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OSI Model - pdf3

The document summarizes the OSI model, which is a 7-layer framework that describes how data moves between computers. It splits communication into physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer deals with physical connections, the data link layer handles framing and MAC addressing, and the network layer routes packets using IP addresses. While TCP/IP is more commonly used today, OSI helps visualize network operations and troubleshooting.

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73 views13 pages

OSI Model - pdf3

The document summarizes the OSI model, which is a 7-layer framework that describes how data moves between computers. It splits communication into physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer deals with physical connections, the data link layer handles framing and MAC addressing, and the network layer routes packets using IP addresses. While TCP/IP is more commonly used today, OSI helps visualize network operations and troubleshooting.

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itachigood980
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OSI Model

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection.


What is OSI Model?
The OSI model, created in 1984 by ISO, is a reference framework that explains the process of
transmitting data between computers.

The OSI Model can be seen as a universal language for computer networking. It is based on the
concept of splitting up a communication system into seven abstract layers, each one stacked upon the
last.

The modern Internet is not based on OSI, but on the simpler TCP/IP model. However, the
OSI 7-layer model is still widely used, as it helps visualize and communicate how networks
operate, and helps isolate and troubleshoot networking problems.
Basic Architecture
Characteristics of OSI Model
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○ The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers and lower layers.
○ The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the application related issues, and they
are implemented only in the software. The application layer is closest to the end user. Both the
end user and the application layer interact with the software applications. An upper layer
refers to the layer just above another layer.
○ The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues. The data link layer and
the physical layer are implemented in hardware and software. The physical layer is the lowest
layer of the OSI model and is closest to the physical medium. The physical layer is mainly
responsible for placing the information on the physical medium.

AD
Physical Layer – Layer 1

The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is responsible for the
actual physical connection between the devices.

The physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It is responsible for
transmitting individual bits from one node to the next.

When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s
and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame back together.
Functions of the Physical Layer

● Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the synchronization of the bits by
providing a clock. This clock controls both sender and receiver thus providing
synchronization at the bit level.
● Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the transmission rate i.e. the number of bits
sent per second.
● Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies how the different, devices/nodes are arranged in
a network i.e. bus, star, or mesh topology.
● Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines how the data flows between the two
connected devices. The various transmission modes possible are Simplex, half-duplex and
full-duplex.
Data Link Layer (DLL) – Layer 2

● The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message. The main
function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-free from one node to another,
over the physical layer.
● The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between two
physically-connected nodes on a network
● It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to destination.
● This layer is composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies
network protocols, performs error checking and synchronizes frames, and Media Access
Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions
to transmit and receive data.
Functions of the Data Link Layer

1. Packet in the Data Link layer is referred to as Frame.


2. Data Link layer is handled by the NIC (Network Interface Card) and device drivers of
host machines.
3. Switch & Bridge are Data Link Layer devices.
● Framing: Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a way for a sender to transmit a set
of bits that are meaningful to the receiver. This can be accomplished by attaching special bit patterns
to the beginning and end of the frame.
● Physical addressing: After creating frames, the Data link layer adds physical addresses (MAC
addresses) of the sender and/or receiver in the header of each frame.
● Error control: The data link layer provides the mechanism of error control in which it detects and
retransmits damaged or lost frames.
● Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both sides else the data may get corrupted thus,
flow control coordinates the amount of data that can be sent before receiving an acknowledgment.
● Access control: When a single communication channel is shared by multiple devices, the MAC
sub-layer of the data link layer helps to determine which device has control over the channel at a
given time.
Network Layer – Layer 3

● The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other
located in different networks.
● The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up segments into
network packets, and reassembling the packets on the receiving end. The other is
routing packets by discovering the best path across a physical network.

The sender & receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the header by the network layer.

1. Segment in the Network layer is referred to as Packet.


2. Network layer is implemented by networking devices such as routers and switches.
Functions of the Network Layer

● Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is suitable from source to
destination. This function of the network layer is called routing.

● Logical Addressing: To identify each device on Internetwork uniquely, the network layer
defines an addressing scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the header by
the network layer. Such an address distinguishes each device uniquely and universally.

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