CELL: TYPES, FUNCTIONS, AND

MODIFICATION
For General Biology 1/ Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Week 2
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit (SLK) is designed to help students

understand the structural differences between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. Students will independently read and
answer the given activities to gain background knowledge
of the two types of cells.

In this learning kit, learners will gain knowledge on

classifying different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and
specify the functions of each. They will also gain knowledge
on describing some cell modifications that lead to the
adaptation to carry out specific functions. It will be an aid for
learners to learn new ideas and enrich their existing
knowledge about the cell.

This SLK is designed to help learners and requires

guidance, attention, and focus.

2
 OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

K: distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their
distinguishing features
S: classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify
the functions of each
A: relate the importance of some cell modification by describing
their adaptation to carry out specialized function (e.g.,
microvilli, root hair)

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
• Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
according to their distinguishing features
STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3
• Classify different cell types (of plant/animal
tissues) and specify the functions of each
STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4
• Describe some cell modifications that lead
to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair)
STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5

I. WHAT HAPPENED

3
PRE-ACTIVITY:
Label Me. Identify and label the correct parts of the cell. Write your answers in
your notebook.

Source: https://researchpedia.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/difference-btw-plant-cell-and-animal-cell.jpg

1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
7. ________________
8. ________________
9. ________________
10. ________________
11. ________________
12. ________________
13. ________________
14. ________________
15. ________________

4
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms. Every
organism is composed of one or two structurally different types of cells:
prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes come from the Greek term pro meaning “before”
and karyon meaning “kernel” referring to the nucleus. Prokaryotic
cells have no nucleus, and their genetic material (DNA) is
concentrated in a region called the nucleoid which does not have a
membrane separating it from the rest of the cell. The major parts of a
prokaryotic cell include cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and a
nucleoid.
Two domains of organisms comprise prokaryotes: Bacteria and
Archaea. Bacteria make up most of the prokaryotes. In addition,
Archaea are found in extreme environments such as hot springs or
near volcanoes. The difference between Bacteria and Archaea is
their type of cell wall: Archaea have a thicker cell wall that is very
strong and protects it from the heat and chemicals found in harsh
environments, while Bacteria have a more permeable cell wall that
provides less protection from high temperatures or extreme pH, but
takes less energy to build.
Both Bacteria and Archaea consist of unicellular organisms.
Prokaryotes are important to all life on Earth for a number of reasons.
They play a critical role in the recycling of nutrients by decomposing
dead organisms and allowing their nutrients to be re-used. They are
also important for many metabolic processes. Bacteria in our guts and
mouth help with the digestion of food by breaking down difficult to
digest carbohydrates and other compounds.

A prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism

that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle. We
will shortly come to see that this is significantly different in eukaryotes.

5
Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell: a darkened
region called the nucleoid.

Figure 1. Prokaryotic cell.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg

Eukaryotes
The oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is about 2 billion years old.
Eukaryotes are combination of two Greek terms eu meaning “true”
and karyon meaning “nucleus.” Thus, eukaryote means “true kernel”
or “true nucleus,” alluding to the presence of the membrane-bound
nucleus in these cells. The word organelle means “little organ,” and
organelles have specialized cellular functions, just as the organs of your
body have specialized functions.

A cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-

bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have
specialized functions. The major organelles found in a eukaryotic cell
are cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes. They are both unicellular and
multicellular eukaryotes. The four kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms
are Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Fungi, and
Kingdom Protista.
Plants are photosynthetic organisms containing cell walls and
specialized reproductive tissue. Animals are organisms that lack cell
walls, are capable of locomotion, and have a digestive tract. Fungi
digest their food externally and then absorb it through their cell walls.
6
 Plants, animals, and fungi are all multicellular organisms. Protists
are single-celled motile organisms that can be either photosynthetic
or heterotrophic.

