Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) Flesh and Peel with Homemade Glue Putty

as an Alternative Roof Sealant

A Research Paper Submitted to the

Faculty of Senior High School Department

Dasmariňas Integrated High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Capstone Project of

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

By

Jonathan B. Abadiano Bea Heart S. Gargaceran

Trisha Maurice C. Arboso Sheene Ylezabeth D. Inion

Jerzy Rua R. Dayrit Mark Raizen P. Macapagal

Peja Lattrell A. Escares Alexandrei B. Magallanes

Holly Kharolle Christien S. Estacio Kirby Ian R. Nolasco

Acel-Kyle G. Evardone Roniel Alexus B. Rosas

June 2023

Permission is given for the following people to have access to this research paper:
Available for the general public Yes
Available only after consultation with author's/thesis adviser No
Available only those bound by confidentiality agreement No

Student’s Signature:

Signature of research Adviser:

 APPROVAL SHEET

We, the members of the oral defense panel of Abadiano, J., Arboso, T. M., Dayrit J. R., Escares P. L.,

Estacio, H. K. C., Evardone A. C., Gargaceran, B. H., Inion, S. Y., Macapagal, M. R., Magallanes, A.,

Nolasco K. I., and Rosas, R. A., unanimously approve the research paper entitled Jackfruit Flesh and Peel

with Homemade Glue Putty as an Alternative Roof Sealant. The research paper attached hereto which

was defended on ___________ at _____________, Senior High School Department, Dasmariñas

Integrated High School for the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand is

hereby accepted.

PANEL MEMBER SIGNATURE

_____________________________ ___________________________
Chair/Adviser
_____________________________ ___________________________
Member
_____________________________ ___________________________
Member
_____________________________ ___________________________
Member

We therefore recommend that Abadiano, J., Arboso, T. M., Dayrit J. R., Escares P. L., Estacio, H. K. C.,

Evardone A. C., Gargaceran, B. H., Inion, S. Y., Macapagal, M. R., Magallanes, A., Nolasco K. I., and

Rosas, R. A., be awarded the degree Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

graduate from Dasmariñas Integrated High School, SY 2022 - 2023

Very truly yours,

MS. LESLEE ANNE G. CORTEZ
Research Adviser

Endorsed:
MS. WILNELIA C. BALINGTON
Subject Group Head
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables…………………….………………………………………………………………………...iv

List of Figures………………….…………………………………...………………………………….…..v

List of Appendices…………….…………………………………………………………………...………vi

Acknowledgment…………….……………………………………………………………………...…….vii

Abstract……………….…………………………………………………………………………...……...viii

Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………………………..…ix

CHAPTER I: Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….1

Background of the Study………………………………………………………………………......1

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………..4

Research Questions………………………………………………………………………………...5

Research Objectives………………………………………………………………………………..6

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………………………..7

Scope and Limitations…………………………………………………………………………...…8

CHAPTER II: Theoretical Background……………………………………………………………...……10

A. Jackfruit (Artocarpuss heterophyllus)…………………………………………………………10

B. Homemade Glue Putty………………………………………………………………………...12

C. Roof Sealant/Commercial Roof Sealant………………………...…………….………………13

C.1. Adhesion in Roofing System………………………………...……….…………….16

C.2. Moisture Conditions of Substrates and Effect on Adhesive Bond of Sealants……..16

C.3. Adhesion and Compatibility Testing………………………………………………17

C.4. Water Resistance in Roof Sealant………………………………………………..…18

C.5. Water Absorption Test…………………………………………...………………….18

Sysnthesis…………………………………………………………………………………...…….20

i
 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………..………….20

Hydrophobicity…………………………………………………………………………..20

Adsorption…………………………...………………………………………….……….22

Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………………...24

Null Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………...…..24

Alternative Hypothesis………………...………………………………………...………24

Operational Definition of Variables…………………………………………………………..…..25

CHAPTER III: Methodology……………………………………………………………………….……..27

Research Design…………………………………………………………………………..………27

Study Area……………………...………………………………………………………...………27

Study Materials……………………………………………………………………………….…..29

Experimentation…………………………………………………………………………………..30

Data Processing and Analysis………………………………………………………………...…..38

Ethical Considerations………………………………………………………………………..…..40

CHAPTER IV: Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………….……..42

Results…………………………………………………………………………………….………42

Specific Objective 1……………………………………………………….……………..42

Specific Objective 2……………………………………………………………….……..43

Specific Objective 3……………………………………………………….……………..45

General Objective………………………………………………………………………..47

Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………...……50

A. Water absorption and pull test result of JFP with HGP ………………………...……50

B. Result of processing methods such as grinding and drying on the properties of JFP

with HGP………………………..………………………………………………..…..….52

ii
 C. Comparison of water resistance and adhesion capacity of JFP with HGP and

CRS……………………………………………………………………………...……….54

D. Potentiality of JFP and HGP………………………………………………...………..57

CHAPTER V: Conclusion and Recommendations…………………………….………………………….61

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..…61

Recommendations……………………………………………………………………...…………62

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………….…………65

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Methods Matrix………………………………………………….……………………………...39

Table 4.1 Experimental design showing the results of the water absorption tests in jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty, 2023…………………………………………..42

Table 4.2 Experimental design showing the results of the pull test in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty, 2023…………………………………………………………..43

Table 4.3 Drying and grinding time of jackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade

glue putty, 2023……………………………………………………………………………………………44

Table 4.4 T-Test results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

and commercial roof sealant for water resistance, 2023…………………………………………………..45

Table 4.5 T-Test results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

and commercial roof sealant for adhesion rate, 2023……………………………………………………..46

Table 4.6 One-way ANOVA results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty and commercial roof sealant for water absorption test, 2023……………………...47

Table 4.7 One-way ANOVA results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty and commercial roof sealant for pull test, 2023…………………………………...48

Table 4.8 Post-hoc analysis - tukey HSD results for water absorption test and pull test of jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty and commercial roof sealant,

2023…………………………………………………………………...……………………………….…..49

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1. Experimentation……………………………………………………………………………….34

Figure 3.2. Unripe and ripe jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel mixture………………...35

Figure 3.3. The mixture of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel, and homemade glue

putty…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…36

Figure 3.4. Water Absorption Test for water resistance ………………………………….……………….37

Figure 3.5. Pull test for adhesion………………………………………………………………………….37

v
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Gantt Chart………………………………………………………………………………….78

Appendix B. Budget…………………………………………………………………………………….…79

Appendix C. Documentation……………………………………………………………………………....80

Appendix D. Letters…………………………………………………………………………………….....84

Appendix E. Site Map……………………………………………………………………………………..87

Appendix F. Tabular representation of review of literature…………………………………………….…88

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, God deserves all the praise, adoration, and gratitude for the exceptional knowledge,

discernment, and protection. He provided while this research paper was being created and completed.

