May_Jun_2023

Q1)
a) Draw and explain architecture of virtualization technique. [6]
Ans: Virtualization is a technique how to separate a service from the underlying physical delivery of that service. It is
the process of creating a virtual version of something like computer hardware. It was initially developed during the
mainframe era. It involves using specialized software to create a virtual or software-created version of a computing
resource rather than the actual version of the same resource. With the help of Virtualization, multiple operating systems
and applications can run on the same machine and its same hardware at the same time, increasing the utilization and
flexibility of hardware. In other words, one of the main cost-effective, hardware-reducing, and energy-saving techniques
used by cloud providers is Virtualization. Virtualization allows sharing of a single physical instance of a resource or an
application among multiple customers and organizations at one time.

 Server Hardware: This is the physical hardware that makes up the host machine. It includes the server's CPU,
memory (RAM), storage, network interfaces, and other essential components.
 Host Operating System (Host OS): The host operating system is the primary operating system that runs directly
on the server hardware. In some virtualization setups, especially with Type 2 hypervisors, the host OS may also be
responsible for running application software alongside the virtualization layer.
 Hypervisor (Virtual Machine Monitor - VMM):The hypervisor is a software layer that sits directly on the server
hardware or on top of the host operating system. Its primary function is to manage and allocate physical resources
to virtual machines. There are two main types of hypervisors:
Type 1 Hypervisor (Bare-metal Hypervisor): It runs directly on the hardware without the need for a host operating
system. Examples include VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V Server, and Xen.
Type 2 Hypervisor (Hosted Hypervisor): It runs on top of a host operating system and provides virtualization services.
Examples include VMware Workstation, Oracle VirtualBox, and Microsoft Hyper-V on Windows.
 Guest Operating Systems: Virtual machines (VMs) run guest operating systems. Each VM operates as if it were
an independent physical machine with its own operating system and applications.
The guest OS interacts with the virtual hardware provided by the hypervisor, unaware of the underlying physical
hardware.
 Binary/Libraries: Virtualization often involves the use of specific binaries and libraries that are part of the
hypervisor software. These components facilitate communication between the virtual machines and the underlying
physical hardware.
 Applications within Virtual Machines: Each virtual machine has its own set of applications and libraries, isolated
from the host and other virtual machines. These applications run within the virtualized environment provided by the
guest operating system.

b) Explain in brief virtual clusters and resource management [6]

Ans:
 Virtual Clusters: Virtual clusters refer to the creation of logical or software-defined clusters within a virtualized
environment. These clusters mimic the functionality of physical clusters but are implemented at the virtualization
layer. In a virtual cluster, multiple virtual machines (VMs) or containers work together to perform tasks such as load
balancing, high availability, and distributed computing.
 Isolation and Flexibility: Virtual clusters allow the creation of isolated environments within a shared physical
infrastructure. Each virtual cluster operates independently, providing flexibility in deploying different applications
or services within the same virtualized infrastructure.
 Resource Allocation: Virtual clusters can have dedicated or shared resources based on the requirements of the
applications or services running within them. This ensures efficient utilization of resources and optimal performance
for each cluster.
 Scaling: Virtual clusters can be easily scaled up or down by adding or removing virtual machines. This scalability
helps in adapting to changing workloads or resource demands.
 High Availability: Virtual clusters can implement high-availability configurations, distributing workloads across
multiple virtual machines to ensure continuous operation even if one or more VMs experience failures.
 Load Balancing: Load balancing within a virtual cluster involves distributing incoming network traffic or
computational tasks across multiple nodes to ensure that no single node is overwhelmed. This enhances performance
and resource utilization.
 Failover and Redundancy: Virtual clusters can be configured to have failover mechanisms and redundancy,
ensuring that if one virtual machine or node fails, another can take over seamlessly to maintain uninterrupted service.

 Resource Management in Virtualization: Resource management in virtualization involves efficiently allocating

and utilizing physical resources among virtual machines to optimize performance and ensure fairness.
 CPU Allocation: The hypervisor allocates virtual CPUs to each virtual machine. This allocation can be fixed or
dynamic, depending on the configuration and requirements of the virtualized environment.
 Memory Management: Virtual machines often have virtualized memory that is managed by the hypervisor.
Memory can be allocated statically or dynamically based on the needs of each virtual machine.
 Storage Allocation: Virtual machines use virtualized storage, and the hypervisor manages the allocation of physical
storage resources. Storage can be provisioned as needed, and technologies like thin provisioning help optimize
storage usage.
 Network Resources: Virtual networks are created to connect virtual machines, and the hypervisor manages network
resources. Network bandwidth and connectivity can be controlled and prioritized for each virtual machine.
 Dynamic Resource Adjustment: Hypervisors often support dynamic resource adjustment, allowing the
reallocation of resources based on the changing workload of virtual machines. This ensures that resources are
allocated efficiently to meet performance demands.
 Resource Monitoring and Reporting: Hypervisors provide tools for monitoring resource usage, allowing
administrators to track the performance of virtual machines and make informed decisions about resource allocation.
 Overcommitment: Hypervisors may support overcommitment, where more virtual resources are allocated than
physically available. This is done intelligently, relying on the assumption that not all virtual machines will require
their full allocation simultaneously.

c) Write short notes on: [6]

i) CPU virtualization. ii) Memory virtualization.
Ans:
i) CPU Virtualization:
CPU virtualization is a technology that enables the concurrent execution of multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single
physical CPU. The primary objective is to create an illusion for each VM that it has exclusive access to a dedicated
CPU, even though multiple VMs are sharing the underlying hardware. This is achieved through a hypervisor, also known
as a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), which manages the distribution of physical CPU resources among the virtual
machines. Each VM is assigned virtual CPUs (vCPUs), and the hypervisor schedules and allocates processing time to
ensure fair and efficient utilization. CPU virtualization enhances system flexibility, resource utilization, and supports
the seamless migration of VMs between physical hosts.

ii) Memory Virtualization:

Memory virtualization involves the abstraction and management of physical memory resources to support the concurrent
operation of multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. The hypervisor, or Virtual Machine Monitor
(VMM), is responsible for allocating and managing physical memory among the virtual machines. Each VM operates
within its isolated virtual memory space, interacting with it as if it were dedicated physical memory. Techniques such as
memory overcommitment, ballooning, and dynamic memory adjustment are employed to optimize resource usage.
Memory virtualization enhances efficiency by allowing the total virtual memory allocated to all VMs to exceed the
physical memory available, thus catering to varying workload demands and contributing to the scalability and
performance of virtualized environments.
Q2)
a) Describe the concept of network virtualization with the help of suitable diagram. [6]
Ans:
Concept of Network Virtualization: Network virtualization is a technique that involves creating multiple virtual
networks on a shared physical network infrastructure. This allows the abstraction of network resources, enabling the
coexistence of multiple independent virtual networks that operate as if they are isolated from each other. Each virtual
network can have its own topology, addressing scheme, and policies, providing flexibility, security, and efficient
resource utilization.

Diagram Components:

1. Physical Network:- Represent the physical network infrastructure, including routers, switches, and physical cables.
This is the underlying infrastructure that supports the virtual networks.
2. Hypervisor or Network Virtualization Layer:- Depict the layer responsible for creating and managing virtual
networks. This can be a hypervisor with built-in network virtualization capabilities or a dedicated network virtualization
platform.
3. Virtual Networks (VN1, VN2, etc.):- Illustrate multiple virtual networks created on top of the physical network.
Each virtual network operates independently of the others, with its own virtual routers, switches, and other network
components.
4. Virtual Network Components:- Within each virtual network, include components like virtual routers, virtual
switches, and virtual machines. These components function as if they are part of a physically separate network.
5. Isolation:- Use clear boundaries or colours to indicate the isolation between virtual networks. Data within each virtual
network is kept separate, ensuring security and preventing interference between different virtual environments.

b) Draw and explain any two types of hardware virtualization. [6]

Ans:
1. Full Virtualization: Full Virtualization was introduced by IBM in the year 1966. It is the first software solution for
server virtualization and uses binary translation and direct approach techniques. In full virtualization, guest OS is
completely isolated by the virtual machine from the virtualization layer and hardware. Microsoft and Parallels systems
are examples of full virtualization.

2. Paravirtualization: Paravirtualization is the category of CPU virtualization which uses hyper calls for operations
to handle instructions at compile time. In paravirtualization, guest OS is not completely isolated but it is partially
isolated by the virtual machine from the virtualization layer and hardware. VMware and Xen are some examples of
paravirtualization.
c) Differentiate between cloud computing and virtualization.
Ans:
S.NO Cloud Computing Virtualization

While It is used to make various simulated

Cloud computing is used to provide pools and
1. environments through a physical hardware
automated resources that can be accessed on-demand.
system.

