Date: 11.01.

24

1. ‘pwd’-prints working directory

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~$ pwd

OUTPUT:-
/home/sdb

2. ‘ls’- lists all the types of files in the active directory

OUTPUT:-
Desktop Downloads Pictures snap Videos
Documents Music Public Templates

3. ‘ls -l’- lists all the types of files in the active directory with much more
information

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~$ ls -l

OUTPUT:-
total 36
drwxr-xr-x 3 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:34 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:14 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:14 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:14 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:14 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:14 Public
drwx------ 4 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 22:12 snap
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:14 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4096 Jan 16 00:14 Videos

4. ‘cd’- changing of active directory

INPUT:- (changing the active directory to Documents)

OUTPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/Documents$
 5. ‘mkdir’-making of new directory

INPUT:- making of new directory named soham

OUTPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/Documents$ ls
soham

6. ‘cd ..’- changes to parent directory

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/Documents$ cd ..

OUTPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~$

7. ‘cd ~’- changes to home directory of the currently logged in user

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/Documents/soham$ cd ~

OUTPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~$

8. ‘cd /’-changes to root directory ‘ls -a’- shows hidden files in the active directory

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~$ cd /

OUTPUT:-
sdb@bond007:/$

9. ‘ls -a’- shows hidden files in the active directory

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:/$ ls-a

OUTPUT:-
. bin cdrom etc lib media opt root sbin srv sys usr
.. boot dev home lost+found mnt proc run snap swapfile tmp var
 10. ‘ls -la’- shows hidden files in the active directory with much more information

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:/$ ls-la

OUTPUT:-
total 1648728
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Jan 16 00:06 .
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Jan 16 00:06 ..
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jan 16 00:05 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jan 16 00:08 boot
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 16 00:06 cdrom
drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4000 Jan 18 00:47 dev
drwxr-xr-x 126 root root 12288 Jan 16 00:18 etc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 16 00:07 home
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jan 16 00:05 lib -> usr/lib
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jan 16 00:04 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 15 13:25 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 15 13:25 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 15 13:25 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 239 root root 0 Jan 18 00:47 proc
drwx------ 4 root root 4096 Jan 16 00:14 root
drwxr-xr-x 35 root root 920 Jan 18 01:17 run
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Jan 16 00:05 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Jan 15 13:35 snap
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 15 13:25 srv
-rw------- 1 root root 1688207360 Jan 16 00:04 swapfile
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Jan 18 00:47 sys
drwxrwxrwt 19 root root 4096 Jan 18 01:17 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Jan 15 13:25 usr
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 4096 Jan 15 13:33 var
Date: 18.01.24

11. ‘ls -lh’- displays all files in the active directory with human readable storage
information

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~$ ls -lh

OUTPUT:-
total 44K
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 24 21:18 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 5 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 18 14:27 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 16 00:14 Downloads
drwxrwxr-x 4 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 18 16:04 MIC
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 16 00:14 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 16 00:14 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 16 00:14 Public
drwx------ 4 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 16 22:12 snap
drwxrwxr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 18 14:26 temp
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 16 00:14 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 sdb sdb 4.0K Jan 16 00:14 Videos

12.‘touch’- creating a file

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ touch file1

OUTPUT:- (Using ls to see the created file)

sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ ls
file1

13.‘nano’- editing a file in nano text editor

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ nano file1
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ cat file1

OUTPUT:-
a
b
c
d

15. ‘cat file1 file2’- display the contents of the files in a series
INPUT:- (creating another file named as file2 and using nano editor to edit the file)

sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ nano file2

OUTPUT:-
a
b
c
d
1
2
3
4

16. ‘cat >’- copies the contents of the files in a new file

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ cat file1 file2 > file3
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ cat file3

OUTPUT:-
a
b
c
d
1
2
3
4

17. ‘cat -n’- display the contents of the file with line numbers

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ cat -n file3

OUTPUT:-
1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
5 1
6 2
7 3
8 4
 18. ‘cat >>’- appends the file information of one file to another i.e. it concatenates
the information of one file to another

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ cat file1 >>file2
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ cat file2

OUTPUT:-
1
2
3
a
b
c
d

19. ‘echo’- prints the statement given in the terminal as an output

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ echo "Hello World"

OUTPUT:-
Hello World

20. ‘$ name’- saves the value of the string “Hello World” to the variable ‘name’

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ name="SDB"
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ echo "Hello $name"

OUTPUT:-
Hello SDB

21. ‘echo -e’- prints the string in new lines

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ echo -e "1\n2\n3"

OUTPUT:-
1
2
3

22. ‘uname -a’- prints version of linux OS

OUTPUT:-
Linux bond007 6.5.0-14-generic #14~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Mon Nov 20
20:26:31 UTC 2 aarch64 aarch64 aarch64 GNU/Linux

23. ‘rmdir’- removes empty directories

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rmdir MIC/
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ ls

OUTPUT:-
file1 file11 file2 file3 greetings.txt MBT
23. ‘rm -r’- used to remove both empty and non-empty directories and files also

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rm -r MBT/
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ ls

OUTPUT:-
file1 file11 file2 file3 greetings.txt

24. ‘rmdir -v’- displays the removing of empty directories

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rmdir -v MIC MBT

OUTPUT:-
rmdir: removing directory, 'MIC'
rmdir: removing directory, 'MBT'

25. ‘rm’- removes files

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rm file1
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ ls

OUTPUT:-
file11 file2 file3 greetings.txt

26. ‘rm -i’- removes in an interactive way

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rm -i file2
OUTPUT:-
rm: remove regular file 'file2'? y

27. ‘rm *’- removes all files with a specific pattern

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rm file*
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ ls

OUTPUT:-
greetings.txt

28. ‘rm -ir’- removes empty and non-empty directories with interactive mode

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rm -ir MIC

OUTPUT:-
rm: remove directory 'MIC'? y

29. ‘rm -rv’- removes empty and non-empty directories with a visual conformation

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rm -rv MIC

OUTPUT:-
removed directory 'MIC'

30. ‘rm -v !()’- removes all files except the mentioned file in the parenthesis

INPUT:-
sdb@bond007:~/MIC$ rm -v !(greetings.txt)

OUTPUT:-
removed 'file1.txt'
removed 'file2.txt'
removed 'file3.txt'

31. ‘cp’- copies the files