DOI 10.

1007/s10749-020-01125-x
Power Technology and Engineering Vol. 53, No. 5, January, 2020

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF RELAY PROTECTION

IN MICROGRIDS WITH DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION SOURCES1

A. P. Kulikov,2 M. V. Sharygin,2 and P. V. Ilyushin3

Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, July 2019, pp. 50 – 56.

New relay protection algorithms have become necessary because of the special features of microgrid regimes
with distributed power generation sources. The approach proposed in the present article assures compatibility
of different relay protection devices, the capacity to freely choose different devices on each level and in each
protection zone, and the potential for the use of new and different relay protection algorithms implemented in
a centralized, decentralized, or mixed variant.
Keywords: electric power supply; microgrid; relay protection; automation

Microgrids belong to the class of electrical networks of of adaptive protection based on a centralized architecture
intermediate and low voltage with distributed power genera- with centralized (decentralized) system for changing settings
tion sources and controllable loads [1, 2]. They may function as a function of the microgrid’s functional conditions would
in conjunction with a primary power network or in an insular be a promising approach.
(isolated) regime with the use of an internal control system. Basic features in organization of microgrid protec-
A microgrid provides certain economic and ecological tion. Based on features in the construction of a microgrid, its
advantages for the end-user, whether an industrial enterprise, protection must respond to damage to the basic supply net-
public utility, social loads, etc. The following are among its work and damage that has occurred in the microgrid. In the
basic advantages: former case protection serves to isolate the microgrid com-
— improved energy efficiency; partment from the power network with a required response
— reduced overall consumption of electrical energy; time based on features of the load and electric power genera-
— reduced discharges of hothouse gases and pollutants; tion. In the latter case protection implements separation of
— increased performance and reliability of the electrical the smallest part of the microgrid in order to eliminate the
power supplies of users; damage [3 – 6]. Segmentation of a microgrid, i.e., the cre-
— reduced prices for electric power. ation of several isolated sections or sub-microgrids, is main-
However, introduction of distributed power generation tained by the microcontrollers of the sources and the load.
sources with implementation of microgrids and dynamic Under these conditions, problems related to the selectivity of
variation of the topology of a network create substantial relay protection (false or redundant functionality) as well as
problems for the relay protection system. In particular, the its sensitivity (unidentified damage, functional delay, non-
sensitivity of a network may fall and the selectivity of pro- hardware failures) and insufficient response time may arise.
tection deteriorate, depending on the sites where the termi- Certain questions typical for the protection of microgrids
nals are located and their functional settings. and distributed networks with extensive use of distributed
It would be useful to create a system of adaptive relay power generation sources are considered in recent studies
protection of microgrids with the use of digital relay protec- [7 – 9]. Calculations of the short-circuit current for outgoing
tion devices and modern communications. The development power lines with distributed generation sources are per-
1 The article was prepared from the results of a study carried out with the fi-
formed in [10] and it is noted that short-circuit currents de-
nancial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian pend largely on the connection points and power of the dis-
Federation (Contract No. 14.577.21.0244 with subsidy issued Sept. 26, tributed generation sources. It should be noted that the direc-
2017, Unique Identifier of Project RFMEF157717X0244). tions and amplitudes of short-circuit currents vary, due to the
2 Alekseev State Technical University, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia;
e-mail: [email protected]
variable operational regimes of utilities used to generate
3 St. Petersburg Power Engineering Institute of Professional Development, electric power by renewable sources (for example, wind and
St. Petersburg, Russia. solar power plants) as well as due to periodic changes of the

611
1570-145X/20/5305-0611 © 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
612 A. P. Kulikov et al.

