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    Mole Concept: Mixture Pure Substance

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    PRITAM Kumar
    1) Chemistry is important as it meets human needs through products like food and medicines, and enables industries like plastics, fuels, and metals. 2) Matter exists in three states - solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but not shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. 3) Pure substances are either elements or compounds, while mixtures can be either homogeneous, with uniform composition, or heterogeneous, with distinct parts visible.

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    Mole Concept: Mixture Pure Substance

    Uploaded by

    PRITAM Kumar
    8 views9 pages
    1) Chemistry is important as it meets human needs through products like food and medicines, and enables industries like plastics, fuels, and metals. 2) Matter exists in three states - solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but not shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. 3) Pure substances are either elements or compounds, while mixtures can be either homogeneous, with uniform composition, or heterogeneous, with distinct parts visible.

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    1) Chemistry is important as it meets human needs through products like food and medicines, and enables industries like plastics, fuels, and metals. 2) Matter exists in three states - solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but not shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. 3) Pure substances are either elements or compounds, while mixtures can be either homogeneous, with uniform composition, or heterogeneous, with distinct parts visible.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    8 views9 pages

    Mole Concept: Mixture Pure Substance

    Uploaded by

    PRITAM Kumar
    1) Chemistry is important as it meets human needs through products like food and medicines, and enables industries like plastics, fuels, and metals. 2) Matter exists in three states - solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but not shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. 3) Pure substances are either elements or compounds, while mixtures can be either homogeneous, with uniform composition, or heterogeneous, with distinct parts visible.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    MOLE CONCEPT

    IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY:

    1. Meets human needs for food, healthcare products


    2. Synthesis of drugs used to treat various diseases
    - Cisplatin and taxol- cancer therapy
    - AZT(azidothymidine) – AIDS
    3. Establishment of industries such as acids, alkalis, polymesr metals etc.

    STATES OF MATTER:

    SOLID: particles held together with strong force of attraction. They have
    definite shape and volume.

    LIQUID: Force of attraction is lesser, so particles can move around. They


    have definite volume but not shape.
    GAS: Particles are far apart from each other with very less force of
    attraction between them. They have neither definite shape nor definite
    volume.

    CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER:

    MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE


    Homogeneous
    Element
    mixture

    Heterogeneous
    Compound
    mixture

    Homogenous mixture: The particles of components are uniformly distributed


    and composition is same throughout the mixture.

    Ex: sugar solution, air, tea

    Heterogeneous mixture: The particles of components are separately visible and


    not uniformly distributed. The composition is not same throughout the
    mixture.
    Ex: salt and sugar, grains with pulses
    Element: particles of an element consist of only one type of atoms. The may
    exist as atoms or molecules.
    Ex: hydrogen, oxygen

    Compound: a compound is formed when two or more atoms of different


    elements combine in a definite ratio.

    Ex: water, carbon dioxide

    PROPERTIES OF MATTER

    PHYSICAL: Can be measured or observed


    without changing the identity or CHEMICAL: their measurement and
    composition of a substance. Ex: Colour, observation requires a chemical reaction
    shape, melting point to occur. Ex: Acidity, Basicity

    MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

    EARLY SYSTEM OF UNITS:

    SYSTEM LENGTH MASS TIME


    FPS Foot Pound Second
    CGS Centimetre Gram Second
    MKS Metre Kilogram Second

    INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS:

    The SI System has seven base units.

    QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL


    Length Metre m
    Mass Kilogram kg
    Time Second s
    Electric current Ampere A
    Temperature Kelvin K
    Amount of substance Mole Mol
    Luminous intensity Candela Cd
    SOME COMMON UNITS OTHER THAN SI UNITS:

    1. Litre: measures volume.


    - 1L= 1000mL or 1000 cm3 or 1dm3
    2. Fahrenheit: measures temperature.
    - ℉ =9/5(℃ ¿ + 32
    3. Kelvin: measures temperature
    - K = ℃+273.15

    SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

    1. All non-zero digits are significant.Ex: there are 3 significant figures in 285.

    2. Zeroes preceeding to the first non-zero digit are not significant. Ex: There are 2
    significant figures in 0.025

    3. Zeroes between two non-zero digits are significant. Ex: There are 4 significant figures
    in 2.005

    4. Zeroes at the end of a number which does not have a decimal are not significant. Ex:
    There are 2 significant figures in 46000

    5. All zeroes to the right of a decimal are significant. Ex: There are 4 significant figures in
    1.2400

    6. The number of objects e.g. 2 balls or 4 books have infinite significant figures as these
    are exact numbers.

    PRECISION AND ACCURACY

    PRECISION: Closeness of various ACCURACY: How close an experimental


    measurements for the same quantity. result is to the actual value.

    Precise experiments may or may not be accurate, but all accurate experiments
    are precise.
    ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:

    The sum or difference must have same number of decimal places as that of
    the original number with minimum number of decimal places.
    Ex: Add 7.21, 12.141 and 00028
    Solution: here minimum number of decimal places is 2, in 7.21.
    7.21+.12.141.0.0028= 19.3538
    = 19.35

    MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:


    The product or quotient must have same number of significant figures as that
    of the original number with minimum number of significant figures.
    Ex: Divide 5.74 by 1.2
    Solution: 5.74/1.2= 4.7833
    But here minimum number of significant figures is 2.
    5.74/1.2= or 4.8
    ROUNDING OFF RULES:
    1. If the digit to be removed is greater than 5, the preceeding number is increased
    by 1. Ex: If we need to round off 3.187 to 3 significant figures, then 7 is removed
    and 1 is added to the number, i.e, 3.19.

