CHAPTER 10

TRIGONOMETRY
 2 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Trigonometry ဆတ
ို ာဘာလဲ။

Tri = three
gon = sides
metry = measure

Trigonometry ဆတ
ို ာ ∆တစ်ခရ
ို ဲ ထဲ့ ာငထ
်ဲ့ တွေ၊ အနာားထတွေ တင
ို ား် တာခခင်ားပါပဲ။
 3 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.1 Angles - ထ ောငမ

့် ောျား

Y Y P
P

positive angle (+)

X
𝜃 O
X negative angle (−)
O initial side

Q
 4 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

90° < 𝜃 < 180° 0° < 𝜃 < 90°

175° ဆို 2nd quadrant
X မာ
ဘယ်quadrant မာ ရမာပါ
ရမလဲ။ O ဆရာက ား။
180° < 𝜃 < 270° 270° < 𝜃 < 360°

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

 5 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.2 The Relation between Degree and Radian Measure

Degree measure Radian measure

B
r r
1 radian
O A
O r

180° 3.14 radians ( 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 )

180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
 6 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

180 𝜋
2𝜋 radians = 360° 1 radian = degrees 1° = radians
𝜋 180

Example 1.
180)
Degree လခ
ို ျင်ရင် 180 အပ ေါ်ကထ ား။ ( )
Express the following in radian measures. 𝜋

𝜋
(a) 60° b 135° Radian လိုချင်ရင် 𝜋 အပ ေါ်ကထ ား။ ( )
180

Solution
π π
(a) 60° = 60 × radians (b) 135° = 135 × radians
180 180
π 3π
= radians = radians
3 4
 7 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

180
1 radian = degrees
𝜋

Example 2.
Express the following in degree measures. Degree လခို ျင်ရင်
𝜋 4𝜋 180 အပ ေါ်ကထ ား။
(a) radians b radians 180
4 5
𝜋

Solution
π π 180 4π 4π 180
(a) 4
radians = × degrees (b) radians = × degrees
4 π 5 5 π
= 45° = 144°

Note: Usually when the units of an angle are not specified, it is understood that the angle is
expressed in radians.
 8 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.3 Arc Length and Area of a Sector of a Circle

s
𝑠 N A M
𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
𝑟 𝜃
r ↶ r
1 2 O
𝐴 = 𝑟𝜃
2

θ = central angle radians

r = radius
s = arc length
A = area of sector
 9 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 3.
An arc BC subtends an angle of 144° at the center O of a circle of radius 10 cm. Find the
length of arc BC and the area of the sector BOC.

B C
144°
The length of arc BC = r𝜃
↶
O 4𝜋
= 10 ×
5
= 8𝜋 cm
Solution 1
𝜃 = 144° The area of the sector BOC = r2𝜃
2
𝜋
= 144 × 1 4𝜋
180 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
𝑠
= × 102 ×
4𝜋 𝑟 2 5
= radians
5 1 2 = 40 𝜋 cm2
r = 10 cm 𝐴 = 𝑟𝜃
2
 10 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.4 Six Trigonometric Ratios

sine = sin
cosine = cos
tangent = tan
cotangent = cot
secant = sec
cosecant = csc

မန်
မျ ် Opposite side = မျ န် ာချင်ားဆင ို အ
် နာား
Adjacent side = နားစပ်အနာား
Hypotenuse side = ထ ာငမ ်ဲ့ န်ခံအနာား
A C
နား
 11 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS
B B

မန် မန်
မျ ် နား
မျ ်
sin =
မန်
နား A C A C
cos = မန်
နား မျ ်
BC AC
မျ ် sin A = sin B =
tan = AB AB
နား
AC BC
cos A = cos B = AB
cot = AB
BC AC
tan A = AC
tan B = BC
sec =
AC BC
cot A = cot B = AC
BC
csc =
AB AB
sec A = sec B = BC
AC
AB AB
csc A = BC csc B = AC
 12 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS
B’
5
Example 4. B
(a) Using the right triangle ABC, find sin A, cos A, tan A. 6
5
(b) Using the right triangle AB’C’ , find sin A, cos A, tan A. 3

A
Solution 4 C 4 C’

(a) From the right triangle ABC, (b) From the right triangle AB’C’ ,
BC 3 B′C′ 6 3
sin A = = sin A = = =
AB 5 AB′ 10 5
AC 4 AC′ 8 4
cos A = = cos A = = =
AB 5 AB′ 10 5
BC 3 B′C′
tan A = = tan A = =
6
=
3
A𝐶 4 A𝐶′ 8 4
အထခြေ (၂)ခို တူထနတာ ို သတခပြုပါ။