load. In addition, the topology of a microgrid may be rou- In addition, distributed power generation sources situ-
tinely varied in order to minimize losses or to achieve other ated within a damage zone must be disconnected so that all
economic or functional goals. other isolated sections of the microgrid continue to function
Under such conditions, a system that matches relay pro- normally. Automatic repeated connection (if used) is also
tection devices may break down and a previously established implemented by a central protection device. The protection
collection of settings will not ensure selective operation in algorithm requires continuous measurement of different pa-
the case of all potential types of damage. Therefore, the relay rameters of the currents and voltages in real time as well as
protection settings must take into account changes in the to- synchronization of all three-phase currents (i.e., vectors of all
pology of the electrical network as well as the location, type, distributed power generation sources and vectors of the elec-
mode, and volume of the distributed generation sources. Oth- trical supply grid). Continuous determination of the direction
erwise, redundant operation or failures in protection opera- of the flows of electric power is also needed for operation of
tion are possible. the protection.
Modification of a protection system with adjustment of It should be noted that a centralized approach has a num-
the relay settings is needed to record the reversible directions ber of drawbacks. In particular, failure in the operation of the
of travel of the relay protection currents as well as their lev- entire adaptive system occurs where there is failure in the
els. Periodic testing (improvement) of their values to con- central relay protection system.
form to the configuration and parameters of the electrical Determination of operating parameters of a micro-
network is needed. grid relay protection system and their adaptation. The
concept of adaptivity of the relay protection of a microgrid
As a rule, in organization of relay protection the distribu-
(for example, [13, 14]) presupposes the need for the exis-
tor network (including the microgrid) is divided into local
tence of different settings in accordance with the different
zones of protection that encompass individual sections of the
operating regimes of the electrical network. Since the operat-
network (overhead lines and cables, buses, transformers,
ing regime varies dynamically, the protection settings must
generators, load, etc.). Studies have shown that once a new
also vary rapidly. Operational adequacy of a relay protection
distributed generation source is connected to an electrical
device to the current microgrid regime may be achieved in
network, sufficient corrections to the settings of the protec-
either of two basic ways, either through the presence of sev-
tion devices are needed to assure a required level of selectiv-
eral groups of settings or through the incorporation of special
ity, response time, and sensitivity both in the regime of con-
protection algorithms (functions). In both cases, however,
nection to the basic supply network and under conditions of
external signals that characterize the variation of the regime
independent operation of the microgrid. For example, rela-
will induce a variation of the group of settings or activation
tive to the maximal current protection widely used in distrib-
(deactivation) of the protection function. There exist two
uted networks, a solution of problems related to the incorpo-
methods of implementation here: calculation of the parame-
ration of a distributed power generation source may be
ters in an on-line regime in accordance with the current elec-
achieved by flexible adaptation of the settings of the source
trical model of the microgrid, or preliminary calculation of
relative to the magnitude of the operate current in combina- the protection parameters in an autonomous regime with sub-
tion with the function of determining the direction of the sequent determination of a table of possible cases.
short-circuit power. Adaptation of settings may entail either
Continuous calculation of the operating parameters of
permanent adaptation of the settings of the characteristics of
the relay protection system of a microgrid requires continu-
the relay or switching of groups of settings. However, the
ous simulation of damage at different points of the network
larger is the group of distributed power generation sources
by the computer complex based on variations in the topology
incorporated into the microgrid, the more complex is the pro-
of the microgrid and the structure and location of the distrib-
cess of parameterization of the protection system, since the
uted power generation sources (storage of power) A real-
values of short-circuit currents vary substantially.
time software (or combined software-hardware) simulator is
For example, in [11, 12] it is suggested that a microgrid needed to perform the calculations. Its cost may be quite high
should be divided into zones with corresponding number of and exert a substantial effect on economic efficiency of the
distributed power generation sources in each zone. The indi- particular type of protection organization. With a change in
vidual zones must be connected by zone-forming automatic microgrid regime, the operational parameters of the relay
switches that are controlled in centralized fashion by the sub- protection device have to be recalculated, though it is impor-
station. The automatic switches must be capable of function- tant to note that in this case it is not possible to test the pro-
ing in synchronized fashion. tection zone with these setting. In addition, some time is
Protection control and the protection function are real- needed for adequate simulation of the microgrid regime, and
ized by a specialized computer device capable of processing this amount of time must be included in the overall opera-
and storing large volumes of data. Such a device must de- tional delay of the protection device besides determines
tect damage, determine its type and location, and then isolate its response time. In fact, inclusion of a simulation model of
the zone of the damage by disconnecting the corresponding a microgrid in each relay protection device cannot be
automatic switches. achieved, since this would require significant computational
Principles of Organization of Relay Protection in Microgrids with Distributed Power Generation Sources 613