The study's completion and fulfillment were made possible by the following professionals, and the

authors would like to express their sincere gratitude and respect to them:

Mrs. Charmie Joy S. Amadure, Adviser, STEM 12-C, for her unwavering support of and care for what her

students are capable of accomplishing through their hard work and perseverance. Ms. Leslee Anne

Cortez, Research Adviser, for the outstanding knowledge that she imparts to her students, and also the

patience and support she expresses throughout the completion of this study.

Mr. Robbie Jan Vincent T. Buelo and Mr. Paul Jorel R. Santos, consultant and validators, for devoting a

couple of your valuable time to supporting and validating our research paper

and enlivening the study's contents.

Dasmariñas City Agriculture Office and OPA Cavite Farmers’ Information and Technology Services

Center, Agricultural Service, for accommodating and giving the researchers

valuable information in support of this research.

The researcher also expresses love and gratitude to their FAMILY for extending to offer prayers, moral

support, monetary assistance, and unwavering encouragement for them in carrying out their research.

All Glory to God for every favor and direction he has shown throughout the difficulties, struggles,

victories, and process of conducting this research study.

vii
 ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the potential of using jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue

putty as a natural alternative to commercial roof sealants. The specific objectives were to assess the

physical and chemical properties of the jackfruit material, including water resistance and adhesion to

determine its viability as a roof sealant. Additionally, the research examined the impact of different

processing methods, such as drying and grinding on the properties of the jackfruit material. The study

aimed to compare the water resistance and adhesion rate of homemade jackfruit glue putty with that of

commercial roof sealants. The researchers chose jackfruit for its sticky latex and high amylose content in

the seeds, indicating a potential for adhesion and water resistance. They also found that jackfruit contains

polyphenols, which offer antioxidant and antifungal properties: enhancing adhesion and water resistance.

They added water, PVA glue, and borax to homemade putty. An experimental research design was

employed; controlling variables such as time, metal roof, and temperature were essential to ensure

consistent outcomes. Data were processed and analyzed using statistical methods including Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA), descriptive statistics, and t-tests to compare the homemade jackfruit glue putty with

commercial roof sealants. Despite the limitations in water resistance, the study concluded that jackfruit

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty could be a viable alternative roof sealant in terms of adhesion

strength. The findings have potential implications for various sectors, including the environment,

economy, market, and industry. The use of natural materials with less chemicals contributes to

environmental-health safety. Can also diversify product options and reduce reliance on expensive

commercial roof sealants, thus leading to cost savings for consumers and stimulating the economy. This

study may inspire further exploration of natural materials for eco-friendly solutions and create new

business opportunities in the green building sector.

Keywords: Jackfruit, Putty, Roof sealant, Adhesion, Water resistance

viii
 ACRONYMS

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration

PVA Polyvinyl acetate

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

WPU Waterborne polyurethane

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

NHA National Housing Authority Farmer’s Information and Technology Services - Office

FITS-OPA of the Provincial Agriculturist

ANOVA Analysis of Variance

HO Null hypothesis

HSD Honestly Significant Difference Test

JFP Jackfruit Flesh and Peel

HGP Homemade Glue Putty

CRS Commercial Roof Sealant

MPa Megapascal

ix
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Philippines is a tropical country. High temperatures, intense humidity, and copious rains

distinguish it. Rainfall is one of the most common causes of roof rusting (Guard, 2018). Similarly, this

results in exposed places on the roof, allowing water to enter the property and create significant water

damage readily. Heat can cause a roof to expand and asphalt shingles to break. Excessive humidity levels

can also cause roof structures to deteriorate, while high humidity promotes mold development and allows

moisture to enter roofing components (Mascon, Inc., 2022). Weather conditions have a role in this as well.

Powerful winds can pull away light roofs, particularly ones that are already old and brittle. Strong winds

can blow debris onto the roof, causing punctures, rips, and other damage. Most rooftops are unshading

and immediately exposed to the sun's unfiltered UV radiation. This constant exposure to heat and UV rays

might cause the roof to dry, discolor, and decay and may lead to leaks over time (Linington, 2018).

Arbitrary unexpected events such as pipe leakage and roof breakage are bothersome circumstances due to

the discomfort it provides. Pipe leakage and roof breakage are the usual problems in the household that

lead to abrupt expenses for its repair. Finally, depending on the storm's strength, debris ranging from

small branches to massive tree limbs may land on the top of the roof. Heavy things can damage or impact

the shingle surface, leaving that part of the roof exposed to moisture entry, but lighter branches may not

be as problematic. This natural event is beyond human control, and the people have no influence or power

over it. However, taking certain precautions and repairs can preserve the roofs.

On the other side, most consumers prefer to avoid paying greater roof repair prices. As a result,

discovering the greatest and most environmentally friendly solution as quickly as feasible is crucial.

1
Sealant is a viscous compound that solidifies after application, and its goal is to protect against dust,

smoke, gas, air, water, and other undesired things (Fitzgerald, 2022). Sealants protect the roof from

extreme weather conditions, including rain, snow, and heat. Storms and high temperatures can cause

damage over time, resulting in leaks and other problems. Employing sealant is beneficial, and this can be

done by utilizing environmentally friendly products. Presenting the Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

roof sealant as an alternative to the market's commercial sealants is good. It can be a good eco-friendly

product, which can help nature from a broader perspective and help everyone choose to live a healthier,

safer, non-toxic, and chemical-free life (Weimert, 2022).

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., also known as jackfruit, is a tropical climacteric fruit native to

India's Western Ghats and widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and parts of South America. It is known to

be the world's largest edible fruit. Jackfruit contains carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and

phytochemicals. Both the seeds and the flesh of jackfruit are consumed in curries and boiled forms, while

the flesh can be eaten directly as a fruit when fully ripe (Ranasinghe, 2019). Jackfruit is reported to have

medicinal properties like antioxidant, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory apart from its medicinal

properties, jackfruits are processed into baby food, juice, jam, jelly, candies, fruit rolls, marmalades, ice

cream, and base for cordials (Khan et al., 2021). The ripe fruit of jackfruit contains well-flavored yellow

sweet bulbs and seeds embedded in the bulb. Seeds account for 10 to 15% of total fruit weight and have

high carbohydrate and protein content. Seeds are typically discarded, and fresh seeds can only be stored

for a short period of time. As a result, jackfruit seed starch can be used as an alternative product in some

food products (Mandhare et al., 2020). Moreover, based on the DPPH (2,2 - diphenyl - 1 - picryl -

hydrazyl - hydrate) free radical method assay, jackfruit axis extract shows the strongest antioxidant

activity (Li et al., 2021).

