Information Age Communication was limited between

communities. People used traditional paper and

* Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media Age, writing materials, signs, or symbols to
Internet Age communicate with each other. For example,
* a historic period in the 21st century Egyptians used papyrus scrolls. Sumerians
characterized by the rapid shift from traditional used clay tablets, Pre-historic men used hand
industry that stencils and simple geometric shapes to create
art on the walls of caves and Johannes
the Industrial Revolution brought through Gutenberg invented the printing press during
industrialization, an economy based on the Renaissance period.
information technology
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)- is a period of
Early Developments of Information Age history that encompasses the changes in
1945- Fremont Rider described the miniaturized economic and social organization that began
microform analog photographs, which could be around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other
duplicated on-demand for library patrons and countries, characterized chiefly by the
other institutions. replacement of hand tools with power-driven
machines such as the power loom and the
1965- Moore’s law was formulated. It is an steam engine, and by the concentration of
observation that the number of transistors in a industry in large establishments.
dense integrated circuit doubles about every
two years. Communication during the Industrial Age

Early 1980s- production of the smaller and less TELEGRAPH by SAMUEL F.B MORSE
expensive personal computers allowed for - became the standard for international
direct access to information. communication with a modified code.
1995- Nicholas Negroponte published his book, -communications system in which information is
Being Digital, the similarities and differences transmitted over a wire through a series of
between products made of atoms and bits. electrical current pulses.
TELEPHONE (ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL)
Primary Information Age- newspaper, radio, -an electric tool transmitting analogue speech
television. along wires
Secondary Information Age- Internet, satellite PHONOGRAPH (THOMAS EDISON)
television and mobile phones
-a device for the mechanical recording and
Tertiary Information Age- emerged by media reproduction of sound.
of the Primary Information Age interconnected
with media of the Secondary Information Age. HEINRICH HERTZ
-identified and studied radio waves in 1886

Pre-industrial Age( b4 1700s) - a time before Guiglielmo Marconi

there were machines and tools to help them - developed the first practical radio transmitters
perform the tasks. and receivers.
*About 2.5 million years before writing was Philo Farnsworth
developed, technology began with the earliest
dhominids who used stone tools, which they -invented the first fully electronic television. It
may have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their became an important mass medium for
dead. advertising, propaganda and entertainment.
Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) Walkman
-began when electronic equipment and large -is originally used for portable audio cassette
technologies, including computers came into players.
use. The invention of the transistor ushered in
the electronic age. People harnessed the power Information Age (1900s-2000s)
of transistors that led to the transistor radio, -People advanced the use of microelectronics
electronic circuits, and the early computers. In with the invention of personal computers, mobile
this age, long distance communication became devices, and wearable technology. Moreover,
more efficient. voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.
We are now living in the information age.

Transistor led to the creation of other media Youtube by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and
tools. Jawed Karim.