    2. If the digit to be removed is less than 5, the preceeding number is not changed.
    Ex: If we need to round off 4.12 to 2 significant figures, then 2 is removed and
    preceeding number remains unchanged,i.e, 4.1

    3. If digit to be removed is 5, the preceeding number remains unchanged if it is


    even. Ex: if 6.125 has to be rounded off to 3 significant figures, then 5 is removed
    and preceeding number remains unchanged i.e, 6.12

    4. If digit to be removed is 5, then preceeding number is increased by 1 if it is odd.


    Ex: if 7.75 has to be rounded off to 2 significant figures, 5 is removed and 1 is
    added to preceeding number i.e, 7.8

    Dimensional Analysis: The method used to convert units from one system to
    another is called factor label method/ unit factor method or dimensional
    analysis.
    LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

    LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS:


    LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: Put forward by Joseph Proust. States that
    a given compound always contains a fixed
    Put forward by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789. proportion of elements by mass,
    States that mass can neither be created irrespective of the source from which they
    nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction. are obtained.

    GAY LUSSAC'S LAW OF GASEOUS


    LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS: VOLUMES:
    Proposed by Dalton in 1803. States that if Proposed by Gay Lussac in 1808.
    two elements combine to from more than
    one compound, the mass of element that States that when gases combine or are
    combines with fixed mass of other produced in a chemical reaction, they are
    element are in ratio of small whole in a simple ratio by volume(provided all
    numbers. gases are at same temperature and
    pressure).

    DALTON'S THEORY:
    -Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
    -All atoms of a given element have
    AVAGADRO'S LAW: identical properties, including identical
    Proposed by Avagadro in 1811. States that mass.
    equal volumes of all gases at the same -compounds are formed when atoms of
    temperature and pressure should contain different elements combine together in a
    equal number of molecules. fixed ratio.
    - chemical reactions involve reorganisation
    of atoms. atoms can neither be created
    nor destroyed in a reaction.
    ATOMIC MASS

    The present system of atomic masses is based on carbon-12 as standard.


    1 atomic mass unit or 1 a.m.u. or 1 u is defined as the mass exactly equal to
    one-twelfth of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
    1 amu= 1.67 x 10−24g

    AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS


    It is the average of the masses of all isotopes of an element

    ∑ AiXi
    Average atomic mass=
    ∑ Xi
    Where Ai=mass number, Xi= percent occurrence

    MOLECULAR MASS

    It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the elements present in a molecule.

    Molecular mass= ∑ AiXi


    Where Ai= mass number, Xi= no. of atoms of that element in the compound

    MOLE CONCEPT AND MOLAR MASS

    One mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles or


    entities as there are atoms in 12g of C-12 isotope.

    Through careful calculcations it was found that 1 mol of carbon-12 isotope


    contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms.

    In the honour of Amedeo Avagadro, this number is called Avagadro constant


    or Avagadro number and is denoted by N A .
    N A = 6.022 x 1023

    No . of particles∨entities
    No. of moles= Avagadro number

    Or
    Given weight ∈ grams
    No. of moles= Atomic ∨molecular weight
    PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION: Mass% of an element in a compound is=
    Mass of that element ∈the compound
    x 100
    Molar mass of the compound

    EMPIRICAL FORMULA

    Empirical formula is the simplest whole number molar ratio of various atoms
    present in a compound.

    STEPS TO DETERMINE EMPIRICAL FORMULA:

    1. Convert the given mass or mass% of elements into number of moles of


    each element.
    2. Divide each of the mole values by the smallest number among them.
    3. Multiply by the smallest whole number to get a simple whole number
    ratio.
    4. Write down empirical formula by mentioning the numbers a suffix after
    writing the symbols of respective elements.

    MOLECULAR FORMULA

    Molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of different elements


    present in a compound.

    Molecular mass= n x empirical formula


    molecular weight
    Where n= mass of empirical formula

    STOICHIOMETRY

    The calculation of amount of reactant or product in a chemical reaction is


    called stoichiometric calculation.
    For example, in the balanced equation:
    CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO2 +2 H 2 O
    The coefficients 2 for O2 and H 2 O are called stoichiometric coefficients.
    They represent the no. of molecules or moles taking part in the reaction or
    formed in the reaction.
    Here, 1 mole of CH 4 reacts with 2 moles of O2 to give 1 mole of CO 2 and 2 moles
    of H 2 O .
    no . of moles
     coefficient ratio remains same for all reactants and products in a
    balanced chemical equation.
    LIMITING REAGENT
    The reactant that gets finished first in a reaction is called the limiting
    reagent. The reactant that is left out is called the excess reagent.
    no . of moles
     The reactant whose coefficient ratio is smallest is the limiting reagent.
    no . of moles
     In chemical reactions involving limiting reagents, the coefficient ratio of
    no . of moles
    products is equal to coefficient ratio of the limiting reagent.

    CONCENTRATION

    MASS/MASS PERCENTAGE(w/w%)
    mass of solute x 100
    mass of solution

    MASS/VOLUME PERCENTAGE(W/V%)
    mass of solute x 100
    volume of solution

    VOLUME/VOLUME PERCENTAGE (v/v%):


    volume of solute x 100
    volume of solution
    MOLE FRACTION:
    no.of moles of solute
    no.of moles of solution

    MOLARITY:
    No. of moles of solute
    volume of solution in litres

    MOLALITY
    No. of moles of solute
    mass of solvent in kg

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