2
 Putty is a high-plastic material with the texture of clay or dough that is commonly used as a sealant

or filler in home construction and repair. Although some putties typically contain linseed oil slowly

polymerize and stiffens, many putties can be reworked indefinitely, unlike other types of filler, which

typically set solid relatively quickly (Murray, 2021). Putty, also known as lime putty, is made from a

mixture of 38% calcium oxide (CaO) and 62% water (H2O), as a result, the solution forms hydrated lime

(Ca(OH)2), which accounts for roughly half of the weight (Vehtm, 2022). There are various strengths of

putty adhesive available, ranging from a lightweight solution for hanging posters in dorm rooms to a

heavier, earthquake putty that will hold roofs for years (Hunter, 2023). Homemade glue putty is created

through the reaction of glue and borax. Glue is made up of droplets of a polymer called polyvinyl acetate

suspended in water. The borax crosslinks the polymer, forming a network structure. The putty is held

together by extremely weak intermolecular bonds, which allow for flexibility. A thermosetting plastic

network has strong and permanent cross-linked bonds in a polymer (Carnegie, 2018).

There are certain types of sealants that are manufactured commercially by certain companies that

aid in the common problem that every household experiences. However, commercial sealants these days

are usually expensive. Furthermore, recent studies show that some commercial sealants are potential

hazards since they contain toxic chemicals like isocyanates (Myers, 2017). For instance, the commercial

roof sealants “Davco” are rigid and excellent at resisting weather. However, they are thicker, more

challenging to apply, and expensive. They are also more likely to emit dangerous levels of VOCs (volatile

organic compounds), meaning they can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, or other symptoms (Morton,

2019). On the other hand, it is observed that the Jackfruit has durable flesh and better adhesion between

its filler and matrix, which makes it suitable for roof coatings (Mohite et al., 2022).

The researchers conducting this study aimed to measure two specific properties of jackfruit flesh

and peel with homemade glue putty: water resistance and adhesion capacity. These properties are crucial

3
in evaluating the efficacy of the jackfruit poultice as a potential substitute for other commercially

available sealants. Given that sealants are primarily utilized for their sealing and bonding capabilities,

these two target properties are particularly relevant to assessing the feasibility of jackfruit flesh and peel

with glue putty as an alternative roof sealant. Therefore, determining these properties is essential in

determining the suitability of jackfruit poultice as a potential alternative roof sealant. In line with this, the

researchers will combine jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty to test if the output will have

a better adhesiveness and water resistance capability.

Statement of the Problem

This study intends to discuss the potentiality of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) fruit together

with homemade glue putty as an alternative material for roof sealing. Commercial roof sealants are

frequently expensive, which can make applying the sealant to an entire roof for most households

financially unfeasible, according to Fitzgerald (2022). This is consistent with data from the Philippine

Statistics Authority, which showed that inflation in the Philippines was accelerating by 8.7 percent as of

January 2023. In addition to agreeing with the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical

Services Administration (PAGASA) observation that the Philippines is vulnerable to tropical cyclones

due to its geographical location. The relevancy of this study is that affordable but long-lasting roof sealant

are needed. In line with this, achieving strong adhesion is highly desirable (Cui & Liu, 2021). As the

researchers scour the internet, the researchers are starting to conclude that most studies in this area tend to

focus on the development of synthetic polymers and resins for roof sealants. The information in hand

shows us that there is a need for more research into the potential of natural materials, such as jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus), as an additive in creating an alternative for construction substances. In the

researchers' case, there is a lack of research exploring the potential of natural materials as an alternative to

commercial roof sealants, and this includes Jackfruit.

4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

General Question

Can jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty be a potential

alternative for commercial roof sealant?

Specific Questions

1. Can the use of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

contribute to producing water-resistant roof sealant?

1.1. What is the initial and final weight of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel and flesh

with homemade glue putty mixture using a water absorption test?

2. Can the use of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

contribute to the production of adhesive roof sealant?

2.1. What is the average force of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty using the pull test?

3. Is there a significant difference between commercial roof sealant and jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) roof sealant in terms of:

3.1. Water resistance

3.2. Adhesion

5
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

General Objective

To determine and investigate the potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel

with homemade glue putty as a natural alternative to commercial roof sealants.

Specific objectives

a. To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and

peel with homemade glue putty such as its water resistance, and adhesion to determine its

potentiality as a roof sealant.

b. To investigate the effect of different processing methods, such as drying, and grinding, on the

properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty.

c. To compare the water resistance and adhesion rate of commercial roof sealant and the jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty.

6
Significance of the Study

The study will contribute to the development of natural alternatives to commercial roof sealants,

particularly in areas where commercial roof sealants may not be available. The study will also provide

insights into the potential use of natural materials as alternatives to synthetic polymers and resins, which

can have a negative health impact. Additionally, the study into the factors of having jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative for roof sealants will

significantly be deepened by further experimentation and information gathering regarding the potentiality

of jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative for commercial roof sealants. The

finding of this study can help guide the following:

Community. The researchers' experimentation of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel

with homemade glue putty as a potential alternative for commercial roof sealants will be significantly

beneficial for the public community since it might be cheaper and as effective as compared to commercial

roof sealants

Educators. This study will be beneficial for educational purposes; educators may understand the

importance of having alternative products such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty as a potential alternative for roof sealants, which will give them the opportunity to

create and improve advertisements and encouragement to persuade themselves in creating one.

Students. The study will be beneficial to the students/respondents by understanding the importance

of having alternative products such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade

glue putty as a potential alternative for roof sealants. This may also provide them with knowledge on how

they can use an effective, cheaper product as an alternative that they can share with their families and

friends.

7
 Researchers. This study will serve as an instrument for the researchers and develop more efforts to

address the challenges of using natural products like jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel

with homemade glue putty as a roof sealant. The researchers might learn new information that is

important for developing more suitable items that will help them in many parts of daily life. The

information acquired will also direct students toward learning more about a variety of factors, as well as

the necessity and value of developing potential alternatives item, particularly in times of limited access to

commercial goods.

Future Researchers. The information presented in this study may serve as a reference for future

studies in relation to having a natural product like jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty as a roof sealant. The study may also serve as a guide to future researchers who

want to make use of the study in different ways.

Scope and Limitations

The research primarily concentrated on the potential of the flesh and peel of jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) and homemade glue putty solution as an alternative roof sealant. In terms of adhesion and

water resistance, the research focuses on evaluating the quality of a mixture of jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) and homemade glue putty as an alternative to commercial roof sealants. Data will be

collected by an experimental research study, hence, the researchers will focus on experimenting with a

mixture of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and homemade glue putty to create an alternative roof

sealant and test its physical and chemical durability in terms of its water resistance and adhesion on a steel

or metal roof over a limited time period (approximately 7 days).

