Introduction to Communication

Group Assignment 3
 Compare performance the following techniques in
terms of bandwidth efficiency, power efficiency and

Q1
complexity.

1.1. Conventional AM, DSB-SC and SSB AM

1.2. AM and FM modulation techniques
1.3. MPSK and M-QAM

2
Comparison of Conventional
AM ,DSB-SC and SSB AM
Bandwidth Efficiency
Conventional AM: Transmits both upper and lower
sidebands, resulting in twice the bandwidth required for the
original message signal.
DSB-SC: Suppresses the carrier signal, reducing bandwidth
to that of the original message signal.
SSB-AM: Transmits only one sideband, further reducing
bandwidth to half that of the original message signal.
Power Efficiency
Conventional AM: it can be used for broadcasting services,
because it is possible to produce conventional AM signals at
high power levels. and Half of the transmitted power is
wasted on the carrier signal, resulting in lower power
efficiency.
DSB-SC: Eliminates the carrier signal, improving power
efficiency to 50%.
SSB-AM: Achieves the highest power efficiency of 100%, as
all transmitted power carries information. 3
…continued.

Complexity
Conventional AM: Simplest modulation technique,
requiring minimal circuitry for modulation and
demodulation.
DSB-SC: Moderately complex, requiring additional
filtering to suppress the carrier signal.
SSB-AM: Most complex, requiring sophisticated filtering
and phase synchronization techniques.
Moreover DSB-SC and SSB modulation systems are used
in point-to-point communication while conventional AM
finds application in public broadcasting systems
To sum up, SSB-AM provides the most bandwidth and
power efficiency, but at the cost of greater complexity.
Whereas standard AM is the most straightforward
solution, it comes at the expense of efficiency, DSB-SC
offers a compromise between performance and
complexity. The particular application requirements
determine which modulation approach is best.

Furthermore, it can be compared, as tried to be shown in

the table below.
…continued.

Modulation Technique Bandwidth Efficiency Power Efficiency Complexity

Conventional AM 50% 33% Simple

DSB-SC 100% 50% Moderate

SSB-AM 100% 100% Complex

Table: Summary of the comparison conventional AM ,DSB-SC and SSB AM

5
 COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF AM AND FM
(IN TERMS OF BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY)

AM(Amplitude modulation) FM(Frequency Modulation)

AM is simpler but less efficient in terms of bandwidth. AM FM takes a maximum bandwidth. FM provides better sound
usually consumes less bandwidth. The bandwidth of an AM quality and noise resistance but requires a wider bandwidth.
signal is twice the highest modulating frequency. For example, FM requires a bandwidth twice the sum of the modulating
if the modulating signal frequency is 15 kHz, the required signal frequency and the frequency deviation. For instance, if
bandwidth is 30 kHz. the frequency deviation is 75 kHz and the modulating signal
frequency is 15 kHz, the required bandwidth is 180 kHz.
Advantages: AM is relatively easy to detect with simple
equipment, even if the signal is weak. It has a narrower Advantages: FM offers better sound quality due to its higher
bandwidth compared to FM, allowing for wider coverage. bandwidth. It is less susceptible to noise because information
is transmitted through varying the frequency, not the
Disadvantages: AM has poorer sound quality compared to FM amplitude.
due to noise affecting the amplitude. It can be transmitted
over long distances but is less efficient. Disadvantages: FM signals occupy a wider bandwidth than
AM, which can impact spectrum allocation.
ALPINE SKI HOUSE 6
 COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF AM AND FM (In terms of Power efficiency)

AM
FM
Power Dependence: The power in AM
FM is generally more power-efficient
systems depends on the modulation
compared to AM. In FM, the power
index (MA). The power consumption is
efficiency is improved by utilizing a
at its maximum, but low power efficiency
technique called constant envelope
usually (33-50% max). AM is not considered
modulation. In FM, the amplitude of
power-efficient compared to FM.
the carrier wave remains constant,
AM: The power efficiency of AM is while the frequency is modulated to
relatively low because the carrier signal is carry the information.
continuously transmitted at maximum
Power Consistency: The power of the
power, regardless of the amplitude
You can simplyby
impress your transmitted FM signal is proportional
variations caused the modulating signal.
audience and add a unique zing to the amplitude of the unmodulated
AM: and appeal to your Presentations.
Transmitting the carrier wastes
Easy to change colors, photos and
a lot of carrier signal and remains constant.
power.
Text. Get a modern PowerPoint Therefore, FM is usually more power-
Presentation that is beautifully efficient than AM systems.
designed. You can simply impress
your audience and add a unique
zing and appeal to your
FM: It is very efficient as all transmitted
Presentations. power is useful.