While virtualization setup is simple as

2. Cloud computing setup is tedious, complicated.
compared to cloud computing.

While virtualization is low scalable compared

3. Cloud computing is high scalable.
to cloud computing.

While virtualization is less flexible than cloud

4. Cloud computing is Very flexible.
computing.

In the condition of disaster recovery, cloud

5. While it relies on single peripheral device.
computing relies on multiple machines.

6. In cloud computing, the workload is stateless. In virtualization, the workload is stateful.

The total cost of cloud computing is higher than The total cost of virtualization is lower than
7.
virtualization. Cloud Computing.

While single dedicated hardware can do a great

8. Cloud computing requires many dedicated hardware.
job in it.

While storage space depends on physical server

9. Cloud computing provides unlimited storage space.
capacity in virtualization.
S.NO Cloud Computing Virtualization

Cloud computing is of two types : Public cloud and Virtualization is of two types : Hardware
10.
Private cloud. virtualization and Application virtualization.

In Virtualization, Configuration is template

11. In Cloud Computing, Configuration is image based.
based.

In cloud computing, we utilize the entire server In Virtualization, the entire servers are on-
12.
capacity and the entire servers are consolidated. demand.

In cloud computing, the pricing pay as you go model,

In Virtualization, the pricing is totally
13. and consumption is the metric on which billing is
dependent on infrastructure costs.
done.

Q3)
a) Draw and explain the cloud CIA security model. [6]
Ans:

 Confidentiality: Confidentiality means that only authorized individuals/systems can view sensitive or classified
information. The data being sent over the network should not be accessed by unauthorized individuals. The attacker
may try to capture the data using different tools available on the Internet and gain access to your information. A
primary way to avoid this is to use encryption techniques to safeguard your data so that even if the attacker gains
access to your data, he/she will not be able to decrypt it. Encryption standards include AES(Advanced Encryption
Standard) and DES (Data Encryption Standard). Another way to protect your data is through a VPN tunnel. VPN
stands for Virtual Private Network and helps the data to move securely over the network.

 Integrity:- The next thing to talk about is integrity. Well, the idea here is to make sure that data has not been
modified. Corruption of data is a failure to maintain data integrity. To check if our data has been modified or not,
we make use of a hash function.

 Availability:- This means that the network should be readily available to its users. This applies to systems and to
data. To ensure availability, the network administrator should maintain hardware, make regular upgrades, have a
plan for fail-over, and prevent bottlenecks in a network. Attacks such as DoS or DDoS may render a network
unavailable as the resources of the network get exhausted. The impact may be significant to the companies and users
who rely on the network as a business tool. Thus, proper measures should be taken to prevent such attacks.
b) Describe the types of firewalls and its benefits. [6]
Ans: Firewalls are network security devices that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on
predetermined security rules.

1. Packet Filtering Firewalls: Packet filtering firewalls examine packets of data and make decisions to allow or block
them based on predetermined rules set by administrators.
2. Stateful Inspection Firewalls: Stateful inspection firewalls not only examine individual packets but also keep track
of the state of active connections. They make decisions based on the context of the traffic.
3. Proxy Firewalls: Proxy firewalls act as intermediaries between users and the internet. They receive requests from
users, forward them to the internet on behalf of the users, and then return the responses.
4. Application Layer Firewalls (Next-Generation Firewalls): These firewalls operate at the application layer of the
OSI model, providing advanced filtering capabilities based on specific applications, protocols, or user activities.
5. Circuit-Level Gateways: Circuit-level gateways operate at the session layer of the OSI model. They monitor the
TCP handshakes and determine whether to allow or block traffic based on the state of the connection.

Benefits of Firewalls:

1. Access Control
2. Traffic Filtering
3. Network Segmentation
4. Monitoring and Logging
5. Protection Against Cyber Threats
6. Privacy and Anonymity
7. Application Control

c) Explain the various security issues for cloud service providers.

Ans: There is no doubt that Cloud Computing provides various Advantages but there are also some security issues in
cloud computing. Below are some following Security Issues in Cloud Computing as follows.
 Data Loss – Data Loss is one of the issues faced in Cloud Computing. This is also known as Data Leakage. As we
know that our sensitive data is in the hands of Somebody else, and we don’t have full control over our database. So,
if the security of cloud service is to break by hackers, then it may be possible that hackers will get access to our
sensitive data or personal files.
 Interference of Hackers and Insecure API’s – As we know, if we are talking about the cloud and its services it
means we are talking about the Internet. Also, we know that the easiest way to communicate with Cloud is using
API. So it is important to protect the Interface’s and API’s which are used by an external user. But also in cloud
computing, few services are available in the public domain which are the vulnerable part of Cloud Computing
because it may be possible that these services are accessed by some third parties. So, it may be possible that with
the help of these services hackers can easily hack or harm our data.
 User Account Hijacking – Account Hijacking is the most serious security issue in Cloud Computing. If somehow
the Account of User or an Organization is hijacked by a hacker then the hacker has full authority to perform
Unauthorized Activities.
 Changing Service Provider – Vendor lock-In is also an important Security issue in Cloud Computing. Many
organizations will face different problems while shifting from one vendor to another. For example, An Organization
wants to shift from AWS Cloud to Google Cloud Services then they face various problems like shifting of all data,
also both cloud services have different techniques and functions, so they also face problems regarding that. Also, it
may be possible that the charges of AWS are different from Google Cloud, etc.
 Lack of Skill – While working, shifting to another service provider, need an extra feature, how to use a feature,
etc. are the main problems caused in IT Company who doesn’t have skilled Employees. So it requires a skilled
person to work with Cloud Computing.
 Denial of Service (DoS) attack – This type of attack occurs when the system receives too much traffic. Mostly
DoS attacks occur in large organizations such as the banking sector, government sector, etc. When a DoS attack
occurs, data is lost. So, in order to recover data, it requires a great amount of money as well as time to handle it.

Q4)
a) Explain cloud computing security architecture with neat diagram. [6]
b) Draw and explain fundamental components of SOA and enlists it’s characteristics. [6]
Ans: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a stage in the evolution of application development and/or integration. It
defines a way to make software components reusable using the interfaces.

Characteristics of SOA:

1. Loose Coupling: SOA promotes loose coupling between services, allowing them to evolve independently without
impacting other services.
2. Interoperability: Services within SOA are designed to work seamlessly with various platforms, technologies, and
programming languages.
3. Reusability: Services are designed to be reusable, fostering a modular approach to development and reducing
redundancy.
4. Discoverability: Service consumers can dynamically discover and understand available services through service
registries.
5. Abstraction: SOA abstracts the underlying implementation details, emphasizing the well-defined interfaces of
services.
6. Scalability: SOA enables scalability by allowing the addition or removal of services to meet changing business
demands.
7. Flexibility: SOA provides flexibility in adapting to changing business requirements, allowing for dynamic service
composition and adaptation.
8. Standardization: SOA relies on standardized protocols and formats to ensure interoperability and consistency across
services.
c) Discuss Host Security and Data Security in detail.
Ans:
 Host Security: Host security refers to the measures and practices implemented to secure individual computing
devices or hosts, such as servers, workstations, and other endpoints. Ensuring host security is crucial for protecting
against various cyber threats and vulnerabilities.
1. Operating System Security:
- Regularly update and patch the operating system to address known vulnerabilities.
- Implement least privilege principles to restrict user access and permissions.
- Disable unnecessary services and features to minimize the attack surface.
2. Endpoint Protection:
- Install and regularly update antivirus and anti-malware software to detect and remove malicious software.
- Utilize endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions for real-time monitoring and threat detection.
- Implement host-based firewalls to control network traffic.
3. User Authentication and Authorization:
- Enforce strong password policies, including regular password updates.
- Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to enhance user authentication.
- Control user access through proper authorization mechanisms.
4. Host-Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (HIDS/HIPS):
- Deploy HIDS to monitor and analyse activities on individual hosts for signs of intrusion.
- Configure HIPS to block or prevent unauthorized activities and respond to potential security incidents.
5. Secure Configuration and Hardening:
- Follow security best practices for configuring operating systems and applications.
- Apply security baselines and hardening guidelines to reduce vulnerabilities.
- Disable unnecessary services, ports, and protocols.
6. Patch Management:
- Establish a robust patch management process to keep the host's operating system and software up to date.
- Regularly apply security patches and updates to address known vulnerabilities.
7. Secure Boot and BIOS/UEFI Settings:
- Enable secure boot to ensure that only signed and authorized bootloaders are executed.
- Protect the BIOS/UEFI firmware with passwords and configure secure settings.
8. Logging and Monitoring:
- Enable and review host-based logging to track security events and activities.
- Implement continuous monitoring to detect and respond to security incidents promptly.

