Deep Learning

What is Deep Learning?

Deep learning is a method in artificial intelligence (AI) that teaches
computers to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain. Deep
learning models can recognize complex patterns in pictures, text, sounds, and
other data to produce accurate insights and predictions. You can use deep
learning methods to automate tasks that typically require human intelligence,
such as describing images or transcribing a sound file into text.

Why is deep learning important?

Artificial intelligence (AI) attempts to train computers to think and learn as
humans do. Deep learning technology drives many AI applications used in
everyday products, such as the following:

 Digital assistants

 Voice-activated television remotes

 Fraud detection

 Automatic facial recognition

It is also a critical component of emerging technologies such as self-driving

cars, virtual reality, and more.

Deep learning models are computer files that data scientists have trained to
perform tasks using an algorithm or a predefined set of steps. Businesses use
deep learning models to analyze data and make predictions in various
applications.

What are the uses of deep learning?

Deep learning has several use cases in automotive, aerospace,
manufacturing, electronics, medical research, and other fields. These are
some examples of deep learning:

 Self-driving cars use deep learning models to automatically detect road

signs and pedestrians.

 Defense systems use deep learning to automatically flag areas of

interest in satellite images.

 Medical image analysis uses deep learning to automatically detect

cancer cells for medical diagnosis.

 Factories use deep learning applications to automatically detect when

people or objects are within an unsafe distance of machines.
You can group these various use cases of deep learning into four broad
categories—computer vision, speech recognition, natural language
processing (NLP), and recommendation engines.

Computer vision

Computer vision is the computer's ability to extract information and insights

from images and videos. Computers can use deep learning techniques to
comprehend images in the same way that humans do. Computer vision has
several applications, such as the following:

 Content moderation to automatically remove unsafe or inappropriate

content from image and video archives

 Facial recognition to identify faces and recognize attributes like open

eyes, glasses, and facial hair

 Image classification to identify brand logos, clothing, safety gear, and

other image details

Speech recognition

Deep learning models can analyze human speech despite varying speech
patterns, pitch, tone, language, and accent. Virtual assistants such as
Amazon Alexa and automatic transcription software use speech recognition
to do the following tasks:

 Assist call center agents and automatically classify calls.

 Convert clinical conversations into documentation in real time.

 Accurately subtitle videos and meeting recordings for a wider content

reach.

Natural language processing

Computers use deep learning algorithms to gather insights and meaning from
text data and documents. This ability to process natural, human-created text
has several use cases, including in these functions:

 Automated virtual agents and chatbots

 Automatic summarization of documents or news articles

 Business intelligence analysis of long-form documents, such as emails

and forms

 Indexing of key phrases that indicate sentiment, such as positive and

negative comments on social media

Recommendation engines
Applications can use deep learning methods to track user activity and
develop personalized recommendations. They can analyze the behavior of
various users and help them discover new products or services. For example,
many media and entertainment companies, such as Netflix, Fox, and
Peacock, use deep learning to give personalized video recommendations.

How does deep learning work?

Deep learning algorithms are neural networks that are modeled after the
human brain. For example, a human brain contains millions of interconnected
neurons that work together to learn and process information. Similarly, deep
learning neural networks, or artificial neural networks, are made of many
layers of artificial neurons that work together inside the computer.

Artificial neurons are software modules called nodes, which use

mathematical calculations to process data. Artificial neural networks are
deep learning algorithms that use these nodes to solve complex problems.

What are the components of a deep learning

network?
The components of a deep neural network are the following.

Input layer

An artificial neural network has several nodes that input data into it. These
nodes make up the input layer of the system.

Hidden layer

The input layer processes and passes the data to layers further in the neural
network. These hidden layers process information at different levels, adapting
their behavior as they receive new information. Deep learning networks have
hundreds of hidden layers that they can use to analyze a problem from several
different angles.

For example, if you were given an image of an unknown animal that you had
to classify, you would compare it with animals you already know. For
example, you would look at the shape of its eyes and ears, its size, the
number of legs, and its fur pattern. You would try to identify patterns, such as
the following:

 The animal has hooves, so it could be a cow or deer.

 The animal has cat eyes, so it could be some type of wild cat.

The hidden layers in deep neural networks work in the same way. If a deep
learning algorithm is trying to classify an animal image, each of its hidden
layers processes a different feature of the animal and tries to accurately
categorize it.

