentCode CurrencyCode 1 AU AUS 36 Australia Canberra. OC AUD 2 DE DEU 276 Germany Ber eu EUR 2 IN IND 356 India New Delhi AS INR 3 1A LAO 418 Laos Vientiane AS LAK 4US USA 840 United States Washington NA usD 5 ZW ZWE 716 Zimbabwe Harare AF ZL SQL to create the table: CREATE TABLE Countries Id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT. ISO VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL 1803 VARCHAR(3) NOT NULL. TSONumeric INT NOT NULL CountryName VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL Capital VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL ContinentCode VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL, CurrencyCode VARCHAR(3) NOT NULL. PRIMARY KEY (Td) INSERT INTO Countries (180, 1803, IsONumeric, CountryName, Capital, ContinentCode, CurrencyCode) VALUES (*AU', ‘AUS’, 36, ‘Australia’, ‘Canberra’, ‘OC’, ‘AUD'), ({DE', “DEU', 276, ‘Germany’, ‘Berlin’, "EU', ‘EUR’) (CIN, ‘IND’, 356, ‘India’, ‘New Delhi*, "AS*, “INR'), ((LA', “LAO, 418, ‘Laos’, ‘Vientiane’, ‘AS, ‘LAK") (*US', ‘USA’, 849, ‘United States’, ‘Washington’, ‘NA’, ‘USD’) ((2W, “2WE', 716, ‘Zimbabwe’, ‘Harare’, ‘AF’, “ZWL") Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 3 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 6: SELECT ‘The SELECT statement is at the heart of most SQL queries. It defines what result set should be returned by the query, and is almost always used in conjunction with the FROM clause, which defines what partis) of the database should be queried. Section 6.1: Using the wildcard character to select all columns in a query Consider a database with the following two tables. Employees table: Id FName LName Deptid 1 James Smith 3 2 John Johnson 4 Departments table: Id Name 1 Sales 2 Marketing 3 Finance air Simple select statement + is the wildcard character used to select all available columns in a table. When used as a substitute for explicit column names, it returns all columns in all tables that a query is selecting FROM. This effect applies to all tables the query accesses through its JOTN clauses, Consider the following query: SELECT * FROM Employees twill return all fields of all rows of the Employees table: Id FName LName Deptid 1 James Smith 3 2 John Johnson 4 Dot not in To select all values from a specific table, the wildcard character can be applied to the table with dot notation. Consider the following quer SELECT Employees.» Departments Name FROM Employees JOIN Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 4 Scanned with CamScannerDepartments ON Departments.Id = Employees DeptI¢ This will return a data set with all fields on the Employee table, followed by just the Name field in the Departments table: Id FName LName Deptid Name 1 James Smith 3 Finance 2 John Johnson IT Warnings Against Use It is generally advised that using + is avoided in production code where possible, as it can cause a number of potential problems including: Excess |O, network load, memory use, and so on, due to the database engine reading data that is not needed and transmitting it to the front-end code. This is particularly a concern where there might be large fields such as those used to store long notes or attached files. 2. Further excess |O load if the database needs to spool internal results to disk as part of the processing for a query more complex than SELECT FROM . 3. Extra processing (and/or even more 10) if some of the unneeded columns are: © computed columns in databases that support them © in the case of selecting from a view, columns from a table/view that the query optimiser could otherwise optimise out 4, The potential for unexpected errors if columns are added to tables and views later that results ambiguous column names. For example SELECT * FROM orders JOIN people ON people. id = orders.personid ORDER BY displaynane - if a column column called displayname is added to the orders table to allow users to give their orders meaningful names for future reference then the column name will appear twice in the output so the ORDER BY clause will be ambiguous which may cause errors ("ambiguous column name” in recent MS SQL Server versions), and if not in this example your application code might start displaying the order name where the person name is intended because the new column is the first of that name returned, and so on. When Can You Use , Bearing The Above Warning In Mind? While best avoided in production code, using * is fine as a shorthand when performing manual queries against the database for investigation or prototype work. Sometimes design decisions in your application make it unavoidable (in such circumstances, prefer tablealias.» over just * where possible), ‘When using EXISTS, such as SELECT A.col1, A.Col2 FROM A WHERE EXTSTS (SELECT * FROM B where A.D 8 AID), we are not returning any data from B, Thus a join is unnecessary, and the engine knows no values from B are to be returned, thus no performance hit for using *. Similarly COUNT *) is fine as it also doesn't actually return any of the columns, so only needs to read and process those that are used for filtering purposes. Section 6.2: SELECT Using Column Aliases Column aliases are used mainly to shorten code and make column names more readable. Code becomes shorter as long table names and unnecessary identification of columns (e.g. there may be 2 IDs in the table, but only one is used in the statement) can be avoided. Along with table aliases this allows you to use longer descriptive names in your database structure while keeping queries upon that structure concise. Furthermore they are sometimes required, for instance in views, in order to name computed outputs. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 5 Scanned with CamScannerAllversions of SQL Aliases can be created in all versions of SQL using double quotes (" SELECT FName AS "First Name’ WName AS "Middle Name" LNane AS “Last Name" FROM Employees Different Versions of SQL You can use single quotes ('), double quotes (") and square brackets ({ |) to create an alias in Microsoft SQL Server. SELECT FNane AS “First Name" Wane AS ‘Middle Name’ Lane AS [Last Name FROM Employees Both will result in: First Name Middle Name Last Name James John Smith John James Johnson Michael Marcus Williams This statement will return FName and LName columns with a given name (an alias). This is achieved using the AS operator followed by the alias, or simply writing alias directly after the column name. This means that the following query has the same outcome as the above. ‘SELECT FName LNane FROM Employees First Name Middle Name Last Name James John Smith John James Johnson, Michael Marcus Williams However, the explicit version (i.e, using the 4S operator) is more readable, If the alias has a single word that is not a reserved word, we can write it without single quotes, double quotes or brackets: SELECT FName AS FirstName. LName AS LastName FROM Employees FirstName LastName James Smith John Johnson Michael Wiliams Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 16 Scanned with CamScannerfurther variation available in MS SQL Server amongst others is = , for instance: SELECT FullName = FirstName +" ' + LastNane, Addr1 = FullStreetAddress Addr? TownName FROM CustomerDetails which is equivalent to: SELECT FirstName + ' * + LastName As FullName FullstreetAddress As Addr TownName As Addr FROM CustomerDetails Both will result in: FullName Addrt Addr2 James Smith 123 AnyStreet_ Townville John johnson 668 MyRoad Anytown Michael Williams 999 High End Dr Wiliamsburgh Some find using = instead of As easier to read, though many recommend against this format, mainly because it is not standard so not widely supported by all databases. It may cause confusion with other uses of the = character. All Versions of SQL A'so, if you need to use reserved words, you can use brackets or quotes to escape: SELECT FName as "SELECT" Name as "FROM™ LName as “WHERE” FROM Employees Different Versions of SQL Likewise, you can escape keywords in MSSQL with all different approaches: SELECT FName AS "SELECT" Name AS FROM" LName AS (WHERE FROM Employees SELECT FROM WHERE James John Smith John James Johnson Michael Marcus Williams A\so, a column alias may be used any of the final clauses of the same query, such as an ORDER BY: SELECT FName AS FirstNane, LName AS LastName FROM Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScannerEmployees ORDER BY LastName DESC However, you may not use SELECT FName AS SELECT. LName AS FROM FROM Employees ORDER BY LastName DESC To create an alias from these reserved words (SELECT and FROM). This will cause numerous errors on execution. Section 6.3: Select Individual Columns ‘SELECT PhoneNunber. Email PreferredContact FROM Customers. This statement will return the columns PhoneNumber, Email, and PreferredContact from all rows of the Customers table. Also the columns will be returned in the sequence in which they appear in the SELECT clause. The result will be: PhoneNumber Email PreferredContact 3347927472 william [email protected] PHONE 2137921892 [email protected] EMAIL NULL [email protected] EMAIL If multiple tables are joined together, you can select columns from specific tables by specifying the table name before the column name: |table_name| . (colunn_nane ‘SELECT Customers . PhoneNumber, Customers. Email Customers. PreferredContact, Orders.1d AS Orderid FROM Customers LEFT JOIN Orders ON Orders CustomerId = Customers Id *AS OrderId means that the Zé field of Orders table will be returned as a column named Order. See selecting with column alias for further information. To avoid using long table names, you can use table aliases. This mitigates the pain of writing long table names for each field that you select in the joins. If you are performing a self join (a join between two instances of the same table), then you must use table aliases to distinguish your tables. We can write a table alias like Customers c or Customers AS ¢. Here c works as an alias for Customers and we can select let's say Email like this: ¢ Email. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 8 Scanned with CamScannerSELECT ‘¢.PhoneNumber, Email, c.PreferredContact 0.1d AS OrderId FROM Customers ¢ LEFT JOIN Orders © ON o.CustomerId = c.1d Section 6.4: Selecting specified number of records ‘The SQL 2008 standard defines the FETCH FIRST clause to limit the number of records returned. SELECT Id, ProductName, UnitPrice, Package FROM Product ORDER BY UnitPrice DESC FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY This standard is only supported in recent versions of some RDMSS. Vendor-specific non-standard syntax is provided in other systems. Progress OpenEdge 11.x also supports the FETCH FIRST ROWS ONLY syntax. Additionally, OFFSET ROWS before FETCH FIRST ROWS ONLY allows skipping rows before fetching rows. SELECT Id, ProductName, UnitPrice, Package FROM Product ORDER BY UnitPrice DESC OFFSET 5 ROWS FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY The following query is supported in SQL Server and MS Access: SELECT TOP 18 Id, ProductNane, UnitPrice, Packace FROM Product ORDER BY UnitPrice DESC To do the same in MySQL or PostgreSQL the LIMIT keyword must be used: SELECT Id, ProductName, UnitPrice, Package FROM Product ORDER BY UnitPrice DESC LIMIT 1@ In Oracle the same can be done with ROWNUM: SELECT Id, ProductName, UnitPrice, Package FROM Product WHERE ROWNUM <= 10 ORDER BY UnitPrice DESC Results: 10 records. Id ProductName unitPrice Package 38 Céte de Blaye 263.50 12 - 75 cl bottles 29 Thiringer Rostbratwurst 123.79 50 bags x 30 sausgs. 9 Mishi Kobe Niku 97.09 18 - 509 9 pkgs. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 9 Scanned with CamScanner28 Sir Rodney's Marmalade 81.00 30 gift boxes 18 Carnarvon Tigers 62.50 16 kg pkg. 59 Raclette Courdavault 55.00 5 kg pkg. 51 Manjimup Dried Apples 53.00 50 - 300 9 pkgs. 62 Tarte au sucre 49.30 48 pies 43 Ipoh Coffee 46.00 16 = 500 g tins 28 Rosle Sauerkraut 45.60 25 - 825 9 cans Vendor Nuances: Itis important to note that the ToP in Microsoft SQL operates after the WHERE clause and will return the specified number of results if they exist anywhere in the table, while RORNUM works as part of the WHERE clause so if other conditions do not exist in the specified number of rows at the beginning of the table, you will get zero results when there could be others to be found. Section 6.5: Selecting with Condition The basic syntax of SELECT with WHERE clause is: SELECT column, colunn2, columN FROM table_name WHERE [condition The [condition] can be any SQL expression, specified using comparison or logical operators like >, < UKE, NOT, IN, BETWEEN etc. The following statement returns all columns from the table ‘Cars’ where the status column is ‘READY’: SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE status = ‘READY’ See WHERE and HAVING for more examples. Section 6.6: Selecting with CASE ‘When results need to have some logic applied ‘on the fiy one can use CASE statement to implement it. SELECT CASE WHEN Coll < 5@ THEN ‘under’ ELSE ‘over’ END threshold FROM TableName also can be chained SELECT CASE WHEN Colt < $8 THEN ‘under: WHEN Col1 > 50 AND Colt <100 THEN ‘betneen’ ELSE ‘over END threshold FROM TableName one also can have CASE inside another CASE statement SELECT ‘CASE WHEN Coll < 50 THEN ‘under: ELSE CASE WHEN Col1 > 58 AND Colt <108 THEN Col1 ELSE ‘over’ END END threshold Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 20 Scanned with CamScannerFROM TableName Section 6.7: Select columns which are named after reserved keywords ‘When a column name matches a reserved keyword, standard SQL requires that you enclose it in double quotation marks: SELECT “ORDER” 1D FROM ORDERS Note that it makes the column name case-sensitive. ‘Some DBMSes have proprietary ways of quoting names. For example, SQL Server uses square brackets for this purpose: ‘SELECT [order] 1D FROM ORDERS while MySQL (and MariaDB) by default use backticks: ‘SELECT order id FROM orders Section 6.8: Selecting with table alias SELECT e.Fname, e.LName FROM Employees © ‘The Employees table is given the alias ‘e' directly after the table name. This helps remove ambiguity in scenarios where multiple tables have the same field name and you need to be specific as to which table you want to return data from. SELECT e.Fname, e.LName, m.Fname AS ManagerFirstNane FROM Employees JOIN Managers m ON e.ManagerId = m.Id Note that once you define an alias, you can't use the canonical table name anymore. SELECT @.Frame, Employees.LName, m.Fname AS ManegerFirstNane FROM Employees & JOIN Managers m ON e.ManagerId = m.1d would throw an error. Itis worth noting table aliases ~ more formally ‘range variables’ - were introduced into the SQL language to solve the problem of duplicate columns caused by INNER JOIN. The 1992 SQL standard corrected this earlier design flaw by introducing NATURAL JOIN (implemented in mySQL, PostgreSQL and Oracle but not yet in SQL Server), the result of which never has duplicate column names. The above example is interesting in that the tables are joined on Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals a Scanned with CamScannercolumns with different names (I¢ and ManagerIé) but are not supposed to be joined on the columns with the same name (LName, FNane), requiring the renaming of the columns to be performed before the join: SELECT Frame, LName, ManagerFirstName FROM Employees NATURAL. JOIN ( SELECT Id AS ManagerId, Fname AS ManagerFirstName FROM Managers ) m Note that although an alias/range variable must be declared for the dervied table (otherwise SQL will throw an error), it never makes sense to actually use tin the query. Section 6.9: Selecting with more than 1 condition ‘The AND keyword is used to add more conditions to the query. Name Age Gender Sam 18 M John 21M Bob 22 M Mary 23 F SELECT mame FROM persons NHERE gender = 'H' AND age > 20. This will return: Name John Bob using 08 keyword SELECT name FROM persons WHERE gender = “N’ OR age < 26 This will return: name sam John Bob ‘These keywords can be combined to allow for more complex criteria combinations: SELECT name FROM persons WHERE (gender - 'M’ AND age < 20) OR (gender = "F’ AND age > 20) This will return: name Sam Mary Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 2 Scanned with CamScannerSection 6.10: Selecting without Locking the table Sometimes when tables are used mostly (or only) for reads, indexing does not help anymore and every little bit counts, one might use selects without LOCK to improve performance. SQL Server SELECT * FROM TableName WITH (nolock) Mysql SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED SELECT * FROM TableName. SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ. Oracle SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED SELECT * FROM TableName. pB2 SELECT * FROM TableName WITH UR where UR stands for "uncommitted read". If used on table that has record modifications going on might have unpredictable results. Section 6.11: Selecting with Aggregate functions Average The AVG() aggregate function will return the average of values selected. SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees ‘Aggregate functions can also be combined with the where clause. SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees where DepartmentId = 1 ‘Aggregate functions can also be combined with group by clause. If employee is categorized with multiple department and we want to find avg salary for every department then we can use following query. SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees GROUP BY DepartmentId Minimum ‘The MIN() aggregate function will return the minimum of values selected. SELECT MIN(Salary) FROM Employees Maximum. ‘The MAX() aggregate function will return the maximum of values selected. SELECT MAK(Salary) FROM Employees Count ‘The COUNT() aggregate function will return the count of values selected. SELECT Count() FROM Employees Itcan also be combined with where conditions to get the count of rows that satisfy specific conditions. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals B Scanned with CamScannerSELECT Count() FROM Employees where NanagerId 1S NOT NULL Specific columns can also be specified to get the number of values in the column. Note that NULL values are not countes. Select Count(ManagerId) fron Employees Count can also be combined with the distinct keyword for a distinct count. Select Count(DISTINCT DepartmentId) from Employees sum ‘The sum() aggregate function returns the sum of the values selected for all rows. SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM Employees Section 6.12: Select with condition of multiple values from column SELECT FROM Cars WHERE status IN ( "Waiting’, ‘Working’ ) This is semantically equivalent to SELECT = FROM Cars WHERE ( status = ‘Waiting’ OR status = ‘Working’ ) ie. value IN ( ) isa shorthand for disjunction (logical OR). Section 6.13: Get aggregated result for row groups Counting rows based on a specific column value: SELECT category, COUNT(*) AS itemcount FROM item GROUP BY category: Getting average income by departmer SELECT department, AVG(incone) FROM employees GROUP BY department ‘The important thing is to select only columns specified in the GROUP BY clause or used with aggregate functions, ‘There WHERE clause can also be used with GROUP BY, but WHERE filters out records before any grouping is done: SELECT department, AVG(ineone) FROM employees WHERE department <> ‘ACCOUNTING’ GROUP BY department Hf you need to filter the results after the grouping has been done, e.g, to see only departments whose average income is larger than 1000, you need to use the HAVING clause: SELECT department, AVG(incone) FROM employees WHERE department <> ‘ACCOUNTING’ GROUP BY department HAVING avg(income) > 1000; Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 2 Scanned with CamScannerSection 6.14: Selection with sorted Results SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY LName This statement will return all the columns from the table Employees. Id FName LName PhoneNumber 2 John Johnson 2468101214 1 James Smith 1234567890 3 Michael Williams 1357911131 SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY LName DESC or SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY LName ASC This statement changes the sorting direction. One may also specify multiple sorting columns. For example: SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY LName ASC, FName ASC This example will sort the results first by LName and then, for records that have the same LNane, sort by FName. This, will give you a result similar to what you would find in a telephone book. In order to save retyping the column name in the ORDER BY clause, its possible to use instead the column's number. Note that column numbers start from 1. SELECT Id, FName, LName, PhoneNunber FROM Employees ORDER BY 3 ‘You may also embed a CASE statement in the ORDER BY clause. SELECT Id, FName, LName, PhoneNumber FROM Employees ORDER BY CASE WHEN LName-'Jones’ THEN @ ELSE 1 END ASC This will sort your results to have all records with the LName of "Jones" at the top. Section 6.15: Selecting with null SELECT Neme FROM Customers WHERE PhoneNunber TS NULL. Selection with nulls take a different syntax. Don't use =, use IS NULL or TS NOT NULL instead, Section 6.16: Select distinct (unique values only) ‘SELECT DISTINCT ContinentCode FROM Countries This query will return all DISTINCT (unique, different) values from Cont inentCode column from Countries table Continentcode oc fu Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals BS Scanned with CamScannerAS NA AF LFiddle Dem Section 6.17: Select rows from multiple tables ‘SELECT * FROM tablet ‘table2 ‘SELECT tablet .columnt table! .column2, table2.columnt FROM tablet table This is called cross product in SQL itis same as cross product in sets ‘These statements return the selected columns from multiple tables in one query. ‘There is no specific relationship between the columns returned from each table. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 26Chapter 7: GROUP BY Results of a SELECT query can be grouped by one or more columns using the GROUP BY statement: all results with the same value in the grouped columns are aggregated together. This generates a table of partial results, instead of one result. GROUP BY can be used in conjunction with aggregation functions using the HAVING statement to define how non-grouped columns are aggregated. Section 7.1: Basic GROUP BY example It might be easier if you think of GROUP BY as “for each" for the sake of explanation. The query below: SELECT EmpID, SUM (WonthlySalary) FROM Employee GROUP BY EmpID is saying: "Give me the sum of MonthlySalary's for each EmpiD" So if your table looked like this: | EnpID|MonthtySatary| |1 [200 \ [2 [300 1 Result: | 1/200) | 2/309) ‘Sum wouldn't appear to do anything because the sum of one number is that number. On the other hand ifit looked like this: | EnpID|MonthlySatary| | |200 I j1 [300 i |2 |300 i Result: Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScanner{2/580 (2/300) ‘Then it would because there are two EmpID 1's to sum together. Section 7.2: Filter GROUP BY results using a HAVING clause AHAVING clause filters the results of a GROUP BY expression. Note: The following examples are using the Library example database. Examples: Return all authors that wrote more than one book (live example). SELECT ald a.Nane, COUNT(*) Booksritten FROM BooksAuthors ba INNER JOIN Authors a ON a.id - ba.authorid GROUP BY a.td a.Nane HAVING COUNT(+) > 1 equals to HAVING BooksWritten > 1 Return all books that have more than three authors (live example). ‘SELECT b.Id b.Title, COUNT(*) NumberOfAuthors FROM BooksAuthors ba INNER JOIN Books b ON b.id = ba.bookid GROUP BY b.Id b.Title HAVING COUNT(+) > 3. ~~ equals to HAVING NumberOfAuthors > 3 Section 7.3: USE GROUP BY to COUNT the number of rows for each unique entry in a given