Figure 2. Eukaryotic cell.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=eukaryotes+images&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1
&fir=dhv4mrEubFlS9M%252CO10cwibhAdgBpM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kTsKGvEATxm6ZgRktVdr4iEKFM5wQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9monMsbbqAhUJa94KHYtuBlwQ9QE
wAnoECAoQIA&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=68xsIWpOBsjqaM&imgdii=dQb8M7w6ITIVPM

Animals are capable of movement, although not all animals

have muscles used for movement. In the most commonly
encountered animals, the mobile stage is the adult, although some
animals (such as corals and sponges) have sessile (or nonmobile)
adult phases and mobile juvenile forms. Both animal and plant
evolutionary history show the development of multicellularity and
they move from water to land (as well as a secondary adaptation
back to water, for example dolphins, whales, duckweed, and
elodea).
Animals developed external or internal skeletons to provide
support, skin to prevent or lessen water loss, muscles that allowed
them to move to search for food, brains and nervous systems for
integration of stimuli, and internal digestive systems.

Animal tissues are divided into four main types:

1. Epithelial Tissue
This type of tissue is commonly seen outside as coverings or as

7
linings of organs and cavities. It is characterized by closely-joined
cells with tight junctions. Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as
barriers for pathogens, mechanical injuries and fluid loss. Cells that
make up epithelial tissues have distinct arrangements:
A. Cuboidal- for secretion
B. Simple columnar- brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active
absorption
C. Simple squamous - plate-like cells; for exchange of material
through diffusion
D. Stratified squamous- multilayered and regenerates quickly for
protection
E. Pseudo-stratified columnar - single layer of cells; may just look
stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract;
usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps
the mucus)

Source: https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/1141

2. Connective Tissue - These tissues are composed of the following:

A. BLOOD- made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix):
contains water, salts and dissolve proteins, erythrocytes that carry
oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for blood
clotting.

8
 B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)- made up of loose
connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective
tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and
ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose connective
tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body and store
energy.
C. CARTILAGE- characterized by collagenous fibers embedded
in chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete
collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage functions are cushion
between bones.
D. BONE- mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming
cells called osteoblasts which deposits collagen. Blood vessels and
nerves are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric
circles of osteon.

Source: https://termandhistology.wordpress.com/histology/four-type-of-
tissues/connective-tissues/

3. Muscle Tissue
These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers
that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. It gives rise to
muscles' ability to contract. This is opposed to other components or
tissues in muscle such as tendons or perimysium. It is formed during
9
embryonic development through a process known as myogenesis.
Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells also called as muscle
fibers. This tissue is responsible for movements in our body.
Movement of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve
cells.
In vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the
following:
A. Skeletal- striated: voluntary movements, attached to the
skeleton
B. Cardiac- striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart
contraction, involuntary, located in the walls of the heart
C. Smooth- not striated; involuntary, located in walls of hollow
visceral
organs

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
4. Nervous Tissue
These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neuron and
glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli
and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body. Neurons
connect to other neuron that receives impulses from other neurons,

10
while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other
neurons.

Source: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/tissue.html

Plant cells with similar structure and functions form plant

tissue.
Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal,
ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of
different types of cells, has different functions, and is located
in different places. Plant tissues are divided into two main
types:
1. Meristematic tissue - is actively dividing to produce new cells.
Meristematic tissue consists of undifferentiated small cell, with dense
cytoplasm and large nuclei. The cells differentiate into new tissue of
the plant. Meristematic tissue is found at the meristems of plants:
A. Apical Meristem- are located at the growing points at the
tips of roots and stems and results in an increase in the length of
these structures.
B. Lateral Meristem- results in the growth in thickness or width of
woody roots and stems. This tissue is also called cambium; cork
cambium divides to form the cork cells that form the outer bark of a
woody plant. Vascular cambium divides to make xylem and
phloem tissue

