Q & A Notebook Chap 04

CHAPTER 4
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?
Ans. (i) Decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality
rate.
(ii) Increase in number of people in reproductive age.
(iii) Control of diseases.
(iv) Better public health care and greater medical attention.
2. Suggest some measures taken by the government to maintain a
reproductively healthy society.
Ans.
(i) Awareness about reproductive well-being through the help of audio-

visuals & print media.
(ii) Introduction of sex education in schools to provide awareness to

the teenagers.
(iii) Dissemination of proper information about reproductive organs,
adolescence & related changes, safe & hygienic sexual practices,
sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS etc.
3. Mention the principle behind each of the following natural

methods of contraception.
Ans. (i)Periodic abstinence: The couples avoid or abstain from coitus

from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle, because during this period,
ovulation occurs and the chances of fertilization is high.
(ii)Lactational Amenorrhea: During the period of intense lactation ,

ovulation does not occur and therefore the chances of conception is
almost nil.
(iii)Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus: Insemination is avoided as the

male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation.
4. How does copper releasing IUDs act as contraceptives? Explain.
Ans. Copper and hormone releasing lUDs act as contraceptives because

lUDs (Cu-T, Cu-7) release Cu ions, which
(i) suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.

(ii) Increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
5. A woman has certain queries as listed below, before starting with

contraceptive pills. Answer them.
(i)What do contraceptive pills contain and how do they act as
contraceptives?
(ii)What schedule should be followed for taking these pills?
Ans. (i) Oral contraceptive or pills are either progestogens or

progestogen oestrogen combinations.
They function as contraceptives by
(a) inhibiting ovulation.
(b) Inhibiting implantation.
(c) altering the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or stop the entry of
sperms
(ii)The oral contraceptive pills are to be taken daily for 21 days,
preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. After the onset of
menstruation cycle, i.e. 5-7 days, the process is to be repeated in the
same pattern (again for 21 days).
This schedule is to be followed till the women want to avoid conception.
6. Explain the following methods of contraception, how it works

with example.
Ans. (i) Barrier: Ovum and sperms are prevented from physical
meeting. eg: Males ( Condoms) , Females (Diaphragms,vaults,cervical
caps)
(ii) IUDS (Non-medicated): Increases phagocytosis of sperms .

eg: Lippes loop.
(iii) Injections/Implants:
-inhibit ovulation and implantation
-alters quality of cervix
-retards entry of sperms
(iv) Surgical Technique: blocks gamete transfer
(a)Vasectomy: Small part of vas deferens is removed/cut and tied
(males)
(b)Tubectomy: Small part of fallopian tube is removed/cut and
tied (females)
7. How does hormone releasing IUDs act as contraceptives? Explain.
Ans. Hormone releasing lUDs (progestasert, LNG-20)
 inhibits ovulation.
 make the cervix unreceptive to sperms.
 make the uterus unsuitable for implantation.
 Increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
8. Why do some women use Saheli pills?

Ans. Reasons to use Saheli pills by women are mainly to prevent
conception because it
(i) contains a non-steroidal component.
(ii) is once-a-week pill.
(iii) has high contraceptive value with fewer side effects than other oral
pills.
(iv) inhibits ovulation and implantation
9. What do you mean by amniocentesis? Mention one positive and
one negative application of amniocentesis. Why is it banned?
Ans. It is a pre-natal diagrammatic technique , in which a sample of

amniotic fluid from the womb of a pregnant woman, is taken during the
early stages of foetal development and the cells are cultured and
analysed.
(a)Positive: Chromosomal abnormalities/disorders are detected , so one

can go for premature termination of pregnancy .
(b)Negative: Sex of the foetus is known and is misused for female

foeticide.
Therefore , statutory ban on this technique by government.
10. Expand the following:
Ans.
(i) IVF: in-vitro fertilization

(ii) ART: assisted reproductive technologies
(iii) ET: embryo transfer
(iv) ZIFT: zygote intra fallopian transfer
(v) IUT: intra-uterine transfer
(vi) GIFT: gamete intra fallopian transfer
(vii) MTP: medical termination of pregnancy
(viii) ICSI: intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
(ix) AI: artificial insemination
(x) IUI: intra uterine insemination
(xi) STD: sexually transmitted diseases
(xii) IUDs: intra uterine devices
(xiii) PID: pelvic inflammatory diseases
(xiv) RTI: reproductive tract infections
(xv) VD: venereal diseases
(xvi) MMR: maternal mortality rate
(xvii) IMR: infant mortality rate
11. In the table given below, select and enter one correct device
out of the following: Oral pill, Condom, Copper T, Saheli,
Vasectomy, Diaphragm, Tubectomy, Cervical cap
Method of Birth Control Device