 Data Security: Data security focuses on protecting sensitive and valuable information from unauthorized access,
disclosure, alteration, and destruction. It involves safeguarding data throughout its lifecycle, from creation to storage
and eventual disposal.
1. Encryption:
- Implement encryption to protect data both in transit and at rest.
- Use strong encryption algorithms for sensitive information, such as AES for symmetric encryption and RSA for
asymmetric encryption.
2. Access Controls:
- Enforce access controls to restrict data access based on user roles and permissions.
- Implement the principle of least privilege to ensure users only have access to the data necessary for their roles.
3. Data Classification:
- Classify data based on its sensitivity and importance.
- Apply different security controls and protection mechanisms based on the classification of the data.
4. Data Masking and Redaction:
- Use data masking techniques to obscure parts of sensitive information when displayed or accessed by certain users.
- Implement redaction to remove or replace sensitive information in documents or records.
5. Database Security:
- Secure databases with strong authentication mechanisms.
- Regularly audit and monitor database activities for suspicious behaviour.
- Implement database encryption to protect data stored within.
6. Data Loss Prevention (DLP):
 - Deploy DLP solutions to monitor, detect, and prevent unauthorized data transfers or disclosures.
- Define and enforce policies to control the movement of sensitive data.
7. Backup and Recovery:
- Implement regular data backups to ensure data availability in the event of data loss or corruption.
- Test and verify backup and recovery processes to guarantee their effectiveness.
8. Secure Data Transmission:
- Use secure communication protocols (e.g., TLS/SSL) to protect data during transmission over networks.
- Implement virtual private networks (VPNs) for secure communication between endpoints.
9. Data Retention and Disposal:
- Establish policies for data retention to determine how long data should be stored.
- Implement secure methods for data disposal, including secure deletion and destruction of physical media.
10. Auditing and Monitoring:
- Implement auditing mechanisms to track and log data access and modifications.
- Regularly monitor and analyse logs for unusual or unauthorized activities.

Q5)
a) Explain the Microsoft Azure cloud services. [6]
Ans: Microsoft Azure is a comprehensive cloud computing platform provided by Microsoft. It offers a wide range of
services, including infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS).
Here's an overview of key Azure cloud services:

1. Compute Services:
- Virtual Machines (VMs): Allows users to run virtualized Windows or Linux servers in the cloud.
- App Service: Offers a fully managed platform for building, deploying, and scaling web apps.
- Container Instances and Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS): Supports containerized applications and orchestrates
container deployment.
2. Storage Services:
- Blob Storage: Scalable object storage for large amounts of unstructured data.
- File Storage: Fully managed file shares that can be accessed from anywhere.
- Table Storage: NoSQL key-value storage for semi-structured data.
- Queue Storage: Messaging store for communication between application components.
3. Networking Services:
- Virtual Network: Isolates Azure resources and provides secure communication between them.
- Azure Load Balancer: Distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers to ensure high availability.
- Application Gateway: Provides application-level routing and load balancing services.
- Azure VPN Gateway: Establishes secure connections between on-premises networks and Azure.
4. Database Services:
- Azure SQL Database: Fully managed relational database as a service.
- Cosmos DB: Globally distributed, multi-model database service.
- Azure Database for MySQL/PostgreSQL: Managed database services for MySQL and PostgreSQL.
- Azure Redis Cache: In-memory data store for high-performance applications.
5. Identity and Access Management:
- Azure Active Directory (AD): Identity and access management service for securing applications and resources.
- Azure Multi-Factor Authentication: Adds an extra layer of security with two-factor authentication.
6. Security and Compliance:
- Azure Security Center: Centralized security management and advanced threat protection.
- Azure Policy: Enforces organizational standards and compliance.
- Key Vault: Safeguards cryptographic keys and secrets used by cloud applications and services.
7. AI and Machine Learning:
- Azure Machine Learning: Enables building, training, and deploying machine learning models.
- Cognitive Services: Offers pre-built AI capabilities such as vision, speech, and language understanding.
8. Internet of Things (IoT):
- Azure IoT Hub: Provides bidirectional communication between IoT applications and devices.
- Azure IoT Central: Simplifies the creation of scalable and secure IoT solutions.
9. Developer Tools:
 - Azure DevOps: A set of development tools for planning, developing, testing, and delivering applications.
- Visual Studio Online: Cloud-powered development environments accessible from anywhere.
10. Analytics and Big Data:
- Azure Synapse Analytics (formerly SQL Data Warehouse): Analytics service that brings together big data and data
warehousing.
- Azure Databricks: Apache Spark-based analytics platform for big data and machine learning.
11. Serverless Computing:
- Azure Functions: Event-driven, serverless compute service for building applications.
12. Mixed Reality:
- Azure Mixed Reality Services: Enables the creation of mixed reality applications and experiences.

b) Explain Google App Engine application life cycle. [6]

Ans:
Google App Engine (GAE) is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offering from Google Cloud that allows developers to
build, deploy, and scale applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. The application life cycle in
Google App Engine can be summarized in short points:

1. Development:
- Developers create applications using supported programming languages such as Python, Java, Node.js, Go, and
others.
2. Deployment:
- Applications are deployed to the App Engine environment using the `gcloud app deploy` command or through
continuous integration tools.
3. Automatic Scaling:
- App Engine automatically scales the application based on demand. It can handle varying levels of traffic by
automatically adjusting the number of instances running.
4. Request Handling:
- Incoming requests are automatically handled by the App Engine infrastructure.
- App Engine supports HTTP requests for web applications and can be configured for task queues, background
processing, and more.
5. Automatic Load Balancing:
- App Engine provides automatic load balancing to distribute incoming requests across multiple instances, ensuring
optimal performance and reliability.
6. Data Storage:
- Google Cloud Datastore or other compatible databases can be used for storing and retrieving data.
- App Engine supports both relational and NoSQL database options.
7. Scaling Configuration:
- Developers can configure scaling settings such as minimum and maximum instances, automatic scaling, and manual
scaling based on factors like traffic and latency.
8. Versioning and Traffic Splitting:
- Multiple versions of an application can coexist, allowing for A/B testing or gradual rollouts.
- Developers can split traffic between different versions to control the release process.
9. Monitoring and Logging:
- App Engine provides monitoring and logging capabilities through Google Cloud Monitoring and Google Cloud
Logging.
10. Task Queues:
- App Engine supports task queues for handling background processes and asynchronous tasks.
11. Maintenance and Updates:
- Developers can roll out updates and new versions seamlessly, with minimal downtime using traffic splitting.
12. Scaling Down:
- App Engine can automatically scale down the number of instances during periods of low traffic to save costs.
c) Explain the cost models in cloud computing. [6]
Ans:
Cloud computing services typically operate on a pay-as-you-go or utility-based pricing model, offering flexibility and
cost efficiency for users. The cost models in cloud computing can be categorized into several key models:

1. On-Demand Pricing: Users pay for the compute resources they consume on an hourly or per-minute basis. This
model is suitable for variable workloads and offers flexibility by allowing users to scale resources up or down as needed.
2. Reserved Instances: Users commit to a specific instance type and region for a term of one or three years, receiving
a significant discount compared to on-demand pricing. This model is beneficial for applications with steady, predictable
workloads.
3. Spot Instances: Spot instances allow users to bid for unused computing capacity, offering potentially significant cost
savings compared to on-demand pricing. However, these instances can be terminated if the capacity is needed elsewhere.
4. Savings Plans: Savings Plans provide users with significant savings (up to 72%) compared to on-demand pricing, in
exchange for a commitment to a consistent amount of usage (measured in $/hr) for a one or three-year period.
5. Pay-as-You-Go (PAYG) or Consumption-Based Pricing: Users are billed based on their actual usage of cloud
resources, often measured in terms of CPU hours, storage, data transfer, and other metrics. It is a flexible and scalable
model.
6. Data Transfer and Storage Costs: Cloud providers often charge users for data transfer between regions, data transfer
out of the cloud, and storage costs based on the amount of data stored.
7. Additional Services and Features: Cloud providers may charge for additional services, such as load balancing,
managed databases, content delivery networks (CDNs), monitoring, and security services.
8. Free Tier: Cloud providers often offer a free tier with limited resources for a limited time (e.g., 12 months) to allow
users to explore and experiment with their services without incurring charges.