Note: The six ratios do not depend on the size of the triangle.
 13 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 5.
ABC is a right triangle in which C is the right angle. If a = 4 and b = 3, find c, cos A and sec B.
B
Solution
c မျ ်
sin =
a=4 မန်
By Pythogoras theorem, နား
c2 = a2 + b2 cos = မန်
= 42 + 32 A C မျ ်
52 b=3 tan =
= 25 နား
c =5
cot =
b 3
cos A = =
c 5 sec =
c 5
sec B = =
a 4 csc =
 14 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 6.
5
Given right triangle ABC with ∠C = 90° and tan A = , find sin A and cos A.
12
B

Solution
5k

BC မျ ်
5
tan A = = နား
12 AC
A C
12k
BC = 5k and AC = 12k, where k = constant
By Pythagoras theorem,
AB2 = BC2 + AC2 BC 5k 5
sin A =
AB
= =
13k 13
= (5k)2 + (12k)2
= 169k2 AC 12k 12
cos A = = =
∴ AB = 13k AB 13k 13
 15 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 7.
Given right triangle ABC in which ∠B = 90°, CD is drawn perpendicular to CA and meets AB
produced at D. If BC = 6, AB = 8, AC = 10, find CD and AD.
C

Solution 10

6
BC
From the right triangle ABC, tan A =
A𝐵
A 8 B D
CD
From the right triangle ACD, tan A =
AC
AD AC
CD BC = sec A =
∴ = AC AB
AC A𝐵 AC2 102
AD = =
AB 8
BC 6
CD =
A𝐵
× AC = × 10 100 25
8 = = = 12.5
8 2
15
= = 7.5
2
 16 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.5 Relations between the Trigonometric Ratios

B
a c
(i) sin A = , csc A = β
c a c
a c sin - csc
sin A × csc A = × = 1 a cos - sec
c a
1 1
tan - cot
sin A = and csc A = γ
csc A sin A
A α
C
b
b c a b
(ii) cos A = , sec A = (iii) tan A = , cot A =
c b b a
b c a b
cos A × sec A = × = 1 tan A × cot A = × = 1
c b b a
1 1 1 1
cos A = and sec A = tan A = and cot A =
sec A cos A cot A tan A
 17 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS
a b
a c sin A b c cos A
(iv) tan A = = b = , cot A = = a =
b cos A a sin A
c c

sin A cos A
tan A = and cot A = B
cos A sin A
β
c
(v) sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 a
1 + tan2 a = sec2 A
1 + cot2 A = csc2 A γ
A α
b C

sin (90° − α) = cos α α + β = 90°

(vi) cos (90° − α) = sin α
∴ β = 90° − α
tan (90° − α) = cot α b
cot (90° − α) = tan α ∴ sin 90° − α = sin β = = cos α
c
sec (90° − α) = csc α sin(90° − 𝛼) = cos 𝛼
csc (90° − α) = sec α
 18 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

1 1
(i) sin A = and csc A = (v) sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
csc A sin A
1 + tan2 a = sec2 A
1 + cot2 A = csc2 A
1 1
(ii) cos A = and sec A =
sec A cos A

sin (90° − α) = cos α

(iii) tan A =
1
and cot A =
1
(vi) cos (90° − α) = sin α
cot A tan A tan (90° − α) = cot α
cot (90° − α) = tan α
sec (90° − α) = csc α
sin A cos A
(iv) tan A = and cot A = csc (90° − α) = sec α
cos A sin A

e.g., sin 60° = cos 30°

 19 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 8.
sin θ
Prove that = tan θ.
1 − sin2 θ
Solution
sin θ sin θ
= (∵ sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1)
1 − sin2 θ cos2 θ

sin θ
=
cos θ sin A cos A
tan A = and cot A =
= tan θ cos A sin A
 20 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 9.
1
Verify the identity (1 − sin θ) (1 + sin θ) = .
1+ tan2 θ

Solution
(1 − sin θ) (1 + sin θ) = 1 − sin2 θ a2 − b2 = a + b ( a − b)

= cos 2 θ (∵ sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1)

1 1
= (∵ cos 2 θ = )
sec2 θ sec2 θ

1
=
1+ tan2 θ 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
 21 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 10.
Find the value of acute angle α when cos 3α = sin 2α.

Solution
cos 3α = sin 2α.
sin (90° −3α) = sin 2α.
sin (90° − α) = cos α
∴ 90° − 3α = 2α
5α = 90°
α = 18°
 22 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.6 Value of the Trigonometric Ratios for Some Special Angles

B B
45° 60°
2 2
1 1 1
3

A 45° 30°
C A C
1 3
1
𝜽 30° 45° 60°
2
1 2 3
sin 2 2 2
3 2 1
cos 2
2 2
3
tan 1 3
3
 23 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

𝜽 30° 45° 60°

1 2 3
sin 2 2 2
3 2 1
cos 2
2 2
3
tan 1 3
3
3
cot 3 1
3
2 3
sec 2 2
3
2 3
csc 2 2
3