resources, and in this case the protection device will not con-
RP1 RP2 Level 1
form to the principle of economic efficiency.
Preliminary calculation of the operational parameters of RP3 RP4 Level 2
the relay protection system of a microgrid is based on a de-
termination of every possible operating regime of the net- EES
KL1 AE1
work. The first step is to determine the number of possible
configurations of the microgrid, which basically depends on DD 10-kV SS End-user DP
the number of automatic switches (circuit breakers) as well
as on the composition and features of the generators (energy Fig. 1. Two independent levels of protection of the electric network
storage systems). A set of test variants needed for the simula- of a microgrid: Level 1 — absolute selectivity, protection actuation
time tp.a = 0 sec; Level 2 — relative selectivity, tp.a = 0 sec; DD —
tion is created following simplification of the complete set of
distributor device; SS — substation; DP — distribution point; AE —
different working conditions. asynchronous engine; RP — relay protection; M — microgrid.
All possible damage, taking into account the different
types of damage as well as the sites where the damage has
occurred must be simulated based on the test set of variant corresponding to the traditional understanding of the concept
microgrid regimes. of relay protection (Fig. 1):
A list of variant operating regimes (actions) of each relay
— level 1 — high-speed protection of absolute selectiv-
protection device is obtained as a result of a simulation per-
ity for each section of the network (protection zone) without
formed on the stage of parameterization of the system. These
a back-up protection zone. The selectivity of such protection
actions include: change of settings (magnitude of operational
is supported by activation setting exclusively in their respec-
parameters, delays of individual stages), and activation (de-
tive basic protection zone;
activation) of individual protection functions or even com-
plete variation of the group of settings. Protection devices ca- — level 2 — multistage protection of relative selectivity
pable of storing several groups of settings as well as remote for each section of the network (protection zone) possessing
variation of required functions and operational parameters back-up protection zones. The selectivity of such protection
are needed in order to use the adaptive method. is supported by time offsetting based on a multistage princi-
Note that the low computational load on an individual ple.
device is a major advantage in the organization of this type of With the use of two independent levels of protection
protection. In addition, all the relay protection settings are — backwards compatibility of new combinations with
known in advance before being placed in service and, conse- all traditional relay protection networks and devices is
quently, they may be tested in the course of tune-up of the realized;
microgrid protection system. The present method may be — freedom of choice. Use of absolutely distinct relay
used in any communication infrastructure, in a centralized or protection algorithms, both traditional and new algorithms
decentralized variant. that function according to both centralized and decentralized
The basic problem of the method of preliminary calcula- principles along with compound principles, is possible on
tion is that the list of probable regimes may be enormous each level and in each protection zone.
when the microgrid is large. Without any sort of simplifica-
The first level of protections is an auxiliary level that ac-
tion, the maximal number of instances in the list of actions is
celerates disconnection of damage. It may consist of both tra-
2i, where i is the number of switching devices in the
ditional high-speed protections (instantaneous stages of cur-
microgrid. Therefore, in large microgrids the number of vari-
rent and remote protections, differential protection, etc.) and
ants may be great and the calculation cumbersome. It is help-
relay protection systems based on new principles (for exam-
ful to divide the microgrids into smaller sections that func-
ple, current differential-logic protection with the use of
tion together as a common multimicrogrid.
the MEK 61850 communications network [15]), wave pro-
Proposed structure of relay protection system of multi-
tection, etc.). Despite instantaneous selective disconnection
contour microgrid. The traditional requirements imposed on
of damage, this level of protection possesses a number of
relay protection (selectivity, fast operation, sensitivity, and
drawbacks:
reliability) correctly reflect its technical performance and,
moreover, are fully abstracted from particular implementa- — implementation of full-fledged back-up of discon-
tions of relay protection devices and algorithms. It is useful nection is not possible due to unidentifiable failures of the
to adopt these requirements in the development of a new re- relay protection system or of switches;
lay protection system, since a particular type of relay protec- — the level of protection may be dependent on the com-
tion must correspond to the traditional forms of protection munication systems and operation of adjacent relay protec-
used in actual operation. tion devices;
To achieve unconditional assurance of selectivity, the re- — as a rule, protection does not fully encompass the en-
lay protection system of the electric network of a prospective tire protection zone nor all cases of damage in the loads and
microgrid should be implemented on two independent levels sources.
614 A. P. Kulikov et al.