Q6)
a) Enlist types of cloud platforms and describe any two. [6]
Ans:
Cloud platforms can be broadly categorized into three main types: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Each type offers different levels of abstraction and management
responsibilities. Here are two examples, one from each category:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. It offers
fundamental computing infrastructure such as virtual machines, storage, and networking.
- Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is a popular IaaS offering that allows users
to rent virtual machines in the cloud. Users have control over the operating system, applications, and network
configurations, providing a high level of flexibility. EC2 instances can be used for various purposes, including hosting
applications, running batch processes, and supporting development and testing environments.
- Key Features:
- Virtual Machines: Users can launch and manage virtual machines with various configurations.
- Scalability: EC2 allows users to scale computing capacity up or down based on demand.
- Customization: Users have control over the choice of operating systems, applications, and instance types.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS provides a platform that includes not only the underlying infrastructure but also
development tools, databases, and middleware. It abstracts the complexity of managing infrastructure, allowing
developers to focus on application development.
- Example: Heroku is a PaaS platform that simplifies the deployment and management of applications. Developers
can build, deploy, and scale applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure. Heroku supports multiple
programming languages and offers add-ons for databases, caching, monitoring, and more. It is particularly popular for
web application development and hosting.
- Key Features:
- Developer-Friendly: Heroku provides a streamlined experience for developers, allowing them to focus on code
rather than infrastructure.
- Automatic Scaling: Applications on Heroku can be automatically scaled based on demand.
- Add-On Ecosystem: Users can easily integrate additional services and tools through Heroku's extensive
marketplace of add-ons.

b) Define Amazon EBS snapshot. Write the steps create EBS

snapshot.[6]Ans:
Amazon EBS Snapshot:
An Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) snapshot is a point-in-time copy of an Amazon EBS volume. It captures the
entire state of the volume, including the data, configuration, and settings at the time the snapshot is created. EBS
snapshots are often used for data backup, disaster recovery, and creating new volumes.

Steps to Create an EBS Snapshot:

1. Navigate to the AWS Management Console: Open the AWS Management Console in your web browser.
2. Access the EC2 Dashboard: In the AWS Management Console, go to the EC2 Dashboard.
3. Select "Volumes" from the Sidebar: In the EC2 Dashboard, choose "Volumes" from the sidebar to view a list of
available EBS volumes.
4. Select the EBS Volume: Identify and select the EBS volume for which you want to create a snapshot.
5. Choose "Actions" and "Create Snapshot": Right-click on the selected volume or use the "Actions" dropdown
menu. Then, choose "Create Snapshot."
6. Provide Snapshot Details: In the "Create Snapshot" wizard, provide a meaningful description for the snapshot. This
description helps in identifying the purpose or content of the snapshot.
7. Optional Tags: Optionally, you can add tags to the snapshot to provide additional metadata for organization and
tracking.
8. Configure Snapshot Permissions (Optional): If needed, configure snapshot permissions to control who can view
or manage the snapshot. This step is optional, and by default, the snapshot is private.
9. Review and Confirm: Review the snapshot details and configurations. Ensure that the information is accurate.
10. Click "Create Snapshot": Once you've reviewed the details and configured optional settings, click the "Create
Snapshot" button to initiate the snapshot creation process.
11. Monitor Snapshot Progress: After creating the snapshot, you can monitor its progress in the AWS Management
Console. The snapshot will go from a "pending" state to a "completed" state.
12. Snapshot Availability: Once the snapshot is completed, it is available for use. You can use it to create new volumes
or restore volumes to a specific point in time.

c) Explain the features of Google App Engine. [6]

Ans:
Google App Engine (GAE) is a fully managed, platform as a service (PaaS) cloud computing platform for developing
and deploying web applications and mobile backends. It provides a suite of services, including:
1. Scalability: GAE automatically scales your applications up or down based on traffic demand, ensuring that your
applications are always available and performant.
2. High Availability: GAE applications are designed to be highly available, with multiple instances running across
Google's global infrastructure. This ensures that your applications are resilient to failures and can handle high traffic
spikes.
3. Security: GAE applications are automatically sandboxed, protecting them from common security vulnerabilities.
GAE also provides a variety of security features, such as OAuth, SSL/TLS encryption, and firewall controls.
4. Easy Deployment: GAE applications can be easily deployed from a variety of development environments,
including local machine, continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines, and source code
repositories.
5. Pay-per-use Pricing: GAE has a pay-per-use pricing model, so you only pay for the resources you use. This makes
GAE a cost-effective option for applications with unpredictable traffic patterns.
6. Variety of Runtimes: GAE supports a variety of runtimes, including Python, Java, Go, PHP, and Ruby. This allows
you to choose the runtime that is best suited for your application's needs.
7. Data Storage Options: GAE provides a variety of data storage options, including Datastore, Memcached, and Blob
store. This allows you to store your application's data in the most efficient and cost-effective way possible.
8. Powerful APIs: GAE provides a variety of APIs, including the Task Queue, MapReduce, and Search APIs. These
APIs can be used to build complex applications that require asynchronous processing, data analysis, and full-text
search.
9. Integration with Other Google Services: GAE can be easily integrated with other Google services, such as Google
Cloud Storage, Google Big Query, and Google Cloud Functions. This allows you to build applications that leverage
the power of these other services.
10. Developer Productivity Tools: GAE provides a variety of developer productivity tools, such as the App Engine
SDK, the Cloud Shell, and the Stack driver Debugger. These tools make it easy to develop, deploy, and debug your
applications.

Q7)
a) Describe any three enabling technologies for loT. [6]
Ans:
Enabling technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT) play a crucial role in connecting devices, collecting data, and
enabling intelligent decision-making. Here are descriptions of three key enabling technologies for IoT:

1. Wireless Connectivity: Wireless connectivity technologies are fundamental for linking IoT devices and allowing
them to communicate seamlessly. Various wireless protocols cater to different IoT use cases, providing flexibility and
scalability. Some notable technologies include:
- Wi-Fi: Commonly used for high-bandwidth applications in home and enterprise environments. It provides reliable
and fast connectivity but may have higher power consumption.
- Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Suitable for short-range communication with low power
consumption. BLE is often used in applications like wearables and smart home devices.
- Zigbee and Z-Wave: Designed for low-power, low-data-rate communication in smart home and industrial settings.
Zigbee is known for its mesh networking capabilities, enabling devices to relay data across a network.

2. Sensor Technologies: Sensors are critical components of IoT ecosystems, enabling devices to perceive and collect
data from the physical world. A variety of sensor technologies are utilized in IoT applications:
- Temperature and Humidity Sensors: Monitor environmental conditions.
- Accelerometers and Gyroscopes: Measure motion and orientation.
- Proximity Sensors: Detect the presence or absence of objects.
- Light Sensors: Measure ambient light levels.
- Gas and Chemical Sensors: Monitor air quality and detect specific gases.
- Image and Video Sensors: Capture visual data for surveillance and monitoring.

3. Edge Computing: Edge computing involves processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth
usage by handling computations on IoT devices or gateways rather than relying solely on centralized cloud servers. This
technology is crucial for real-time processing and decision-making in IoT applications. Key aspects of edge computing
include:
- Edge Devices: IoT devices with computational capabilities to process data locally.
- Edge Gateways: Intermediate devices that aggregate and preprocess data before sending it to the cloud.
- Fog Computing: Extends edge computing by incorporating cloud-like services at the edge. Fog computing
enhances scalability and enables more complex analytics at the edge.
- Distributed Processing: Distributes computing tasks across the network, allowing for efficient data analysis and
reducing the need for constant communication with centralized servers.
b) Differentiate between distributed computing and cloud computing. [6]
Ans:

Feature Distributed Computing Cloud Computing

Architecture Peer-to-peer Client-server

Deployment On-premises Off-premises

Management User-managed Provider-managed

Cost Variable Pay-as-you-go

Scalability Elastic Highly elastic

Availability Fault-tolerant Highly available

Solving large computational problems, Reducing IT infrastructure costs, increasing IT

improving application performance, system flexibility and agility, improving IT
Use cases increasing application availability, system scalability, simplifying IT system
providing access to computing resources management, providing access to computing
on demand resources on demand

c) Write short note on Online social and Professional Networking. [5]

Ans:
 Online Social Networking: Online social networking refers to the use of web-based platforms and applications to
connect and interact with others. These platforms facilitate the creation and sharing of content, fostering social
relationships and communities.
1. Profiles and User Interaction:
- Users create profiles with personal information and connect with others through friend requests or follows.
- Interaction includes sharing text, photos, videos, and links, as well as liking, commenting, and sharing others' content.
2. Friendship Networks:
- Users build networks of friends or followers, expanding their social circles beyond geographical boundaries.
- Networks may include friends, family, colleagues, and acquaintances.
3. Content Sharing and Virality:
- Users share diverse content, ranging from personal updates to news articles.
- Viral content can quickly spread across the network, reaching a broad audience.
4. Privacy Settings:
- Users have control over their privacy settings, determining who can view their content and interact with them.
5. Popular Platforms:
- Examples include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Snapchat, and TikTok.