column Let's say you want to generate counts or subtotals for a given value in a column. Given this table, 'Westerosians': Name GreatHousedllegience Arya — Stark Cercei_Lannister Myrcella Lannister Yara Greyjoy Catelyn Stark Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 28 Scanned with CamScannerSansa Stark Without GROUP BY, COUNT will simply return a total number of rows: SELECT Count(*) Nunber_of Westerosians FROM Westerosians returns... Number of Westerosians 6 But by adding GROUP BY, we can COUNT the users for each value in a given column, to return the number of people ina given Great House, say: SELECT GreatHouseAllegience House, Count(*) Number_of_Westerosians FROM Westerosians GROUP BY GreatHouseAllegience returns... House Number of Westerosians Stark = 3 Greyjoy 1 Lannister 2 It's common to combine GROUP BY with ORDER BY to sort results by largest or smallest category: SELECT GreatHouseAllegience House, Count(+) Number_of Mesterosians FROM Westerosians GROUP BY GreatHouseAllegience ORDER BY Nunber_of_Westerosians Desc returns... House Number_of Westerosians stark = 3 Lannister 2 Greyjoy 1 Section 7.4: ROLAP aggregation (Data Mining) Description ‘The SQL standard provides two additional aggregate operators. These use the polymorphic value "ALL" to denote the set of all values that an attribute can take. The two operators are: ‘with data cube that it provides all possible combinations than the argument attributes of the clause. ‘+ with roll up that it provides the aggregates obtained by considering the attributes in order from left to right compared how they are listed in the argument of the clause. SQL standard versions that support these features: 1999,2003,2006,2008,2011. Examples Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 2 Scanned with CamScannerConsider this table: Food Brand Total amount Pasta Brand1 100 Pasta Brand2 250 Pizza Brand2 300 With cube select Food, Brand, Total_amount from Table group by Food, Brand, Total_anount with cube Food Brand Total_amount Pasta Brand1 100 Pasta Brand2 250 Pasta ALL 350 Pizza Brand2 300 Pizza ALL 300 ALL Brand? 100 ALL Brand? 550 ALL ALL 650 With roll up select Food, Brand, Total_emount from Table group by Food, Brand, Total_anount with roll up Food Brand Total amount Pasta Brand’ 100 Pasta Brand2 250 Pizza Brand2 300 Pasta ALL 350 Pizza ALL 300 ALL ALL 650 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 30Chapter 8: ORDER BY Section 8.1: Sorting by column number (instead of name) You can use a column's number (where the leftmost column is '1'} to indicate which column to base the sort on, instead of describing the column by its name. Pro: If you think it’s likely you might change column names later, doing so won't break this code. Con: This will generally reduce readability of the query It's instantly clear what ‘ORDER BY Reputation’ means, while ‘ORDER BY 14’ requires some counting, probably with a finger on the screen.) This query sorts result by the info in relative column position 3 from select statement instead of column name Reputation. SELECT DisplayName, JoinDate, Reputation FROM Users ORDER BY 3 DisplayName JoinDate Reputation Community 2008-09-15 4 Jarrod Dixon 2008-10-03 11739 Geoff Dalgas 2008-10-03 12567 Joel Spolsky 2008-09-16 25784 Jeff Atwood 2008-09-16 37628 Section 8.2: Use ORDER BY with TOP to return the top x rows based on a column's value In this example, we can use GROUP BY not only determined the sort of the rows returned, but also what rows are returned, since we're using TOP to limit the result set Let's say we want to return the top 5 highest reputation users from an unnamed popular Q&A site. Without ORDER BY This query returns the Top 5 rows ordered by the default, which in this case is “id, the first column in the table (even though it's not a column shown in the results) SELECT TOP 5 DisplayName, Reputation FROM Users returns... DisplayName Reputation Community 1 Geoff Dalgas 12567 Jarrod Dixon 11739 Jeff wood 37628 Joel Spolsky 25784 With ORDER BY SELECT TOP 5 DisplayName, Reputation FROM Users Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals a Scanned with CamScannerORDER BY Reputation desc returns. DisplayName Reputation JonSkeet 865023 Darin Dimitrov 661741 Balusc 650237 Hans Passant 625870 MarcGravell 601636 Remarks Some versions of SQL (such as MySQU) use a LIMIT clause at the end of a SELECT, instead of ToP at the beginning, for example: SELECT DisplayName, Reputation FROM Users ORDER BY Reputation DESC LamiT 5 Section 8.3: Customizeed sorting order To sort this table Employee by department, you would use ORDER BY Department. However, if you want a different sort order that is not alphabetical, you have to map the Department values into different values that sort correctly; this can be done with a CASE expression: Name Department Hasan IT Yusuf HR Hillary HR Joe iT Merry HR Ken Accountant SELECT * FROM Enployee ORDER BY CASE Department WHEN "HR THEN 1 WHEN ‘Accountant’ THEN 2 ELSE 3 END Name Department Yusuf HR Hillary HR Merry HR Ken Accountant Hasan IT Joe iT Section 8.4: Order by Alias Due to logical query processing order, alias can be used in order by. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 32SELECT DisplayNeme, JoinDate as jd, Reputation es rep FROM Users ORDER BY jd, rep ‘And can use relative order of the columns in the select statement .Consider the same example as above and instead of using alias use the relative order like for display name itis 1 , for Jd itis 2 and so on. SELECT DisplayName, JoinDate as jd, Reputation es rep FROM Users ORDER BY 2, 3 Section 8.5: Sorting by multiple columns SELECT DisplayName, JoinDate, Reputation FROM Users ORDER BY JoinDate, Reputation DisplayName JoinDate Reputation Community 2008-09-15 1 Jeff Atwood 2008-09-16 25784 Joel Spolsky 2008-09-16 37628 Jarrod Dixon 2008-10-03 11739 Geoff Dalgas 2008-10-03 12567 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 33Chapter 9: AND & OR Operators Section 9.1: AND OR Example Have a table Name Age City Bob 10 Paris Mat 20 Berlin Mary 24 Prague select Name from table where Age>10 AND City-'Prague Gives Name Mary select Name from table where Age-10 OR City-'Pregue’ Gives Name Bob Mary Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 34Chapter 10: CASE ‘The CASE expression is used to implement if-then logic. Section 10.1: Use CASE to COUNT the number of rows ina column match a condition Use Case CASE can be used in conjunction with SUN to return a count of only those items matching a pre-defined condition. (This is similar to COUNTIF in Excel.) ‘The trick is to return binary results indicating matches, so the "1"s returned for matching entries can be summed for a count of the total number of matches. Given this table ItenSates, let's say you want to learn the total number of items that have been categorized as "Expensive": Id Itemid Price PriceRating 1100 34.5 EXPENSIVE 2145 23 CHEAP 3100 34.5 EXPENSIVE 4100 345. EXPENSIVE 5145 10 AFFORDABLE Query SELECT ‘COUNT(Id) AS TtensCount SUM (CASE WHEN PriceRating - "Expensive" THEN 1 ELSE @ END ) AS ExpensiveltemsCount FROM ItemSales Results: ItemsCount ExpensiveltemsCount 5 3 Alternative: SELECT COUNT(Td) as TtemsCount SUK ( CASE PriceRating WHEN ‘Expensive’ THEN 1 ELSE @ END AS ExpensiveTtemsCount FROM TtemSales Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 35Section 10.2: Searched CASE in SELECT (Matches a boolean expression) ‘The searched CASE returns results when a boolean expression is TRUE. (This differs from the simple case, which can only check for equivalency with an input) SELECT Id, Itemld, Price CASE WHEN Price < 18 THEN ‘CHEAP’ WHEN Price < 28 THEN ‘AFFORDABLE: ELSE ' EXPENSIVE END AS PriceRating FROM TtenSales Id Itemid Price PriceRating 1100 34.5. EXPENSIVE 2145 23 CHEAP 3100 345 EXPENSIVE 4100 345 EXPENSIVE 5145 10 AFFORDABLE Section 10.3: CASE in a clause ORDER BY We can use 1,2,3..to determine the type of order: SELECT * FROM DEPT ORDER BY CASE DEPARTMENT WHEN “MARKETING’ THEN 1 WHEN ‘SALES’ THEN 2 WHEN ‘RESEARCH’ THEN 2 WHEN “INNOVATION’ THEN 4 ELSE 5 END crty ID REGION —ciTY DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES NUMBER 12. New England Boston MARKETING 8 15 West San Francisco MARKETING 2 9 Midwest Chicago SALES 8 14 Mid-Atlantic New York SALES 12 5 West Los Angeles RESEARCH " 10 Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia RESEARCH 3 4 Midwest Chicago INNOVATION " 2 Midwest Detroit. ©“ HUMAN RESOURCES 9 Section 10.4: Shorthand CASE in SELECT CASE's shorthand variant evaluates an expression (usually a column) against a series of values. This variant is a bit shorter, and saves repeating the evaluated expression over and over again. The ELSE clause can still be used, though: SELECT Id, ItemId, Price CASE Price WHEN 5 THEN ‘CHEAP’ WHEN 15 THEN "AFFORDABLE" Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 36 Scanned with CamScannerELSE " EXPENSIVE" END as PriceRating FROM ItemSales Aword of caution. It's important to realize that when using the short variant the entire statement is evaluated at each WHEN, Therefore the following statement: SELECT CASE ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % 4 WHEN @ THEN ‘Dr’ WHEN 1 THEN “Master WHEN 2 THEN °Mr WHEN 3 THEN “Hrs” END may produce @ NULL result, That is because at each WHEN NEWIO() is being called again with a new result. Equivalent SELECT CASE WHEN ABS(CHECKSUN(NEWID())) % ‘or WHEN ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % ‘Master’ WHEN ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % “Me WHEN ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWTD())) % “Mrs END ‘Therefore it can miss all the WHEN cases and result as NULL. Section 10.5: Using CASE in UPDATE sample on price increases: UPDATE TtemPrice SET Price = Price + (CASE ItemId WHEN 1 THEN 1.05 WHEN 2 THEN 1.10 WHEN 3 THEN 1.15 ELSE 1.00 END Section 10.6: CASE use for NULL values ordered last jepresenting the known values are ranked first, 1' representing the NULL values are sorted by the SELECT 1D REGION crTy DEPARTMENT. EMPLOYEES. NUMBER FROM DEPT ORDER BY CASE WHEN REGION IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE @ END REGION Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScannerID REGION city DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES. NUMBER 10 Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia RESEARCH 3 14 Mid-Atlantic New York SALES 12 9 Midwest Chicago SALES a 12 New England Boston MARKETING 3 5 West Los Angeles RESEARCH " 15 NULL ‘san Francisco MARKETING 12 4 NULL Chicago INNOVATION " 2 NULL Detroit HUMAN RESOURCES 9 Section 10.7: CASE in ORDER BY clause to sort records by lowest value of 2 columns Imagine that you need sort records by lowest value of either one of two columns. Some databases could use a non- aggregated MIN() or LEAST() function for this... ORDER BY MIN(Date1, Date2)), but in standard SQL, you have to use a CASE expression. ‘The CASE expression in the query below looks at the Dete1 and Date2 columns, checks which column has the lower value, and sorts the records depending on this value. Sample data Id Datet —_Datez 1 2017-01-01 2017-01-31 2 2017-01-31 2017-01-03 3 2017-01-31 2017-01-02 4 2017-01-06 2017-01-31 5 2017-01-31 2017-01-05 6 2017-01-04 2017-01-31 Query SELECT Id, Date1, Date2 FROM YourTable ORDER BY CASE WHEN COALESCE (Date1, '1753-01-01') < COALESCE(Date2, '1753-@1-1") THEN Datet ELSE Date? END Results Id Datet —_Date2 1 2017-01-01 2017-01-31 3 2017-01-31 2017-01-02 2 2017-01-31 2017-01-03 6 2017-01-04 2017-01-31 5 2017-01-31 2017-01-05 4 2017-01-06 2017-01-31 Explanation ‘As you see row with Td = 1 is first, that because Date1 have lowest record from entire table 2617-61-01, row where Td = 3is second that because Date? equals to 2017-61-82 that is second lowest value from table and so on. Sowe have sorted records from 2617-01-61 to 2617-61-06 ascending and no care on which one column Date? or Date? are those values. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 38 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 11: LIKE operator Section 11.1: Match open-ended pattern ‘The % wildcard appended to the beginning or end (or both) of a string will allow 0 or more of any character before the beginning or after the end of the pattern to match. Using "%' in the midale will allow 0 or more characters between the two parts of the pattern to match. We are going to use this Employees Table: IdFName LName PhoneNumber Managerid Departmentid Salary Hire date 1 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 2 Sophie Amudsen 2479700211 400 11-01-2010 3 Ronny Smith 2462544026 600 06-08-2015 4 Jon Sanchez 2454124602 400 23-03-2005 1 2 1 5 Hilde Knag 24680219112 800 07-01-2000 Following statement matches for all records having FName containing string ‘on’ from Employees Table. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE "on" Id FName LName PhoneNumber Managerld Departmentid Salary Hire date 3 Ronny Smith 2462544026 2 1 600 06-08-2015 4 Jon Sanchez 24541246021 1 400 23-03-2005 Following statement matches all records having PhoneNumber starting with string '246' from Employees. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE PhoneNunber LIKE ‘246% Id FName LName PhoneNumber Managerid Departmentid Salary Hire_date 1 John Johnson 2468101214 1 400 23-03-2005 3 Ronny Smith 2462544026 2 1 600 06-08-2015 5 Hilde Knag 2468021911 2 1 800 01-01-2000 Following statement matches all records having PhoneNumber ending with string "11' from Employees. SELECT « FROM Employees WHERE PhoneNunber LIKE *%11° idFName LName PhoneNumber Managerid Departmentid Salary Hire date 2 Sophie Amudsen 24781002111 1 400 17-01-2010 5 Hilde Knag 24680219112 1 800 01-01-2000 All records where Fname 3rd character is 'n’ from Employees. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE (two underscores are used before 'n’ to skip first 2 characters) Id FName LName PhoneNumber Managerid Departmentid Salary Hire date 3 Ronny Smith 2462544026 2 1 600 06-08-2015 4 Jon — Sanchez 24541246021 1 400 23-03-2005 Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals 9 Scanned with CamScannerSection 11.2: Single character match To broaden the selections of a structured query language (SQL-SELECT) statement, wildcard characters, the percent sign (96) and the underscore (), can be used. The _ (underscore) character can be used as a wildcard for any single character in a pattern match. Find all employees whose Fame start with ' and end with 'n’ and has exactly 3 characters in Frame. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE *j_n’ _ (underscore} character can also be used more than once as a wild card to match patterns. For example, this pattern would match "jon", jan", "jen", etc. These names will not be shown "jn’,"john’,"jordan’, "justin", "jason", julian’, ‘jillian’, “joann” because in our query one underscore is used and it can skip exactly one character, so result must be of 3 character Fname, For example, this pattern would match "Last, "LoSt’, "HaLt", etc. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE "_A_T Section 11.3: ESCAPE statement in the LIKE-query If you implement a text-search as LTKE-query, you usually do it like this: SeLecT « FROM T_Whatever WHERE SomeField LIKE CONCAT(*%', @in_SearchText, ‘'%') However, (apart from the fact that you shouldn't necessarely use LIKE when you can use fulltext-search) this creates a problem when somebody inputs text like "50%" or "a_b" So (instead of switching to fulltext-search), you can solve that problem using the LIKE-escape statement: SELECT + FROM T_Whatever WHERE SomeField LIKE CONCAT(‘%', @in_SearchText, '%') ESCAPE ‘\' ‘That means \ will now be treated as ESCAPE character. This means, you can now just prepend \ to every character in the string you search, and the results will start to be correct, even when the user enters a special character like % or. eg. string stringToSearch = “abe def 58% string newString = ** foreach(char ¢ in stringToSearch) newString += @"\" + ¢ sqlOnd.Parameters.Add(*@in_SearchText", newString) / instead of sqlCnd Parameters Add("@in_SearchText”, stringToSearch) Note: The above algorithm is for demonstration purposes only. It will not work in cases where 1 grapheme consists out of several characters (utf-8), eg. string stringToSearch - “Les Mise\u@301rables" ; You'll need to do this Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 40 Scanned with CamScannerfor each grapheme, not for each character. You should not use the above algorithm if you're dealing with Asian/East-Asian/South-Asian languages. Or rather, if you want correct code to begin with, you should just do that for each graphemeCluster. See also ReverseString, a C# interview-question Section 11.4: Search for a range of characters Following statement matches all records having FName that starts with a letter from A to F from Employees Table. ‘SELECT » FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE ‘[A-F]%' Section 11.5: Match by range or set Match any single character within the specified range (e.g.: (a-f]) or set (e.g.: | abcde). This range pattern would match "gary" but not "mary’: SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE '[a-glery’ This set pattern would match "mary" but not "gary": ‘SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Frame LIKE ‘(Imnop]ary’ ‘The range or set can also be negated by appending the 4 caret before the range or set: This range pattern would not match "gary” but will match "mary": SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE ‘[*e-glary® This set pattern would not match "mary" but wil match'gary" SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Frame LIKE '[*Ilnnop]ary' : Wildcard characters Section 11. wildcard characters are used with the SQL LIKE operator. SQL wildcards are used to search for data within a table. Wildcards in SQL are:%, _, [charlist], [*charlist] ‘%- A substitute for zero or more characters Eg: //selects all customers with a City starting with “Lo SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE ‘Lo® /eelects all customers with a City conteining the pattern “es” SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE ‘Sest’; Asubstitute for a single character Eg://selects all customers with a City starting with any character, followed by “erlin® SELECT * FROM Customers Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals a Scanned with CamScannerWHERE City LIKE * Icharlist] - Sets and ranges of characters to match Eg://selects all customers with a City starting with "a", “ ‘SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE ‘[od1]%" or "1 //selects all customers with a City starting with ‘a SELECT » FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE ‘[a-c]s* [charlist] - Matches only a character NOT specified within the brackets Eg://selects all customers with a City starting with a character that is not ‘SELECT + FROM Custoners WHERE City LIKE '[*ap1]%"; SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City NOT LIKE ‘[apl]®’ and city like Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 42Chapter 12: IN clause Section 12.1: Simple IN clause To get records having any of the given sds select * from products where id in (1,8,3) The query above is equal to select * from products where id = 1 Section 12.2: Using IN clause with a subquery ‘SELECT + FROM customers WHERE id IN ( SELECT DISTINCT customer_id FROM orders ) The above will give you all the customers that have orders in the system. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner aChapter 13: Filter results using WHERE and HAVING Section 13.1: Use BETWEEN to Filter Results ‘The following examples use the Item Sales and Customers sample databases. Note: The BETWEEN operator is inclusive. Using the BETWEEN operator with Numbers: SELECT = From ItenSales WHERE Quantity BETWEEN 18 AND 17 This query will return all TtemSales records that have a quantity that is greater or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 17. The results will look like: Id SaleDate Itemid Quantity Price 1 2013-07-01 100 10 345 4 2013-07-23100 15 345 5 2013-07-24145 10 345 Using the BETWEEN operator with Date Values: SELECT * From ItenSales WHERE SaleDate BETWEEN '2013-@7-11' AND '2073-05-24" This query will return all Ttemsales records with a SaleDate that is greater than or equal to July 11, 2013 and less, than or equal to May 24, 2013, Id SaleDate Itemid Quantity Price 3 2013-07-11100 20 345 4 2013-07-23100 15 345 5 2013-07-24145 10 345 When comparing datetime values instead of dates, you may need to convert the datetime values into a date values, or add or subtract 24 hours to get the correct results. Using the BETWEEN operator with Text Values: SELECT Id, FName, LName FROM Customers WHERE LName BETWEEN 'D' AND ‘L" Live example: SOL fiddle This query will return all customers whose name alphabetically falls between the letters ‘D' and ‘L’ In this case, Customer #1 and #3 will be returned, Customer #2, whose name begins with a'M' will not be included. Id FName LName Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals a Scanned with CamScanner1 William Jones 3 Richard Davis Section 13.2: Use HAVING with Aggregate Functions Unlike the WHERE clause, HAVING can be used with aggregate functions. ‘An aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or measurement (Wikipedia Common aggregate functions include COUNT(), SUM(), MIN(), and MAX(), This example uses the Car Table from the Example Databases. SELECT CustomerId, COUNT(Ed) AS [Number of Cars FROM Cars GROUP BY CustomerId HAVING COUNT(Id) > 1 This query will return the CustomerId and Number of Cars count of any customer who has more than one car. In this case, the only customer who has more than one car is Customer #1. ‘The results will look like: Customerid Number of Cars 1 2 Section 13.3: WHERE clause with NULL/NOT NULL values SELECT FROM Employees WHERE ManagerTd IS NULL This statement will return all Employee records where the value of the Menager Id column is NULL. The result will be: Id FName —LName_—-PhoneNumber ManagerId_—_DepartmentId 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 SELECT FROM Employees WHERE ManagerId IS NOT NULL This statement will return all Employee records where the value of the MenagerTd is not NULL. The result will be: Id Fame LWame PhoneNumber ManagerId_DepartmentId 2 ohn Johnson 24681012141 a 3 Michael = Williams 13579111311 ZI 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 5 Scanned with CamScannerNote: The same query will not return results if you change the WHERE clause to WHERE ManagerTd = NULL or WHERE ManagerIé <> NULL. Section 13.4: Equality SELECT + FROM Employees This statement will return all the rows from the table Employees. Id Name LName —PhoneNumber ManagerId Departmentid Salary Hire date Createddate ModifiedDate 1 James Smith 1234567899 NULL. 1 1908 61-01-2002 91-01-2902 61-01-2002 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 23-03-2005 61-01-2002 3 Michael Williams 1357911131 1 2 600 © 12-05-2009 12-95-2009 NULL. 