Therefore, the first level of high-speed relay protection mented only by slow remote protection or maximal current
of absolute selectivity requires a second level of relay protec- protection stages on adjacent connections.
tion of relative selectivity that triggers the first-level relay In the case of a failure in the current transformers, volt-
protection system or their communications systems with a age transformers, or smart electronic devices, the connec-
time delay following a failure. tions of the protection of the transformer or device becomes
All computational damage must be selectively and sensi- entirely nonfunctional and damage zones in the basic protec-
tively disconnected based only on local measurements at the tion zone are disconnected after some time delay and
relay protection site without the use of communications sys- nonselectively by adjacent connections from their slow re-
tems or signals from adjacent devices in order to achieve mote protection or maximal current protection stages. Failure
full-fledged back-up of the second level of protection. The of a switch leads to similar results.
presence of a communications system or complication of Thus, the relay protection system is quite effective,
the algorithms will only increase the effectiveness of a dis- though it also possesses certain drawbacks:
connection of the second-level protections (increasing their — little chance of adaptation to the current network con-
operation speed and sensitivity with strict observance of figuration and its regime, since calculations of settings and
selectivity). matching of the traditional relay protections (calculation of
For sections of the network that are of little importance settings) are not performed automatically, but instead manu-
or where there is no communication system present, use of ally;
only second-level protection is possible, both traditional — low sensitivity and low operating speed of protec-
(maximal current protection or remote protection) and new tions due to the need to tune out all possible microgrid re-
relay protection, for example, statistical multiparametric gimes possessing a complex multicontour topology with sev-
protections [16]. eral sources that function in parallel;
In view of the above factors, we decided that the second — guaranteed slow-down in disconnections of damage
level of protection is the basic level. in one or more protection zones with any failure in the relay
Variant applications of proposed structure of relay protection system. This may be critical for preserving the dy-
protection system in microgrids. Let us suppose that smart namic stability of the microgrid. An increase in response rate
electronic devices are installed in all connections of the is possible through hardware back-up of the communication
microgrids and that they are linked by a common informa- channels and RZA devices, which greatly increases the cost
tion network using the MEK 61830 network. We wish to de- of the protection system.
termine how best to implement first- and second-level Thus, with the use of the traditional relay protection al-
protections based on a high-speed communication system. gorithms the introduction of an information network by
Variant 1. The simplest variant presupposes implemen- means of the MEK 61850 communications network does not
tation of protection on the basis of traditional principles. produce the anticipated sharp increase in the technical per-
— the first level incorporates current differential protec- fection of the protection system. It is necessary to introduce
tions of all zones (with a communication channel based on a new improved relay protection algorithms.
common information network) and rapid stages of remote Variant 2. Use of new protection algorithms (Fig. 2):
protection or maximal current protection; — the first level comprises current differential-logic
— use of slow remote protections or maximal current protection with the use of the MEK 61850 communication
protections on the second level. network [15]. The protection is constructed based on distrib-
Where there exists a reliably functioning information uted smart electronic devices in all the connections of the
network, functioning current transformers, functioning volt- electric network. But all smart electronic devices that imple-
age transformers, and functioning smart electronic devices, ment differential-logic relay protection actively interact with
all types of damage in the different sections of the microgrid each other in all protection zones, adapting to the network
will be disconnected instantaneously by the current differen- topology and its regimes where there are failures of the
tial protection and will also be repeatedly backed up by the elements;
remote protection stages or maximal current protection — statistical multiparametric protections are used on the
stages (instantaneous and slow stages). Some of the damage second level [17]. The protection algorithm and its hardware
zones in the loads and generators are disconnected after a design are similar to traditional multistage remote protection
time delay or are not disconnected at all (dead zone). and maximal current protection. The protection differs from
Where the information network has failed, the protection existing remote protection and maximal current protection
system turns into a traditional distributed relay protection by the presence of a starting element that produces a high de-
system of 6 – 35 kV networks: current differential protection gree of sensitivity of relay protection through the use of a set
fails and all damage is disconnected only by the remote pro- of measurements with arbitrary choice of the measurable
tection or maximal current protection stages instantaneously regime parameters and automatic calculation of regime set-
or after a time delay (at the end of the protection zones). Dis- tings as well as dynamic adaptation to the network regimes
connection backup of damage in microgrid sections is imple- (where an MEK 61850 information network is present).
Principles of Organization of Relay Protection in Microgrids with Distributed Power Generation Sources 615