The experiment only covers small holes (approximately 10mm to 20 mm, or 1cm to 2cm holes) in

metal or steel roofs; large holes (21mm and up, or 2.1 cm holes) will be excluded. As a result, the

researchers' ability to conclude the potential and viability of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) with

8
homemade glue putty as a roof sealant in real-world scenarios may be limited due to the lack of long-term

durability testing under actual roof conditions in the study. However, the study may still provide useful

information about the chemical and physical properties of jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue

putty, making it a valuable ingredient in the development of more effective and durable sealant products.

Ripe jackfruit in the Philippines is usually available from March to May (Brosas, 2022). In line with this,

the availability of jackfruit will not affect the study because March to May is the harvest season for

jackfruit.

9
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Review of Literature

A. Jackfruit (Artocarpuss heterophyllus)

Jackfruit is botanically known as Artocarpus heterophyllus, belongs to the breadfruit family

“Moraceae”, and is the fruit of a tree native to the western coast of India, and it is also evident in the

countries of Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Ranasinghe et al., 2019). In line with this, as

the jackfruit tree is a member of the Moraceae family, this made jackfruit a cousin of the fig and mulberry

plants. Jackfruit is the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, with each fruit weighing between 10 and 25

kilograms, jackfruit trees are known to bear up to 150 fruits per year (Rao, 2020). According to historical

sources stated by Jordanus & Yule, 2021, the term "chakka," which is the fruit's name in the Indian

language Malayalam, gave rise to the name. The fruit has numerous advantages. In line with this, the

fruit has added nutrients, a variety of nutrients where the fruit can be eaten when it is ripe and while it is

still green as a vegetable - the ripe jackfruit's tasty bulb is typically eaten fresh or processed into goods in

cans; ten to fifteen percent of all fruit weight is regarded as the weight of its seed (Khan et al., 2021).

In addition, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) reported having medicinal properties and

abundant sources of various high-value substances that may have positive health effects like antioxidant,

cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory apart from their medicinal properties jackfruits are processed into

baby food, juice, jam, jelly, candies, fruit rolls, marmalades, ice cream, and base for cordials (Khan et al.,

2021). A jackfruit's (Artocarpus heterophyllus) carotenoid content increased as it ripens. Moreover,

10
jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has a lot of antioxidants that can slow down or prevent cell damage

in the body. The seeds may have even more of these disease-preventive substances than the inner flesh,

which is already abundant in them (Booth, 2021). According to Petrie (2020), a variety of adhesive

compositions contained antioxidants to guard against degradation brought on by interaction with

atmospheric oxygen. Excessive oxidation typically causes undesired changes to the mechanical, aesthetic,

or bonding qualities of the adhesive, which may harm the formulation (such as discoloration, viscosity,

skin formation, etc.).

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) extracts, particularly those derived from its leaves, bark,

stem, sap, and fruit, contained a number of beneficial bioactive compounds. A jackfruit tree had a

straight, rough stem and green bark that exudes white milky sap that contained a substance called latex.

This latex from the jackfruit tree is used in traditional medicines all over the world (Bhad PR et al. 2021).

In addition to that, the fruit sap’s latex is highly adhesive, which means it can be utilized as a type of glue

(Dass, 2017). Although sealants and adhesives are distinct from each other, they share similar functions in

construction as both can hold and attach two surfaces together (Mishra, 2022). Due to this unique

property, jackfruit had been utilized as a bio-based adhesive that was subjected to a tensile strength test.

According to a 2019 study conducted by MS Ma'arif, the adhesion made from jackfruit tree sap was

tested on balsa wood and achieved a tensile strength of 19.93 MPa, which was second only to the strength

of an adhesive made from rubber tree sap. Moreover, Lutz et al., 2022, studied and proved the adhesion of

bio-based adhesives to substrates with high surface energy, such as wood or metals. Hence, there is a

potential for jackfruit sap latex to serve as a good bio-based adhesive for use on metal roofs.

11
B. Homemade Glue Putty

A glue is a type of sticky substance that could stick objects together. PVA, which stands for

polyvinyl acetate, is commonly known and called white glue and is made out of itself, a safe, non-toxic,

odorless substance that is used in many other go-to adhesives such as wood glue, school glue, carpenter's

glue, and Elmer’s glue (Flynt, 2020). White or PVA (polyvinyl acetate) glue also works with materials

such as wood and paper (Scott, 2022). Putty, on the other hand, is a cementing material used in the

construction industry as a filler or a sealant. There are many types of putty such as wall putty, pratley

putty, and synthetic putty and according to Designing Buildings Ltd., 2020, putty is available in a range

of colors and can be painted when dry. Therefore, a homemade glue putty which will soon be utilized in

the experimental study is a type of adhesive and sealing material that can be made using simple household

ingredients such as water, borax, and polyvinyl acetate (PVA) glue, hence, it’s called “homemade.”

When it comes to properties such as water resistance and adhesion, the composition of the glue

putty could play a significant role. In this case, the PVA (polyvinyl acetate) in its most important

application, serves as the film-forming ingredient in water-based (latex) paints as well as is used in

adhesives (Augustyn, 2020). As a result, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) became one of the relatively low-cost

adhesives used by the wood industry for decades (Conner, 2017). Another ingredient known as borax, is a

powdery white substance, also known as sodium borate, and is commonly used as a household cleaner

and a booster for laundry detergent (Smith, 2022). As an ingredient for the putty, one study from 2020 by

Handana et al., had actually supported that adding 30% to 50% of borax to the preservative solution is

sufficient to provide a significant increase in strength for compressive strength, tensile strength, and

bending strength of bamboo specimen, as well as wood. However, when borax (sodium tetraborate) is

added and the latter’s molecules cross-linked with each other this makes glue thick, viscous, and sticky. A

larger and more solid polymeric material is produced as a result of this reaction as more glue molecules

12
are cross-linked together by the borax and they become more viscous.

C. Roof Sealant/Commercial Roof Sealant

Roof sealants were one solution used to stop water leakage. Roof sealants were a bonding

covering that acted as a protective barrier over a roof, ventilators, and lights. This material's purpose was

to seal fractures or discrepancies, preventing the elements from entering the home (Scalisi, 2022).

Furthermore, this product, which was referred to as "Commercial Roof Sealant," was a specific type of

roof sealant. A particular kind of liquid is used to seal the roofing membrane, and it is called commercial

roof sealant. It worked to lengthen the lifespan of your roof by protecting it from leaks, sun damage, and

standing water (Rainville-Carlson Inc., 2022). When using this product, a roofing contractor was

recommended to apply roof sealant. Some high-quality products were only available to contractors, but

they were highly recommended if you wanted to make your home safe, especially since using a roof

sealant can extend the life of a roof and confer other benefits (McMahon, 2023).

