Elasticity Notes
Elasticity Notes
Elasticity Notes
Elasticity: The property of a material body to regain its original condition on the
removal of deforming forces, is called elasticity. Quartz fibre is considered to be the
perfectly elastic body.
Plasticity: The bodies which do not show any tendency to recover their original
condition on the removal of deforming forces are called plasticity. Putty is considered to
be the perfectly plastic body.
Load: The load is the combination of external forces acting on a body and its effect is to
change the form or the dimensions of the body. Any kind of deforming force is known as
Load.
When a body is subjected to a force or a system of forces it undergoes a change in
size or shape or both. Elastic bodies offer appreciable resistance to the deforming
forces. As a result, work has to be done to deform them. This amount of work is stored
in body as elastic potential energy. When the deforming force is removed, its increased
elastic potential energy produced a tendency in the body to restore the body to its
original state of zero energy or stable equilibrium. This tendency is due to the internal
forces which come into play by the deformation.
Stress: When a force is applied on a body, there will be relative displacement of the
particles. Due to the property of elasticity the particles tend to regain their original
position. The restoring or recovering force per unit area set up inside the body is called
stress.
• The stress is measured in terms of the load or the force applied per unit
area. Hence its units are dynes/cm2 in CGS and Newton/m2 in MKS.
• It has a dimension [ML-1T-2]. It is same as that of pressure.
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(2) Tangential or Shearing Stress: Restoring force per unit area parallel to the surface
is called tangential or shearing stress.
Strain: The unit change produced in the dimensions of a body under a system of forces
in equilibrium, is called strain. The strain being ratio. It has no unit.
(2) Volume Strain: It is defined as change in volume per unit original volume,
when an object is deformed by the external force.
The ratio of change in volume to the original volume is called volume
strain.
ℎ ()
. . =
()
(3) Shear strain: When the force applied is acting parallel to the surface of the
body then the change takes place only in the shape of the body. The
corresponding strain is called shear strain.
The angular deformation produced by an external force is called shear
strain.
Hooke’s law
This fundamental law of elasticity was proposed by Robert Hooke in 1679 and it
states that “Provided the strain is small, the stress is directly proportional to the strain”. In
other words, the ratio of stress to strain is a constant quantity for the given material and
it is called the modulus of elasticity or coefficient of elasticity.
∝
∴ = ×
∴=
The units and dimensions of the modulus of elasticity are the same as that of
stress.
Elastic Limit:
When the stress is continually increased in the case of solid, a point is reached at
which the strain increased more rapidly. The stress at which the linear relationship
between stress and strain hold good is called elastic limit of the material.
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Stress-Strain Diagram:
• The direct proportionality between
stress and strain is found to be true only for
small values of strain as shown in the figure.
• The portion OA of the curve is a
straight line showing that the stress is directly
proportional to strain. It shows that Hooke’s
law is strictly obeyed up to the value of stress
corresponding to point A. This point is called
Elastic limit.
• Beyond point A, the curve is not a
straight line. In this region AB, the strain
increases more rapidly than the stress and the
behavior is partly elastic and partly plastic. If
the object is unloaded at B, it does not come
back to its original condition along path AO,
but takes the dotted path BC. The object is said
to have acquired permanent set. And OC is called the residual strain.
• Beyond the point B, the length of the wire starts increasing without any increase
in stress. Thus, wire begins to flow after point B and it continues up to D. The
point B, at which the wire begins to flow is called yield point.
• Beyond the point F, the graph indicates that length of the wire increases, even if
the wire is unloaded. The wire breaks ultimately at point E, called the breaking
point of the wire. The portion of the graph between D and E is called the plastic
region.
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= =
• Young’s modulus can also be defined as the force applied to a wire of unit length
and unit cross sectional area to produce the increase in length by unity.
• The units of Young’s modulus are Pascal or N/m2 in MKS and dyne/cm2 in CGS
system.
−"
∴ =
If the volume increase on increasing the stress the bulk modulus given by
"
•
=
• The units of bulk modulus are Pa or N/m2 in SI.
• Compressibility: The reciprocal of the bulk modulus of a material is called
compressibility i.e. 1/K.
We know that,
•
=
∴=
Substituting this value of F in above equation (1), we get
2$3
/=
4
• Therefore, the total work done for the stretching a wire of length ‘l’ given by,
3
/=5 /
6
7
/=5
8
7
/= 5
8
:
/= 9 <
2
= 2$3
/=: ×l
4
=
/ =: ×l
1
∴ ' >? / = @ℎ ,@ × @ℎ ℎ
2
• This work done stored in form of potential energy.
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• Now, the volume of the wire = a l
1
∴ /? A
2
1
= B CB C
2
1
∴ /? A , >
2
Modulus of rigidity:
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Consider a cube with an edge ‘L’. Let
shearing force T be applied on the tope face
ABHG of a cube, which produce shear by an angle
+ and linear displacement ‘l’.
