Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research

Module Bank 1, Sec-43, (Dr. Debnarayan Khatua)

Subject: Linear Algebra and Vector Calculus, Code-22MT113

1 PartA
1. An important concern in the study of heat transfer is to determine the steady-
state temperature distribution of a thin plate when the temperature around
the boundary is known. Assume the plate shown in the figure 1 represents
a cross section of a metal beam, with negligible heat flow in the direction
perpendicular to the plate. Let T1 ; T2 ; T3 ; T4 denote the temperatures at the
four interior nodes of the mesh in the figure. The temperature at a node is
approximately equal to the average of the four nearest nodes— to the left,
above, to the right, and below.

Figure 1: Temperature table

(a) Write a system of four equations whose solution gives estimates for the
temperature T1 ; T2 ; T3 ; T4 .
(b) Using elementary row operations, calculate the temperatures.

2. (a) Explain why the inner product of X and Y equals the inner product of
P X and P Y . Then (P X)T (P Y ) = X T Y says that P T P = I for any
permutation. With X = (1 2 3) and Y = (1 4 2), choose P to show
that (P X)T Y is not always equal to X T (P T Y ).
(b) Producing x1 trucks and x2 planes requires x1 + 50x2 tons of steel,
40x1 + 1000x2 pounds of rubber, and 2x1 + 50x2 months of labor. If the
unit costs y1 , y2 , y3 are Rs.700 per ton, Rs.3 per pound, and Rs.3000
per month, what are the values of one truck and one plane?
MA Module Bank 2023

3. (a) Given that the data pairs (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 10), find the interpola-
tion polynomial of degree 3 and estimate the value of y corresponding
to x = 1.5
(b) A forester wants to estimate the age (in years) of a tree by measuring
the diameter of the of the trunk (in cm.). She obtains the following
data: Estimate the age of a tree with the trunk diameter of 12 cm.

T1 T2 T3
Trunk diameter 5 10 15
Age 3 5 6

Table 1: Data related to age and diameter

Page 2
MA Module Bank 2023

4. (a) Let the parabola y = ax2 + bx + c passes through the points (8,10),
(16,20) and (22,40). Find the values of a, b, c using Cramer’s rule.
(b) Let us consider the system of linear equations AX = B, where
   
1 5 0 1 1
1 2 2 1 1
A= 2 4 4 2 and B = 1
  

1 1 1 1 1

What can we say about the solution of the system using Cramer’s rule?

5. (a) A box has edges from (0, 0, 0) to (3, 1, 1), (1, 3, 1), (1, 1, 3). Find its
volume and also find the area of each parallelogram face.
(b) The parallelogram with sides (2, 1) and (2, 3) has the same area as the
parallelogram with sides (2, 2) and (1, 3). Find those areas from 2 by 2
determinants and say why they must be equal?

 
2 1 1 −2
4 0 2 1
6. (a) Solve the system of equations Ax = b, where A = 3
,
2 2 0
1 3 2 −1
 
−10
 8 
b=  7  using the LU decomposition method. Take all
 the diagonal
−5
elements of L as 1. Also find A−1 .
(b) (Solve by Gauss elimination method) A sporting goods stores sells foot-
balls, basketballs, and volleyballs. A football costs Rs. 35, a basketball
costs Rs. 25, and a volleyball costs Rs. 15. On a given day, the store
sold 5 times as many footballs as volleyballs. They brought in a total
of Rs. 3750 that day, and the money made from basketballs alone was
4 times the money made from volleyballs alone. How many footballs,
basketballs, and volleyballs were sold?

Page 3
MA Module Bank 2023
 
10 2 1
7. (a) Using Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix P =  2 20 −2.
−2 3 10
 
2 1 1
(b) Apply iterative method to find more accurate inverse of B = 1 3 2,
1 2 2
 
1 0 0
assuming the initial inverse matrix to be 0 1 0.
0 0 1

8. Let  
0 −2 −3
A = −1 1 −1 .
2 2 5

(a) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find A−2 and A5 .

(b) Let  
0 −2 −3
B = −1 1 + y −1  .
2 2 5+x
Find some value of x and y so that (A + B) is invertible. Then for a
value of x and y find (A + B)−1 using Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

9. (a) Find a cubic polynomial whose graph passes through the points (1, 3), (2, −2), (3, −5), (4, 0).
(b) Consider the open economy described by accompanying table, where
the input is in Rupees needed for Rs. 1 of output.

Food Housing Utilities

Food 0.10 0.60 0.40
Housing 0.30 0.20 0.30
Utilities 0.40 0.10 0.20

Table 2: Provider and input required per rupees output

(i) Construct a consumption matrix for this economy.

(ii) Suppose that the open sector has a demand for Rs. 1930 worth of
food, Rs. 3860 worth of housing, and Rs. 5790 worth of utilities.
Use row reduction to find a production vector that will meet this
demand exactly.

Page 4
MA Module Bank 2023

10. (a) Find the general solution of the following system by computing appro-
priate eigenvalues and eigenvectors
′
y1 = 3y1 + 2y2 + 2y3
′
y2 = y1 + 4y2 + y3
′
y3 = −2y1 − 4y2 − y3

(b) In a electric circuit theory that for the LRC circuit the current I in
amperes(A) through the inductor and the voltage drop V in volts(V )
across the capacitor satisfy system of differential equations
dI V
=
dt L
dV I V
= − −
dt C RC
where the derivatives are with respect to the time t. Find I and V as
function of t if L = 0.5H, C = 0.2F, R = 2Γ and the initial values of V
and I are V (0) = 1V and I(0) = 2A.

2 PartB
 
1 −1 0
1. (i) Let A =  2 3 −1. Verify that A3 − 5A2 + 9A − 4I3 = 0
−1 0 1
1 2
(ii) Let B = 4 (A − 5A + 9I). Use B to prove that A is invertible and
B = A−1
(iii) Explain how B in (ii) can be obtained from the equation in (i).

Page 5
MA Module Bank 2023

2. (i) Solve the following system of linear equations using Gauss-Jordan method

λ2 x + λ3 y + λ1 z = 5

λ3 x + λ1 y − λ2 z = 3
λ1 x − λ3 y + λ2 z = −3
 
1 0 0
where λ1 , λ2 , λ3 are the eigenvalues of A =  0 2 50 in an ascend-
−31 0 0
ing order, that is λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ λ3 .
 
a b c
(ii) Let A = −2 d e . If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then find the
3 −1 f
values of a, b, c, d, e, f .
(iii) Show that the square of skew-symmetric matrix is symmetric.

3. (i) Find a matrix P which transform the matrix A to a diagonal

 matrix
 .
1 1 1
Hence calculate the power matrix A8 of A, where A =  0 2 1.
−4 4 3
 
2 −1 1
(ii) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix B = −1 2 −1 and
1 −1 2
verify that it is satisfied by B.

∗∗∗∗∗

Page 6