CL 2005 – Database Systems Lab Lab Manual - 01

National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Karachi

Computer Science Department
Fall 2023, Lab Manual - 01
Course Code: CL-2005 Course: Database Systems Lab
Instructor(s): Shaheer Ahmad

Contents:
1. Database
2. SQL
3. Basic SQL Concepts

Database
A database is a systematic collection of data. They support electronic storage and
manipulation of data. Databases make data management easy.
Example #1
An online telephone directory uses a database to store data of people, phone numbers,
and other contact details. Your electricity service provider uses a database to manage
billing, client-related issues, handle fault data, etc.
Example #2
Facebook needs to store, manipulate, and present data related to members, their friends,
member activities, messages, advertisements, and a lot more. We can provide a countless
number of examples for the usage of databases.

SQL
SQL is the standard language for dealing with Relational Databases. SQL can be used to
insert, search, update, and delete database records. SQL can do lots of other operations,
including optimizing and maintenance of databases. SQL stands for Structured Query
language, pronounced as "S-Q-L" or sometimes as "See-Quel"... Relational databases like
MySQL Database, Oracle, MS SQL Server, Sybase, etc. use ANSI SQL.

Basic SQL Concepts

I. Data Types
bigint decimal real char nvarchar
int numeric datetime varchar nvarchar(max)
smallint money smalldatetime varchar(max) ntext
tinyint smallmoney date text binary

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bit float time nchar varbinary

varbinary(max) image

II. Arithmetic operators

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulus
+ - * / %

SQL Numeric Data Types

Datatype From To

bit 0 1

tinyint 0 255

smallint -32,768 32,767

int -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647

bigint -9,223,372,036, 854,775,808 9,223,372,036, 854,775,807

decimal -10^38 +1 10^38 -1

numeric -10^38 +1 10^38 -1

float -1.79E + 308 1.79E + 308

real -3.40E + 38 3.40E + 38

SQL Date and Time Data Types

Datatype Description

DATE Stores date in the format YYYY-MM-DD

TIME Stores time in the format HH:MI:SS

DATETIME Stores date and time information in the format YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS

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Stores number of seconds passed since the Unix epoch (‘1970-01-01

TIMESTAMP
00:00:00’ UTC)

Stores year in 2 digits or 4 digit format. Range 1901 to 2155 in 4-digit

YEAR
format. Range 70 to 69, representing 1970 to 2069.

SQL Character and String Data Types

Datatype Description

CHAR Fixed length with a maximum length of 8,000 characters

VARCHAR Variable-length storage with a maximum length of 8,000 characters

VARCHAR( Variable-length storage with provided max characters, not supported in

max) MySQL

TEXT Variable-length storage with maximum size of 2GB data

Note that all the above data types are for character stream, they should not be used with Unicode
data.

SQL Unicode Character and String Data Types

Datatype Description

NCHAR Fixed length with maximum length of 4,000 characters

NVARCHAR Variable-length storage with a maximum length of 4,000 characters

NVARCHAR(
Variable-length storage with provided max characters
max)

NTEXT Variable-length storage with a maximum size of 1GB data

III. SQL Comparison Operators

= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition
becomes true.
!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then
condition becomes true.

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<> Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then
condition becomes true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes
then condition becomes true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

IV. SQL Logical Operators

AND The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL
statement's WHERE clause
NOT The NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical operator with which it is
used. Eg: NOT EXISTS, NOT BETWEEN, NOT IN, etc. This is a negate
operator.
OR The OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement's
WHERE clause.
NULL The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value.
UNIQUE The UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for uniqueness (no
duplicates).

V. Basic SQL Queries

Note: Connect the HR Database in SqlDeveloper
● Select * from EMPLOYEES
EMPLOYEE_ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME EMAIL PHONE_NUMBER HIRE_DATE JOB_ID
100 Steven King SKING 515.123.4567 17-Jun-03 AD_PRES
101 Neena Kochhar NKOCHHAR 515.123.4568 21-Sep-05 AD_VP
102 Lex De Haan LDEHAAN 515.123.4569 13-Jan-01 AD_VP

1023 Lex3 De Haanas LDEsdaHAAN 515.123.4569 13-Jan-01 AD_VPP

● Select EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, SALARY from EMPLOYEES

EMPLOYEE_ID FIRST_NAME SALARY
100 Steven 24000
101 Neena 17000
102 Lex 17000

1023 Lex3 12000

● Select EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME,SALARY from EMPLOYEES where salary>2300

EMPLOYEE_ID FIRST_NAME SALARY
100 Steven 24000

● Select EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, SALARY from EMPLOYEES where salary greater

than or equal to 10000 and less than or equal to 12000

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EMPLOYEE_ID FIRST_NAME SALARY

114 Den 11000
147 Alberto 12000
148 Gerald 11000
149 Eleni 10500
114 Den 11000

Let’s Practice More!!

Comparison operator:
● SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE MANAGER_ID = 101;
● SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE MANAGER_ID < 110;
● SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE MANAGER_ID > 200;
● SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE MANAGER_ID >= 200;
● SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE MANAGER_ID <= 150;
● SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE MANAGER_ID <> 114;

Logical Operators:
● SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY,JOB_ID,DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
JOB_ID = 'AD_VP' AND DEPARTMENT_ID = 90;
● SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY,JOB_ID,DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
JOB_ID = 'AD_VP' OR DEPARTMENT_ID = 90;
● SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY,JOB_ID,DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE Not
JOB_ID = 'AD_VP';

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