The face ABCD becomes A’B’CD.
'
, , @ )DUV
: '
' '
∴ W , S &
+
Young’s Modulus:
Let us consider unit tension applied on the edge of the unit cube, which produces the
∝
extension ′G′ linear stress =1 and linear strain = = α.
=
=
Young’s modulus = Y = _
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We know that
1
=
3G − 2I
and
1
& =
2( G + I)
=
(G − 2I) = … … … … (1)
`a
=
(G + I) = … … … … (2)
:b
Subtracting (1) and (2)
1 1
3I = −
2& 3
3 − 2&
3I =
6&
… … … … (3
`ad:b
I = =eba
Multiplying equation(2) by 2 and adding equations (1) and (2) we get,
1 1
3G = +
& 3
3 +&
3G =
3 &
`afb
G = gab … … … … (4)
Form equation of young’s modulus,
= =
= _ . G = 2 … … … … (5)
Using equation (5) in (4)
1 3 +&
=
9 &
9 3
∴ =
&
+
& &
9 3 1
∴ = +
&
… … … … 6
The above equation gives the relation connecting the three elastic constants Y, K
and & .
Poisson’s Ratio:
When we stretch a wire, it becomes longer but thinner. The increase in its length
is always accompanied with decrease in its cross section.
The strain produced along the direction of the applied force is called primary or
linear or tangential strain (α) and strain produced at right angle to the applied force is
called secondary or lateral strain (β).
Within the elastic limit, the lateral strain (β) is proportional to the linear strain
(α) and the ratio between them is a constant, called Poisson’s ratio (σ).
I
i= =
G
If the body under tension suffers no lateral strain then Poisson’s ratio is zero.
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We know that,
3 (1 − 2i) = 2& (1 + i)
Where, K and & are essentially positive quantities.
Now if σ is positive, then the RHS and hence LHS must be positive.
This is true, if 1 − 2i > 0
∴ 2σ < 1
=
∴ σ<:
∴ σ < 0.5 … … … … (1)
If σ is negative, then the LHS and hence RHS must be positive.
This is true, if 1 + i > 0
∴ σ > −1
∴ −1 < i … … … … (2)
Combining relation (1) and (2), we have
−1 < i < 0.5 … … … … (3
Thus the limiting values of σ are -1 and 0.5. In actual practice, the value of σ lie between
0.2 to 0.4.
2AL dD dV
∴ = A−
D dL dL
dD D dV
∴ = tA − u
dL 2AL dL
dD D A 1 dV
∴ = t − u
dL 2L A A dL
dD D 1 dV
∴ = t1 − u … … … … (6)
dL 2L A dL
1 a: dh
∴ i = z1 − : { … … … … (10)
2 r dL
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The value of ‘a’ and ‘r’ are determined by a travelling microscope and a vernier
caliper respectively and the average value of ℎv is obtained from the slope of the
straight line graph by plotting a number of corresponding value of dh against the dL as
shown in fig.
Solved Numerical
Ex-1 The Young’s modulus of a metal is 2 X 1011 N/m2 and its breaking stress is 1.078
X 109 N/m2. Calculate the maximum amount of energy per unit volume which can
be stored in the metal when stretched.
Sol: Here, Y = 2 X 1011 N/m2
Maximum stress = 1.078 X 109 N/m2
1
Energy stored per unit volume = stress × strain
2
1 stress
= 1.078 × 10g ×
2 Y
1 1.078 × 10g
= × 1.078 × 10 ×
g
2 2 × 10==
Ex-2 Find the work done in stretching a wire of 1 sq. mm cross section and 2 m long
through 0.1 mm. Given Y = 2 X 1011 N/m2.
Sol: As we know
1
/? @ℎ > = × @ℎ ,@ × @ℎ
2
1
= ××
2
1
= × ×
2
Here, Y = 2 X 1011 N/m2
L = 2 m.
l = 0.1 mm = 10-4 m
a = 1 sq.mm = 10-6 m2
Ex: 3 The modulus of rigidity and Poisson’s ratio of the material of a wire are
2.87 x 1010 N/m2 and 0.379 respectively. Find the value of Young’s
modulus of the material of the wire.
Sol: Here, η = 2.87 x 1010 N/m2 and σ = 0.379
We know that,
Y
η=
2 (1 + σ)
∴ Y = 2η (1 + σ)
# ⁄$
Young modulus =
3⁄4
∴ =
S
58.8 × 1
∴ =
10d × 20 × 10=6
∴ = 2.94 × 10d
And
Extension produced = strain x length
70 × 10
= × ℎ = × 1.7 = 14 × 10d = 1.4
85 × 10g
Here stretching force = tensile stress x area of cross section of the rod
7 × × 35
= = 96.23
8
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