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 24-87-2016 1-01-2002 Using a WHERE at the end of your SELECT statement allows you to limit the returned rows to a condition. In this case, where there is an exact match using the = sign: SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentId - 1 Will only return the rows where the DepartmentId is equal to 1: Id FName LName —PhoneNumber ManagerId DepartmentId Salary Hire date CreatedDate ModifiedDate 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL. 1 1998 61-61-2802 61-01-2082 01-61-2002 2 John Johnson 2468101214 1 1 400 23-03-2005 23-03-2005 61-01-2902 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 24-07-2016 1-61-2002 Section 13.5: The WHERE clause only returns rows that match its criteria Steam has a games uncer $10 section of their store page. Somewhere deep in the heart of their systems, there's probably a query that looks something like: SELECT « FROM Items WHERE Price < 10 Section 13.6: AND and OR ‘You can also combine several operators together to create more complex WHERE conditions. The following examples use the Employees table: Id Flame LName_—-PhoneNumber ManagerId Departmentid Salary Hire date Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 46 Scanned with CamScannerCreateddate Modifieddate 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 1008 61-01-2002 01-01-2002 1-61-2002 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-63-2005 23-03-2005 1-01-2002 3 Michael Williams 1357911131 1 2 600 12-65-2009 12-85-2009 NULL 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 24-07-2016 1-01-2002 AND SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentId - 1 AND ManagerId - 1 Will return: Id Flame LName —PhoneNumber ManagerId Departmentid Salary Hire date Createddate ModifiedDate 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 23-03-2005 61-61-2002 OR SELECT = FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentId - 2 OR ManagerId - 2 Will return: Id Fame LName —PhoneNumber ManagerId Departmentid Salary Hire date Createddate ModifiedDate 3 Michael Williams 1357911231 1 2 600 © 12-05-2009 12-85-2009 NULL. 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 24-07-2016 61-61-2902 all 13.7: Use IN to return rows with a value contained in a ist This example uses the Car Table from the Example Databases. SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE TotalCost IN (100, 200, 360) This query will return Car #2 which costs 200 and Car #3 which costs 100. Note that this is equivalent to using multiple clauses with og, e.g. SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE TotalCost = 19 OR TotalCost = 200 OR TotelCost = 308 Section 13.8: Use LIKE to find matching strings and substrings See full documentation on LIKE operator. Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScannerThis example uses the Employees Table from the Example Databases. ‘SELECT + FROM Employees WHERE FName LIKE ‘John’ This query will only return Employee #1 whose first name matches ‘John’ exactly. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FName Like ‘John’s’ Adding % allows you to search for a substring: ‘+ John’ - will return any Employee whose name begins with john’, followed by any amount of characters ‘+ John - will return any Employee whose name ends with John’, proceeded by any amount of characters ‘+ John’s - will return any Employee whose name contains John’ anywhere within the value In this case, the query will return Employee #2 whose name is John’ as well as Employee #4 whose name is ‘Johnathon’ Section 13.9: Where EXISTS Will select records in TableName that have records matching in TableName1. SELECT * FROM TableName t WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM TableName! ti where t.Id = t1.Id) Section 13.10: Use HAVING to check for multiple conditions in a group Orders Table Customerid Productid Quantity Price 1 2 5 100 1 3 2 200 1 4 1 500 2 1 4 50 3 5 6 700 To check for customers who have ordered both - ProductID 2 and 3, HAVING can be used select custonerId fron orders where productID in (2,3) group by customerId having count (distinct productID) = 2 Return value: customerid 1 ‘The query selects only records with the productiDs in questions and with the HAVING clause checks for groups Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 48 Scanned with CamScannerhaving 2 productids and not just one. Another possibility would be select custonerId fron orders group by customerId having sum(case when productID and sum(case when productID 2 then 1 else @ end) > @ 3 then 1 else @ end) > a This query selects only groups having at least one record with productlD 2 and at least one with productiD 3. Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner aChapter 14: SKIP TAKE (Pagination) Section 14.1: Limiting amount of results ISO/ANSI SQL: SELECT * FROM TebleName FETCH FIRST 20 ROWS ONLY MySQL; PostgreSQL; SQLite: SELECT + FROM TableName LIMIT 20 Oracle: ‘SELECT Id colt FROM (SELECT Id. colt row.number() over (order by Id) RowNumber FROM TableNane) WHERE RowNumber <= 26 SQL Server: SELECT TOP 20 + FROM dbo. (Sale) Section 14.2: Skipping then taking some results (Pagination) ISO/ANSI SQL: SELECT Id, colt FROM TableName ‘ORDER BY Id OFFSET 20 ROWS FETCH NEXT 26 ROWS ONLY MysQl: SELECT * FROM TableName LIMIT 20, 20; -- offset, limit Oracle; SQL Server: SELECT Id colt FROM (SELECT Id col row.number() over (order by I¢) RowNumber FROM TableName) WHERE RowNumber BETWEEN 21 AND 40 PostgreSQL; SQLite: SELECT * FROM TableName LIMIT 26 OFFSET 20 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 50 Scanned with CamScannerSection 14.3: Skipping some rows from result ISO/ANS! SQL: SELECT 14, colt FROM TableNne ORDER BY Id OFFSET 20 ROWS MySQl: SELECT * FROM TableName LIMIT 20, 42424242424242 =- skips 20 for take use very large number that is more than rows in table Oracle: SELECT Id Colt FROM (SELECT Id, colt row.number() over (order by Td) RowNumber FROM TableNane) WHERE RowNumber > 20 PostgresQt: SELECT * FROM TableName OFFSET 20 SQLite: SELECT + FROM TableName LIMIT -1 OFFSET 20 Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 3Chapter 15: EXCEPT Section 15.1: Select dataset except where values are in this other dataset --dataset schenas must be identical SELECT ‘Datel’ as ‘Colum’ UNION ALL SELECT ‘1 ‘lumn* UNION ALL SELECT ‘Date “Column' UNION ALL SELECT ‘Dated’ as ‘Colum’ UNION ALL SELECT ‘Dates Column" EXCEPT SELECT ‘Date3' as ‘Colu =-Returns Datal, Data2, Dates, and Datas Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 52Chapter 16: EXPLAIN and DESCRIBE Section 16.1: EXPLAIN Select query ‘An Explein infront of a select query shows you how the query will be executed, This way you to see if the query uses an index or if you could optimize your query by adding an index. Example query: explain select + from user join data on user test ~ data. fk_user Example result: id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra a SINPLE user index test test 5 (mW) 1 Using where; Using index 1 SIMPLE data ret fkuser Thuser 5 user.test 1 (null) on type you see if an index was used, in the column possible_keys you see if the execution plan can choose from different indexes of if none exists. key tells you the acutal used index. key_len shows you the size in bytes for one index item. The lower this value is the more index items fit into the same memory size an they can be faster processed. rows shows you the expected number of rows the query needs to scan, the lower the better. Section 16.2: DESCRIBE tablename; DESCRIBE and EXPLAIN are synonyms. DESCRIBE on a tablename returns the definition of the columns. DESCRIBE tablenone Exmple Result: COLUNN_NAME —COLUNN_TYPE TS_NULLABLE —COLUNN_KEY —COLUNN_DEFAULT EXTRA id ant(11) No. PRI a auto_increment test varchar(255) YES null) Here you see the column names, followed by the columns type. It shows if nul1 is allowed in the column and if the column uses an index. the default value is also displayed and if the table contains any special behavior like an auto_inerenent. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 33 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 17: EXISTS CLAUSE Section 17.1: EXISTS CLAUSE Customer Table Id FirstName LastName 1 Ozgur Ozturk 2 Youssef Medi 3 Henry Tai Order Table Id Customerid Amount 12 123.50 23 14.80 Get all customers with a least one order ‘SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE EXISTS ‘SELECT * FROM Order WHERE Order. CustomerId-Customer Td Result Id FirstName LastName 2 Youssef Medi 3 Henry — Tal Get all customers with no order SELECT + FROM Customer WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM Order WHERE Order CustomerId = Customer Id Result Id FirstName LastName 1 Ozgur Ozturk Purpose EXISTS, IN and JOTN could sometime be used for the same result, however, they are not equals : ‘* EXISTS should be used to check if a value exist in another table ‘* INshould be used for static list ‘+ JOIN should be used to retrieve data from other(s) table(s) Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 54 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 18: JOIN JOIN is a method of combining (joining) information from two tables. The result is a stitched set of columns from both tables, defined by the join type (INNER/OUTER/CROSS and LEFT/RIGHT/FULL, explained below) and join criteria (how rows from both tables relate). Atable may be joined to Itself or to any other table. if information from more than two tables needs to be accessed, multiple joins can be specified in a FROM clause. Section 18.1: Self Join Atable may be joined to itself, with different rows matching each ather by some condition. in this use case, aliases must be used in order to distinguish the two occurrences of the table In the below example, for each Employee in the example database Employees table, a record is returned containing the employee's first name together with the corresponding first name of the employee's manager. Since managers are also employees, the table is joined with itself: SELECT e.FName AS “Employee”, m.FName AS “Manager FROM Employees e JOIN Employees m ON e.ManagerTd = m.I¢ This query will return the following data: Employee Manager John James Michael James Johnathon john So how does this work? ‘The original table contains these records: IdFName LName PhoneNumber Managerid Departmentid Salary HireDate 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 1000 01-01-2002 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 3 Michael Williams 13579111311 2 600 12-05-2009 4 Johnathon Smith 1212121212 2 1 500 24-07-2016 The first action is to create a Cartesian product of all records in the tables used in the FROM clause. In this case it's, the Employees table twice, so the intermediate table will look lke this (Ive removed any fields not use¢ in this example): e.lde.FName e.Managerid m.id m.FName m.Managerld 1 James NULL 1 James = NULL 1 James NULL 2 John 1 1 James NULL 3 Michael 1 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 55 Scanned with CamScanner1 James NULL 4 Johnathon 2 2 John 1 1 James NULL 2 John 1 2 john 1 2 John 1 3 Michael 1 2 John 4 4 Johnathon 2 3 Michael 1 1 James NULL 3 Michael 1 2 john 1 3 Michael 1 3 Michael 1 3 Michael 1 4 Johnathon 2 4 Johnathon 2 1 James NULL 4 Johnathon 2 2 john 1 4 Johnathon 2 3 Michael 1 4 Johnathon 2 4 Johnathon 2 The next action is to only keep the records that meet the JOIN criteria, so any records where the aliased e table ManagerId equals the aliased m table Té: eld eFName e.Managerid m.id m.FName m.Managerid 2 John 1 1 James NULL 3° Michael 1 1 James NULL 4 Johnathon 2 2 John 4 ‘Then, each expression used within the SELECT clause is evaluated to return this table’ e.FName m.fName John James Michael James Johnathon John Finally, column names e. Flame and m.FName are replaced by their alias column names, assigned with the AS operator: Employee Manager John james: Michael james Johnathon john Section 18.2: Differences between inner/outer joins SQL has various join types to specify whether (non-)matching rows are included in the result: INNER JOIN, LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN (the INNER and OUTER Keywords are optional). The figure below underlines the differences between these types of joins: the blue area represents the results returned by the join, and the white area represents the results that the join will not return. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 56 Scanned with CamScannerSELECT cel FROM Tables A INNER JOM Tables ONAkey = Bay SELECT SELECT tlts> FROM Table & AG@BB FROM Tables A ONAley= Bey SQL key ONAKey= Bey WHERE Bley IS NULL WHERE AKey IS NULL SELECT cfs setscr > alld. ques bomt enaat at FULL OUTER JOIN Tae B ON Akey = Bkey SUA ayaa iey ot cea ers rete Canon stn 3.0 Unported ane wn Ay fs nck ee incchtovitonmorsnuineca rpisoserrbace (OR Bey NULL Cross Join SQL Pictorial Presentation (reference) : ‘SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2; In CROSS JOIN, each row from 1st table joins with all he rows of another table. IF stable contain x rows and y rows in 2nd one the result set will be x* y rows. Below are examples from this answer, For instance there are two tables as below : Goalkicker-com ~ SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScannerNote that (1,2) are unique to A, (3,4) are common, and (5,6) are unique to B. Inner Join s the intersection of the two tables, ie. the two rows they An inner join using either of the equivalent queries have in common: select + from a INNER JOIN b on a.a - b.b; select .*,b.* from a,b where a.a = b.b Left outer joi Aleft outer join will give all rows in A, plus any common rows in B: select * from a LEFT OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b Right outer join Similarly, a right outer join will give all rows in B, plus any common rows in A: select * from a RIGHT OUTER JOIN b on a.a - b.b: a 3013 4 14 mult | 5 mult | 6 Full outer join ‘A full outer join will give you the union of A and B, ie. all the rows in A and all the rows in B. if something in A doesn't have a corresponding datum in B, then the B portion is null, and vice versa. select + from a FULL OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 58 Scanned with CamScannerSection 18.3: JOIN Terminology: Inner, Outer, Semi, Anti.. Let's say we have two tables (A and B) and some of their rows match (relative to the given JOIN condition, whatever it may be in the particular case): Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 59Table A Table B ANTI OUTER INNER YANNI YaLNoO ILNV SEMI SEMI LEFT RIGHT FULL We can use various join types to include or exclude matching or non-matching rows from either side, and correctly name the join by picking the corresponding terms from the diagram above. ‘The examples below use the following test data: CREATE TABLE A ( X varchar (255) PRIMARY KEY Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 60 Scanned with CamScanner) CREATE TABLE B ( Y varchar (255) PRIMARY KEY 5 INSERT INTO A VALUES (amy) (‘John’) (‘Lisa’), (‘Marco’), ("Phat") INSERT INTO B VALUES (‘Lisa (*Marco') ("Phil"), (Tim), (*vancent' ) Inner Join Combines left and right rows that match. Table A TableB 1 1 YBNI (—— INNER Ll SELECT * FROM A JOIN B ON X - Y Lise Lisa Marco Marco Phil Phil Left Outer Join Sometimes abbreviated to "left join". Combines left and right rows that match, and includes non-matching left rows. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerTable A Table B 1 1 nus ‘oureR. usr SELECT = FROM A LEFT JOIN B ON X XY amy NULL John NULL Lisa Lisa Merco Marco Phil Phil Right Outer Join, Sometimes abbreviated to "right join". Combines left and right rows that match, and includes non-matching right rows. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 2Table A 1 1 Table B ano (ricer ‘SELECT + FROM A RIGHT JOIN B ON X = Y x Lisa Marco Phil NULL NULL v Lisa Marco Phil Tin Vincent Full Outer Join ‘Sometimes abbreviated to “ful join", Union of left and right outer join. Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner aTable B Nuus. ourer. nus \___yaino (uu SELECT * FROM A FULL JOIN B ON X = Y x y Amy NULL John NULL Lisa Lisa Marco Marco Phil Phil NULL Tam’ NULL Vincent Left Semi join Includes left rows that match right rows. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerTable A Table B (sem ur SELECT = FROM A WHERE X IN (SELECT Y FROM B) x Lisa Marco Phil Right Semi oin Includes right rows that match left rows. Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 6Table A Table B semi—— RIGHT- 4 SELECT = FROM B WHERE Y IN (SELECT X FROM A) y Lisa Marco Phil ‘As you can see, there is no dedicated IN syntax for left vs. right semi join - we achieve the effect simply by switching the table positions within SQL text. Left Anti Semi Join Includes left rows that do not match right rows. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 6Table A Tabl ANT semi——! err! SELECT * FROM A WHERE X NOT IN (SELECT Y FROM B) x Any John WARNING: Be careful if you happen to be using NOT IN on a NULL-able column! More details here. Right Anti Semi Join Includes right rows that do net match left rows. Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner aTable A Table B ! 1 uNy semi—— RIGHT SELECT * FROM B WHERE Y NOT IN (SELECT X FROM A) ¥ Tim Vincent ‘Asyou can see, there is no dedicated NOT IN syntax for left vs. right anti semi join - we achieve the effect simply by switching the table positions within SQL text. Cross Join ‘A Cartesian product of all left with allright rows. ‘SELECT * FROM A CROSS JOIN B Lisa Lisa Lisa Lisa Lisa Marco Marco Marco Marco Marco Phil Phil Phil Phil Phal Tan Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner cyJohn Tan Lisa Tin Marco Tim Phil Tin Any Vincent John Vincent Lisa Vincent Marco Vincent Phil Vincent Cross join is equivalent to an inner join with join condition which always matches, so the following query would have returned the same result: SELECT * FROM A JOIN BON 1-1 Selfjoin This simply denotes a table joining with itself. A self-join can be any of the join types discussed above, For example, this is a an inner self oi SELECT * FROM A A1 JOIN A A2 ON LEN(AT.X) < LEN(A2.X) x Xx ‘Amy John ‘Any Lisa ‘Any Marco John Marco Lisa Marco Phil Marco ‘Amy Phil Section 18.4: Left Outer Join A.Left Outer Join (also known as a Left Join or Outer Join) is a Join that ensures all rows from the left table are represented; if no matching row from the right table exists, its corresponding fields are NULL. The following example will select all departments and the first name of employees that work in that department, Departments with no employees are still returned in the results, but will have NULL for the employee name: SELECT Departments Name, Employees .FNane FROM Departments LEFT OUTER JOIN Employees oN Departments Id = Employees. DepartmentId This would return the following from the example database: Departments.Name Employees.FName HR James HR John HR Johnathon Sales Michael Tech NULL ‘So how does this work? Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals o Scanned with CamScanner‘There are two tables in the FROM clause: IdFName LName PhoneNumber Managerid Departmentid Salary HireDate 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 1000 01-01-2002 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 3 Michael Williams 13579111311 2 600 12-05-2009 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 and IdName 1 HR 2 Sales 3 Tech First a Cartesian product is created from the two tables giving an intermediate table. ‘The records that meet the join criteria (Departments. Id = Employees.Departmentid) are highlighted in bold; these are passed to the next stage of the query. As this is a LEFT OUTER JOIN all records are returned from the LEFT side of the join (Departments), while any records on the RIGHT side are given a NULL marker if they do not match the join criteria. In the table below this will return Tech with NULL IdNameidFName LName PhoneNumber Managerld Departmentld Salary HireDate 1 HR 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 1000 01-01-2002 1HR 2 John — ‘Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 1 HR 3 Michael Williams 13579111311 2 600 12-05-2009 1 HR 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 2 Sales 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 1000 01-01-2002 2 Sales 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 2 Sales 3 Michael Williams 13579111311 2 600 12-05-2009 2 Sales 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 3 Tech 1 James Smith 1234567890 NULL 1 1000 01-01-2002 3 Tech 2 John Johnson 24681012141 1 400 23-03-2005 3 Tech 3 Michael Williams 13579111311 2 600 12-05-2009 3 Tech 4 Johnathon Smith 12121212122 1 500 24-07-2016 Finally each expression used within the SELECT clause is evaluated to return our final table: Departments.Name Employees.FName HR James HR John Sales Richaré Tech NULL Section 18.5: Implicit Join Joins can also be performed by having several tables in the from clause, separated with commas , and defining the relationship between them in the where clause. This technique is called an Implicit join (since it doesn't actually contain a join clause). Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 70 Scanned with CamScannerAll RDBMSs support it, but the syntax is usually advised against. The reasons why it is a bad idea to use this syntax are: * Itis possible to get accidental cross joins which then return incorrect results, especially if you have a lot of joins in the query. + Ifyou intended a cross join, then itis not clear from the syntax (write out CROSS JOIN instead), and someone is likely to change it during maintenance. The following example will select employee's first names and the name of the departments they work for: SELECT e.FNome, d.Name FROM Employee e, Departments ¢ WHERE e.DeptartwentId - d.I¢ This would return the following from the example database: e.FNamed.Name James HR John HR Richard Sales Section 18.6: CROSS JOIN Cross join does a Cartesian product of the two members, A Cartesian product means each row of one table is combined with each row of the second table in the join. For example, if TABLEA has 20 rows and TABLEB has 20 rows, the result would be 26:28 = 48@ output rows. Using example database SELECT ¢.Name, e.FName FROM Departments d CROSS JOIN Employees e; Which returns: d.Name e.FName HR James HR John HR Michael HR Johnathon Sales James sales John Sales Michael Sales Johnathon Tech James Tech John Tech Michael Tech Johnathon Itis recommended to write an explicit CROSS JOIN if you want to do a cartesian join, to highlight that this is what you want. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScannerSection 18.7: CROSS APPLY & LATERAL JOIN Avery interesting type of JOIN is the LATERAL JOIN (new in PostgreSQL 9.3*), which is also known as CROSS APPLY/OUTER APPLY in SQL-Server & Oracle. ‘The basic idea is that a table-valued function (or inline subquery) gets applied for every row you join. This makes it possible to, for example, only join the first matching entry in another table. ‘The difference between a normal and a lateral join lies in the fact that you can use a column that you previously joined in the subquery that you "CROSS APPLY". Syntax: PostgreSQL 9.3+ left | right | inner JOIN LATERAL SQL-Server: CROSS | OUTER APPLY INNER JOIN LATERAL is the same as CROSS APPLY and LEFT JOIN LATERAL is the same as OUTER APPLY Example usage (PostgreSQL 9.34): SELECT * FROM T_Contacts LEFT JOIN T_NAP_Contacts_Ref_OrganisationalUnit ON MAP_CTCOU_CT_UID = T_Contacts.CT_UID AND MAP_CTCOU_SoftDeleteStatus = 1 --WHERE T_MAP_Contacts_Ref_OrganisationalUnit.MAP_CTCOU_UID IS NULL -- 989 LEFT JOIN LATERAL fi ‘SELECT =-MAP_CTCOU_UID waP_cTcou_cT_uID WAP_cTCOU_coU_UID WAP_CTCOU_DateFrom WAP_CTCOU_DateTo FROM T_MAP_Contacts Ref OrganisationalUnit WHERE MAP_CTCOU_SoftDeletestatus - 1 AND MAP_CTCOU_CT_UID - T_Contacts.cT_UID Is AND ( (_-in_DateFrom <= T_MAP_Contacts Ref_OrganisationalUnit .MAP_KTKOE_DateTo) AND (_-in_DateTo >= TMAP_Contacts_Ref_OrganisationalUnit .MAP_KTKOE_DateF rom) ) v ORDER BY MAP_CTCOU_DateFrom ut 1 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 72 Scanned with CamScanner) AS Farstoe And for SQL-Server SELECT + FROM T_Contects =-LEFT JOIN T_NAP_Contacts Ref OrganisationalUnit ON MAP_CTCOU_CT_UID = TContects.CT_UID AND MAP_CTCOU_SoftDeleteStatus = 1 -WHERE T_MAP Contacts Ref_OrganisationalUnit.MAP_CTCOU_UID IS NULL -- 989 == CROSS APPLY ~ OUTER APPLY -- ( INNER JOIN LEFT JOIN SELECT TOP 1 =-MAP_CTCOU_UID waP_cTcoU_cT_UID WAP_CTCOU_COU_UID MAP_CTCOU_DateFrom WAP_CTCOU_DateTo FROM T_MAP_Contacts_Ref_OrganisationalUnit WHERE MAP_CTCOU_SoftDeleteStatus - 1 AND MAP_CTCOU_CT_UID = T_Contacts.cT_UID is AND ( (@in_DateFrom <= T_MAP_Contacts_Ref_OrgenisationalUnit.MAP_KTKOE_DateTo) AND (@in.DateTo >= T_MAP_Contacts_Ref OrganisationalUnit.MAP_KTKOE_DateFrom) ) 7 ‘ORDER BY MAP_CTCOU_DateFrom ) AS Farstoe Section 18.8: FULL JOIN One type of JOIN that is less known, is the FULL JOIN. (Note: FULLJOIN is not supported by MySQL as per 2016) AFULL OUTER JOIN returns all rows from the left table, and all rows from the right table. If there are rows in the left table that do not have matches in the right table, or if there are rows in right table that Go not have matches in the left table, then those rows willbe listed, too. Example 1 SELECT * FROM Table? FULL JOIN Table2 ON 1 =2 Example 2: SELECT COALESCE(T_Budget.Year, tYear.vear) AS RPT_BudgetInYear COALESCE(T-Budget. Value, @.