Cell and Molecular Biology Questions

Lesson 2. Cellular Basis of Life

I. Questions
1. The four elements that make up 96% of all living matter
2. The first recorded fossils were approx. 600 million years ago
3. One of the major taxonomic groups of prokaryotes that are closely related to eukaryotes
4. 7 Types of prokaryotic cells under domain archaea- MATTHHS
5. How many species of prokaryotes are identified today through culture medium growth
6. The four elements that make up most of the remaining 4%
7. The smallest known cells which is under the domain of bacteria
8. As a result of _______, different types of cells acquire a distinctive appearance and
contain unique materials.
9. Genetic material inside the prokaryotic cell and concentrated in the cytoplasm
10. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic distinguished from each other
11. Certain appearance: 2.4 billion years ago when the atmosphere became infused with O2
12. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are said to rise in common ancestry which has led to having
identical genetic language, common metabolic pathways, and similar structural features.
By that, give an example in which the two are similar
13. Cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes have interconnecting channels and vesicles for
the transport of substances from parts of the cell, and in and out of the cell. Prokaryotes
do not need this as they have a small size, so intracytoplasmic communication is less
important, so how does material move?
14. Representative organisms of euryarcheota
15. Why is there a need for cells to be compartmentalized?
16. How is prokaryotic life proven existed 2.7 billion years ago in rocks
17. What does the alternative pathway do to the evolution
18. How are unicellular protists the most complex eukaryotic cell
19. the passing of a DNA piece from one cell to another
20. Have organelles that are not bounded
21. Organisms in archaea are known as _____
22. THe most complex prokaryotes that contain cytoplasmic membranes which serve as the
sites of photosynthesis
23. Cytoskeletons are found in eukaryotes, although prokaryotes are observed to have
primitive cytoskeletal filaments or known as
24. Chain of alternating sugars, porous but strong
25. Complex multispecies communities where prokaryotes thrive. Different species here
perform different activities
26. The cell wall of prokaryotic cell
27. How can cyanobacteria survive in permanent ice shelves of the Antarctic, driest deserts,
internal confinements of plants and animals, rock layers several km beneath the Earth’s
surface
28. Seven characteristics of Prokaryotic cell- NRPFNB
 29. Two major taxonomic groups of prokaryotes
30. _______ peptidoglycan – Grampositive;_______ peptidoglycan – Gram-negative
31. Prokaryotes contain relatively small amounts of DNA compared to eukaryotes, give the
number

Answer
1. CHNO
a. Carbon
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d. Oxygen
2. Eukaryotes
3. Bacteria
4. Types of Prokaryotes (Domain archaea)- MATTHS
a. Methanogens
b. Halogens/ halobacteria/ halophiles
c. Acidophiiles
d. Thermophiles
i. Hyperthermophiles
e. Sulfobacteria
f. Thermoacidophiles
5. Only 600 species but there are millions everywhere
6. PSKCa
a. Phosphorus
b. Sulfur
c. Potassium
d. Calcium
7. Mycoplasma
8. Differentiation
9. Nucleoid
10. They differ based on size and internal structure
11. Cyanobacteria
12. Both cells are bounded by a plasma membrane, with similar constructions and functions
(selectively permeable)
13. Via simple diffusion
14. Methanogens and Halobacteria
15. For setting boundaries because every part of the cells has a different function; and for it
to be more organized and protected.
16. There were fossilized microbes and the presence of complex organic molecules
characteristics involved in prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria
17. Paved the way for the evolution of a multicellular organism
18. All the machinery required for complex activities needed to survive – sensing the
environment, trapping food, expelling excess fluid, and evading predators is housed
within the confines of a single cell.
 19. Conjugation
20. Prokaryotic cell
21. Extremophiles
22. Cyanobacteria
23. Karp’s
24. Peptidoglycan
25. Biofilm
26. Peptidoglycan
27. They are capable of nitrogen fixation
28. Characteristics of Prokaryotic cell- NRPFNB
a. Has nucleoid
b. Has ribosome that synthesizes proteins
c. Its cell wall is made of peptidoglycan
d. Has flagella for locomotion
e. Nonsexual organism, capable of conjugation
f. Thrive in biofilms
29. Archaea (or archeobacteria) and bacteria
30. Thicker; thinner
31. Prokaryotes: 600,000 bp to 8M bp (3 mm long) that encode for 500 – several thousand
proteins while the simplest eukaryote baker’s yeast cell contains 12 M bp w/c
encodes for 6200 proteins. Most eukaryotes contain more genetic information than this

