AI

Unit 1:Introduction: Artificial intelligence for

Everyone

What is AI?

AI is a technology to create intelligent machines that can recognize human speech, can see
(vision), assimilate knowledge, strategize and solve problems as humans do. Broadly, AI
entails all those technologies or fields that aim to create intelligent machines.

History of AI

In 1950’s

The modern-day AI got impetus since 50s of the previous centuries, once Alan Turing
introduced the “Turing Test” for assessment of intelligence.

In 1955

John McCarthy known as the founder of Artificial Intelligence introduced the term ‘Artificial
Intelligence’. McCarthy along with Alan Turing, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Marvin
Minsky too has the greatest contribution to present day machine intelligence. Alan
suggested that if humans use accessible information, as well as reason, to solve problems
to make decisions – then why can’t it be done with the help of machines?

In 1970’s

The 70's saw an upsurge of the computer era. These machines were much quicker,
affordable and stowed more information. They had an amazing character to think
abstractly, could self-recognize and accomplished natural language processing.

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In 1980’s

These were the years that saw flow of funds for research and algorithmic tools. The
learning skills were enhanced and computers improved with deeper user experience. In
2000’s Many unsuccessful attempts, Alas! The technology was successfully established by
years 2000.The milestones were realised, that needed to be accomplished. AI could
somehow manage to thrive despite lack of government funds and public appreciation.

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3. Machine Learning

“Machine Learning is a discipline that deals with programming the systems so as to

make them automatically learn and improve with experience. Here, learning implies
understanding the input data and taking informed decisions based on the supplied
data”.

In simple words, Machine Learning is a subset of AI which predicts results

based on incoming data.

Applications : to detect spam emails, forecast stock prices, video

recommendations, e-commerce sites product preferences etc.

Difference between Conventional programming and Machine Learning:

Conventional Programming Approach

Conventional Programming refers to any manually created program which uses

input data, runs on a computer and produces the output.

A programmer accepts the input, gives the instruction (through Code / Computer
language) to the computer to produce an output/destination.

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Give an example of a conventional approach here..

Machine Learning (or AI) Approach

The input data and the output data are fed to an algorithm (Machine learning
algorithm) to create a program. Programmer feeds the computer with ‘The Input +
The Output’ and the computer generates the algorithm as to how the ‘The Output’
was achieved.

Give an example for the ML approach here..

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Relation between ML and AI:

Machine Learning is a tool for achieving Artificial Intelligence.

AI is a technology to create intelligent machines that can recognize human speech,

can see (vision), assimilate knowledge, strategize and solve problems as humans
do. Broadly, AI entails all those technologies or fields that aim to create intelligent
machines.

Machine learning provides machines the ability to learn, forecast and progress on
their own without specifically being programmed. In a nutshell, ML is more about
learning and nothing else. ML systems primarily start with a ‘slow state’ (like a child)
and gradually improve by learning from examples to become ‘superior’ (like an
adult).

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Data in AI

Data can be defined as a representation of facts or instructions about some

entity (students, school, sports, business, animals etc.) that can be processed or
communicated by humans or machines.

In order to build an AI system, it is important to understand the different types of

data and how they can be used.

● Numeric Data.
● Categorical DataImage Data
● Text Data
● Time Series Data
● Audio Data
● Sensor Data
● Structured Data

Data may be represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z),
digits (0-9) or special characters (+, -, /, *, <,>, = etc.)

Activity

Create a dataset about yourself:

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Data can be sorted into one of the two categories:

1. Structured Data
2. Unstructured Data

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Structured Data

● Structured data has predefined data types and format so that it fits well in
the column/ fields of a database or spreadsheet.
● They are highly organized and easily analyzed. The data that can be stored in
relational databases or spreadsheets (like Excel) is the best example of
structured data.
● Eg: Name, Age. Address of a person

Unstructured Data

● It cannot be processed and analyzed using conventional relational database

(RDBMS) methods.
● Non-relational, or NOSQL databases, are best fit for managing unstructured
data.
● Examples of unstructured data include text, video, audio, mobile activity,
social media activity, satellite imagery, surveillance imagery.

Explain different Categories of Machine Learning?

Machine learning is an application of AI that enables system to learn and improve

automatically from experience without the need for explicit programming.

Machine learning is often divided into three categories – Supervised, Unsupervised

and Reinforcement learning.

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Supervised Learning

● In Supervised Learning we train the machine with labeled data (i.e. some
data is already tagged with the correct answer) and then becomes ready to
predict the outcomes for unforeseen data.
● We provide the system with data that contains photos of apples and let it
know that these are apples. This is called labeled data.
● The model learns from the labeled data and the next time you ask it to
identify an apple, it can do it easily.

Practical applications of supervised learning algorithms in real life:

Text categorization
Face Detection
Signature recognition
Spam detection

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Unsupervised Machine Learning

● Unsupervised learning is a ML technique where we don’t need to supply

labeled data, instead we allow the machine learning model (algorithm) to
discover the patterns on its own.
● The task of the machine is to assemble unsorted information according to
resemblances, patterns and variances without any former training of data.