All the protections in all the levels are implemented on

the same distributed protection devices, i.e., the smart elec-
tronic devices in all the network connections. If it is neces- SED1 SED2
sary to increase reliability, hardware back-up or/and central-
ized construction of all relay protection levels is possible. RP1 RP2 Level 1
In the case of a functioning information network and
RP3 RP4 Level 2
functioning current transformers, functioning voltage trans-
formers, and functioning smart electronic devices, all dam- EES
KL1 AE1
age in the different sections of the microgrid is also discon-
nected instantaneously by the differential-logic protection. End-user DP
Back-up is implemented repeatedly both by adjacent DD 10-kV SS
switches of the differential-logic protection and by the stages Fig. 2. Application of new protection algorithms for the electric
of the multiparametric protection. microgrid networks: 1 — information network (MEK 61850 com-
Some of the damage in the loads and generators are dis- munications network); 2 — device for automatic calculation of pro-
connected by multiparametric protection after some time de- tection settings; Level 1 — current differential-logic relay protec-
tion; Level 2 — multiparametric relay protection; SED — smart
lay or are not disconnected at all (dead zone). A disconnec-
electronic device; RP — relay protection; M — microgrid; DD —
tion is guaranteed to be no less rapid and no less sensitive distributor device; SS — substation; AE — asynchronous engine.
than that produced by a remote protection or maximal cur-
rent protection due to the high degree of technical develop-
ment of the multiparametric protection and its adaptive capa-
loss of SV-flow from the failed current transformer or failed
bilities. Back-up is also implemented with a high degree of
voltage transformer, though protection continues to function
sensitivity and high operating speed.
selectively due to the remaining dimensions with reduced
In the case of complete failure of the information net- sensitivity and reduced operating speed. Note that in this
work, the current differential-logic protection fails com- case traditional remote protection and maximal current pro-
pletely and the damage is disconnected instantaneously or tection fail completely.
after some time delay only by the multiparametric protection.
Where there is a failure in a smart electronic device or
Though multiparametric protection lacks the ability to adapt
switch, differential-logic protection also partially fails where
to the regime (it turns into a common universal set of settings
there are short-circuits in zones adjacent to a failed connec-
appropriate for all network regimes), its sensitivity and oper-
tion, and where there is no interlock system present, the near-
ating speed nevertheless remain higher than that of tra-
est functioning connections are disconnected. Multiparamet-
ditional remote protection and maximal current protection
ric protection of a failed connection becomes entirely non-
in all protection zones due to the high degree of technical
functioning and back-up is realized only by slow stages of
development.
adjacent multiparametric protections.
If individual channels of the information network are not
functioning, differential-logic protection breaks down par- In any case the effectiveness of a protection system
tially, though not completely; as a result of a change in the based on new algorithms proves to be higher than where tra-
protection zones it is capable of instantaneous though par- ditional relay protection algorithms are used.
tially nonselective disconnection of the damage (and where Variant 3. Mixed use of traditional and new protection
there is no interlock system present, an entire section of the algorithms.
microgrid lacking a communication system will be discon- In this intermediate case the effectiveness of the protec-
nected if there is a short-circuit in the section). Multipara- tion system is guaranteed to be no worse than in the first
metric protection repeatedly backs-up a disconnection and is variant, since partial introduction of differential-logic and
entirely selective even in the zone of an information network multiparametric protections only increases the sensitivity
that has failed (as in remote protection and maximal current and operating speed of the protection system and the resis-
protection, though with greater sensitivity and greater operat- tance of protection to failures in an information network does
ing speed). not lead to nonselective actions.
In the case where individual instrument transducers (cur- Thus, the type of organization of microgrid protection
rent transformers/voltage transformers) have failed, the con- that has been presented here fully corresponds to the tradi-
nections of the differential-logic protection partially fails tional principles used in the construction of relay protection
where there is a short-circuit in zones adjacent to a current and are applicable to all existing generations of devices,
transformer/voltage transformer that has failed and where including electromechanical microcircuitry. However, such
there is no interlock system present, it produces an instanta- an approach is more promising, since it makes it possible to
neous disconnection of the nearest connections with func- create a relay protection system with the use of new algo-
tioning current transformers/voltage transformers. Multipa- rithms and new measurable parameters, as well as introduce
rametric protection of a connection partially fails, since the and combine new smart electronic devices and also commu-
dimension of its vector of measurements is reduced due to a nication systems. The relay protection system may comprise
616 A. P. Kulikov et al.