Enigma machine -It is an online video-sharingplatform. It also

allows users to view, upload, share, report,
-is a piece of spook hardware used as a way of subscribe and comments on videos.
deciphering German signals traffic during World
War Two. Facebook Inc by Mark Zuckerberg and his
fellow roommates and students.
Transisor radio
-It is a popularglobal social networking website.
-became the most popular electronic It also offers other products and services such
communication and device in history. as FacebookMessenger, Facebook Watch and
Facebook Portal.
EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator) MacBook
-is considered to be the first stored program - is a discontinued Macintosh portable computer
electronic computer. developed and sold by Apple Inc. It includes a
retina display, fanless design and a shallower
ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and butterfly keyboard and a single USB-C port for
Computer) power and data.
-as the first electronic general purpose digital Google LLC
computer.
-is based on multinational technology company
UNIVAC( Universal Automatic Computer) that specializes in internet-related services and
-is a line of electronic digital stored-program products, which include sottware, hardware,
computers. online advertising, a search engine and cloud
computing
IBM
Microsoft Corporation
-is the first mass produced computer with
floating-point arithmetic hardware. -develops, manufactures, licenses, supports
and sells computer software, consumer
Hewlett Packard 9100A electronics, personal computers and related
- is an early computer or programmable services
calculator
Floppy disk
- is a removal magnetic storage medium. BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY
-BIODIVERSITY IS THE VARIETY OF LIFE ON diversity indicates populations that can more
EARTH AND THE ESSENTIAL easily adapt to changing situations and
INTERDEPENDENCE OF ALL LIVING THINGS environments, and also
-Biological diversity comprises the variety of all greater assortment of materials than can be
life on earth. found, increasing the chances offinding a useful
compound (Bernhardt, 1999).
-It also pertains to the relative abundance and
richness of the different traits, species, and Species diversity
ecosystems in a particular area or region.
-refers to the variety of different types of species
-The biodiversity we see today is the outcome of found in a particular area.
over 3.5 billion years of evolutionary history,
shaped by natural processes and increasingly, Ecosystem/ Ecological diversity
by the influence of humans. -refers to the variety of different types of species
-Biodiversity forms the web of life of which we found in a particular area. It includes terrestrial,
are an integral part and upon which we fully marine and freshwater ecosystems.
depend. Ecosystem
• Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million - is the unit of interaction between the biotic
species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown community and its physical environment in a
United Nations Convention on Biological given area. It is a self-contained community of
Diversity microorganisms, animals and plants that
interact with each other and with their physical
-defines biodiversity as the variability among environment.”
living organisms from all source, including inter
alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic Habitat
ecosystems, and the ecological Complexes of -is a place in which a particular species of
which they are part: this includes diversity within organism lives.
species, between species and of ecosystems.
Eg:
Zamora (1997)
-Arctic Canada is the habitat of the polar bear
-defined biodiversity as the ensemble and the
interactions of the genetic, the species, and the -species of fish like Pike (Esox lucius) are found
ecological diversity in a given place and at a in freshwater lakes and ponds.
given time. Importance of Biodiversity
World Wild Fund for Nature (1989) It supports healthy ecosystems.
- defined it as the wealth of life on earth, the It is an essential part of the solution to climate
millions of plants, animals an microorganisms, change
the genes they contain, and the intricate
ecosystems they help build into the living It is good for the economy.
environment.
It is an integral part of culture and identity.
It provides raw materials like lumber, food,
Three Types of Biological Diversity spices etc.
Genetic diversity It provides opportunities for recreational
activities, such as bird watching, scuba
-refers to the variations among the genetic
resources of the organisms. A gene is a unit of diving, snorkeling, and nature photography.
hereditary information consisting of a specific
It serves as the source of medicine.
nucleotide sequence in DNA. High genetic
What do we get from biodiversity? 13. Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or dwarf
water buffalo), one of the top ten most
1. Oxygen endangered species in the world and the largest
2. Food endangered animal.

3. Clean Water
4. Medicine
5. Aesthetics
6. Lumber
7. Ideas
Status of Philippine Biodiversity
The Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR 2009) claims that EXTINCTION
-in terms of biodiversity, the Philippine was 5th -refers to the termination of a species caused by
in the world as to number of plant species; habitat destruction, introduction of non- native
-8th in the world list of endemic plants; 4th in species, over-exploitation, pollution or even
endemic birds; 5th in endemic mammals; and climate change
8th in endemic reptiles. -One indication that a species may be
List of identified endemic species endangered is a dwindling in numbers.