Source: https://byjus.com/biology/meristematic-tissue/

11
2. Permanent Tissue
These are specialized in function and do not divide constantly.
Differentiation of cells begins as soon as cells have been formed by
cell division, and results in changes in structure. There are three
groups of permanent tissue:
A. Epidermal Tissue - This is the outermost layer of cells that covers
the roots, stems, and leaves. They are tightly packed, with no
intercellular air spaces. The main function of the epidermal cells is to
protect the underlying tissue from injury.
a. Guard cells - are bean- shaped epidermal cells that occur on
either side of a stoma- which is the opening that occurs on the
surface of a leaf. The guard cells function to open and close the
stoma, thus controlling the loss of water by transpiration.
b. Hair cells - are formed by an extension of the cell wall. The hair
functions to increase the surface area of the root to maximize the
uptake of water and nutrients.
B. Vascular tissue - functions to transport and support.
a. Xylem Tissue- transport water and mineral salts from the
ground water through the roots to the stems and leaves. It consists
of vessels and tracheids- both cells have cell walls that are
strengthened with lignin and both types of cells are dead at
maturity.
b. Phloem Tissue- transport food from the leaves, where
photosynthesis takes place, to areas undergoing growth or storage
sites. Phloem tissue consists of long columns of sieve tubes and
companion cells.

3. Ground Tissue
This type of tissue forms the body of the plant and is
responsible for support, storage, and photosynthesis. There are three
types of ground tissue:
A. Parenchyma - thin walled and alive at maturity; often
multifaceted.

12
B. Collenchyma - thick walled and alive at maturity
C. Sclerenchyma- thick walled and dead at maturity

Source: https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/anatomy-of-flowering-
plants/tissue-systems/

What is cell modification?

Cell specialization or modification occurs after cell division

wherein newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can
perform their function efficiently and effectively.

Apical modification
It is a cell modification found on the apical surface of the cell.

Cilia and flagella

➢ Cilia are usually short, hair-like structures that move in
waves.
➢ Flagella are long whip-like structures.
13
 ➢ Formed from microtubules

Figure 3. Cilia and flagella.

Source: https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-cilia-and-flagella/

Figure 4. Both cilia and flagella function for cell locomotion.

Source: Exploring Life Through Science, General Biology 1, Phoenix Publishing House

Villi and microvilli

➢ Villi are finger-like projections that arise from epithelial layer in

some organs. They help to increase surface area allowing for
faster and more efficient adsorption.
➢ Microvilli are smaller projections that arise from the cell’s
surface that also increase surface area allowing faster and
more efficient adsorption.

14
 Figure 5. Structure of microvilli.
Source: https://microbenotes.com/microvilli-structure-and-functions/

These projections increase the surface area of the small intestine

for the absorption of nutrients, and as a higher surface area = higher
rate of transportation processes such as diffusion, they thus increase
the rate of absorption.

Pseudopods
➢ Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some
other eukaryotic cells
➢ Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey
➢ From the Greek word pseudes and podos, meaning “false”
and “feet”.

Source: https://www.quora.com/What-purpose-does-a-pseudopod-serve-to-an-
amoeba

15
Extracellular matrix (ECM)

➢ Compound secreted by the cell on its apical

surface
➢ Cell wall in the extracellular structure in plant cells that
distinguishes them from animal cell
➢ Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of ECM in animal cells.
➢ They cover external surface, line up internal organs, take
up nutrients, export wastes, and interact with the external
environment.

Extracellular matrix acts like glue to bind the cells together in the tissue and
provide mechanical strength. Source: https://www.regentys.com/research/

Basal Modification

➢ Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell

desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
➢ Anchoring junction on the basal surface of the cell
Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
components such as the basal lamina that underlie epithelia.
Primarily composed of keratin, integrin, and cadherin.

16
 Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Juncti
ons_new.jpg

Lateral modification
A cell junction that provides contact between neighboring
cells or between the cell and extracellular matrix.