an arbitrary proportion of new units of equipment (from 0 to of digital relays and modern communications. The use of
100%), though the actions of all network protections will be adaptive protections based on a centralized architecture with
strictly selective. analogous centralized (decentralized) system of variation of
In our view, it is especially useful to employ statistical settings as a function of the operating conditions of the elec-
multiparametric protections [16 – 19]. By comparison with trical network would be promising.
traditional protections of relative selectivity, such protections 2. Different types of organization of the relay protection
possess explicit advantages due to the following factors: system of a microgrid comprising two levels of protection
— potentially higher sensitivity (higher probability of were proposed. It is suggested that a current differential-
recognition of damage) due to an increase in the number of logic protection system with the use of the MEK 61850 com-
parameters that may be estimated and/or correct choice of munications network should be employed on the first level
measurable quantities; and on the second level a statistical multiparametric protec-
— possibility of simultaneous application in the micro- tion system. With such a design, the sensitivity and operating
grid of protection devices with different vectors of measur- speed of the protection system and its resistance to failures of
able quantities as well as traditional protections with arbi- the information network, measuring transducers, and protec-
trary characteristics. All protections may function selectively tion devices is increased.
once they have been correctly tuned [18]; 3. The recommended conception supports compatibility
— the potential for automatic calculation of relay pro- of different relay protection devices and a free choice of de-
tection settings [16] for any regime and any configuration of vices on each level and in each protection zone along with
a microgrid. Through automation of calculations the pro- the potential for the use of new and different algorithms for
perties of protection “without settings” (for example, [20]), relay protection implemented in a centralizeded, decentral-
when manual calculation of settings is not required for nor- ized, or compound variant.
mal functioning of the protection devices, may be realized.
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