 Online Professional Networking: Online professional networking focuses on building and maintaining
professional relationships, often with the goal of career development, job opportunities, and knowledge sharing.
1. Professional Profiles:
- Users create detailed profiles highlighting their professional experience, skills, education, and accomplishments.
- Profiles serve as virtual resumes and provide insights into individuals' expertise.
2. Networking for Career Growth:
- Professionals connect with colleagues, industry peers, mentors, and potential employers.
 - Networking can lead to job opportunities, collaborations, and knowledge exchange.
3. Job Searching and Recruitment:
- Platforms offer job listings, and users can actively search for positions or be contacted by recruiters.
- Employers use these platforms to find qualified candidates.
4. Content Sharing for Professional Development:
- Users share industry insights, articles, and updates to showcase expertise and contribute to professional
conversations.
- Professional development is facilitated through discussions and access to valuable resources.
5. Endorsements and Recommendations:
- Users can endorse the skills of their connections or provide recommendations based on their professional
experiences.
- Endorsements add credibility to a professional's profile.
6. Popular Platforms:
- LinkedIn is the primary platform for professional networking, but other platforms like GitHub, Stack Overflow, and
ResearchGate cater to specific professional communities.

Q8)
a) Explain any three innovative applications of loT. [6]
Ans:
1. Smart Home Automation:
- Smart home automation leverages IoT to connect and control various devices and systems within a home, enhancing
convenience, security, and energy efficiency.
- Devices such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, security cameras, door locks, and appliances are interconnected
and can be remotely monitored and controlled through a central hub or mobile app.
 Key Features:
- Remote Monitoring and Control
- Energy Efficiency
- Security

2. Industrial IoT (IIoT) for Predictive Maintenance:

- Industrial IoT (IIoT) is applied in manufacturing and industrial settings to monitor equipment health, predict
failures, and optimize maintenance processes.
- Sensors and connected devices collect real-time data from machinery, which is analyzed using advanced analytics
and machine learning algorithms to predict potential equipment failures.
 Key Features:
- Sensor Integration
- Predictive Analytics
- Maintenance Alerts

3. Smart Healthcare Solutions:

- IoT is transforming the healthcare industry by introducing smart solutions that enhance patient care, optimize
resource utilization, and improve overall efficiency.
- Wearable devices, remote monitoring systems, and smart healthcare infrastructure contribute to personalized and
connected healthcare experiences.
 Key Features:
- Wearable Health Trackers
- Remote Patient Monitoring
- Smart Hospitals

b) Enlist and explain types of Distributed Systems. [6]

Ans:
A Distributed System is a Network of Machines that can exchange information with each other through Message-
passing. It can be very useful as it helps in resource sharing. It enables computers to coordinate their activities and to
share the resources of the system so that users perceive the system as a single, integrated computing facility.
1. Client-Server Architecture: In a client-server architecture, tasks are divided between clients (user interfaces or front-
end applications) and servers (back-end systems). Clients request services or resources from servers, which respond to
these requests.
- Key Characteristics:
- Centralized server(s) handling requests from multiple clients.
- Clear separation of concerns between client and server functionalities.

2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Systems: Peer-to-peer systems distribute both the computational and data storage tasks across
all participating nodes. Each node acts as both a client and a server, collaborating with other nodes to achieve a common
objective.
- Key Characteristics:
- Decentralized architecture with no central authority.
- Nodes collaborate by sharing resources and responsibilities.

3. Clustered Systems: Clustered systems involve the grouping of multiple computers (nodes) to work together as a
single, unified system. Nodes in a cluster share resources and are closely interconnected to provide high availability and
improved performance.
- Key Characteristics:
- Nodes in close physical proximity, often in the same data center.
- Load balancing and failover mechanisms for efficient resource utilization.

4. Grid Computing: Grid computing connects geographically distributed and heterogeneous resources to work on a
common task. It enables the sharing of computing power, storage, and data across multiple organizations or institutions.
- Key Characteristics:
- Diverse and distributed resources connected over a network.
- Resource allocation and scheduling for efficient utilization.

5. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing involves the delivery of computing services, including storage, processing, and
networking, over the internet. It provides on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable resources.
- Key Characteristics:
- Scalability with the ability to scale resources up or down as needed.
- On-demand self-service and broad network access.

6. Microservices Architecture: Microservices architecture breaks down a large application into small, independently
deployable services. Each service performs a specific business function and communicates with others through APIs.
- Key Characteristics:
- Decentralized and independently deployable services.
- Improved scalability and maintainability.

7. Federated Systems: Federated systems involve independent systems or organizations working together to achieve a
common goal. These systems retain control over their resources while participating in collaborative activities.
- Key Characteristics:
- Autonomous systems with their own rules and policies.
- Interoperability through standardized communication protocols.

8. Sensor Networks: Sensor networks consist of a large number of distributed sensors that collect and transmit data.
These networks are commonly used in applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial
automation.
- Key Characteristics:
- Numerous small, resource-constrained sensors.
- Collaborative sensing and data aggregation.

c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of distributed systems. [5]

Ans:
Advantages of Distributed Systems:-
1. Scalability: Distributed systems can be easily scaled to accommodate increasing workloads by adding more nodes
to the system.
2. Fault tolerance: Distributed systems are more tolerant of failures than centralized systems. If one node fails, the
other nodes can continue to operate.
3. Availability: Distributed systems are more available than centralized systems. If one node becomes unavailable,
the other nodes can continue to provide service.
4. Performance: Distributed systems can distribute workloads across multiple nodes, which can improve
performance.
5. Flexibility: Distributed systems are more flexible than centralized systems. They can be adapted to a wide range of
applications and environments.
6. Cost-effectiveness: Distributed systems can be more cost-effective than centralized systems, as they can be built
using commodity hardware.
7. Geo-replication: Distributed systems can replicate data across multiple locations, which can improve performance
and reduce data loss.
8. Modular and Adaptable: Distributed systems are modular and adaptable, allowing for easy integration with
existing systems and modifications as per changing requirements.
Disadvantages of Distributed Systems:-
1. Complexity: Distributed systems are more complex than centralized systems, which can make them more difficult
to design, implement, and manage.
2. Security: Distributed systems can be more vulnerable to security threats than centralized systems.
3. Communication overhead: Distributed systems require communication between nodes, which can introduce
overhead and reduce performance.
4. Consistency: Maintaining data consistency across multiple nodes can be a challenge in distributed systems.
5. Debugging and troubleshooting: Debugging and troubleshooting distributed systems can be more difficult than
debugging and troubleshooting centralized systems.
6. Synchronization: Synchronizing data and actions across multiple nodes can be complex and resource-intensive.
7. Deployment and configuration: Deploying and configuring distributed systems can be more complex due to the
involvement of multiple nodes and the need to ensure consistent behaviour across the system.

*******************************Nov_Dec_2022*******************************
Q1)
a) Define virtualization. Explain the characteristics and benefits of virtualization. [6]
Ans:
Virtualization is the process of creating a software-based version of a hardware component or resource, such as a server,
storage device, network, or operating system. This virtual version can be used to run applications and perform tasks that
would normally require dedicated hardware. Virtualization is a powerful technology that can be used to improve
resource utilization, reduce costs, and increase flexibility.
 Characteristics of Virtualization:
1. Abstraction: Virtualization abstracts away the underlying hardware, allowing for a software-based representation
of hardware resources. This abstraction allows for greater flexibility and portability of virtualized resources.
2. Isolation: Virtualized resources are isolated from each other, preventing conflicts and interference between them.
This isolation improves security and stability.
3. Encapsulation: Virtualized resources are encapsulated, meaning that they are self-contained and can be easily
moved or replicated. This encapsulation makes virtualization more efficient and manageable.
4. Dynamic resource allocation: Virtualization allows for dynamic resource allocation, meaning that resources can
be allocated to virtual machines based on demand. This dynamic allocation improves resource utilization and
efficiency.

 Benefits of Virtualization:
1. Improved resource utilization: Virtualization allows organizations to make more efficient use of their hardware
resources by consolidating multiple servers into a single physical machine. This can lead to significant cost savings.
2. Reduced costs: Virtualization can help organizations reduce their IT costs by reducing the need for hardware,
software, and staff.
3. Increased flexibility: Virtualization makes it easier for organizations to provision and manage IT resources. This
can help organizations respond more quickly to changing business needs.
4. Improved security: Virtualization can help organizations improve their security posture by isolating virtual
machines from each other. This isolation can prevent malware from spreading between virtual machines.
5. Increased availability: Virtualization can help organizations improve the availability of their applications by
making them more resilient to hardware failures.
6. Simplified disaster recovery: Virtualization can make it easier for organizations to recover from disasters by
replicating virtual machines to a remote location.
7. Greater flexibility in software testing and development: Virtualization allows for the creation of multiple isolated
testing environments, facilitating software testing and development.
8. Improved collaboration and knowledge sharing: Virtualization enables sharing of virtual resources across teams,
promoting collaboration and knowledge sharing.

b) Describe operating system virtualization with the help of suitable diagram. [6]
Ans:
Operating system virtualization is a technique used to create a virtual machine (VM) that runs on top of a physical
machine. A VM is a software program that emulates the hardware of a physical machine, including the CPU, memory,
storage, and network devices. This allows multiple VMs to run on the same physical machine, each with its own
operating system and resources.