Traditional roof sealants have been in use for a long time, but they have some disadvantages, such

as high toxicity, limited flexibility, and short lifespans. To solve these problems, substitute roof sealants

were created, such as silicone, polyurethane, and acrylic-based goods. Initially, silicone-based roof

sealants are renowned for their high flexibility and durability. According to (Briseno, 2023) building

material is used to fill and seal gaps in the elastomeric sealant. It can be simple to work with and often

lasts for a long time thanks to its rubbery liquid texture that dries hard yet retains flexibility. The sealant

expands and seals to the surface when applied or inserted into a crack or space, forming a watertight

barrier. On most materials, it is scarcely perceptible or invisible and can be applied both inside and

outside. Elastomeric sealant is made of an elastomer, a chemical substance or polymer. It is an elastic

polymer that is sturdy, spongy-hard, and rubbery (Briseno, 2023). Furthermore, polyurethane coatings are

13
more supple and elastic than their epoxy counterparts, they are nevertheless rather robust. Also, because

of their resilience, they are less likely to dent or scratch and are more resistant to abrasion (Polyurethane

Coating, 2020).

According to (Jointas Chemical Co., Ltd., 2021) water was used as a solvent to emulsify acrylic or

polyurethane resin using specialized emulsifying equipment to create water-based acrylic sealants.

Colloids were made with dense capillary pores using acrylic emulsion as their foundation material, which

promotes good air permeability and ensures the dryness and cleanliness of the seal.

Related to roof sealant, every substance possesses physical and chemical properties. Mass, color,

and volume are examples of physical properties that can be measured by scientists without affecting the

makeup of the sample being examined. Chemical properties, which include a substance's flammability

and susceptibility to corrosion, describe the particular capacity of a substance to react to form new

substances. The chemical and physical characteristics of a pure substance were the same in all samples

(Alviar-Agnew & Agnew, 2019). In line with this, in general, faster-curing sealants typically have weaker

bond strengths, whereas slower-curing sealants are more resilient and long-lasting. Overall, the

effectiveness and durability of roof sealants are significantly influenced by their chemical properties. Both

homeowners and roofing professionals could make sure that their roofs continue to be watertight and

protected from the elements by being aware of these properties and choosing the appropriate type of

sealant for a particular application.

A wide variety of commercial roof sealants were available on the market. There were different

unique strengths and weaknesses worth considering, yet many consumers needed have been made aware

of the disadvantages of commercial roof sealants. For instance, a silicone roof coating that kept the dirt

collected daily and then relied on rain to clean itself might lead the roof to lose its reflectivity over time.

14
 As a result, more solar thermal heat could enter the building, compromising its energy efficiency

(American Weatherstar, 2021). Even though silicone roof sealant could last longer than most other

roofing materials, it was expensive and hard to remove and replace. Other roofing materials could only

stick to silicone if the silicone roof sealant was removed or a substance was compatible with the surface

(West, 2017). Tore resistance was another concern with silicone sealants, which had a mechanical

weakness that made them prone to tearing (Callahan, 2022). There was an additional risk when the

silicone-sealed business roof's surface was wet. It tends to be slipperier than the average roof system

(Lopez, 2022). On the other side, polyurethane roof sealants also had disadvantages. It emitted a strong,

xylene-based odor. While this odorous vapor was not harmful, it could be unpleasant for a building's

occupants (Weather Star, 2023). As a result of formaldehyde volatilization over the lifetime of the

finished product, polyurethane sealant might pose environmental and health risks such as allergic

reactions, rashes, breathing difficulties, loss of consciousness, and blindness (Gadhave et al., 2017).

Additionally, acrylic sealant had disadvantages too. According to the book by Gupta (2023),

depending on the type of acrylic resin used, the acrylic sealant might take minutes to cure at room

temperature. In addition, his published book indicated that the acrylic sealer had a strong odor and should

only be used outdoors. Lu et al. 's study (2022) stated that acrylic sealant had around 50% water content,

which could lead to shrinkage upon curing and damage when stored at a cold temperature. Acrylic

sealant allowed water to pass through it; thus, it had the potential for mold growth and prohibited

employment in damp environments. The structure of acrylic, which was coarser than silicone, made it

better at attracting dirt and filth (Dichtstoffhandel, 2017)

15
C.1. Adhesion in Roofing System

Adhesion is the degree to which two objects such as surfaces stick to one another (Rhein,

2022). Adhesion in roofing components is used as a sealant's propensity to adhere to the surface

of the roof. If the sealant starts to peel away, adhesion has not performed as expected. The

adhesion between the roof sealant and the roof substrate creates a waterproofing barrier. Having

good adhesion is necessary. A good roof coating system will protect the roof substrate from

weathering and physical damage. This will also help to extend the life of the roof. Additionally,

as stated by Frazier (2022), proper roof sealant adhesion provides a seamless membrane that

withstands ponding water, protects against ultraviolet radiation and weathering, reduces energy

and repair costs, and increases the life of the roofing system by protecting it from physical

damage.

C.2. Moisture Conditions of Substrates and Effect on Adhesive Bond of Sealants

The paper explores the relationship between elevated moisture in sealant substrates and the

ability of sealants to develop and maintain adequate bond strength. Documented sealant adhesive

failures, due to moisture conditions of substrates, and the use of various sealant primers and

surface treatments on new construction and renovations of existing buildings are reviewed.

Laboratory and field tests reveal that, typically, a low adhesive bond develops when elevated

moisture levels are present, even when substrates feel dry to the touch, and particularly when

certain primers are used. Laboratory tests further show that the use of certain primers, even when

the sealant substrate is very damp, can greatly increase sealant bond strength and the ability of

sealants to remain bonded even when sealants are immersed in water for extended periods after

the initial cure (Kenney et al., 2019).

16
C.3. Adhesion and Compatibility Testing

Sealant manufacturers provided adhesion and compatibility testing of project materials to

ensure adhesion and compatibility can be obtained. Adhesion testing to glass, spandrel glass,

metal mullions, and other materials is typically done according to a modified ASTM Test Method

for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint Sealants (C794-01) or ASTM Test Method for

Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants (C1135-00). Compatibility

testing is done on gasket and accessory materials that could bleed plasticizers into the silicone

according to a modified ASTM Test Method for Determining the Compatibility of Liquid

Applied Sealants with Accessories Used in Structural Glazing Systems (C1087-00). This also

gave the manufacturers the ability to provide proper surface preparation, application, and quality

control recommendations to the installing contractor. These documents are essential to the

submittal process and should be provided to the specifier because they contained the installation

instructions that are crucial to structural silicone adhesion and long-term durability (Ma et al.,

2023). Moreover, in the study of Karnak (2022), adhesion testing is recommended over all

applicable roof surfaces prior to any coating system application. There should be the preparation

of substrate, application, and adhesion pull test. The Adhesion Pull test uses a digital hanging

scale or “Fish Scale” and a 1 long piece of duct tape is wrapped over the end of the uncoated

fabric tab. Then, the hook end of a digital hanging scale is pierced through the duct tape and

fabric. The hanging scale will be pulled upward, perpendicular to the roof surface slowly. The

peak or highest value shown should be above 2 pounds of force which means that the sealant

coating exhibits high adhesive and cohesive strength (Briseno, 2023).