1. Rafflesia manillana, the world’s largest Threatened: population low but extinction less
flower. imminent
2. Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling), one of Endangered: not so low that extinction
the world’s largest orchid species. imminent
3. Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey -eating -In the 2000 Red List of the International Union
eagle), the largest bird for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
4. Rhyncodon typus, the largest fish resources (IUCN), of the 52,177 species in the
Philippines, 418 were listed as threatened.
5. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest
seashell -The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation
Priority-setting Program (PBCPP) described the
6. Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the 121 endemic mammals as critically endangered.
smallest freshwater fish The Bird Life International listed 116 of species
of birds in the country are threatened or near
7. Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the smallest
threatened.
primate
-according to the Department of Environment
8. Tragalus nigricans, the smallest hoofed
and Natural Resources report (2010), out of 584
mammal
wildlife in the country, 72% are already
9. Tylonycteris pachpus (bamboo bat), the threatened with extinction.
smallest bat;
10. Pisidum, the tiniest shell in the world
11. Connus gloriamaris, one of the most
expensive shells in the world
12. Cervus alfredi, the most endangered deer
Threats to Biodiversity Underlying Causes of the Loss of Philippine
Biodiversity
1. Environmental Pollution
The underlying causes of Philippine biodiversity
Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are loss are:
poorly treated and are often discharged into the
sea, and to other bodies of water, such as rivers a. Population growth and increasing resource
and lakes. Pollution can lead to diseases and consumption
pollution stresses, such as coral bleaching on
reefs. b. Ignorance about species and ecosystems

2.Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/ Over- c. Poorly conceived policies and poor law

harvesting/ Over-fishing enforcement

Commercial logging, community logging, timber d. Effects of global trading systems

poaching, and kaingin (slash and burn e. Inequity of resource distribution
agriculture). In mangrove ecosystem, the
extraction of fuel and construction ma f. Apathy or failure to account for the value of
biodiversity, and
3. Habitat Loss/ Habitat destruction/ Habitat
alteration.
In coral reefs, coastal development, aquaculture, GMOs or Genetically Modified Organisms
agriculture, and land-cover change increasing - are organisms whose genetic material has
sediments and nutrients outflow onto reefs, and been altered using genetic engineering
the muro-ami fishing technique. The techniques, which is a direct manipulation of an
development of fishponds (aquaculture) in organisms genome.
mangrove forest.
-over 191 million hectares have been planted
4. Climate Change with genetically modified crops as of 2018
Drastic changes in the atmosphere can have -The first commercially available GM food was
catastrophic effects such as increase called the Flavr Savr tomato that had an
concentration of greenhouse gases and antisense gene that increased its shelf life and
destruction of forest. delayed ripening
5. Invasive species or Non-native species -Bt corn is a variant that has been genetically
Invasive species are greater threat to native altered to express more proteins from Bacillus
biodiversity than pollution, harvest, and disease thuringiensis which produces a bacterial toxin
combined (Simberloff, 2000). It can cause including Delta-toxins.
alterations either within species groups or within -Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium found
the environment. in soil that are toxic to some insects when eaten,
but not others.
-era of Bt had its beginning in 1901, a Japanese
scientist named Shigeta Ishiwata isolated a
bacterium from dead silkworm larvae while he
was investigating the cause of the so called "
sotto disease .
-Bt acts by producing a protein that blocks the
digestive system of the insect, effectively
starving it. Bt is a fast-acting insecticide: an
infected insect will stop feeding within hours of
ingestion and will die, generally from starvation 1985- The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope
or a rupture of the digestive system, within days. of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon
atoms connected by single and double bonds so
as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with
fused rings of five to seven atoms.
1986 – Publication of the book Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
by Eric Dexler.
1991- The discovery of carbon nanotubes by
Sumio Lijima
2006- The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the
Ex situ Conservation worlds’smallest nanoelectronic device was
created by Korean Researchers from the Korea
It is the process of protecting species outside of Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
its natural habitat by removing a species from its and the National Nano Fab Center
threatened habitat and placing it in a new
location, like zoological gardens, aquaria, Early uses of Nanomaterials
captive breeding centers, botanical gardens, Mesopotamia
seed banks and gene banks, within the care of
humans. -nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering
effect on the surface of pots.
In situ Conservation
modern times
It is the process of protecting species in its
natural habitat, either by establishment and -pottery from the middle Ages and Renaissance
management of protected areas where the often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored
species abound, or by defending the species metallic glitter.
from predators
Rome
History of Nanotechnology
-Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes
1959- Richard Feynman, an American Physicist colour when light gleamed through it.
discussed, “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Pre-columbian Mayan City of Chichen Itza
Bottom”.
-a corrosion resistant azure pigment known as
1960- Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng
“ Maya Blue” contains nanopores to create an
fabricated the first MOSFET ( metal –oxide-
environmentally stable pigment.
semiconductor field-effect transistor) with a gate
oxide thickness of 100nm, along with a gate Middle East
length of 20μm.
-Damascus steel swords contain oriented
1974- Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of nanoscale wire-and-tube- like structures
Tokyo University of Science coined the term
"nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor What is Nanotechnology?
processes such as film deposition and ion beam -The engineering of functional systems at the
milling exhibiting characteristic control on the molecular scale.
order of a nanometer.
-It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering,
1981s- The invention of Scanning Tunneling Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology.
Microscope, an instrument used for imaging
surfaces at the atomic level. It was invented by -It deals with the creation of functional materials,
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich devices, systems through control of matter or
(Nobel Prize in Physics). nanoscale.
-It placed the footprints in the field of energy, – Envirox™ cerium oxide
medicine, electronics, computing, security and • Nanoremediation
materials – SAMMS technology to remove mercury
• Paper
– Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular – photographic paper
and macromolecular scales, where properties • Filters
differ significantly from – nanofibres
• Toothpaste to remineralise teeth
those at a larger scale. • Food
–Nanotechnologies are the design, • packaging
characterization, production and application of • Paint
structures, devices and systems by controlling • improved adhesion and anti-fungal
shape and size at nanometre scale. qualities/anti-graffiti
• Clothes
Norio Taniguichi of Tokyo Science University • non-staining and anti-radiation
coined the term nanotechnology to describe • Batteries
semiconductor processes such as thin-film • (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal
deposition that deal with control on the order of technology
nanometers • Cleaning products
Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience and Advanatges of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
-Protect drugs from being degraded in the body
It’s hard to imagine just how small before they reach their target
nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth
of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter. Here are a few - Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors
illustrative examples: and into the cancerous cells themselves.
-There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch - Allows for better control over the timing and
distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it
-A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000
nanometers thick easier for oncologists to assess how well they
work.
- On a comparative scale, if a marble were a
nanometer, then one meter would be the size of -Prevent drugs from interacting with normal
the Earth cells , thus avoiding side effects.