1. Barrier
2. IUD
3. Surgical Technique
4. Administering Hormones
Ans.
Method of Birth Control Device
1. Barrier – Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap
2. IUD – Copper T
3. Surgical Technique – Vasectomy, Tubectomy
4. Hormonal administrations – Oral pill, Saheli.
12. Name any four venereal diseases (STDs).What are the

measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?
Ans. AIDS , Syphilis , Gonorrhea , Genital Herpes.
Preventive measures:
- Avoiding sex with unknown/multiple partners.

- Using condoms during coitus every time
Seeking medical help in case of doubt and getting it completely cured.

13. Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
Ans: Population in India is increasing at a very fast rate and such a
growth necessitated intense use of contraceptive methods to bring all
the fertile couples under its cover. It will help in bringing the birth rate
down and consequently check the population growth. Therefore, the use
of contraceptives is justified. It is essential to mention here that the
selection of a suitable contraceptive method should be practiced in
consultation with qualified doctors. The government provides these
facilities free at the family planning centres. Contraceptives are given free
or at nominal prices at these centres to the couples of reproductive age
desirous of preventing conception.
14. Why medical termination of pregnancy is done? Is MTP
legalized in India?
Ans. MTP is done to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to

unprotected intercourse or failure of the contraceptives used during
coitus or rapes. It is also essential in certain cases where continuation of
the pregnancy could be harmful or fatal either to the foetus or mother.
Yes, Government of India legalized MTP in 1971 with some conditions to
avoid its misuse.
15. What do you understand by In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?
Ans. It is the fertilization outside the body in almost similar conditions as

that in the body. In this method, popularly known as test tube baby
programme, ova from the wife / donor (female) and sperms from the
husband / donor (male) are collected and are induced to form the
zygote under simulated conditions in the lab. The zygote or early
embryos could then be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT -zygote
intra fallopian transfer)
***************************************************************************
“IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE REMEMBER I AM

HERE TO HELP. REACH OUT TO ME FROM 9:00 AM TO
12:00 AM SUNDAY TO THURSDAY SO THAT I CAN
SUPPORT YOUR SUCCESS.”
Dr. NAZIA SIRAJ
(BIOLOGY TEACHER)

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CHAPTER 4

1. What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?

(i) Awareness about reproductive well-being through the help of audio-

(ii) Introduction of sex education in schools to provide awareness to

3. Mention the principle behind each of the following natural

Ans. (i)Periodic abstinence: The couples avoid or abstain from coitus

(ii)Lactational Amenorrhea: During the period of intense lactation ,

(iii)Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus: Insemination is avoided as the

Ans. Copper and hormone releasing lUDs act as contraceptives because

(i) suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.

5. A woman has certain queries as listed below, before starting with

Ans. (i) Oral contraceptive or pills are either progestogens or

6. Explain the following methods of contraception, how it works

(ii) IUDS (Non-medicated): Increases phagocytosis of sperms .

Ans. Hormone releasing lUDs (progestasert, LNG-20)

8. Why do some women use Saheli pills?

Ans. It is a pre-natal diagrammatic technique , in which a sample of

(a)Positive: Chromosomal abnormalities/disorders are detected , so one

(b)Negative: Sex of the foetus is known and is misused for female

Therefore , statutory ban on this technique by government.

10. Expand the following:

(i) IVF: in-vitro fertilization

Method of Birth Control Device

Method of Birth Control Device

1. Barrier – Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap

3. Surgical Technique – Vasectomy, Tubectomy

4. Hormonal administrations – Oral pill, Saheli.

12. Name any four venereal diseases (STDs).What are the

Ans. AIDS , Syphilis , Gonorrhea , Genital Herpes.

- Avoiding sex with unknown/multiple partners.

Seeking medical help in case of doubt and getting it completely cured.

Ans. MTP is done to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to

Ans. It is the fertilization outside the body in almost similar conditions as

“IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE REMEMBER I AM

Dr. NAZIA SIRAJ

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