17
C.4. Water Resistance of Roof Sealant

According to Taiwan’s Ministry of the Interior, from 2017 to 2019, more than 12% of

house-purchase disputes were due to water leakage caused by frequent tropical rains, which had

long troubled engineers. The thermal stability resistance, water resistance, and ultraviolet

resistance of existing polyurethane formulations have been limited by environmental aging.

Because of this, the conventional polyurethane-coated commercial resins used to waterproof roof

surfaces only had a two- to three-year lifespan. In order to increase the normal polyurethane's

resilience to environmental aging, this study suggested adding siloxane and imide groups to

create waterborne polyurethane-siloxane-imide-copolymers. The Si-imide-WPU

copolymer-based waterproof coating resin was non-toxic, safe to use, and devoid of organic

solvents. The outcomes of the investigation demonstrated that the ideal Si-imide-WPU-2 sample

improved upon the drawbacks of polyurethane (PU), including its thermal properties, mechanical

properties, environmental resistance, and longevity, which may be increased by up to 5.4 years.

As a result, the investigated Si-imide-WPU copolymers could decrease material waste while

improving the roof structure's sustainability and effectiveness through a water-resistant property

(Hsu et al., 2020).

C.5. Water Absorption Test

The Water Absorption Test (D570) by the American Society for Testing and Materials is used

to calculate the relative water absorption of plastics in 24 hours when immersed in water. In the

American Society for Testing and Materials D570 test method, samples are dried for a given time

at a specified temperature and placed in a desiccator to cool for the ASTM D570 test. The

samples are measured immediately after cooling. Then the material is placed in water under

specified conditions, usually at 23°C for 24 hours or until it reaches equilibrium. Finally, the

18
samples are removed from the water, wiped dry with a lint-free cloth, and weighed. This test of

water absorption had two main purposes: first, as a guide to the amount of water absorbed by a

material. Second, as a control test on the uniformity of a product. Results help to evaluate the

material's performance in wet or humid conditions encountered during application. This ASTM

D570 test method for the rate of water absorption had two main purposes: first, as a guide to the

amount of water absorbed by a material and, consequently, as a guide to the effects of exposure to

water or humid conditions on such properties in cases where the relationships between moisture

and appearance have been determined (Kundra, 2021).

On the other side, the adhesion and water resistance capability of commercial roof sealant had

a drawback. As stated in the study by Berry (2020), study shows that uncured polyurethane (a

type of commercial sealant) adhesives are sensitive to moisture and had a shorter shelf life,

usually between 3 and 12 months for both 1K and 2K adhesives. In line with this study, the

adhesiveness of a commercial roof sealant, particularly polyurethane, is sensitive if it is merged in

water and fog by the action of nature such as rain and foggy weather. According to the article

“The Properties of Roof Tiles” (2023), all roofs must pass the AS 2049-2002 water absorption

and permeability test, which is conducted by AS 4046.4 for measuring water absorption and AS

4046.5-2002 for measuring permeability. For roofs rated as "general purpose," the amount of

water absorption cannot be greater than 10%. Also, a study by Xiang et al. (2021) found that a

rise in temperature and air humidity sped up the rate at which polyurethane dried out when

exposed to “water”, sped up the production of CO2, and made the polyurethane sealant less

stable. Furthermore, according to Charles (2017), polyurethane sealants are only advisable on dry

surfaces because it had hygroscopic tendencies, wherein they could absorb water and

subsequently deteriorate, losing their structural stability.

19
Synthesis

In the related literature, the common results are the use of polyurethane sealants, and how the test

for adhesiveness is important for choosing a durable roof sealant. On the other hand, the common

limitation is the effect of weather conditions on the quality of sealant products. The researchers conducted

this study to further examine the potentiality of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty as an alternative for commercial roof sealant. Previous research has found that

jackfruit contains a substance known as latex, this latex in the fruit sap is highly adhesive, which means it

can be used as a type of glue. This motivated the researchers to develop a water adhesive and resistant

roof sealant that can absorb various types of weather. In terms of adhesion and water resistance, the study

will evaluate the quality of a jackfruit and homemade glue putty mixture as an alternative to commercial

roof sealants. This will be accomplished by performing a pull test and a water absorption test on the

finished jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative

roof sealant.

Theoretical Framework

Adsorption and hydrophobicity were covered in this section. The potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with glue putty as a substitute for roof sealant will be demonstrated by

highlighting this. It was used as the basis for background knowledge about the research topic. It acted as

the study's theoretical framework.

Hydrophobicity

Over the years, numerous researchers have examined the idea of hydrophobicity, making it

challenging to pinpoint a single researcher as the originator of the theory. But one of the pioneering works

in this field is frequently credited to Kruyt and van Duyn, who investigated the contact angle of water

20
droplets on various surfaces in 1926. Since then, a wide range of scientists have made contributions to our

understanding of hydrophobicity, including Wenzel, Cassie, and Baxter, who created models to

comprehend the connection between surface roughness and hydrophobicity. Quere, who created the idea

of superhydrophobic surfaces, and Jiang and colleagues, who created the surfaces inspired by lotuses that

are now widely used in hydrophobic applications, are other notable researchers in this field.

Though not nearly as strong as water itself, oil and water molecules do in fact attract one another.

Hence, combining enough oil with water causes the amount of favorable bonding to decrease. Similar to

how groups of individuals segregate when one subgroup wants to interact with its own kind, strong

mutual attractions between water molecules cause oil to separate from the water and lead to an effective

oil-oil attraction. The hydrophobic interaction is the name given to this attraction between oil molecules

caused by water. (Chandler, 2002). Walter Kauzmann recognized hydrophobic interactions as the main

contributor to protein stability in the 1950s. The order of the amino acid sequence determines how

specialized, functional, three-dimensional molecules called proteins, which are chains of amino acids,

fold. As amino acids might either resemble water or oil, Kauzmann reasoned that a given linear sequence

would fold into the form that best distinguished oil-like amino acids from water. Each water molecule has

the ability to participate in four of these bonds, sharing its two hydrogen atoms with two adjacent water

molecules and two additional hydrogen atoms with two other neighbors. These hydrogen-bonded

molecules are arranged in ice as a tetrahedrally ordered array and in liquid water as a disordered network

(Chandler, 2002).

