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Lecture.2.21-22-Network Models.

The document discusses network models, including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model was established by ISO and consists of 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has a specific function and communicates with its peer layer on other devices using protocol data units. The layers encapsulate data as it moves down the stack and de-encapsulate as it moves up the stack. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and link layer. It is used practically for network communication while OSI model is more conceptual.

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51 views30 pages

Lecture.2.21-22-Network Models.

The document discusses network models, including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model was established by ISO and consists of 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has a specific function and communicates with its peer layer on other devices using protocol data units. The layers encapsulate data as it moves down the stack and de-encapsulate as it moves up the stack. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and link layer. It is used practically for network communication while OSI model is more conceptual.

Uploaded by

murshidalbimaany
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Models

Layered Tasks
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
Tasks involved in sending a letter
Why a Layered Network Model?
1. It reduces the complexity of the problems from one large one to
seven smaller ones.
2. It allows the standardization of interfaces among devices.
3. It facilitates modular engineering so engineers can work on one
layer of the network model without being concerned with what
happens at another layer.
4. This modularity both accelerates evolution of technology and
finally teaching and learning by dividing the complexity of
internetworking into discrete, more easily learned operation
subsets.
Network Models

There are two types of Models:


▪ OSI Model
▪ TCP/IP Model
The OSI Model
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
The OSI Model

▪ Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set


of internationally recognized, non-proprietary
standards for networking and for operating
system involved in networking functions.
Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Layer 7 – The Application Layer

• The top layer of the OSI model


• Provides a set of interfaces for sending and
receiving applications and to use network
services
• Responsibility: The application layer is
responsible for providing services to the user.
Layer 6 – The Presentation Layer

• Manages data-format information for networked communications


(the network’s translator)

• This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, data


encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression
Layer 5 – The Session Layer

• Enables two networked resources to hold


ongoing communications (called a session)
across a network
• Applications on either end of the session are
able to exchange data for the duration of the
session.
• This layer is responsible for initiating,
maintaining and terminating sessions
Layer 4 – The Transport Layer

• Manages the transmission of data across a network


• Manages the flow of data between parties by
segmenting long data streams into smaller data
chunks (segmentation )
• Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at
the receiving end
• Provides acknowledgements of successful
transmissions and requests resends for packets
which arrive with errors
Layer 3 – The Network Layer

• Handles addressing messages for delivery.


• Responsible for deciding how to route
transmissions between computers
• This layer also handles packet switching and
network congestion control
Layer 2 – The Data Link Layer

• Handles special data frames between the


Network layer and the Physical layer
• At the receiving end, this layer packages raw
data from the physical layer into data frames
for delivery to the Network layer
• At the sending end this layer handles
conversion of data into raw formats that can
be handled by the Physical Layer (Bits)
Layer 1 – The Physical Layer

• Sender: Converts bits into electronic signals


for outgoing messages
• Receiver: Converts electronic signals into bits
for incoming messages
• This layer manages the interface between the
the computer and the network medium (coax,
twisted pair, etc.)
Summary of the Functions
OSI Model Protocol Data Units
What is Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

➢ A Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is information delivered as a unit


among peer entities of networks containing control information,
address information or data.
➢ PDU represents a unit of data specified in the protocol of a given
layer, which consists of protocol control information and user
data.
Encapsulation and Decapsulation

➢ Encapsulation is the process of adding control


information to the data as it passes through the
layered model.
➢ Decapsulation is the process of removing the extra
information and sending only the original application
data up to the destination application layer.
Encapsulation and Decapsulation processes
Example of Encapsulation
➢ In OSI model, what goes down the model from a source
application (client email message) must come up through the
model to the destination client e-mail application.
The e-mail message encounters peer-to-peer relationships
between each source and destination layer.
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
TCP/IP Model
What is TCP/IP?

➢ TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow


computers to share resources across a network
➢ TCP stands for “Transmission Control
Protocol”
➢ IP stands for “Internet Protocol”

26
TCP/IP & OSI Models

TCP/IP 4-layers OSI 7-layers

Application

Transport

Network

Network Interface

27
Difference Between TCP/IP and OSI Model

➢ TCP/IP and OSI are the two most widely used networking
models for communication.
➢ There are some similarities and dissimilarities between them.
➢ One of the major difference is that OSI is a conceptual model
which is not practically used for communication, whereas,
TCP/IP is used for establishing a connection and
communicating through the network.

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