7
COMPARISON OF AM AND FM
INTERMS OF COMPLEXITY

AM systems are relatively simple in terms of circuit design and

implementation. The modulation process involves straightforward amplitude
modulation and demodulation techniques. AM is relatively straightforward
in terms of complexity. The process involves modulating the amplitude of a
carrier wave with the information signal. The demodulation process typically
consists of a simple envelope detection or synchronous demodulation.

AM: Transmitter and receiver are simpler, but synchronization is needed in

the case of SSBSC (Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier) AM.

FM systems are more complex in terms of circuit design compared to AM

due to its nonlinear characteristics. FM involves modulating the frequency of
a carrier wave with the information signal. The process requires more
sophisticated circuitry and additional components to achieve accurate
frequency modulation and demodulation.

FM: Transmitter and receiver are more complex because the variation of the
modulating signal must be converted and detected from corresponding
frequency variations (voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage
conversion).
8
9

COMPARISON OF
MPSK AND M-QAM
Bandwidth efficiency

MPSK and M-QAM are both digital modulation techniques that are
used to transmit digital information over an analog channel. MPSK
modulates the phase of a carrier signal, while M-QAM modulates both
the phase and amplitude of a carrier signal.

MPSK is generally less bandwidth efficient than M-QAM. This is

because MPSK uses a single carrier signal to transmit information,
while M-QAM uses two carrier signals (one for each quadrature
component). As a result, M-QAM can transmit more bits per second
per Hertz of bandwidth than MPSK.

For example, 16QAM can transmit 4 bits per symbol, while 16PSK can
only transmit 4 bits per symbol. This means that 16QAM can transmit
twice as much information as 16PSK in the same amount of
bandwidth.
…continued.

Power Efficiency Complexity

MPSK is generally more power efficient than M-QAM. This is MPSK is generally less complex than M-QAM. This is because
because MPSK signals have a lower peak-to-average power MPSK has a simpler constellation than M-QAM. A simpler
ratio (PAR) than M-QAM signals. A lower PAR means that the constellation means that the receiver that is used to
amplifier that is used to transmit the signal can operate at a demodulate the signal is simpler, which reduces the cost and
lower power level, which reduces power consumption. power consumption of the receiver.

For example, the PAR of 16QAM is 9.03 dB, while the PAR of For example, the constellation of 16PSK has 16 points, while
16PSK is 3.01 dB. This means that a 16PSK transmitter can the constellation of 16QAM has 64 points. This means that the
receiver for 16QAM must be able to distinguish between 64
operate at a power level that is 6 dB lower than a 16QAM
different points, while the receiver for 16PSK only needs to
transmitter, which reduces power consumption by half.
distinguish between 16 different points.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 10

SUMMARY OF THE COMPARISON OF MPSK AND M-QAM

Feature MPSK M-QAM

Bandwidth efficiency Lower Higher

Power efficiency Higher Lower

Complexity Lower Higher

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 11

Q2
Compare FDM, TDM and CDM in terms of
resource efficiency and quality.

12
COMPARISON OF FDM, TDM AND
CDM IN TERMS OF RESOURCE
EFFICIENCY AND QUALITY.

Efficiency

TDM is efficient when the data rates of the

individual signals are relatively low and can be
accommodated within their allocated time slots.

CDM is efficient in terms of utilizing available

bandwidth, especially when signals have varying
data rates.

FDM is efficient when the signals have different

frequency requirements and do not interfere with
each other.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 13

 …continued.

Trade off of TDM , CDM ,FDM Quality comparison of TDM,CDM,FDM

• TDM may not efficiently handle users or signals with • TDM may suffer from limitations if the data rates of
variable data rates. If a user requires a higher data rate, it individual signals are high, leading to a shorter time slot
might need multiple time slots, potentially leading to for each signal. This can result in lower signal quality for
inefficient use of bandwidth during periods of low data high-data-rate applications.
activity.
• FDM is generally good for maintaining signal quality, as
• CDM requires complex signal processing techniques, such each signal is allocated a specific frequency band.
as correlation and spreading codes, both at the transmitter However, if signals have overlapping frequency
and the receiver. This complexity can increase the cost and requirements or if there is interference, it can impact the
power requirements of the communication system. quality.
• FDM may not be as spectrally efficient as other • CDM is a form of spread spectrum signaling, which means
multiplexing techniques, especially in scenarios where that the signal is spread over a wider frequency range than
signals have widely varying bandwidth requirements. This the original information signal. This spreading of the signal
can limit the number of signals that can be accommodated makes it more resistant to interference from other users.
within the available bandwidth. ALPINE SKI HOUSE 14
SUMMARY TABLE FOR EFFICIENCY OF TDM,FDM,CDM

Technique Pros Cons

High resource efficiency, High synchronization

TDM
high signal quality requirements

Medium resource
efficiency, medium
FDM High signal quality
synchronization
requirements

Low synchronization
Low resource efficiency,
CDM requirements, supports a
moderate signal quality
large number of users

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 15

Q3
Identify and discuss the Source Coding, Channel
Coding and Modulation techniques that are applied
for your assigned technologies

Our assigned technology is WLAN.