€) AS RPT Value FROM T_Budget FULL JOIN tfu_RPT_A11_CreateYearInterval(obudget_yea! from, @budget_year_to) AS tYear Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals B Scanned with CamScannerON tYear.Year = T_Budget.¥ Note that if you're using soft-deletes, you'll have to check the soft-delete status again in the WHERE-clause (because FULL JOIN behaves kind-of like a UNION); It’s easy to overlook this little fact, since you put AP_SoftDeleteStatus = 1 in the join clause. A\so, if you are doing a FULL JOIN, youll usually have to allow NULL in the WHERE-clause; forgetting to allow NULL on a value will have the same effects as an INNER join, which is something you dont want if you're doing a FULL JOIN. Example ‘SELECT T_AccountPlan. AP_UID T-AccountPlan..AP_Code T_AccountPlan..AP_Lang_£N T_BudgetPositions. BUP_Budget T_BudgetPositions. BUP_UID T_BudgetPositions. BUP_Jahr FROM T_BudgetPositions FULL JOIN T_AccountPlan (ON T_AccountPlan. AP_UID = T_BudgetPositions.BUP_AP_UID AND T_AccountPlan.AP_SoftDeleteStatus = 1 WHERE (1=1) AND (T_BudgetPositions.BUP_SoftDeleteStatus = 1 OR T_BudgetPositions.BUP_SoftDeleteStatus IS NULL) AND (T_AccountPlan.AP_SoftDeleteStatus = 1 OR T_AccountPlan.AP_SoftDeleteStatus IS NULL) Section 18.9: Recursive JOINS Recursive joins are often used to obtain parent-child data. In SQL, they are implemented with recursive common table expressions, for example: WITH RECURSIVE MyDescendants AS ( SELECT Name FROM People WHERE Name = ‘John Doe’ UNION ALL SELECT People.Nane FROM People JOIN MyDescendants ON People. Name = MyDescendants Parent SELECT * FROM Hyoescendants Section 18.10: Basic explicit inner join A basic join (also called “inner join") queries data from two tables, with their relationship defined in a join clause. The following example will select employees’ first names (FName) from the Employees table and the name of the department they work for (Name) from the Departments table: SELECT Employees.FName, Departments.Nane FROM Employees JOIN Departments Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 74 Scanned with CamScannerON Employees. DepartmentId = Departments.Id This would return the following from the example database: Employees.FName Departments.Name James HR John HR Richard Sales Section 18.11: Joining on a Subquery Joining a subquery is often used when you want to get aggregate data from a child/details table and display that along with records from the parent/header table. For example, you might want to get a count of child records, an average of some numeric column in child records, or the top or bottom row based on a date or numeric field. This example uses aliases, which arguable makes queries easier to read when you have multiple tables involved. Here's what a fairly typical subquery join looks like, In this case we are retrieving all rows from the parent table Purchase Orders and retrieving only the first row for each parent record of the child table PurchaseOrderLineltems. SELECT po.Id, po.PODate, po.VendorName, po.Status, item. ItenNo, Atem.Deseription, item Cost, item. Price FROM PurchaseOrders po LEFT JOIN ( SELECT 1.PurchaseOrderId, 1.ItemNo, 1.Description, 1.Cost, 1.Price, Min(1.id) as Id FROM PurchaseOrderLineLtems 1 GROUP BY 1.PurchaseOrderId, 1.ItenNo, 1.Description, 1.Cost, 1.Price ) AS item ON item.PurchaseOrderId = po.Id Goalkicker.com - SQL Notes for Professionals 5 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 19: UPDATE Section 19.1: UPDATE with data from another table The examples below fil in a PhoneNumber for any Employee who is also a Custoner and currently does not have a phone number set in the Employees Table. (These examples use the Employees and Customers tables from the Example Databases.) Standard SQL Update using a correlated subquery: UPDATE Employees ‘SET PhoneNumber = (SELECT .PhoneNumber FROM Customers ¢ WHERE ©.FNane = Employees. FNane AND c.LName = Employees. LName) WHERE Enployees.PhoneNumber IS NULL $QL:2003 Update using MeRcE: MERGE INTO Employees € USING Customers ¢ on e.FName = ¢.Fnane AND e.LName = c.LName AND e.PhoneNumber IS NULL WHEN MATCHED THEN upDATE SET PhoneNumber = c.PhoneNunber SQL Server Update using INNER JOIN: UPDATE Employees se PhoneNunber - ¢.PhoneNunber FROM Employees ¢ INNER JOIN Customers ¢ ON e.FName = c.FName AND e.LName = ¢.LNane WHERE PhoneNumber I$ NULL Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 76Section 19.2: Modifying existing values This example uses the Cars Table from the Example Databases. UpoaTE cars SET TotalCost - TotalCost + 100 WHERE Td = 3 or Id = 4 Update operations can include current values in the updated row. In this simple example the TotelCost is incremented by 100 for two rows: ‘+ The TotalCost of Car #3 is increased from 100 to 200, ‘* The TotalCost of Car #4 is increased from 1254 to 1354 ‘Acolumn's new value may be derived from its previous value or from any other column's value in the same table or ajoined table. Section 19.3: Updating Specified Rows This example uses the Cars Table from the Example Databases. pate cars ser status = ‘READY’ WHERE Td = 4 This statement will set the status of the row of ‘Cars’ with id 4 to "READY". INHERE clause contains a logical expression which is evaluated for each row. Ifa row fulfils the criteria, its value is updated, Otherwise, a row remains unchanged. Section 19.4: Updating All Rows This example uses the Cars Table from the Example Databases. UPDATE Cars SET Status = ‘READY This statement will set the ‘status’ column of all rows of the ‘Cars’ table to "READY" because it does not have a WHERE clause to filter the set of rows. Section 19.5: Capturing Updated records ‘Sometimes one wants to capture the records that have just been updated. CREATE TABLE #TempUpdated( 1D INT) Update TebleNane SET Colt - 42 OUTPUT inserted.ID INTO #TempUpdated WHERE Id > 50 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 7 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 20: CREATE Database Section 20.1: CREATE Database A database is created with the following SQL command: CREATE DATABASE myDatabase This would create an empty database named myDatabase where you can create tables. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScannerChapter 21: CREATE TABLE Parameter Details tableName The name of the table Contains an ‘enumeration’ of all the columns that the table have. See Create a New Table for more Getails. ‘The CREATE TABLE statement is used create a new table in the database. A table definition consists of a list of columns, their types, and any integrity constraints. columns Section 21.1: Create Table From Select You may want to create a duplicate of a table: CREATE TABLE ClonedEmployees AS SELECT * FROM Employees ; ‘You can use any of the other features of a SELECT statement to modify the data before passing it to the new table, ‘The columns of the new table are automatically created according to the selected rows. CREATE TABLE ModifiedEmployees AS SELECT Td, CONCAT(FName," ",LName) AS FullName FROM Employees WHERE Id > 10 Section 21.2: Create a New Table Abasic Employees table, containing an ID, and the employee's first and last name along with their phone number can be created using CREATE TABLE Enployees: Id int identity(1,1) primary key not null. FName varchar(2@) not null, LName varchar(2@) not null, PhoneNumber varchar(1@) not null This example is specific to Transact-SQL CREATE TABLE creates anew table in the database, followed by the table name, Employees This is then followed by the list of column names and their properties, such as the ID Id int identity(1,1) not null Value Meaning ad the column's name. int is the cata type. states that column will have auto generated values starting at 1 and incrementing by 1 for each Adentity(1,1 new row. primary key states thatall values in this column will have unique values not null states that this column cannot have null values Section 21.3: CREATE TABLE With FOREIGN KEY Below you could fing the table Employees with a reference to the table Cities. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 79 Scanned with CamScannerCREATE TABLE Cities( CityID INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL, Name VARCHAR(2@) NOT NULL. ip VARCHAR(1@) NOT NULL CREATE TABLE Employees( EmployeeID INT IDENTITY (1,1) NOT NULL, FirstName VARCHAR(28) NOT NULL LastName VARCHAR(2@) NOT NULL, PhoneNumber VARCHAR(1@) NOT NULL CityID INT FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Cities(CityID) Here could you find a database diagram. Employees EmployeeID FirstName Field PhoneNumber CityID ‘The column City10 of table Employees will reference to the column CityID of table Cities. Below you could find the syntax to make this. CityLD INT FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Cities(CityID) Value Meaning cityIo Name of the column int type of the column FOREIGN KEY Makes the foreign key (optional) REFERENCES Makes the reference Cities (City10) to the table Cities column cityID Important: You couldn't make a reference to a table that not exists in the database. Be source to make first the table Cities and second the table Employees. If you do it vise versa, it will throw an error. Section 21.4: Duplicate a table To duplicate a table, simply do the following: CREATE TABLE newtable LIKE oldtable INSERT newtable SELECT * FROM oldtable Section 21.5: Create a Temporary or In-Memory Table PostgreSQL and SQLite Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner 80To create a temporary table local to the session: CREATE TEMP TABLE MyTable(....) SQL Server To create a temporary table local to the session: CREATE TABLE #TempPhysicel(...) To create a temporary table visible to everyone: CREATE TABLE #8TempPhysicalVi sibleToEveryone( To create an in-memory table: DECLARE @TempMemory TABLE(...); ) Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner aChapter 22: CREATE FUNCTION ‘Argument Description function.name the name of function list_of_paramenters parameters that function accepts return_datatype _ type that function returs. Some SQL data type function body the code of function scalar_expression scalar value returned by function Section 22.1: Create a new Function CREATE FUNCTION FirstWord (@input varchar (1680) ) RETURNS varchar (1000) as. ‘BEGIN DECLARE Goutput varchar (1088) ‘SET @output = SUBSTRING(@input, @, CASE CHARINDEX(' ', @input) WHEN @ THEN LEN(@input) + 1 ELSE CHARINDEX(' ", @input END) RETURN @output END This example creates a function named FirstWord, that accepts a varchar parameter and returns another varchar value. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 82 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 23: TRY/CATCH Section 23.1: Transaction In a TRY/CATCH This will rollback both inserts due to an invalid datetime: BEGIN TRANSACTION BEGIN TRY INSERT INTO dbo Sale(Price VALUES (5.2, GETDATE(), 1) INSERT INTO dbo.Sale(Price, VALUES (5.2, ‘not a date COMMIT TRANSACTION END TRY BEGIN CATCH THROW ROLLBACK TRANSACTION END CATCH This will commit both inserts: BEGIN TRANSACTION BEGIN TRY INSERT INTO dbo Sale(Price VALUES (5.2, GETDATE(), 1) INSERT INTO dbo. Sale(Price VALUES (5.2, GETDATE(), 1) COMMIT TRANSACTION END TRY BEGIN CATCH THROW ROLLBACK TRANSACTION END CATCH SaleDate, Quantity) SaleDate, Quantity) 1) SaleDate, Quantity) SaleDate, Quantity) Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner aChapter 24: UNION / UNION ALL UNION keyword in SQL is used to combine to SELECT statement results with out any duplicate. In order to use UNION and combine results both SELECT statement should have same number of column with same data type in same order, but the length of column can be different. Section 24.1: Basic UNION ALL query CREATE TABLE HR_EMPLOYEES t PersonID int LastName VARCHAR(30) FirstName VARCHAR(38), Position VARCHAR(3@) CREATE TABLE FINANCE EMPLOYEES PersonID INT. LastName VARCHAR(30) FirstName VARCHAR(30), Position VARCHAR(38) Let's say we want to extract the names of all the managers from our departments. Using a UNION we can get all the employees from both HR and Finance departments, which hold the position of a manager ‘SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM HR_EMPLOYEES WHERE Position = 'm: UNTON ALL SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM FINANCE EMPLOYEES WHERE Position - ‘manager’ age ‘The UNION statement removes duplicate rows from the query results, Since itis possible to have people having the same Name and position in both departments we are using UNTON ALL, in order not to remove duplicates, If you want to use an alias for each output column, you can just put them in the first select statement, as follows: SELECT FirstName as ‘First Name’, LastName as ‘Last Name’ FROM HR_EMPLOYEES WHERE Position = ‘manager’ UNION ALL SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 84 Scanned with CamScannerFINANCE EMPLOYEES WHERE Position = ‘manager’ Section 24.2: Simple explanation and Example in simple terms: ‘+ UNTON joins 2 result sets while removing duplicates from the result set ‘* UNION ALL joins 2 result sets without attempting to remove duplicates (One mistake many people make Is to use a UNZON when they do not need to have the duplicates removed. The additional performance cost against large results sets can be very significant. ‘When you might need UNION Suppose you need to filter a table against 2 cifferent attributes, and you have created separate non-clustered indexes for each column. A UNTON enables you to leverage both indexes while still preventing duplicates. SELECT C1, C2, C3 FROM Tablet WHERE C1 = @Parant ‘UNION SELECT C1, C2, C3 FROM Tablet WHERE C2 = @Paranz This simplifies your performance tuning since only simple indexes are needed to perform these queries optimally. You may even be able to get by with quite a bit fewer non-clustered indexes improving overall write performance against the source table as well, When you might need UNION ALL Suppose you stil need to filter a table against 2 attributes, but you do not need to filter duplicate records (either because it doesn't matter or your data wouldn't produce any duplicates during the union due to your data model design). SELECT C1 FROM Tablet UNION ALL. SELECT C1 FROM Table2 This is especially useful when creating Views that join data that is designed to be physically partitioned across multiple tables (maybe for performance reasons, but still wants to roll-up records). Since the data is already split, having the database engine remove duplicates adds no value and just adds additional processing time to the queries. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals cS Scanned with CamScannerChapter 25: ALTER TABLE ALTER command in SQL is used to modify column/constraint in a table Section 25.1: Add Column(s) ALTER TABLE Employees ADD StartingDate date NOT NULL DEFAULT GetDate() DateOfBirth date NULL ‘The above statement would add columns named StartingDate which cannot be NULL with default value as current Gate and DateofBirth which can be NULL in Employees table. Section 25.2: Drop Column ALTER TABLE Employes DROP COLUMN salary This will not only delete information from that column, but will drop the column salary from table employeesithe column will no more exist). Section 25.3: Add Primary Key ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES ADD pk EmployeeID PRIMARY KEY (ID) This will add a Primary key to the table Employees on the field ID. Including more than one column name in the parentheses along with ID will create a Composite Primary Key. When adding more than one column, the column names must be separated by commas. ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES ADD pk_EmployeeTD PRIMARY KEY (1D, FName) Section 25.4: Alter Column ALTER TABLE Employees ALTER COLUMN StartingDate DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT (GETDATE()) This query will alter the column datatype of StartingDate and change it from simple date to datetime and set default to current date. Section 25.5: Drop Constraint ALTER TABLE Employees DROP CONSTRAINT DefaultSalary This Drops a constraint called DefaultSalary from the employees table definition, Note: Ensure that constraints of the column are dropped before dropping a column. Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 6 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 26: INSERT Section 26.1: INSERT data from another table using SELECT INSERT INTO Customers (FName, LName, PhoneNunber) SELECT FName, LName, PhoneNumber FROM Employees This example will insert all Employees into the Customers table. Since the two tables have different fields and you don't want to move all the fields over, you need to set which fields to insert into and which fields to select. The correlating field names don't need to be called the same thing, but then need to be the same data type. This, example is assuming that the I¢ field has an Identity Specification set and will auto increment. Ifyou have two tables that have exactly the same field names and just want to move all the records over you can use: INSERT INTO Tablet SELECT * FROM Table2 Section 26.2: Insert New Row INSERT INTO Customers VALUES (‘Zack', ‘Smith’, ‘[email protected]’, '7649989942', ‘EMAIL") This statement will insert a new row into the Customers table. Note that a value was not specified for the Id column, as itwill be added automatically. However, all other column values must be specified, Section 26.3: Insert Only Specified Columns INSERT INTO Customers (FName, LName, Email, PreferredContact) VALUES (‘Zack', ‘Smith’, ‘[email protected]’, ‘EMAIL'); This statement will insert a new row into the Customers table. Data will only be inserted into the columns specified - ote that no value was provided for the PhoneNumber column. Note, however, that all columns marked as not null must be included. Section 26.4: Insert multiple rows at once Multiple rows can be inserted with a single insert command: INSERT INTO tbl_name (field1, field2, field3) VALUES (12.3), (4,5,6), (7.8,9) For inserting large quantities of data (bulk insert) at the same time, DBMS-specifc features and recommendations exist MySQL - LOAD DATA INFILE MSSQL - BULK INSERT Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals a7 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 27: MERGE MERGE (often also called UPSERT for "update or insert") allows to insert new rows or, ifa row already exists, to update the existing row. The point is to perform the whole set of operations atomically (to guarantee that the data remain consistent), and to prevent communication overhead for multiple SQL statements in a client/server system. Section 27.1: MERGE to make Target match Source MERGE INTO targetTable t USING sourceTable s (ON t.PKID = s.PKID WHEN MATCHED AND NOT EXISTS ( SELECT s.ColumnA, s.ColunB, s.Column¢ INTERSECT SELECT t.Columna, t.ColumnB, s.Colunnc THEN UPDATE SET t.Columna = s.Colunna t.ColumnB = s.Colunns t.Columnc = s.colunnc WHEN NOT MATCHED BY TARGET THEN INSERT (PKID, ColumnA, ColunnB, ColumnC) VALUES (s.PKID, s.ColumnA, s.ColumnB, s.Column¢ WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN DELETE Note: The AND NOT EXISTS portion prevents updating records that haven't changed. Using the INTERSECT construct allows nullable columns to be compared without special handling, Section 27.2: MySQL: counting users by name ‘Suppose we want to know how many users have the same name. Let us create table users as follows: create table users( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar (8) count int, unique key name (name) Now, we just discovered a new user named Joe and would like to take him into account. To achieve that, we need to determine whether there is an existing row with his name, and if so, update it to increment count; on the other hand, if there is no existing row, we should create it MySQL uses the following syntax : insert .. on duplicate key update ... In this case: insert into users(name, count) values (‘Joe’, 1) on duplicate key update count=count+1 Section 27.3: PostgreSQL: counting users by name Suppose we want to know how many users have the same name. Let us create table users as follows: Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 88 Scanned with CamScannercreate table users( id serial, name varchar(8) unique, count int Now, we just discovered a new user named Joe and would like to take him into account. To achieve that, we need to determine whether there is an existing row with his name, and if so, update it to increment count; on the other hang, if there is no existing row, we should create it. PostgreSQL uses the following syntax : insert ... on conflict .. do update... In this ca insert into users(name, count) values(*Joe’, 1) fon conflict (name) do update set count = users.count + 1 Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals Scanned with CamScanner aChapter 28: cross apply, outer apply Section 28.1: CROSS APPLY and OUTER APPLY basics Apply will be used when when table valued function in the right expression. create a Department table to hold information about departments. Then create an Employee table which hold information about the employees. Please note, each employee belongs to a department, hence the Employee table has referential integrity with the Department table. First query selects data from Department table and uses CROSS APPLY to evaluate the Employee table for each record of the Department table. Second query simply joins the Department table with the Employee table and all the matching records are produced. SELECT * FROM Department D CROSS APPLY ‘SELECT * FROM Employee E WHERE E.DepartmentID = D.Department1D yA co SELECT * FROM Department D INNER JOIN Employee & ON D.DepartmentID = E.DepartmentID If you look at the results they produces, itis the exact same result-set; How does it differ from a JOIN and how does it help in writing more efficient queries. ‘The first query in Script #2 selects data from Department table and uses OUTER APPLY to evaluate the Employee table for each record of the Department table. For those rows for which there is not a match in Employee table, those rows contains NULL values as you can see in case of row 5 and 6. The second query simply uses a LEFT CUTER JOIN between the Department table and the Employee table. As expected the query returns all rows from Department table; even for those rows for which there is no match in the Employee table. SELECT * FROM Department D OUTER APPLY SELECT « FROM Employee E WHERE E DepartmentID = 0 DepartmentID yA 60 SELECT + FROM Department D LEFT OUTER JOIN Employee E ON D.DepartmentID = E.DepartmentID co Even though the above two queries return the same information, the execution plan will be bit different, But cost wise there will be not much difference. Now comes the time to see where the APPLY operator is really required. In Script #3, | am creating a table-valued function which accepts DepartmentlD as its parameter and returns all the employees who belong to this, department. The next query selects data from Department table and uses CROSS APPLY to join with the function Goalkicker.com = SQL Notes for Professionals 90 Scanned with CamScanner

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