1. Hypervisor/Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM): The hypervisor is the core component of operating system
virtualization. It sits between the physical hardware and the virtual machines. Its primary role is to manage and
allocate resources to multiple virtual machines, ensuring isolation and efficient resource utilization.
2. Virtual Machines: Virtual machines are instances of an operating system running on a host machine. Each VM is
an independent environment with its own set of resources, including virtualized CPU, memory, storage, and network
interfaces.
3. Guest Operating Systems: Each virtual machine runs its own guest operating system, such as Windows, Linux, or
another OS. These guest OS instances operate independently of each other, unaware of the presence of other virtual
machines on the same host.
4. Physical Hardware: The physical hardware refers to the underlying server or host machine that hosts the
hypervisor and runs multiple virtual machines. The hardware resources (CPU, memory, storage, etc.) are shared
among the virtual machines.

c) Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisor. [6]

Ans:

Q2)
a) Explain benefits of virtual clusters and differentiate between virtual cluster and physical cluster. [6]
Ans:
Benefits of Virtual Clusters:
1. Cost-effectiveness: Virtual clusters can be more cost-effective than physical clusters because they allow
organizations to consolidate multiple clusters into a single physical machine. This can save money on hardware,
software, and power consumption.
2. Scalability: Virtual clusters can be easily scaled up or down to meet changing demand. This can be helpful for
organizations that experience fluctuations in traffic or workload.
3. Flexibility: Virtual clusters can be more flexible than physical clusters because they can be easily moved between
physical machines. This can be helpful for organizations that need to make changes to their IT infrastructure.
4. Isolation: Virtual clusters can provide better isolation between workloads than physical clusters. This can help to
improve security and prevent interference between different applications.
5. Resource utilization: Virtual clusters can help organizations make better use of their resources by sharing them
between multiple workloads. This can improve efficiency and reduce costs.
6. Simplified management: Virtual clusters can be easier to manage than physical clusters because they can be
centrally managed with a single tool. This can save time and resources.
Virtual Cluster vs. Physical Cluster
A physical cluster is a group of physical servers that are connected together to form a single system. Physical clusters
are typically used for high-performance applications that require a lot of resources.
A virtual cluster is a group of virtual machines (VMs) that are running on a single physical machine. Virtual clusters are
typically used for less demanding applications that do not require as many resources.

Feature Virtual Cluster Physical Cluster

Implementation Software-based Hardware-based

Scalability Easily scalable Can be difficult to scale

Can be easily moved between physical

Flexibility Cannot be easily moved
machines

Can have interference between

Isolation Provides better isolation between workloads
workloads

Resource Shares resources between multiple Dedicated resources for each

utilization workloads workload

Management Easier to manage More difficult to manage

Deployment Software-based Hardware-based

Cost More cost-effective More expensive

b) Explain the methods of storage virtualization.

[6]Ans:
Storage virtualization is a technique that abstracts the underlying physical storage infrastructure, presenting it as a single,
logical storage unit to the users or applications. This abstraction allows for centralized management, improved
flexibility, and efficient use of storage resources. There are two main methods of storage virtualization:

1. Host-based Virtualization: In host-based virtualization, the storage virtualization functionality is implemented at

the level of the individual servers or hosts. A software layer, often called a Virtual Storage Appliance (VSA) or storage
virtualization driver, runs on each server and provides a virtualization layer.
 Key Components:
 - Virtualization Software: Installed on each host, this software is responsible for abstracting and managing storage
resources.
- Virtualization Metadata: Contains mapping information that associates logical addresses used by applications
with physical addresses on the storage devices.

2. Storage Area Network (SAN)-based Virtualization: SAN-based storage virtualization is implemented within the
storage network itself, often using a dedicated hardware device known as a Storage Virtualization Appliance (SVA) or
Storage Virtualization Controller (SVC).
 Key Components:
- Storage Virtualization Appliance/Controller: A dedicated hardware device that sits in the storage network and
handles the virtualization functionality.
- Virtualization Metadata: Similar to host-based virtualization, this metadata contains the mapping information for
logical-to-physical addresses.

c) Describe various implementation levels of virtualization. [6]

Ans:

 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Level: ISA-level virtualization is a type of virtualization that occurs at the
instruction set level. This means that the hypervisor, or virtualization software, translates the instructions of the
guest operating system into the instructions of the host operating system. This allows the guest operating system to
run on hardware that it was not designed for.
 Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Level: HAL-level virtualization is a type of virtualization that occurs at the
hardware abstraction layer level. This means that the hypervisor provides a layer of abstraction between the guest
operating system and the underlying hardware. This allows the guest operating system to run on a variety of
hardware platforms.
 Operating System (OS) Level: OS-level virtualization is a type of virtualization that occurs at the operating system
level. This means that the hypervisor runs on top of the host operating system. The hypervisor then creates virtual
machines, which are isolated from the host operating system and each other.
 Library Support Level: Library support level virtualization is a type of virtualization that occurs at the library
support level. This means that the hypervisor is implemented as a library that is called by the guest operating system.
This allows the guest operating system to run on a variety of hardware platforms without the need for a hypervisor
to be installed on the host system.
 Application Level: Application-level virtualization is a type of virtualization that occurs at the application level.
This means that the hypervisor is implemented as a layer of software that sits between the application and the
operating system. This allows the application to run on a variety of operating systems without the need for any
changes to the application itself.

Q3)
a) Discuss the types of data security in detail. [6]
Ans:
Data security is a critical aspect of information technology that involves protecting sensitive information from
unauthorized access.
1. Encryption: Encryption is the process of converting plaintext data into ciphertext using an algorithm and a
cryptographic key. Only authorized parties with the correct decryption key can convert the ciphertext back to its original
form.

2. Access Control: Access control mechanisms manage and restrict user access to data based on predefined policies.
This involves authentication (verifying user identity) and authorization (granting appropriate access rights to authorized
users).

3. Firewalls: Firewalls are network security devices that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on predetermined security rules. They act as a barrier between trusted internal networks and untrusted external
networks.

4. Authentication: Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, application, or system component
to ensure that they are who they claim to be. Authentication mechanisms typically involve the use of usernames,
passwords, tokens, biometrics, or multi-factor authentication (MFA) methods.

5. Data Masking and Anonymization: Data masking involves replacing sensitive information with fictional or
pseudonymous data, while anonymization ensures that individuals cannot be identified from the data. These techniques
protect privacy and reduce the risk of data exposure.

6. Backup and Disaster Recovery: Regularly backing up data and having a robust disaster recovery plan ensures that
data can be recovered in the event of accidental deletion, corruption, or a catastrophic event.

7. Cloud security: Cloud security is a specialized domain that addresses the unique challenges associated with storing,
processing, and managing data and applications in cloud environments. Ensuring the security of cloud-based systems is
essential, considering the shared responsibility model, where cloud service providers and cloud customers have distinct
security responsibilities.

8. Security Patching and Updates: Keeping software, operating systems, and applications up to date with the latest
security patches helps address vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

9. Physical Security: Physical security measures protect the physical infrastructure that houses data, including servers,
data centers, and storage devices. This involves controlling access, surveillance, and environmental controls.

10. Endpoint Security: Endpoint security focuses on securing individual devices (endpoints) such as computers,
laptops, and mobile devices. It involves antivirus software, firewalls, and other tools to protect against malware and
unauthorized access.

b) Draw and explain the cloud CIA security model. [6]

Refer - Q3) a)
c) Write a note on cloud computing life cycle. [5]
Ans:
The cloud computing life cycle encompasses the stages involved in the planning, deployment, operation, and
optimization of cloud-based services and resources. It outlines the key phases that organizations go through when
adopting and managing cloud solutions. Here is an overview of the cloud computing life cycle:

1. Assessment and Planning:

- Objective: Define goals, assess current IT infrastructure, and identify workloads suitable for migration to the cloud.
- Activities:
- Conduct a thorough assessment of existing systems and applications.
- Define business and technical requirements for cloud adoption.
- Identify security, compliance, and governance considerations.
- Develop a migration plan and estimate costs.

2. Migration and Onboarding:

- Objective: Move applications and data to the cloud environment.
- Activities:
- Choose the appropriate migration strategy (lift-and-shift, re-platforming, re-architecting).
 - Execute the migration plan, considering downtime and data transfer.
- Validate and test applications in the cloud environment.
- Ensure data integrity and security during the migration.

3. Integration and Development:

- Objective: Develop and integrate applications tailored for the cloud.
- Activities:
- Leverage cloud-native services for application development.
- Integrate applications with other cloud services and on-premises systems.
- Implement APIs for seamless communication between services.
- Adopt DevOps practices for continuous integration and delivery.

4. Operations and Management:

- Objective: Ensure the ongoing availability, performance, and security of cloud-based services.
- Activities:
- Implement monitoring and management tools for resource tracking.
- Set up automated scaling for dynamic workloads.
- Establish incident response and resolution processes.
- Continuously optimize and tune cloud resources for cost-efficiency.