Hydrophobicity is referred to as the property of a material that repels water. This concept is

relevant to the study of homemade glue putty as it is likely that the putty contains hydrophobic

components. The putty is made from materials such as oils or waxes, these molecules would have

hydrophobic regions that repel water, which could make the putty effective at sealing a roof against

21
rainwater or other forms of moisture. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel used as a

component of the putty could also be related to hydrophobicity. Some plant materials have hydrophobic

properties due to the presence of natural oils and waxes. The researchers chose to include jackfruit as an

ingredient in the putty to enhance its hydrophobic properties and improve its ability to repel water.

Overall, understanding the hydrophobic properties of the materials used in homemade glue putty was

important for explaining its effectiveness as a roof sealant. It could also provide insights for the

development of other hydrophobic materials in the future, which could have numerous applications in

various industries where water resistance is important.

Adsorption

While combining the operations of numerous different physical principles, the adsorption theory,

which was developed more than 50 years ago, was the most widely recognized theory of adhesion.

According to the theory, when two materials are in close contact, interatomic and intermolecular forces

between the adhesive and substrate induce the materials to attach. (Wypych, 2018) According to the

adsorption theory, adhesion is caused by molecular interaction between two materials and the resulting

surface forces. Adsorption of adhesive molecules on the substrate and the ensuing attractive forces,

commonly referred to as secondary or van der Waals forces, result in the formation of a bond. The

distance between the various surfaces cannot be greater than a few angstroms for these forces to emerge.

Thus, the substrate surface and the adhesive must come into close, molecular contact. (Petrie, 2013)

Since the beginning of this century, adsorption at diverse interfaces has been of interest to scientists.

Several extremely significant processes with utilitarian value were supported by this occurrence. There is

no question about the significance of adsorption in terms of technology, the environment, or biology. The

relevance of its practical applications in industry and environmental protection cannot be overstated.

22
(Dąbrowski, 2001). A smart adhesive can switch between the adhesive and non-adhesive states in

response to outside stimuli. Existing smart adhesives, however, were constrained by the need for extreme

circumstances to promote debonding (for instance, elevated temperature), adhesion to only a particular

kind of substrate, or diminished adhesive strength when moist. The majority of dry surfaces have shown

adhesion for smart adhesives as of yet. Water effectively competes for surface bonding and eliminates the

contributions of van der Waals' interaction, reducing the performance of the majority of man-made

adhesives (Narkar et al., 2016).

The adsorption theory of adhesion could help explain why jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh

and peel with homemade glue putty might work as an alternative roof sealant. When the jackfruit flesh

and peel are used as a sealant, they are in direct contact with the surface of the roof. The surface of the

roof has a high surface energy, which creates a region of attraction for molecules in the surrounding

environment. When the jackfruit flesh and peel are applied to the surface of the roof, the molecules in the

flesh and peel adhere to the surface of the roof through the process of adsorption. The molecules from the

jackfruit flesh and peel adhere to the surface of the roof, creating a strong bond that could help to seal any

gaps or leaks in the roof. The homemade glue putty that was used with the jackfruit flesh and peel may

also help to enhance the adhesion strength by providing additional molecules that could adhere to the

surface of the roof. The putty might contain molecules that have a strong affinity for the surface of the

roof, which could help to increase the adhesion strength and provide a more secure seal. Overall, the

adsorption theory of adhesion helped to explain how the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue

putty could work as an alternative roof sealant by creating a strong bond between the sealant and the

surface of the roof through the process of adsorption.

23
Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

a. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty had no

potential to be an alternative roof sealant.

b. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty couldn’t

contribute to producing water-resistant roof sealant.

c. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty couldn’t contribute

to producing an adhesive roof sealant.

d. There was no significant difference between commercial roof sealant and jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty in terms of water resistance and

adhesion.

Alternative Hypothesis

a. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty had the

potential to be an alternative roof sealant.

b. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh, peel, and seed with a glue putty could resist water

through Water Absorption Test not more than 10% for the roof sealant to be graded as ‘general

purpose’.

c. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel homemade glue putty could adhere to the

roof sealant through Adhesion Pull Test at 90° greater than the commercial roof sealant of 2.0 lbs.

of force.

d. There was a significant difference between commercial roof sealant and jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty in terms of water resistance and

adhesion.

24
Operational Definition of Variables

Experimental Variable

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel

- This variable referred to the use of jackfruit flesh and peel as a component of the homemade glue

putty used as an alternative roof sealant. The researchers will likely be investigating the effects of

varying amounts of jackfruit flesh and peel in the putty on its properties as a sealant.

Homemade glue putty

- This variable referred to the use of homemade glue putty as an alternative roof sealant. The

researchers will likely be investigating the effects of varying composition of the putty on its

properties as a sealant.

Control Variable

Time

- It will be controlled for a specific length of time. The material will be placed in water for a

specified time, usually 24 hours or until it reaches equilibrium (Kundra, 2021).

Metal and Steel Roof

- It will be controlled in two types of roofs such as metal and steel. This will be the variable

wherein the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty is put

in order to test its adhesion and water resistance capacity.

25
 Adhesion Pull Test

- Using a digital hanging scale or “Fish Scale”, a 1 long piece of duct tape is

wrapped over the end of the uncoated fabric tab. Then, the hook end of a digital

hanging scale is pierced through the duct tape and fabric. The hanging scale will

be pulled upward, perpendicular to the roof surface slowly. The peak or highest

value shown should be above 2 pounds of force which means that the sealant

coating exhibits high adhesive and cohesive strength.

Water Absorption Test

- For the water absorption test, or ASTM D570 (American Society for Testing and

Materials), samples are dried for a certain amount of time at a predetermined

temperature before being put in a desiccator to cool. After chilling, the samples

are measured right away. The product is then submerged in water under specific

conditions, often for 24 hours at 23°C. After the samples have been taken out of

the water and dried using a lint-free towel, they are weighed (Kundra, 2021).

Temperature

- This will be controlled in order not to affect the consistency of the jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty. The temperature will be maintained at a

specified temperature, usually at 23°C.

Confounding Variable

Rusting

- It occurs anytime because it is a naturally occurring chemical phenomenon. In line with this,

rusting of metal and steel roofs will not be controlled. According to Croll, (2020), rusting will

possibly affect the adhesion of the sealant.

