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Intro Microwave

This document discusses the key components and operation of microwave communication systems. It describes: 1) Microwave transmitters use frequency multipliers or up-conversion mixers to achieve microwave frequencies, and include modulation/amplification stages. 2) Microwave receivers are typically superheterodyne designs with microwave front-ends using double conversion. They include low-noise amplifiers and mixers. 3) Special transmission lines like waveguides are required for microwave signals due to high attenuation of coaxial cable. Aperture antennas are commonly used at microwave frequencies.

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69 views16 pages

Intro Microwave

This document discusses the key components and operation of microwave communication systems. It describes: 1) Microwave transmitters use frequency multipliers or up-conversion mixers to achieve microwave frequencies, and include modulation/amplification stages. 2) Microwave receivers are typically superheterodyne designs with microwave front-ends using double conversion. They include low-noise amplifiers and mixers. 3) Special transmission lines like waveguides are required for microwave signals due to high attenuation of coaxial cable. Aperture antennas are commonly used at microwave frequencies.

Uploaded by

claudinejene.reyes25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MICROWAVE

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
DIAGRAM AND COMPONENT
OF MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Group 1
MICROWAVE CONCEPTS MICROWAVE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Like any other communication system, a microwave communication
system uses transmitters, receivers, and antennas.
The same modulation and multiplexing techniques used at lower
frequencies are also used in the microwave range.
The RF part of the equipment, however, is physically different
because of the special circuits and components that are used to
implement the components.
TRANSMITTERS
Like any other transmitter, a microwave transmitter starts with a
carrier generator and a series of amplifiers.
It also includes a modulator followed by more stages of power
amplification.
The final power amplifier applies the signal to the transmission line
and antenna.
A transmitter arrangement could have a mixer used to up-convert
an initial carrier signal with or without modulation to the final
microwave frequency.
(a) Microwave transmitter using frequency multipliers to reach the
microwave frequency. The shaded stages operate in the microwave
region.
(b) Microwave transmitter using up-conversion with a mixer to achieve
an output in the microwave range.
RECEIVER
Microwave receivers, like low-frequency
receivers, are the superheterodyne
type.Their front ends are made up of
microwave components.Most receivers
use double conversion.
RECEIVER
The antenna is connected to a tuned circuit, which could be a
cavity resonator or microstrip or stripline tuned circuit.
The signal is then applied to a special RF amplifier known as a low-
noise amplifier (LNA).
Another tuned circuit connects the amplified input signal to the
mixer.
The local oscillator signal is applied to the mixer.
The mixer output is usually in the UHF or VHF range.
The remainder of the receiver is typical of other superheterodynes.
A microwave receiver. The shaded areas denote microwave circuits.
TRANSMITION LINES
Coaxial cable, most commonly used in lower-frequency
communication has very high attenuation at microwave
frequencies and conventional cable is unsuitable for
carrying microwave signals.
Special microwave coaxial cable that can be used on
bands L, S, and C is made of hard tubing. This low-loss
coaxial cable is known as hard line cable.
At higher microwave frequencies, a special hollow
rectangular or circular pipe called waveguide is used for
the transmission line.
ANTENNA
At low microwave frequencies, standard
antenna types, including the simple dipole
and one-quarter wavelength vertical
antenna, are still used.
At these frequencies antennas are very
small; for example, a half-wave dipole at 2
GHz is about 3 in.
At higher microwave frequencies, special
antennas are generally used.
MICROWAVE ANTENNA
Aperture antennas are used mostly at microwave
frequencies. The defining feature of this design is a
large physical area, or aperture. Reflector antennas
are used mostly at microwave and millimeter wave Array Antenna Horn Antenna
(MMV) frequencies; however, other antennas
typically used at MW and MMW frequencies include:

The radiation characteristics of an aperture antenna


depend upon the energy distribution over the Lens Antenna
aperture. There are two ways to measure this:
MICROWAVE ANTENNA
AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION PHASE DISTRIBUTION

• Uniform distribution: More efficiency but • Planar distribution: Focused at infinity, like
higher side lobes a camera
• Tapered distribution: Less efficiency but • Spherical distribution: Focused at a finite
wider and lower side lobes point
• Other distribution: Create symmetry in
radiation characteristics
MICROWAVE LINES
AND DEVICES
Although vacuum and microwave tubes like
the klystron and magnetron are still used,
most microwave systems use transistor
amplifiers.
Special geometries are used to make bipolar
transistors that provide voltage and power
gain at frequencies up to 10 GHz.
Microwave FET transistors have also been
created.
Monolithic microwave integrated circuits
(MMICs) are widely used.
MAGNETRON
The Magnetron is a high power microwave oscillator, uses the interaction of
electric and magnetic fields in a cavity to produce oscillations of very high
power. It was invented by Randall and Boot. The construction of cavity
magnetron is shown in the figure. The magnetron is a diode of cylindrical
construction. It has an anode with permanent cavities and a heated cathode.
KLYSTRON
The Klystron can be used as an amplifier as well as oscillator at microwave
frequencies. The cathode at one end of the device emits a beam of electrons.
These electrons are focused (external magnetic focusing is not shown in the
figure for simplicity) and attracted by a positive electrode at the other end of
the device.
TRAVELING WAVE TUBE (TWT)
The Traveling-wave tube can be used as a medium or high power microwave, amplifier.
The TWT, because of its construction and working principle has enormous bandwidths
and low noise. The heated cathode at one end of the tube produces a beam of electrons
and is attracted to the collector at the other end of the tube. The input signal is fed at one
end of the tube and an amplified version of the input signal is taken from the other end.

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