2marks Unit II

BE8256- Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019
UNIT – II SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

PART – A
1. Define ‘state’
State is a condition of the system when it has definite values for all its properties
2. Define ‘Process’
When one or more properties change with time in an operation, it is said to undergo a process.
3. Define the term cycle.
When a system undergoes a series of processes at the end of which it returns to its initial
condition, it is known as cycle.
4. What is meant by open and closed cycle?
In a closed cycle, the same working substance will be undergoing the cycle again and again. In
an open cycle, the working substance will be exhausted at the end of a series of processes which
will be repeated again and again.
5. What are point and path function? Give some examples.
Path function: The function whose value is dependent on the path of the process. e.g. work
transfer and heat transfer
Point function: The function the change in whose value is independent on the path of the process.
e.g. pressure, temperature, etc.
6. State the thermodynamic definition of work.
In thermodynamics work done by a system on its surroundings is defined as that interaction
whose sole effect, external to the system is equivalent to raising of a mass through a certain
distance.
7. What is a quasi-static process? Give an example.
A process in which the system departs from equilibrium state only by a very small extent is
quasi-equilibrium process. Slow compression and slow expansions of a system of gases are
quasi-equilibrium processes.
9. Define an isentropic process.
Isentropic process is a process in which there is no change in entropy. A reversible adiabatic
process is isentropic process.
10. Isentropic process need not be necessarily an adiabatic process – justify
Entropy increases due to irreversibility and decreases due to heat loss. If these two changes are
equal in magnitude, the process would be isentropic without being adiabatic.
11. What is the difference between adiabatic and isentropic processes?
Adiabatic process is a process without heat transfer. Isentropic process is a process with no
change in entropy. A reversible adiabatic process is isentropic.
1
12. Show that energy of an isolated system is always constant.
For an isolated system, Q =0 and W = 0, Therefore according to first law, E = 0 and hence
energy is constant.
13. What is meant by ‘Hyperbolic’ process?
A process in which pV = constant is known as hyperbolic process.
14. Which property of a system increases when heat is transferred: [a] At constant volume
[b] At constant pressure
[a] Pressure increases at constant volume [b] Volume increases at constant pressure
15. What is a steady flow process?
It is a process in which, properties at any location are constant with respect to time. For a flow
process to be steady, there should be no accumulation of mass or energy.
16. What are the conditions for steady flow process?
There should not be any accumulation of mass or energy in the system.
17. Define flow energy.
Energy required to introduce a quantity of fluid in a pipe section is flow energy. It is equal to pV.
18. Define Internal Energy.
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions. It is
denoted as U
19. Define enthalpy of a system.
It is the sum of internal energy and flow energy. i.e. H = U+ pV
20. Define Latent heat.
Amount of heat required to cause a phase change in unit mass of a substance at constant pressure
and temperature.
21. Explain the throttling process.
When a gas or vapour expands and flows through an aperture of small size, the process is called
as throttling process.
22. Closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of three heat transfers and two work transfers.
The heat transfers are: 20 kJ supplied to the system, 40 kJ rejected by the system and 30
kJ supplied to the system and during one of the work transfers, 30 kJ is obtained from the
system. What is the magnitude and direction of the other work transfer?
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = W1 + W2; W2 = 20-40+30-30 =-20 kJ, 20kJ of work is supplied to the system.
23. A domestic refrigerator is loaded with food and the door is closed. During certain period
the machine consumes 1 kW h of energy and the internal energy of the system drops by
5000 kJ. Find the net heat transfer for the system.
Q=W+E, here, W = -1 kW h = -3600 kJ and E = -5000 kJ , therefore Q = -8600 kJ.
2
24. A closed insulated vessel contains 200 kg of water. A paddle wheel immersed in the water
is driven at 400 rev/min with an average torque of 500 Nm. If the test run is made for 30
minutes, determine rise in the temperature of water. Take specific heat of water as 4.186
kJ/kg/K. [NOV/DEC 2015]
Given: m = 200 kg, Cp = 4.186 kJ/kg K, N = 400 rpm, t = 30 minutes, T = 500 Nm
Applicable concept: paddle wheel work is dissipated as heat into water, raising its temperature.
Paddle wheel work,
W = (2 N t) T = 2 × 400 × 30 × 500 / 1000 = 37699 kJ
W = Q = mCpT,
Therefore T = 37699 / (200×4.186) = 45.03 K

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BE8256- Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

UNIT – II SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

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