Output layer

The output layer consists of the nodes that output the data. Deep learning
models that output "yes" or "no" answers have only two nodes in the output
layer. On the other hand, those that output a wider range of answers have
more nodes.

What is deep learning in the context of

machine learning?
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning. Deep learning algorithms
emerged in an attempt to make traditional machine learning techniques more
efficient. Traditional machine learning methods require significant human
effort to train the software. For example, in animal image recognition, you
need to do the following:

 Manually label hundreds of thousands of animal images.

 Make the machine learning algorithms process those images.

 Test those algorithms on a set of unknown images.

 Identify why some results are inaccurate.

 Improve the dataset by labeling new images to improve result accuracy.

This process is called supervised learning. In supervised learning, result

accuracy improves only when you have a broad and sufficiently varied
dataset. For instance, the algorithm might accurately identify black cats but
not white cats because the training dataset had more images of black cats. In
that case, you would need to label more white cat images and train the
machine learning models once again.

What are the benefits of deep learning over

machine learning?
A deep learning network has the following benefits over traditional machine
learning.

Efficient processing of unstructured data

Machine learning methods find unstructured data, such as text documents,

challenging to process because the training dataset can have infinite
variations. On the other hand, deep learning models can comprehend
unstructured data and make general observations without manual feature
extraction. For instance, a neural network can recognize that these two
different input sentences have the same meaning:

 Can you tell me how to make the payment?

 How do I transfer money?

Hidden relationships and pattern discovery

A deep learning application can analyze large amounts of data more deeply
and reveal new insights for which it might not have been trained. For
example, consider a deep learning model that is trained to analyze consumer
purchases. The model has data only for the items you have already
purchased. However, the artificial neural network can suggest new items that
you haven't bought by comparing your buying patterns to those of other
similar customers.

Unsupervised learning

Deep learning models can learn and improve over time based on user
behavior. They do not require large variations of labeled datasets. For
example, consider a neural network that automatically corrects or suggests
words by analyzing your typing behavior. Let's assume it was trained in the
English language and can spell-check English words. However, if you
frequently type non-English words, such as danke, the neural network
automatically learns and autocorrects these words too.

Volatile data processing

Volatile datasets have large variations. One example is loan repayment

amounts in a bank. A deep learning neural network can categorize and sort
that data as well, such as by analyzing financial transactions and flagging
some of them for fraud detection.

What are the challenges of deep learning?

As deep learning is a relatively new technology, certain challenges come with
its practical implementation.

Large quantities of high-quality data

Deep learning algorithms give better results when you train them on large
amounts of high-quality data. Outliers or mistakes in your input dataset can
significantly affect the deep learning process. For instance, in our animal
image example, the deep learning model might classify an airplane as a turtle
if non-animal images were accidentally introduced in the dataset.
To avoid such inaccuracies, you must clean and process large amounts of
data before you can train deep learning models. The input data preprocessing
requires large amounts of data storage capacity.

Large processing power

Deep learning algorithms are compute-intensive and require infrastructure

with sufficient compute capacity to properly function. Otherwise, they take a
long time to process results.

What are the benefits of deep learning in the

cloud?
Running deep learning algorithms on cloud infrastructure can overcome many
of these challenges. You can use deep learning in the cloud to design,
develop, and train deep learning applications faster.

Speed

You can train deep learning models faster by using clusters of GPUs and CPUs
to perform the complex mathematical operations that your neural networks
require. You can then deploy these models to process large amounts of data
and produce increasingly relevant results.

Scalability

With the wide range of on-demand resources available through the cloud, you
can access virtually unlimited hardware resources to tackle deep learning
models of any size. Your neural networks can take advantage of multiple
processors to seamlessly and efficiently distribute workloads across different
processor types and quantities.

What is deep learning on AWS?

AWS deep learning services harness the power of cloud computing so that
you can scale your deep learning neural networks at a lower cost and
optimize them for speed. You can also use AWS services, such as the
following, to fully manage specific deep learning applications:

 Amazon Rekognition to add pretrained or customizable computer vision

features to your application

 Amazon Transcribe to automatically recognize and accurately

transcribe speech

 Amazon Lex to build intelligent chatbots that understand intent,

maintain conversational context, and automate simple tasks across
many languages
Get started with deep learning on AWS with Amazon SageMaker to quickly
and easily build, train, and deploy neural networks at scale. You can also use
the AWS Deep Learning AMIs to build custom environments and workflows
for deep learning. Create a free AWS account to get started today!