5. Security and Compliance:

- Objective: Implement security measures and ensure compliance with industry standards and regulations.
- Activities:
- Configure identity and access management controls.
- Implement encryption for data at rest and in transit.
- Conduct regular security audits and vulnerability assessments.
- Ensure compliance with relevant regulations and certifications.

6. Cost Management and Optimization:

- Objective: Control and optimize cloud-related expenses.
- Activities:
- Implement cost monitoring and reporting tools.
- Analyse usage patterns and identify cost-saving opportunities.
- Adjust resource configurations based on demand.
- Explore reserved instances or pricing plans for cost predictability.

7. Review and Audit:

- Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of cloud services and identify areas for improvement.
- Activities:
- Conduct regular reviews of performance, security, and compliance.
- Perform post-implementation audits to assess the success of cloud adoption.
- Gather feedback from users and stakeholders.
- Update the cloud strategy based on lessons learned.

8. Scale and Innovate:

- Objective: Leverage the scalability and innovation capabilities of the cloud for business growth.
- Activities:
- Explore additional cloud services and features.
- Experiment with emerging technologies such as machine learning and IoT.
- Scale infrastructure to meet growing business demands.
- Foster a culture of continuous innovation and adaptation.

Q4)
a) Describe fundamental components and characteristics of service oriented architecture. [6]
Refer -Q4 b)
b) Explain the role of host security in SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. [6]
Ans:
Host security plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall security of cloud-based services such as SaaS (Software as
a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service), and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). While the specific security
responsibilities shared between cloud providers and users vary across these different models, host security remains a
critical aspect for ensuring data protection, preventing unauthorized access, and upholding compliance requirements.
SaaS (Software as a Service): In the SaaS model, the cloud provider hosts and manages the entire software application,
including the underlying infrastructure. While the cloud provider is responsible for securing the host environment, users
still have a responsibility to protect their data and ensure proper access controls. This includes safeguarding passwords,
implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA), and avoiding phishing attacks.
PaaS (Platform as a Service): In the PaaS model, the cloud provider hosts and manages the underlying infrastructure
and middleware, while users develop and deploy their own applications on the platform. The cloud provider is
responsible for securing the host environment and the underlying platform components, while users are responsible for
securing their applications and data. This includes implementing application-level security measures, such as input
validation, secure coding practices, and vulnerability patching.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): In the IaaS model, the cloud provider provides users with virtualized compute
resources, such as virtual machines (VMs), storage, and networking. Users have control over and are responsible for
securing the entire operating system, applications, and data within their VMs. This includes implementing firewalls,
intrusion detection systems (IDS), and vulnerability management practices.

c) Write a note on Firewall. [5]

Refer – Q3 b)
Q5)
a) Explain the different cloud computing platforms. [6]
Ans:
Cloud computing has revolutionized the way organizations operate, providing a flexible and cost-effective way to access
and manage computing resources. Among the many cloud computing platforms available, three stand out as the most
prominent: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). Each platform offers
a comprehensive suite of cloud services, including computing, storage, networking, databases, analytics, and machine
learning.
 Amazon Web Services (AWS): AWS is the most widely used cloud computing platform, with a vast global
infrastructure and a comprehensive range of services. It is known for its reliability, scalability, and maturity. AWS
is a good choice for organizations of all sizes, from startups to enterprises, and it is particularly well-suited for
applications that require high performance, availability, and scalability.
 Microsoft Azure: Azure is the second-largest cloud computing platform, and it is particularly well-suited for
organizations that are already using Microsoft products and services. Azure is known for its strong integration with
Microsoft Office 365 and other Microsoft products, and it offers a wide range of hybrid cloud solutions. Azure is a
good choice for organizations that are looking for a cloud platform that is tightly integrated with their existing IT
infrastructure.
 Google Cloud Platform (GCP): GCP is the third-largest cloud computing platform, and it is known for its
innovation and focus on open source technologies. GCP is a good choice for organizations that are looking for a
cloud platform that is at the forefront of cloud technology, and it is particularly well-suited for applications that
require artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities.

b) Draw and explain the architecture of Google App Engine. [6]

Ans:
Google App Engine Architecture:

 Google App Engine is the the typical example of PaaS. Google App Engine is for developing and hosting web
applications and these process are highly scalable. The applications are designed to serve a multitude of users
simultaneously, without incurring a decline in overall performance. Third-party application providers can use
GAE to build cloud applications for providing services. The applications run in data centers which is
managed by Google engineers. Inside each data center, there are thousands of servers forming different clusters.

 The building blocks of Google’s cloud computing application include the Google File System, the MapReduce
programming framework, and Big Table. With these building blocks, Google has built many cloud applications.
The above Figure shows the overall architecture of the Google cloud infrastructure. GAE runs the user program on
Google’s infrastructure. As it is a platform running third-party programs, application developers now do not need
to worry about the maintenance of servers. GAE can be thought of as the combination of several software
components. The frontend is an application framework which is similar to other web application frameworks such
as ASP, J2EE, and JSP. At the time of this writing, GAE supports Python and Java programming environments.
The applications can run similar to web application containers. The frontend can be used as the dynamic web
serving infrastructure which can provide the full support of common technologies.

c) Differentiate between Google cloud platform and Amazon Web Services. [6]
Ans:

Feature Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Strong focus on open-source technologies Proprietary compute services (Amazon

(Kubernetes, Docker), wider range of EC2, Amazon ECS), wider range of
Compute
compute services (VMs, containers, compute options (virtual machines, bare
serverless) metal, containers)

Similar range of storage services

Variety of storage services (Cloud Storage,
Storage (Amazon S3, Amazon EBS, Amazon
Persistent Disk, Cloud Spanner)
DynamoDB)

Strong focus on software-defined networking

Wider range of proprietary networking
Networking (SDN), variety of networking services
services (Amazon VPC, Amazon ELB)
(VPCs, load balancers, firewalls)

Similar range of database services

Variety of database services (Cloud SQL,
Databases (Amazon RDS, Amazon Aurora,
Cloud Spanner, Cloud Bigtable)
Amazon DynamoDB)

Similar range of analytics services

Variety of analytics services (BigQuery,
Analytics (Amazon Redshift, Amazon Kinesis,
Dataproc, Dataflow)
Amazon EMR)
 Similar range of machine learning
Machine Variety of machine learning services (Cloud
services (Amazon SageMaker, Amazon
Learning AI Platform, Cloud AutoML, Cloud TPU)
Rekognition, Amazon Polly)

Generally considered more cost-

Generally considered more cost-effective for
effective for predictable workloads, pay-
Pricing unpredictable workloads, pay-as-you-go,
as-you-go, reserved instances, savings
reserved instances, savings plans
plans

Active community of developers and users, Larger community of users, wider range
Community strong focus on open-source technologies, of proprietary services, variety of
and Support variety of support options (documentation, support options (documentation, forums,
forums, technical support) technical support)

Q6)
a) Discuss the various roles provided by Azure operating system in compute services. [6]
Ans:
Azure provides a comprehensive suite of compute services that enable organizations to build, deploy, and manage
applications in a scalable, secure, and cost-effective way. The Azure operating system plays a critical role in these
compute services by providing the underlying infrastructure and management tools that are essential for running
applications in the cloud.
Here are some of the key roles provided by the Azure operating system in compute services:
1. Provisioning and managing virtual machines (VMs): Azure provides a variety of options for provisioning and
managing VMs, including the Azure portal, PowerShell scripts, and Azure CLI commands. The Azure operating
system ensures that VMs are properly configured and maintained, and it provides tools for monitoring and
troubleshooting VM performance.
2. Container orchestration with Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS): AKS is a fully managed Kubernetes service
that simplifies the deployment, management, and scaling of containerized applications. The Azure operating system
provides the underlying infrastructure for AKS, including the Kubernetes control plane and the worker nodes that
run containerized applications.
3. Serverless computing with Azure Functions: Azure Functions is a serverless platform that allows developers to
run code without having to manage servers or infrastructure. The Azure operating system provides the underlying
infrastructure for Azure Functions, including the runtime environment and the event triggers that invoke code
execution.
4. Hybrid cloud solutions: Azure offers a variety of hybrid cloud solutions that enable organizations to extend their
on-premises infrastructure to the cloud. The Azure operating system provides the necessary tools and technologies
for connecting on-premises infrastructure to Azure, and it enables organizations to manage their hybrid cloud
environment from a single pane of glass.