Different Approaches to Nanotechnology. Disadvantages

Nanotechnologies can be: • Adverse health effects in humans from

deliberate or accidental exposure
• Top-down
• Adverse effects on the environment from
– Etching a block of material down to the desired deliberate or accidental exposure
shape
•Potentially explosive properties of
– Chips and processors nanostructures
• Bottom-up • Very difficult to detect without sophisticated
– Building materials atom by atom - like lego equipment

– Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, • Difficult to predict how particles will behave in
quantum dots the environment (dispersed/clumped)

Applications of Nanotechnology • Small size may result in particles passing into

• Catalysts the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion,
absorption)
• May be more reactive due to surface area to Past Climate Changes
volume ratio
• Glacial and interglacial periods
• Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals
• Global cooling and global warming
• Persistence - Longevity of particles in the
environment and body are unknown • Measurement of past temperature

NANOSTRUCTURES changes

Fullerenes– e.g. carbon nanotubes and – Rocks and fossils

buckyballs – Ice cores from glaciers
Non-carbon nanotubes – Tree rings
• Nanowires – Historical measurements since 1861
• Biopolymers
• Dendrimers
POTENTIALS RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Adverse health effects in humans from
deliberate or accidental exposure
• Adverse effects on the environment from
deliberate or accidental exposure
•Potentially explosive properties of
nanostructures The Greenhouse Effect
RISK ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS • Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
• Very difficult to detect without sophisticated • Natural greenhouse gases
equipment
– Water vapor (H2O)
• Difficult to predict how particles will behave in
the environment (dispersed/clumped) – Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Small size may result in particles passing into – Methane (CH4)