16
Source coding techniques
applied in WLAN
Source coding techniques are used in WLANs to compress data before it is transmitted over
the wireless channel. This helps to reduce the amount of bandwidth required to transmit the
data, which can improve the overall performance of the network.
There are two main types of source coding techniques used in WLANs: lossless compression
and lossy compression.

Lossless compression is used when it is important to preserve the exact content of the
data. This type of compression is typically used for data that is already highly compressed,
such as text or images. Examples of lossless compression techniques include:

▪ Huffman coding: assigns variable-length codes to data symbols based on their

frequency, with more frequent symbols receiving shorter codes.

• Lempel-Ziv (LZ) compression: is a lossless data compression algorithm that uses a

dictionary-based approach to compress data.

• Arithmetic coding: utilizes an adaptive probability model to assign binary codes to data
symbols, achieving higher compression ratios compared to Huffman coding.

• Dictionary Coding: Dictionary coding replaces repetitive sequences of data with

references to a dictionary of predefined patterns, reducing the amount of data to be
17
transmitted.
…continued.

Lossy compression is used when it is more important to reduce the size of the data
than it is to preserve its exact content. This type of compression is typically used for
data that is not already highly compressed, such as audio or video. Examples of lossy
compression techniques include:

• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): JPEG is a widely used compression

standard for images, employing a block-based discrete cosine transform (DCT) to
encode and decode image data.

• MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group): MPEG is a family of compression standards

for video, utilizing motion estimation and compensation techniques to reduce
redundancies between video frames.

• MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III): MP3 is a popular audio compression format that
employs psychoacoustic principles to discard inaudible portions of audio data,
achieving significant compression ratios.

18
Channel coding techniques
applied in WLAN
Channel coding techniques are employed in wireless local area networks (WLANs)
to combat the inherent unreliability of wireless channels and ensure reliable data
transmission. These techniques introduce redundancy into the transmitted data
stream, allowing the receiver to detect and correct errors that may occur during
transmission.
Types of Channel Coding Techniques in WLANs

▪ Convolutional Codes: Convolutional codes are a type of error-correcting code that

operates on a continuous stream of data. They are relatively simple to implement
and provide good error-correction performance.

• Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes: LDPC codes are a more recent class of
error-correcting codes that have gained popularity due to their superior error-
correction performance and decoding efficiency.

• Polar Codes: Polar codes are the most recently developed error-correcting code
family and offer near-capacity performance with low decoding complexity.

• Turbo Codes: Turbo codes are a type of concatenated error-correcting code that
combines two convolutional codes to achieve near-capacity performance.
19
Modulation techniques
applied in WLAN
Modulation techniques are crucial in wireless local area networks (WLANs) for encoding digital data onto radio waves and
enabling seamless data transmission over wireless channels. These techniques play a vital role in determining the data
rate, spectral efficiency, and robustness of WLANs.
Common Modulation Techniques in WLANs:

• Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK): BPSK is a simple and robust modulation technique that encodes digital data
by shifting the phase of the carrier signal between two discrete values, representing 0 and 1. It offers high
noise immunity but has a relatively low data rate.

• Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK): QPSK extends BPSK by modulating both the in-phase and quadrature
components of the carrier signal, allowing for four distinct phase combinations to represent two data bits. It
offers a higher data rate than BPSK but is more sensitive to noise.

• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): QAM further expands modulation capabilities by utilizing both
amplitude and phase variations of the carrier signal. Higher-order QAM schemes, such as 16-QAM and 64-
QAM, can represent multiple data bits per symbol, achieving significantly higher data rates. However, they are
also more susceptible to noise and channel impairments.

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple
orthogonal subcarriers, each modulated with a lower-order modulation scheme like QPSK or BPSK. This
technique offers increased spectral efficiency, robustness to multipath propagation, and resistance to
interference. However, it is more complex to implement and may experience intercarrier interference in dense 20
environments.
 Group Members 6(Alphabetically)

Name: ID:
Dawit Woldeyesus ATR/9017/12

Thank you Simon Assfaw UGR/4030/13

Tesfaye Dinku UGR/3126/13
Tofique Adam UGR/1648/13
Turemo Bedaso UGR/2407/13
Walid Abdulfetah UGR/4054/13