L4 5 Stoichiometry

ANGELICA T.
OPEÑA
Instructor
ANATOMY OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Reactants appear on the

left side of the equation.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Products appear on
the right side of the
equation.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
The states of the reactants and products are

written in parentheses to the right of each
compound.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Coefficients are inserted

to balance the equation.
SUBSCRIPTS AND COEFFICIENTS GIVE DIFFERENT
INFORMATION
 Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

element in a molecule
SUBSCRIPTS AND COEFFICIENTS GIVE DIFFERENT
INFORMATION
 Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

element in a molecule
 Coefficients tell the number of molecules
(compounds).
REACTION TYPES
Types of Chemical Reactions
THE GET TOGETHER

THE BREAK UP
THE CHEATER
THE SWAP
THE O2 LOVER
 Two or more
substances
react to form
one product
 Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l)  C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
Reactants – beginning substance Products- Ending Substance
Coefficient- number placed in front of a chemical formula in an equation.
 One substance breaks
down into two or more
substances
 Examples:
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s)  2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
 One element knocks
another element out of a
compound
 Examples:
2 HCl + Zn  ZnCl2 + H2

 The compound switch
ions with each other.
 Examples:
BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4 + 2NaCl

COMBUSTION REACTIONS
 Rapid reactions that
have oxygen as a
reactant sometimes
produce a flame
 Most often involve
hydrocarbons reacting
with oxygen in the air to
produce CO2 and H2O.
 Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
2H2 + O2 ------- 2H2O
H20 and CO2 will
always be a
product
***All Combustion must
have a hydrocarbon and 02
as reactants
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

THE AMU UNIT
 Defined (since 1961) as:

 1/12 mass of the 12C isotope.
 12C = 12 amu
FORMULA WEIGHT (FW)
 Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in a chemical

formula
 So, the formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl2,
would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
 These are generally reported for ionic compounds

MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW)
 Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule

 For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular weight would
be
C: 2(12.0 amu)
+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
PERCENT COMPOSITION
One can find the percentage of the mass of a
compound that comes from each of the
elements in the compound by using this
equation:
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% element = x 100
(FW of the compound)
PERCENT COMPOSITION
So the percentage of carbon and hydrogen in
ethane (C2H6, molecular mass = 30.0) is:
(2)(12.0 amu) 24.0 amu

%C = = x 100= 80.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu
(6)(1.01 amu) 6.06 amu

%H = = x 100= 20.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu
FINDING EMPIRICAL
FORMULAS
COMBUSTION ANALYSIS GIVES % COMPOSITION
CnHnOn + O2 nCO2 + 1/2nH2O
 Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely

analyzed through combustion in a chamber like this
 %C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced
 %H is determined from the mass of H2O produced
 %O is determined by difference after the C and H have
been determined
One can calculate the empirical formula from the percent
composition
CALCULATING EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you

may have seen it listed as PABA on your bottle
of sunscreen) is composed of carbon (61.31%),
hydrogen (5.14%), nitrogen (10.21%), and
oxygen (23.33%). Find the empirical formula of
PABA.
CALCULATING EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005  7
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984  7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001  2
0.7288 mol
These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:
C7H7NO2
H2N
O-
The coefficients in the balanced equation give the ratio of
moles of reactants and products
From the mass of
Substance A you can
use the ratio of the
coefficients of A and B
to calculate the mass
of Substance B formed
(if it’s a product) or
used (if it’s a reactant)
Example: 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a
combustion reaction. How many grams of each product are
produced?
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
10.g ? + ?
Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…

we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
and then turn the moles to grams
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
10.g ? + ?
MW: 180g/mol 44 g/mol 18g/mol

#mol: 10.g(1mol/180g)
0.055 mol 6(.055) 6(.055mol)
6(.055mol)44g/mol 6(.055mol)18g/mol
#grams: 15g 5.9 g
 You can make cookies until you run out of one of the ingredients
 Once you run out of sugar, you will stop making cookies
 In this example the sugar would be the limiting reactant,
because it will limit the amount of cookies you can make
 The limiting reactant
is the reactant
present in the
smallest
stoichiometric
2H2 + O2 --------> 2H2O amount
#moles 14 7
10 5 10
Left: 0 2 10
In the example below, the O2 would be the
excess reagent
Soda fizz comes 3NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) ------> 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
from sodium
1.0g 1.0g
bicarbonate and
84g/mol 192g/mol 44g/mol
citric acid
1.0g(1mol/84g) 1.0(1mol/192g)
(H3C6H5O7) reacting
0.012 mol 0.0052 mol
to make carbon
dioxide, sodium
(if citrate limiting)
citrate (Na3C6H5O7)
0.0052(3)=0.016 0.0052 mol
and water. If 1.0 g of
sodium bicarbonate
So bicarbonate limiting:
and 1.0g citric acid
0.012 mol 0.012(1/3)=.0040mol 0.012 moles CO2
are reacted, which is
44g/mol(0.012mol)=0.53g CO2
limiting? How much
.0052-.0040=.0012mol left
carbon dioxide is
produced? 0.0012 mol(192 g/mol)=
0.023 g left.
 The theoretical yield is the amount of product that can be
made
 In other words it’s the amount of product possible from
stoichiometry. The “perfect reaction.”
 This is different from the actual yield, the amount one
actually produces and measures
A comparison of the amount actually
obtained to the amount it was
possible to make.
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Benzene (C6H6) reacts with Bromine to produce
bromobenzene (C6H6Br) and hydrobromic acid. If 30. g of
benzene reacts with 65 g of bromine and produces 56.7 g of
bromobenzene, what is the percent yield of the reaction?
C6 H6 + Br2 ------> C6H5Br + HBr
30.g 65 g 56.7 g
78g/mol 160.g/mol 157g/mol
30.g(1mol/78g) 65g(1mol/160g)
0.38 mol 0.41 mol
(If Br2 limiting)
0.41 mol 0.41 mol
(If C6H6 limiting)
0.38 mol 0.38 mol 0.38mol(157g/1mol) = 60.g
56.7g/60.g(100)=94.5%=95%
React 1.5 g of NH3 with 2.75 g of O2.
How much NO and H2O is produced?
What is left?
4NH3 + 5O2 --------> 4NO + 6H2O

L4 5 Stoichiometry

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ANGELICA T.

Reactants appear on the

The states of the reactants and products are

Coefficients are inserted

 Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

 Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

THE GET TOGETHER

2 HCl + Zn  ZnCl2 + H2

BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4 + 2NaCl

CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

 Defined (since 1961) as:

 Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in a chemical

 These are generally reported for ionic compounds

 Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

(2)(12.0 amu) 24.0 amu

(6)(1.01 amu) 6.06 amu

CnHnOn + O2 nCO2 + 1/2nH2O

 Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely

The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you

C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…

MW: 180g/mol 44 g/mol 18g/mol

4NH3 + 5O2 --------> 4NO + 6H2O

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