II. Types of Prokaryotic Cell. Determine if Archae or Bacteria and what specific type
1. Obtain energy from sulfur-containing compounds
2. Capable of converting CO2 and H2 gases into methane (CH4) gas
3. can grow in salty environments (up to 5.5 M of NaCl)] like the Dead sea or deep see
brine pools
4. live in the hydrothermal vents of the ocean floor; Stain 121 – able to grow and divide in
superheated waters of 121 deg. C
5. Acid-loving prokaryotes that thrive at a pH as low as 0; found in drainage fluids of
abandoned mine shafts
6. Lives at very high temperature
7. Thrive in hot springs, etc. with a temperature of more than 100 C and pH of 2

Answers
1. Sulfobacteria- A
2. Methanogens- A
3. Halogens/halobacteria/ halophiles- A
4. Hyperthermophiles- A
5. Acidophiles- A
6. Thermophiles- A
7. Thermoacidophiles- A
III. Functions of Compartments of the Eukaryotic Cells
Question
1. What are the four functions of Compartments of the Eukaryotic cells- GMES
2. Proteins with oligosaccharide side chains attached to the hydrophilic heads w/c are
exposed to the extracellular region
3. Meaning of endoplasmic reticulum
4. Large storage spaces, in protists it may eliminate excess water. In plants, it have
digestive functions, contains pigments, or poisons for protecting the plant
5. Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis, and assembly of proteins needed to form ribosomes
6. The most noticeable organelle in a cell, it is separated by a nuclear envelope (has inner
and outer membranes)
7. Differentiate the 3 structures in cytoskeleton
8. Some protozoa take up food particles and other materials from their environment by
______ which includes the enfolding and pinching-off process of the
membrane-bounded particles in a type of vacuole w/c are called a phagosome. This
fuses with a ______ so that the contents can be hydrolyzed to provide nutrients for the
cell.
9. The cytoskeleton includes
10. Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteins called
11. Organelles involved in genetic control
12. This is what is observed as dispersed fibers of DNA during the interphase between cell
divisions
13. the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae
14. Defines the cell boundaries and retains contents and consists of phospholipids, other
lipids, and membrane proteins which are organized into two layers
15. The short, numerous appendages that propel protists such as Paramecium
16. The largest component of the endomembrane system, it has an extensive network of
flattened sacs and tubules.
17. found in virtually all membranes and serves as a permeability barrier to most
water-soluble substances.
18. Size of mitochondria
19. Two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum
20. makes additional membranes for itself and for secretory proteins.
21. vesicles where secretory proteins and other substances for export from the cell are
packaged
22. Organelles responsible for energy processing
23. Found inside mitochondria and chloroplasts too for organelle-specific protein synthesis
24. most apparent during mitosis when they are highly condensed
25. True or false. Cells that make a lot of proteins have few numbers of ribosomes
26. Organelles involved in structural support, movement and communication
27. Five (5) organelles responsible for manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of
molecules
28. He discovered the Golgi apparatus
29. Channels for water-soluble molecules are lined with pore complexes (transport
machinery) that regulate macromolecule movement through the envelope.
30. Both flagella and cilia are composed of ______ wrapped in an extension of the plasma
membrane
31. Some archaea have an unusual phospholipid membrane which is
32. A ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules ○ This
arrangement is called
33. The matrix inside the inner membrane holds _____, as well as _____ that encode for the
RNAs and proteins needed in the mitochondria, and some ribosomes involved in protein
synthesis.
34. Interconnected sacs in the chloroplast
35. Cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to build
proteins
36. longer than cilia and usually limited to one or a few per cell
37. This term means that the organelle can divide on its own and contain a circular
DNA, its own mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes
38. serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products
manufactured by the ER
39. Flattened sacs in the endoplasmic reticulum that are interconnected
40. Cells contain a network of protein fibers that organizes the structure and activities
of the cell
41. Function of lysosome
42. Based on the endosymbiont theory, these organelles were formerly small
prokaryotes that are engulfed and lived within larger cells
43. Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to
modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
44. A molecule that has both polar and non-polar parts (ex. Plasma membrane)
45. In animal cells, it grows out from a region near the nucleus called the centrosome, which
contains a pair of centrioles
46. The thick fluid inside the inneer membrane of chloroplast
47. organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
48. Suggested the symbiotic relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and non
-photosynthetic cells that gave rose to chloroplasts
49. Materials that can be transported by nuclear pores
50. membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes made by rough ER and processed in the
Golgi apparatus
51. the production of enzymes important in the synthesis of various lipids and store calcium
ions.
52. Differentiate the number of chromosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
53. Two types (based on location) of ribosomes
54. Kown as “biosynthetic workshop”
55. The region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; It is where the cell’s
metabolic reactions occur
56. It is the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane. These folds increases the
membrane’s surface area, enhancing the mitochondrion’s ability to produce ATP
 57. Stacks of thylakoid
58. Functions of plasma membrane
59. 3 structures in cytoskeleton