Tight Junction
➢ Acts as barriers that regulate the movement of the water
and solutes between epithelial layers
➢ Prevent leakage of ECF

Tight junctions join two together to form a leak-proof sheet.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg

Adhering Junction
➢ Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell
➢ Very similar to the anchoring junction of the basal
surface of the cell
➢ Fasten cells to one another

17
 Adhesion junctions act like screws together with cytoskeletal fiber to form a strong sheet.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg

Gap Junction
➢ Also known as communicating junctions
➢ Closable channel that connect the cytoplasm of
adjoining animal cells
➢ Presence of connexon that allow direct exchange of
chemical between the cytoplasm of the cells

Figure 7. Gap junctions allow small molecules to flow between neighboring cells.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg

18
Part 1. Directions: In your notebook, write T if the statement is correct
and write F if not.

__________1. Eukaryotes are complex cells with a nucleus and other

membrane-bound organelles.

__________2. Bacteria are examples of eukaryotes.

__________3. Bioengineers try to kill all bacteria because they are all
harmful.

__________4. Through a process called bioremediation, bioengineers

try to promote the growth of bacteria which can eat
substances that are toxic to humans.

Part 2. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of

your answer in your notebook.
A B
5. Epithelial Tissue a. It is a type of plant tissue that are
6. Connective Tissue specialized in function and do not divide
7. Muscle Tissue constantly. It serves as guard and protection.
8. Nervous Tissue
9. Meristematic b. These type of tissue forms the body of the
tissue plant and is responsible for support, storage,
10. Permanent Tissue and photosynthesis.
11. Ground Tissue c. The tissues that are responsible for plant
growth. They are present at the tips of roots,
stem, and branches.

19
 d. This type of tissue is commonly seen outside
as coverings or as linings of organs and
cavities.
e. Group of tissues in the body that maintain
the form of the body and its organs and
provide cohesion and internal support.
f. These tissues are composed of long cells
called muscle fibers that allow the body to
move voluntary or involuntary. It gives rise to
muscles' ability to contract.
g. These tissues are composed of nerve cells
called neuron and glial cells that function as
support cells.

Part 3. Essay. Directions: Read and understand the statement

below. In your notebook, write a short essay for your answer.
You will be graded based on the rubric provided.

12-20. Relate the importance of some cell modification by describing

their adaptation to carry out specialized function (e.g., microvilli,
root hair). (9pts.)

Rubric: Content----------- 5 points

Organization---- 4 points
________________________
Total: 9 points

20
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST-TEST:
Answer Me!

Directions: In your notebook, write the letter that corresponds to the

correct answer.

1. Which of these do all prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?

A. nuclear envelope C. organelles
B. cell wall D. plasma membrane

2. A typical prokaryotic cell _______________ compared to a

eukaryotic cell.
A. is smaller in size by a factor of 100
B. is similar in size
C. is smaller in size by a factor of one million
D. is larger in size by a factor of 1

3. Which type of cell has a nucleus?

A. prokaryote C. bacteria
B. eukaryote D. algae

4. Which type of cell does not contain membrane-bound organelles?

A. prokaryote C. bacteria
B. eukaryote D. algae

5. Which type of cell has ribosomes?

A. prokaryote C. eukaryote
B. both prokaryote and eukaryote D. none of the above

6. The meristematic tissues and permanent tissue are types of_______.

A. Endoplasmic tissues C. Simple Tissues
B. Phloem tissues D. Xylem tissues

21
7. The major categories of plant tissues are____________.
A. Compound tissues only C. Epidermal tissues
B. Simple tissues only D. Compound and
simple tissues

8. What do you call a finger-like projection that arises from epithelial

layer in some organs that helps to increase surface area allowing for
faster and more efficient adsorption?
A. Cilia C. Villi
B. Flagella D. Microvilli

9. It is a temporary, irregular lobe formed by amoebas and some

eukaryotic cells that functions to move or engulf prey.
A. Cilia C. Villi
B. Flagella D. None of the above

