PROOFREADING SYMBOLS

(please refer to your notebook)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OemVnzm9TGQ&pp=ygUTcHJvb2ZyZWFkaW5nIG1hcmtzIA%3D%3D
1. begin a new paragraph
2. close up space
3. insert apostrophe
4. delete/omit
5. transpose
6. lowercase (small letter)
7. letters are reversed
8. capitalize
9. place quotation marks
10. insert (a missing word or letter)
11. insert space
12. insert period/add period
13. insert a comma
14. wrong word
15. spelling mistake/wrong spelling

PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that is used to replace a noun in a sentence.

- It is a part of speech that can function as a subject, object, or possessive in a sentence.
- Pronouns are used to avoid repetition in speech or writing. They help in making communication more
concise and efficient.

Examples of pronouns include words such as "he," "she," "it," "they," "we," "you," "me," "him," "her," "us," "them,"
"my," "your," "his," "hers," "its," "our," and "their." Understanding and using pronouns correctly are essential for
effective communication and clear expression in both spoken and written language.

Example: Anna ate her tea when she got home.

TYPES OF PRONOUNS

1. Personal Pronouns:
● Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things and can be either subjective (used as the subject
of a sentence) or objective (used as the object of a verb or preposition).
● Examples include: I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.

A. Subjective Pronouns:
Subjective pronouns are used as the subject of a sentence or clause. They perform the action of the
verb.

Examples:
● I enjoy reading books.
● You are my best friend.
● He is going to the store.
● She loves to sing.
● It is raining outside.
● We are going on a trip.
● They won the game.
●
B. Objective Pronouns:
Objective pronouns are used as the object of a verb or preposition. They receive the action of the
verb or show the relation between the object and the other words in the sentence.

Examples:
● John handed the book to me.
● The teacher scolded him.
● Sarah is waiting for her.
● The cat followed it.
 ● Please pass the salt to us.
● The manager informed them about the decision.

ADJECTIVES

- are words or groups of words that describe a noun or pronoun.

adorable better calm delightful Easy
alert Beautiful cheerful dark Eager
amused blue clever dangerous excited
pink pretty big great green

1. The house is beautiful.

2. The blue balloon has flown away.
3. My classmates are clever.
4. The boys are excited to go to the park!
5. Her teddy bear looks adorable.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
(in Adjectives)
Degree Definition Examples Sentence
Positive Used to simply describe nouns or Rich  Marlon is happy.
pronouns Slow  Sam is an
Happy intelligent student.
Intelligent
Difficult
Comparative Used to compare two nouns or Richer  Marlon is happier
pronouns with each other. Slower than Marlon.
We add ER at the end of the word Happier  Steve is more
to form the comparative degree. More Intelligent intelligent than
Also, we use less or more for Less difficult Sam.
comparative form of adjectives
with three or more syllables.
Superlative Used to compare one entity with Richest  Mark is the
the rest of a group. Slowest happiest among
We add -EST at the end of the word Happiest the boys.
to form its superlative degree. Also, More intelligent  Sean is the most
we use least or most for superlative Least difficult intelligent of them
form of adjectives with three or all.
more syllables.

VERBS

Verb - A verb is a word that tells an ACTION or STATE OF BEING. It is an essential part of every sentence.
EXAMPLES: walk, study, cut, smell, touch, is, are, was, were etc.

FORMS OF VERBS

PRESENT TENSE:
- The base alone is used for most forms of the present tense, including the first person (I and we), second
person (you), and third person plural (they). The only time the base changes is in the third person singular
(he, she, it). To form the third person singular, just add the letter -s to the end of the base.
- a verb form that is used to express a habitual action, a general truth, a scheduled event, or a state of being
that is occurring in the present.

Base Form: The simplest form of the verb, as it appears in the dictionary.
Example: "walk."
1. I eat dinner at 6 PM.
2. She works in a hospital.
3. They play soccer every Saturday.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. The Earth revolves around the sun.

PAST TENSE:
- To form the past tense, take the base form and add -ed. If the base ends in a silent e, just add -d, not -ed.
Unlike the present tense, the past tense always uses the same form regardless of person or number.
- The form of the verb that indicates an action that has already happened. Example: "walked," "ran," "ate."
- used to describe an action that occurred and was completed in the past.
-
Example:
1. Regular verb: I walked to the store yesterday.
2. Irregular verb: She ate dinner an hour ago.
3. Regular verb: They played football last weekend.
4. Irregular verb: He wrote a novel last year.
5. Regular verb: We watched a movie last night.
6. Irregular verb: The company grew rapidly last quarter.

RULES IN FORMING THE PAST TENSE OF VERBS

1. Add -d or -ed to regular verbs.

Ex:
a. paralyze – paralyzed
b. drench- drenched
c. play- played
d. love- loved

2. Change y to i and add -ed to some regular verbs that ends with y.
Ex:
a. carry- carried
b. tally- tallied
c. terrify- terrified
d. copy- copied

3. If the verb ends with a single vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and add -ed.
Ex:
a. stop- stopped
b. sip- sipped
c. mop- mopped
d. plan- planned

4. If the verb ends with c, add k before adding -ed.

Ex:
a. panic- panicked
b. mimic- mimicked
c. traffic- trafficked
d. picnic- picnicked

5. Change the spelling of an irregular verb to form its simple past tense.
Ex:
a. leave- left
b. choose-chose
c. catch- caught
 d. lose- lost
e. sell- sold
f. sweep- swept

6. Some verbs did not change their spelling when forming the past tense.
Ex:
a. cut- cut
b. put-put
c. spread-spread
d. hurt- hurt

7. The past tense of be-verbs are is – was and are- were.

Ex:
a. She is happy.
b. They are in the past.
c. She was happy.
d. They were in the park.

FUTURE TENSE:
- is used to describe actions that will take place in the future. In English, the simple future tense is typically
formed using the auxiliary verb "will" or "shall," followed by the base form of the main verb.
- A form of the verb that indicates an action that will happen in the future. Example: "will walk," "will run,"
"will eat."

will + base form of the word

Example:
1. I will visit my parents next weekend.
2. She will complete her assignment by tomorrow.
3. They will arrive at the airport at 5 PM.
4. He will call you as soon as he gets home.
5. We will go on a vacation next month.

Present Tense Future Tense Present Tense Future Tense

Bring Will bring Clean Will clean
Appreciate Will appreciate Repack Will repack
Promise Will promise Work Will work
vow Will vow Experience Will experience
plant Will plant write Will write