Combinational Circuits

Multiplexer and Demultiplexer:

Multiplexor means data selector. It is a device that selects between several
analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input to a single
output line. The selection is directed by a separate set of digital inputs known
as select lines.
Suppose there are 4 inputs and 1 output.
I0
I1 O
I2
I3
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A demultiplexer (or demux) is a device that takes a single input line
and routes it to one of several digital output lines. A demultiplexer
of 2n outputs has n select lines, which are used to select which
output line to send the input. A demultiplexer is also called a data
distributor. O 0

O1
I
O2

O3
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●
One use for multiplexers is economizing connections over a single channel,
by connecting the multiplexer's single output to the demultiplexer's single
input. a multiplexer and demultiplexer are combined together into a single
piece of equipment, which is simply referred to as a multiplexer. Both circuit
elements are needed at both ends of a transmission link because most
communications systems transmit in both directions.
●
Multiplexers can also be used as programmable logic devices, specifically to
implement Boolean functions. Any Boolean function of n variables and one
result can be implemented with a multiplexer with n selector inputs. The
variables are connected to the selector inputs, and the function result, 0 or 1,
for each possible combination of selector inputs is connected to the
corresponding data input.
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Multiplexer : Suppose there are four lines. Output is obtained depending
on the values of controlling signals i.e. A0 and A1.
I0
Y0
I1

Decoded
Y1 O

Signals
I2
Y2
I0 I3
Y3
I1
MUX O
I2

I3

A0 A1
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4 to 1 Multiplexer: Data selector
S0 and S1 are control
Signals.
I0, I1, I2 and I3 are inputs
and Y is the output.
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A TO D Converter:
Analog signal means continuous signals.
ADC converts the signal from analog to digital form. While conversion there is
no continuous storage.
Analogue to Digital Converter, or ADC, is a data converter which allows digital
circuits to interface with the real world by encoding an analogue signal into a
binary code
 Combinational Circuits
Let us suppose that analog signal is varying from +1.00v to
-1.00v.

Circuit which makes comparison between anolog signals is known as

comparator circuit.
Output of comparator 1 circuit is 1 if signal level is above 0.5 v and 0 if
signal level is below 0.5v.
 Combinational Circuits
Output will be 0 and 1 depending
upon signal level.
Analog Signal

A B C X Y
Comparator 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5v A
0 0 1 0 1 1 X
Comparator 2
B Combination
0 1 0 Φ Φ Circuit
0v
Y
0 1 1 1 0 2 C
1 0 0 Φ Φ Comparator 3
1 0 1 Φ Φ -0.5v
1 1 0 Φ Φ
1 1 1 1 1 3
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BC 00 01 11 10 BC 00 01 11 10
A A
0 0 0 1 Φ 0 0 1 0 Φ

Φ Φ 1 Φ Φ Φ 1 Φ
1 1

X=B Y = B’C + A
Output is in digital form.
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In multiplexor A and B are two control signals.
Z = I0A’B’ + I1A’B +I2AB’ +I3AB
Output is represented in terms of 4 inputs and control variables.
This particular multiplexer can
implement two variable boolean function
directly i.e. Z = f(A, B). I0

e.g. Z = f(A, B) =Σ(0, 2) = A’B’ + AB’ I1

MUX Z
At I0 and I2 we give 1, 1 I2

At I1 and I3 we give 0, 0 I3

By making I0, I1, I2, I3 selectively 1 or 0 we can make Z A B

equal to any Boolean function of two variables.
 Combinational Circuits
We can infact realize with a AB 00 01 11 10
multiplexer any Boolean function C
0 1 1
of 3 variables. Consider the
Boolean function mapped onto this 1 1 1
K-map. The Boolean expression
is: C’
I0
Z = A’B’C’ + A’BC + AB’C + ABC’ I1 C
MUX Z
I2 C
If we make I0 input of the 4-input
C’
multiplexer C’, I1 = I2 = C and I3

I3 = C’ then Z will be realized. A B

 Combinational Circuits
Multiplexer to implement 3 AB 00 01 11 10
variable Boolean function. C
0 1 1
Z = CA’B’ + C’A’B + CAB’ +
C’AB 1 1 1
C
I0
I1 C’
MUX Z
I2 C

I3 C’

A B
 Combinational Circuits
AB 00 01 11 10
C
0 1 1

Z = C’A’B + CAB’ + AB 1 1 1
0
I0
I1 C’
MUX Z
I2 C

I3 1
To realize a boolean function of 4 variables
8-input multiplexer is used. A B
Combinational Circuits a0 b0 a1 b1 a2 b2 c2 d2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
3-bit multiplier : 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
One bit is for sign and two bits are 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
for magnitude. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1) s0 a0 b0 s0 s1 s2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
2) s1 a1 b1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3) s2 a2 b2 c2 d2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0