3 2 2 1 2
3 3 2 3 3
 24 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 11. B
Find the value of csc3 60° and sec 30° sin 60° cos 45°. 45°
2
1
Solution 12 2 3
= ×
9 3
A 45°
csc3 60° = (csc 60°)3 1 C
2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
= ( ) = × ×
3 3 3 3 B
8 3
= 60°
9
2
2 3 3 2 1
sec 30° sin 60° cos 45° = × ×
3 2 2
2
= A 30°
2 6
= ×
2 C
6 2 3
 25 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 12. B
Find the value of 2 tan 45° + 2 sin3 30° − 4 cos4 30° + 3 tan2 30°. 45°
2
1
Solution
A 45°
2 tan 45° + 2 sin3 30° − 4 cos4 30° + 3 tan2 30° 1 C
1 3 4 3 2
= (2 × 1) + 2( )3 − 4 ( ) +3( )
2 2 3 B
1 9 60°
= 2+ − +1
4 4
2
1
= 1

A 30°
1 9 3 C
2(8) 4(16) 3(9) 3
 26 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 13.
Find the side marked x from the given triangle. A

x
Solution 15

AB
csc B = B 30°
AC
x C
csc 30° =
15
B
x = 15 csc 30°
60°
x = 15 × 2 2
1
x = 30

A 30°
AC
sin 30° =
1 C
sin B = AB 2 3
 27 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.7 Solving of Right Triangles

c
a

A C
b

Every triangle has six parts, namely, three sides and three angles.
 28 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 14.
Solve the triangle ABC with ∠B = 90° , 𝑎 = 10, 𝑏 = 20.
C

Solution
𝑏 = 20
a = 10
𝑐 2 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2
= 400 − 100 = 300 A B
𝑐 = 10 3 𝑐
𝑎
sin A =
𝑏
10 1
= = = 102 × 3
20 2
∴ ∠ A = 30°
∠ C = 90° − ∠A = 90° − 30° = 60°
 29 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 15.
Solve the triangle ABC with ∠B = 90° , ∠𝐴 = 30° , 𝑐 = 6. C
Solution
𝑏
∠C = 90° − ∠A = 90° − 30° = 60° a
𝑎
= tan 𝐴
𝑐 A 30°
𝑎 B
𝑐=6
= tan 30°
6 3
∴ 𝑎 = 6 tan 30° = 6 × = 2 3
3
𝑏
= sec A =6×
2 3
𝑐 3
𝑏
= sec 30°
6
2
∴ 𝑏 = 6 sec 30° = 6 × = 4 3
3
 30 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 16.
In ∆ABC the angles A and C are equal to 30° and 120° respectively, and the side AC =
20ft, find the length of the perpendicular from B upon AC produced.
B
Solution
𝛽
Draw BD perpendicular to AC produced.
𝜃 = 180° − 120° = 60°
𝛽 = 180° − 30° + 120° = 30°
∴ ∠A = β = 30° and AC = BC = 20 A 30° 120° 𝜃
BD 20 C D
In right ∆CDB, = sin 𝜃
BC
BD
= sin 60°
20
BD = 20 sin 60°
3
BD = 20 × = 10 3
2
 31 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 17.
Solve the triangle ABC with ∠C = 90° , ∠B = 25° 43′ and 𝑐 = 100. Using as much of the
information below as necessary. [ cos 25° 43′ = 0.9010, tan 25° 43′ = 0.4817. ]
A
Solution
∠A = 90° − ∠B = 90° − 25° 43’ = 64° 17′
𝑐 = 100
𝑎 b
= cos B
𝑐
𝑎 = 𝑐 coc B = 100 × cos 25° 43′
25° 43′
= 100 × 0.9010 = 90.10 B C
𝑎

𝑏
= tan B
𝑎
𝑏 = 𝑎 tan B = 90.10 × tan 25° 43′
= 90.10 × 0.4817 = 43.41
 32 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

10.8 Angle of Elevation and Angle of Depression

Angle of Elevation (ခမငထ

ဲ့် ာင)ဲ့် Angle of Depression (နမထ
ဲ့် ာင)ဲ့်

horizontal line
O A
𝜃

𝜃
O A
horizontal line
 33 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 18.
A kite is at the end of a 60 ft string that is taut. It is 30 ft above the ground. What is the angle
of elevation of the kite?
C
Solution

30 1 60 𝑓𝑡
sin A = = 30 ft
60 2

∠A = 30°
A
B
 34 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS

Example 19.
From the top of a house the angle of a depression to a point on the ground is
30°. The point is 45ft from the base of the building. How high is the building?

Solution C
30°
BC 60°
cos 60° =
AC
BC = AC cos 60°
1
= 45 ×
3 A
= 15 3 ft 45 ft B

3
= 45 ×
3
35 GRADE 10 MATHEHATICS