the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion, – Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
absorption)
• May be more reactive due to surface area to
volume ratio
• Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals Evidence to Support Global Warming
• Persistence - Longevity of particles in the • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
environment and body are unknown
• 2007 IPCC report
Nano-refers to a unit meaning one billionth or
• Rise in average global surface temperature
ten raised to negative nine.
• 10 warmest years on record since 1970
Nanotechnology-refers to the manipulation of
matter on an atomic or subatomic scale. • Annual greenhouse gas emissions up 70%
between 1970 and 2008
Climate Change & Global Warming
• Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns, shifts in locations of agriculture and wildlife
hurricanes habitats.
• Sea level rise in this century 4–8 inches Potential Severe Consequences
O2 Is the Major Culprit • Rapid projected temperature increase
• 1850: 285 ppm • 2 Cº inevitable
• 2009: 388 ppm • 4 Cº possible
• Over 450 ppm is tipping point • Effects will last for at least 1,000 years
• 350 ppm as intermediate goal Harmful Effects of Global Warming
Science Focus: Scientific Consensus about • Excessive heat
Future Global Temperature Changes? • Drought
• Temperature as a function of greenhouse • Ice and snow melt
gases
• Rising sea levels
• Mathematical models
• Extreme weather
• Model data and assumptions
• Threat to biodiversity
• Predictions and model reliability
• Food production may decline
• Recent warming due to human activities
• Change location of agricultural crops
• Threats to human health
-to slow the rate of projected climate change, we
can increase energy efficiency, sharply reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, rely more on
renewable energy resources, and slow
population growth.
Options to Deal with Climate Change
• Two approaches:
1. Drastically reduce greenhouse gas
emissions
2. Develop strategies to reduce its

What Role for Oceans in Climate Change? harmful effects

• Absorb CO2 • Mix both approaches

• CO2 solubility decreases with increasing • Governments beginning to act

temperature
• Upper ocean getting warmer
-The projected change in the earth’s climate
during this century could have severe and long-
lasting consequences, including increased
drought and flooding, rising sea levels, and
Solutions in Slowing Climate Change • Repair leaking natural gas lines
• Reduce methane emissions from animals
Science Focus: Is Capturing and \Storing
CO2 the Answer?
• Global tree planting
• Restore wetlands
• Plant fast-growing perennials
• Preserve natural forests
• Seed oceans with iron to promote growth of
phytoplankton
• Sequester carbon dioxide underground and
under the ocean floor
Government Roles in Reducing the \Threat
of Climate Change
• Regulate carbon dioxide and methane as
pollutants
• Carbon taxes
Reducing the Threat of Climate Change • Cap total CO2 emissions
• Improve energy efficiency to reduce • Subsidize energy-efficient technologies
fossil fuel use • Technology transfers
• Shift from coal to natural gas • International climate negotiations
• Improve energy efficiency • Kyoto Protocol
• Shift to renewable energy sources • Act locally
• Transfer appropriate technology to developing – Costa Rica
countries
– U.S. states
• Reduce deforestation
– Large corporations
• Sustainable agriculture and forestry
– Colleges and universities
• Reduce poverty
• Slow population growth
• Decrease CO2 emissions
• Sequester CO2
– Plant trees
– Agriculture
– Underground
– Deep ocean
 Former Uses of CFCs
• Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
• Propellants in aerosol cans
• Cleaning solutions for electronic parts
• Fumigants
• Bubbles in plastic packing
• Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
• Propellants in aerosol cans
• Cleaning solutions for electronic parts

-Widespread use of certain chemicals has • Fumigants

reduced ozone levels in the stratosphere and Reversing Ozone Depletion
allowed more harmful ultraviolet radiation to
reach the earth’s surface • Stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals
-to reverse ozone depletion, we need to stop • Slow recovery
producing ozone-depleting chemicals and
• Montreal Protocol
adhere to the international treaties that ban such
chemicals. • Copenhagen Protocol
Human Impact on the Ozone Layer • International cooperation
• Location and purpose of the ozone layer
– Blocks UV-A and UV-B
• Seasonal and long-term depletion of ozone
• Threat to humans, animals, plants
• Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Individuals Matter: Banning of
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Chemists Rowland and Molina –
– Nobel Prize in 1995
• Called for ban
– Remain in atmosphere
– Rise into stratosphere
– Break down into atoms that accelerate ozone
depletion
– Stay in stratosphere for long periods
• Defended research against big industry