5. Edge computing with Azure IoT Edge: Azure IoT Edge is a fully managed cloud service that enables
organizations to run IoT workloads on devices at the edge of the network. The Azure operating system provides the
underlying infrastructure for Azure IoT Edge, including the runtime environment and the device management tools.
 b) Draw and elaborate various components of Amazon Web Service (AWS) architecture. [6]
Ans:

S3 stands for Simple Storage Service. It allows the users to store and retrieve various types of data using API calls. It
doesn’t contain any computing element. We will discuss this topic in detail in AWS products section.
1. Load Balancing
Load balancing simply means to hardware or software load over web servers, that improver's the efficiency of the server
as well as the application. Following is the diagrammatic representation of AWS architecture with load balancing.

2. Amazon Cloud-front
It is responsible for content delivery, i.e. used to deliver website. It may contain dynamic, static, and streaming content
using a global network of edge locations. Requests for content at the user's end are automatically routed to the nearest
edge location, which improves the performance.

3. Elastic Load Balancer

It is used to spread the traffic to web servers, which improves performance. AWS provides the Elastic Load Balancing
service, in which traffic is distributed to EC2 instances over multiple available zones, and dynamic addition and removal
of Amazon EC2 hosts from the load-balancing rotation.

4. Security Management
Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) provides a feature called security groups, which is similar to an inbound
network firewall, in which we have to specify the protocols, ports, and source IP ranges that are allowed to reach your
EC2 instances.

5. Amazon RDS
Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) provides a similar access as that of MySQL, Oracle, or Microsoft SQL
Server database engine. The same queries, applications, and tools can be used with Amazon RDS.

6.Storage & Backups

AWS cloud provides various options for storing, accessing, and backing up web application data and assets. The Amazon
S3 (Simple Storage Service) provides a simple web-services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount
of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web.

Amazon S3 stores data as objects within resources called buckets. The user can store as many objects as per requirement
within the bucket, and can read, write and delete objects from the bucket. Amazon EBS volumes can be maximized up to
1 TB, and these volumes can be striped for larger volumes and increased performance.

7.Auto Scaling
The difference between AWS cloud architecture and the traditional hosting model is that AWS can dynamically scale the
web application fleet on demand to handle changes in traffic

c) Describe the steps involved in creating an EC2 instance. [6]

Ans:
1. Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): An AMI is a template that contains the operating system, applications,
and configurations for an EC2 instance. Amazon provides a wide variety of AMIs, including preconfigured images for
popular operating systems, such as Amazon Linux, Ubuntu, and Windows Server.

2. Select an Instance Type: An instance type determines the computing resources, such as CPU, memory, and storage,
that will be allocated to your EC2 instance. Amazon offers a wide range of instance types to suit different workloads,
from small web servers to large-scale compute clusters.
3. Configure Instance Details: In this step, you'll provide specific configuration details for your EC2 instance, such as:
 Key Pair: A key pair is a set of cryptographic keys that are used to authenticate and connect to your EC2
instance.
 Security Group: A security group defines the inbound and outbound traffic rules for your EC2 instance.
 Networking: Select the network settings for your EC2 instance, such as the VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) and
subnet.
 Storage: Choose the storage options for your EC2 instance, including the root volume (the primary storage for
your instance) and any additional block storage volumes.
 Tags: Tags are labels that you can assign to your EC2 instance to help you organize and manage your resources.
4. Review and Launch: Once you've configured all the details, review the summary of your EC2 instance settings
and launch the instance. The launch process will provision the instance, allocate the requested resources, and make it
available for use.
5. Connect to Your Instance: After the instance is launched, you can connect to it using the SSH protocol or the
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). The specific method for connecting will depend on the operating system you chose
for your EC2 instance.
6. Install and Configure Applications: Once you're connected to your EC2 instance, you can install and configure the
applications and software that you need to run your workload.
7. Monitor and Manage Your Instance: Use AWS CloudWatch and other monitoring tools to track the performance
and health of your EC2 instance. You can also use these tools to manage your instance, such as starting, stopping, and
terminating it.

Q7)
a) Write a note on distributed computing. [6]
Ans:
Distributed computing is a model of computing where multiple computers or systems work together to solve a common
problem or perform a task. The components of a distributed system are often located in different geographic locations
and communicate with each other via a network. Distributed computing is used for a variety of applications, including
large-scale scientific simulations, data analytics, and web applications.
Example of Distributed System:
Any Social Media can have its Centralized Computer Network as its Headquarters and computer systems that can be
accessed by any user and using their services will be the Autonomous Systems in the Distributed System Architecture.

Distributed System Software: This Software enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources
such as Hardware, Software, Data, etc.
Database: It is used to store the processed data that are processed by each Node/System of the Distributed systems that
are connected to the Centralized network.

b) Identify and elaborate different IoT enabling technologies. [6]

Refer - Q7) a)
c) Describe the different types of distributed systems. [5]
Refer – Q8 b)

Q8)
a) Write a note on role of embedded system in implementation of IoT. [6]
Ans:
Embedded systems play a crucial role in the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) by providing the underlying
intelligence and connectivity that enable devices and sensors to communicate with each other and with the cloud. They
act as the interface between the physical world and the digital realm, collecting data from sensors, processing it, and
transmitting it to cloud platforms for further analysis and decision-making.

Key Roles of Embedded Systems in IoT

1. Data Acquisition: Embedded systems are equipped with various sensors and actuators that enable them to gather
data from the physical environment, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and motion. This data serves as the
foundation for IoT applications.
2. Data Processing and Edge Computing: Embedded systems can perform basic data processing tasks, such as
filtering, aggregation, and anomaly detection, before sending the data to the cloud. This reduces the amount of data
transferred and allows for faster response times.
3. Device Control and Actuation: Embedded systems can control and actuate devices based on the data they collect
and the instructions they receive from the cloud. This enables real-time control and automation of IoT systems.
4. Communication and Networking: Embedded systems are equipped with communication protocols and
networking capabilities that allow them to connect to other devices, sensors, and cloud platforms. This facilitates
the exchange of data and enables remote monitoring and control.
5. Power Management and Energy Efficiency: Embedded systems are designed to be energy efficient, considering
the battery-powered nature of many IoT devices. They optimize power consumption to extend battery life and enable
continuous operation.
Examples of Embedded Systems in IoT
1. Smart Home Devices
2. Wearable Devices
3. Connected Vehicles
4. Smart City Infrastructure

b) Describe any two innovative applications of Internet of Things. [6]

Ans:
 Smart Home
Maybe the most famous application of IoT is in Smart Homes. After all, who hasn’t heard about connecting all the home
applications like lighting, air conditioners, locks, thermostat, etc. into a single system that can be controlled from your
smartphone! These IoT devices are becoming more and more popular these days because they allow you complete
freedom to personalize your home as you want. In fact, these IoT devices are so popular that every second there are 127
new devices connected to the internet. Some popular ones that you might have heard have, or even have in your home,
include Google Home, Amazon Echo Plus, Philips Hue Lighting System, etc. There are also all sorts of other inventions
that you can install in your home including Nest Smoke Alarm and Thermostat, Foobot Air Quality Monitor, August
Smart Lock, etc.
 Smart Healthcare
There are many applications of IoT in the Healthcare Industry where doctors can monitor patients remotely through a
web of interconnected devices and machines without needing to be in direct contact with them. This is very useful if the
patients don’t have any serious problems or if they have any infectious diseases like COVID-19 these days. One of the
most common uses of IoT in healthcare is using robots. These include surgical robots that can help doctors in performing
surgeries more efficiently with higher precision and control. There are also disinfectant robots that can clean surfaces
quickly and thoroughly using high-intensity ultraviolet light (which is pretty useful these days!) Other types of robots
also include nursing robots that can handle the monotonous tasks that nurses have to perform for many patients day in
and day out where there is little risk to the patients.

c) Describe the IoT application for online social networking.

Ans:
The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to enhance and extend the capabilities of online social networking by
connecting physical objects and devices to the digital world.

1. Smart Devices and Wearables: IoT-enabled smart devices and wearables, such as fitness trackers, smartwatches,
and health monitors, can collect and share real-time data about users' activities, health metrics, and locations.

2. Location-Based Social Networking: IoT sensors in smartphones and other devices can provide accurate location
data. Geotagging and location-based services enable users to share their location and discover nearby friends or events.

3. Smart Home Integration: IoT devices in smart homes, such as smart thermostats, lights, and security systems, can
be integrated with social networking platforms.

4. Social IoT Gaming: IoT-enabled devices, such as connected toys or augmented reality (AR) gaming accessories, can
be integrated with social gaming platforms.

5. Connected Vehicles: IoT technology in vehicles enables connectivity and data sharing. Cars and other transportation
modes can be part of the online social experience.

6. IoT-Enabled Events: IoT devices at events, conferences, or concerts can capture data about attendees, their
preferences, and interactions.

7. Smart Retail and Shopping: IoT devices in retail environments can enhance the shopping experience by providing
personalized recommendations, location-based offers, and real-time inventory updates.

8. Environmental Monitoring: IoT sensors can be used for environmental monitoring, such as air quality, weather
conditions, or sustainability metrics.

by
Gaurav sapar..