Practical applications of supervised learning algorithms in real life:

Customer segmentation (Demographic Segmentation – based on gender,

age, occupation, marital status, income, etc. )
Anomaly detection (Detecting credit card fraud)
Pattern recognition (grouping images, transcribing audio)

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Reinforcement Machine Learning

● In reinforcement learning, the machine is not given examples of correct

input- output pairs, but a method is provided to the machine to measure its
performance in the form of a reward.
● Reinforcement learning methods resemble how humans and animals learn,
the machine carries out numerous activities and gets rewarded whenever it
does something well.
● In reinforcement learning, artificial intelligence faces a game-like situation.
● The computer employs trial and error to come up with a solution to the
problem.
● To get the machine to do what the programmer wants, the artificial
intelligence gets either rewards or penalties for the actions it performs. Its
goal is to maximize the total reward

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Deep Learning and Neural Networks

● Deep Learning is inspired from the human brain and the neurons in the
human brain.
● Deep learning is a branch of machine learning which is completely based on
artificial neural networks, as neural networks mimic the human brain so
deep learning is also a kind of imitation of the human brain.
● The idea of ANN in Deep Learning is based on the belief that the human
brain works by making the right connections, and this pattern can be
imitated using silicon and wires in place of living neurons.

Artificial Neural Network

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be described as layers of software units

called neurons (also called nodes), connected with different neurons in a layered
manner. These networks transform data from one neuron to another neuron until
they can classify it as an output. Neural network is again a technique to build a
computer program that learns from data.

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The most common structure for a neural network consists of three separate layers
known as input, hidden and output.

Input Layer:

This is the layer where information or initial data from the real world gets
introduced into the neural network. The information is then passed onto the
hidden node where computations can begin.

Hidden Layer:

There is no connection to the real world at this stage. This is the point where the
machine uses the information received from the input node, it carries out
computation and processing on it. There can be more than one hidden layer.

Output Layer:

This is the final stage where the computations conclude, and data is made available
to the output layer from where it gets transferred back into the real-world

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environment.

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Examples of Deep Learning

● Automated Driving: Automotive researchers are using profound learning to

robotically spot entities such as stop lights and traffic signals. In addition,
deep learning is also used to detect pedestrians, reducing the incidence of
accidents.
● Aerospace and Defence: Identifying objects from satellites and locating safe
and unsafe zones for troops is another area where Deep Learning is playing
a major role.
● Medical Research: Deep Learning is used by cancer researchers to
automatically detect cancer cells.
● Industrial Automation: Deep learning is helping to improve worker safety
around heavy machinery by automatically detecting when people or objects
are within an unsafe distance from the machines.

Examples of Deep Learning

1. Virtual Personal Assistant like Siri, Alexa, Google Home etc.

2. Predictions while commuting - like Traffic Forecasts on Google Maps.

3. Video Surveillance systems nowadays are powered by AI that makes it possible to

detect crime before they happen. They track unusual behaviour of people like
standing motionless for a long time, stumbling, or napping on benches etc.

4. Social Media Services

Facebook Friend Suggestion: Facebook continuously notices the friends that you

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connect with, the profiles that you visit very often. On the basis of continuous
learning, a list of Facebook users is suggested that you can become friends with.

Face Recognition on Facebook: When you upload a picture of yourself with a friend
does Facebook instantly recognize that friend. Facebook checks the poses and
projections in the picture, notices the unique features, and then matches the same
with the people in your friends list.

5. Email spam and malware filtering - Emails are arranged according to some
standards as per email spam. Mail filtering manages received mails, detects and
removes the ones holding malicious codes such as virus, Trojan or malware.

6. Product recommendations - You often receive emails from similar merchandisers

after you have shopped online for a product. The products are either similar or
match your taste, it definitely refines the shopping experience.

7. Online Fraud Detection Machine learning is lending its potential to make

cyberspace a secure place by tracking monetary frauds online. Take for example
PayPal is using ML for protection against money laundering.

Jobs in AI

● AI Data Analyst
● Big Data Engineer
● BI Developer
● Data scientist
● ML Engineer

Jobs which will grow with the help of AI

1) Creative Jobs Professionals like artists, doctors, scientists are only a few which
can be labeled creative. Such a category of jobs is only going to get refined and
advanced by use of AI. The number of such professionals required will not increase.

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But AI will make certain parts of these jobs less complex for humans, so it will
become easier in the future to learn the skill in lesser time and flourish.

2) Management Jobs Management jobs cannot be replaced by artificial managers.

Human managers have to manage artificial managers. Managing is a very complex
task which involves deep understanding of people and communication. There are
already few smart tools which help managers become more effective at their job.
So, if you’re interested in this kind of job, you can learn to use them and gain some
advantage in the field.

3) Tech Jobs Programmers, data scientists, people who work on the creation and
maintenance of AI systems are the jobs of the future and they will be very
important for humanity to make the next large step of its evolution. They too
should undergo certain changes. Few of the tech jobs which are in demand today
may become less common, while others may become more vital.

Few of the jobs title, which can be expected to appear by 2030:

1. Man – Machine teaming manager

2. AI business development manager
3. AI assisted medical professional
4. AI tutor

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