10. It is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body found
on the apical surface of the cells.
A. Cilia C. Villi
B. Flagella D. Microvilli

11. They are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves with
protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.
A. Cilia C. Villi
B. Flagella D. Microvilli

12. A type of junction that act as barriers that regulate the movement
of the water and solutes between epithelial layers.
A. Tight Junction C. Gap Junction
B. Adhering Junction D. Microvilli

13. It is also known as communicating junction.

A. Tight Junction C. Gap Junction
B. Adhering Junction D. Microvilli
14. It acts like screws together with cytoskeletal fiber to form a strong
sheet.
22
 A. Tight Junction C. Gap Junction
B. Adhering Junction D. Microvilli

15. It is also called a false foot.

A. Cilia C. Villi
B. Flagella D. None of the above

REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote#:~:text=Eukaryotes%20(%2Fju
%CB%90%CB%88k,%22%20or%20%22kernel%22).

https://biologydictionary.net/eukarwyotic-cell/

https://britanica.com/science /eukaryote

https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/biology/biology-cells/all-
eukaryotic-cells

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-
biology1/chapter/prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/#:~:text=prokaryotes

https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/note
s/notedetail/1141 accessed date June 27, 2020)

https://termandhistology.wordpress.com/histology/four-
type-oftissues/connective-tissues/ accessed June 24, 2020)

23
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/tissue.ht
ml accessed date June 26, 2020)

https://byjus.com/biology/meristematic-tissue/
accessed date June 26, 2020)

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/tissues/permanenttis
sue/#:~:text=In%20simple%20words%2C%20the%20permane
nt,derived%20from
%20the%20meristematic%20tissue. accessed date June 26,
2020)

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/anatomy-of-
floweringplants/tissue-systems/ accessed date June 25,,
2020)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue#:~:text=Vascul
ar%20tissue
%20is%20a%20complex,transport%20fluid%20and%20nutrient
s%20internally.
accessed date June 28, 2020)

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
accessed date June 25, 2020)

24
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS-Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

JESSA MAE P. DICEN

THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
Writers

ZENLI ROSE B. MONGCUPA

NOELYN E. SIAPNO
Lay-out Artists
________________________________
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE. D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ARJIE T. PALUMPA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning
competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and
illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

25
SYNOPSIS
This self-learning kit (SLK) focuses on how to distinguish
prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells according to their
features. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes can be distinguished on
the bases of their cellular characteristics. For example,
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound
structures known as organelles, while eukaryotic cells have
both a nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes include several
kinds of microorganisms such as fungi and simple algae, while
eukaryotes include microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa,
and simple algae.
This self-learning kit (SLK) focuses on how to distinguish
prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells according to their
features. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes can be distinguished on
the bases of their cellular characteristics. For example,
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound
structures known as organelles, while eukaryotic cells have
both a nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes include several
kinds of microorganisms such as fungi and simple algae, while
eukaryotes include microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa,
and simple algae.
This self-learning kit (SLK) is designed and develop to
help learners understand the specific lesson. The lesson on
this SLK is made simple and contextualized to meet the
standards of the K-12 curriculum, modified and develop to
help learners on their self-study habit.

With the close supervision of parents and teachers

and effort of the learners, we can achieve the purpose of the teaching-
learning process.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

JESSA MAE P. DICEN graduated from Saint Paul University,
Dumaguete City with the degree of Bachelor of
Secondary Education major in General Science, cum
laude, last 2007. She graduated Master of Arts in
Education in General Science at Foundation University,
Dumaguete City last 2016. She is currently teaching at
Bolocboloc High School, Sibulan, Negros Oriental.

THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO finished his course at Negros

Oriental State University with a degree of Bachelor of
Secondary Education major in Biological Science last
2015. He is a Senior High School Teacher II at Sumaliring
High School and District Planning Coordinator of Siaton 1
District. He is currently finishing Master of Arts in Science
Teaching at Negros Oriental State University.

26