Answer
1. Functions of the compartments of eukaryotic cell- GMES
a. Genetic control
b. Manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of cells
c. Energy Processing
d. Structural support, movement, and communication
2. Glycoprotein
3. Endo (within)- within the plasm; reticulum means network
4. Vacuole, contractile vacuole (in plants)
5. Nucleolus
6. Nucleus
7. 3 structures (MIM) under the cytoskeleton are microtubules, intermediate filaments, and
microfilaments. They all responsible in supporting and shaping the cell, but
a. Microtubules
- act as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins
- 25 nanometers in diameter
b. Intermediate filaments
- found in the cells of most animals
- anchors some organelles,
- often more permanent fixtures in the cell
- t is 10 nm in diameter
c. Microfilaments
- for motility
- Also called as “actin filaments”
- 7 nm in diameter
8. phagocytosis; lysosome
9. Cytoskeleton includes: MIM
a. Microtubules (tubulin)
b. Intermediate filaments (fibrous protein)
c. Microfilaments (actin filaments)
10. Dyein feet
11. Organelles:
a. Nucleus
b. Nucleolus
c. Ribosome
12. DNA is packed into chromatin fibers with histone proteins
13. Chloroplast
14. Plasma membrane
15. Cilia
16. Endoplasmic reticulum
17. Lipid bilayer
18. Comparable in size to some bacteria: 1 um wide, 2 um long
19. Types
a. Smooth ER (no ribosome attach to it)
b. Rough ER (has bud ribosome that stud the outer surface of the membrane)
20. Rough ER
21. Secretory vesicles
22. Mitochondria and chloroplast
23. Ribosome
24. Chromosomes
25. False. More ribosomes equals more proteins
26. Organelles involve in structural support, movement, and communication
a. Cytoskeleton
b. Plasma membrane
c. Cilia and Flagella
27. Organelles for manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules (EGLVP)
a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Lysosomes
d. vacuoles
e. peroxisomes
28. Camilllo Golgi
29. Nuclear pores
30. Microtubules
31. The phospholipid membrane is unusual because
a. It is monolayered
b. Long hydrophobic tails that are 2x the normal length
32. 9+2 pattern
33. enzyme, small circular DNA molecules
34. Thylakoid
35. Ribosome
36. Flagella
37. Semi-autonomous organelles
38. Golgi apparatus
39. Cisternae
40. Cytoskeleton
41. Function of Lysosome
a. Fuse with food vacuoles and digest food
b. Destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells
c. Fuse with other vesicles containing damaged organelles or other materials to be
recycled within a cell
42. Chloroplasts and mitochondria
43. Endomembrane components/system
44. Amphipatic molecule
 45. Microtubules
46. Stroma
47. Mitochondria
48. Andreas F.W. Schimper (1883)
49. Can be transported by nuclear pore
a. ribosomal proteins
b. mRNA molecules
c. chromosomal proteins
d. enzymes for nuclear activities
50. Lysosome
51. Smooth ER
52. Prokaryotes contain thousands of ribosomes while eukaryotes contain hundreds of
thousands – millions of them
53. Type sof ribosome
a. Free ribosomes are found in the cytosol to provide the protein needed for the
cell
b. Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum of
nuclear envelope
54. Endoplasmic reticulum
55. Cytoplasm
56. Cristae
57. Granum (pl. grana)
58. Functions include of plasma membrane are:
a. Enzymes for catalyzing reactions associated with the membrane like cell wall
synthesis
b. Anchors for structural elements of the cytoskeleton
c. Transport proteins – moving ions and hydrophilic solutes across the membrane
d. Receptors for external chemical signals that trigger specific processes within the
cell (receptor proteins
59. Structures in cytoskeleton- MIM
a. Microtubule
b. Intermediate filament
c. MIcrofilaments

Steps where mRNA becomes a membrane-enclosed sac