26
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

I. Research Design

Experimental research strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It entails putting a hypothesis

to the test or making an effort to prove it through experimentation. As such, it makes use of one or more

independent variables, manipulates them, and then applies those changes to one or more dependent

variables (Pollfish, 2021). Furthermore, it is a phenomenon that can be observed and measured, and

knowledge is derived from experience rather than from theory or belief (Booth Library, 2022).

In this study, an experimental design is used to conduct an experimental research with a scientific

approach using two sets of variables: jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel. It is then

combined with homemade glue putty that is made of water, glue, and borax. This is an additive to

enhance the potentiality of the jackfruit flesh and peel as a roof sealant. This is the control variable that

needs to be controlled because it can influence the outcome like time, metal roof, and temperature. The

advantage of using the experimental approach is that the researchers can control the variables to obtain

the result; the disadvantage is that it is time-consuming because it requires a large amount of financial and

personnel resources (Gaille, 2017).

II. Study Area

The house of one of the researchers is located in Brgy. Sto. Niño, 1 Dasmariñas City, Cavite

Province, was chosen as the study area to determine the peel strength and water absorption of jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty due to its accessibility, availability,

and sufficient space. The research covered Cavite Province which had an area code of 46 and is located

on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest of Manila, it is one of the most industrialized and

27
fastest-growing provinces in the Philippines. According to the Official Website of the Provincial

Government of Cavite, the NHA (National Housing Authority) and the Provincial Government of Cavite

were partners in providing low-cost and socialized housing in the province. NHA managed 47

resettlement projects with 95,341 units in Cavite. In line with this, the majority of houses in some

municipalities and cities such as Dasmariñas City, Trece Martirez City, General Mariano Alvarez, and

Tanza were made to be resilient to disasters like typhoons, and many of the roof houses were made of a

metal roof or galvanized iron sheet “as the country is the pathway of Typhoons'' (Philippine News

Agency, 2019).

However, as of 2021, according to the FITS-OPA Cavite (Farmer’s Information and Technology

Services - Office of the Provincial Agriculturist) in Trece Martires, Cavite which was the central office for

agriculture in the province of Cavite. The province had a total planted area of 465.55 and a harvested area

of 434.88 for jackfruit. In line with this, the production of jackfruit in the whole of Cavite province was 5,

117.23 metric tons with 1,781 farmers workforce.

According to the 2020 census conducted by the National Statistics Office of the Philippines and the

National Statistical Coordination Board, the province had a population of 4,344,829 people. Being one of

the Philippines' fastest-growing local government entities. Historically, farming had been the primary

source of income for residents of this province due to its fertile soil. However, as the province progressed,

the majority of the land areas had been developed into subdivisions and other commercial establishments.

It had shifted from an agriculturally-producing town to an urbanized, commercialized, and industrialized

city. The SM Market Mall, Waltermart, Robinsons, VistaMall, and Kadiwa Market that were located in

the province as well as jackfruit farms within the proximity of the province offered a wide variety of

affordable crops (jackfruits) and ingredients products that would be used in the study such as borax and

28
polyvinyl acetate (PVA) glue which connected the province to the nearby population. The researchers

obtained solid samples of jackfruits and ingredients for making homemade glue putty from the market

nearest to their educational proximity.

III. Study Materials

This study would utilize jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh, peel, and homemade glue putty

as studied materials. Jackfruit flesh and peel, together with homemade glue putty, had been used as the

main components, developed and tested as an alternative roof sealant. These materials had been crucial in

evaluating the feasibility of using jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as a feasible and

eco-friendly alternative to conventional roof sealants.

Jackfruit, scientifically known as Artocarpus heterophyllus, was abundant in latex with high

stickiness and made as a helpful adhesive (Dass, 2017). In addition, jackfruit seeds contain a high amount

of amylose (49. 96%) compared to avocado and durian seeds, indicating their potential for high water

resistance (Ginting et al., 2020). Moreover, jackfruit is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, which

possess potent antioxidant properties and potential antifungal capacity, irrespective of their maturity level

(Chavez et al., 2021). Moreover, Lutz et al., 2022, studied and proved the adhesion of bio-based

adhesives to substrates with high surface energy, such as wood or metals. Hence, there was a potential for

jackfruit flesh and peel sap latex has been an additive and to serve as a good bio-based adhesive for use

on metal roofs.

Furthermore, homemade glue putty was created through the reaction of water, PVA (polyvinyl

acetate) glue, and borax. Glue was made up of droplets of a polymer called polyvinyl acetate suspended in

water. The borax crosslinks the polymer, forming a network structure. The putty was held together by

29
extremely weak intermolecular bonds, which allowed for flexibility. A thermosetting plastic network had

strong and permanent cross-linked bonds in a polymer (Carnegie, 2018). Homemade glue putty would be

offered an added to the adhesion and water resistance capacity of jackfruit flesh and peel since homemade

glue putty was known to have an adhesive property and linseed oil which was a water-repellent substance

(Murray, 2021)

Both materials had been combined. The researchers would measure the water resistance capacity and

adhesion of the combined materials through water absorption and pull tests. In terms of water resistance,

the combined materials were soaked in water at a controlled temperature, specifically at 23 degrees

Celsius within 24 hours (Kundra, 2021). However, regarding adhesion, the combined materials would test

their strength through a pull test at 90 degrees, wherein the force of 2lb had been anchored to the

materials (Karnak, 2022). The researchers would evaluate the materials to find out if the materials could

withstand the 2 lb force or not.

IV. Experimentation

The researchers, in preparation for the data gathering, asked for permission to use one of the

researcher members' houses that will serve as the study area for the experimentation. The researchers had

prepared and bought the needed study materials that would be used during the experimentation. While

collecting data needed for the experimentation, the researchers realized that they needed to conduct a pull

strength test for adhesion and a water adsorption test for water resistance to ensure the potentiality of

jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty.

To start the experimentation, the researchers began by requesting permission to use a house for

testing the mixture of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty. They

30
then purchased both ripe and unripe jackfruit, as well as the ingredients for homemade glue putty such as

polyvinyl acetate (PVA) glue, water, and borax. The jackfruit flesh and peel were prepared by cutting the

jackfruit, separating the flesh and peel, and then cutting them into chunks and removing the seed. The

researchers then crushed the jackfruit flesh and peel using a mortar and pestle, and put it in a small

container (Tupperware). A mixture of unripe and ripe jackfruit flesh and peel was created by adding ½

cup of unripe flesh and 2 teaspoons of water to a blender. The mixture was blended for 10 seconds before

adding 1 ½ teaspoons of ripe flesh and blending again. Then, 2 teaspoons of water were added and the

mixture was blended. This process was repeated with ½ tablespoon of ripe flesh, 2 teaspoons of water, ½

tablespoon of unripe peel, 2 teaspoons of water, ½ teaspoon of ripe flesh, and 2 teaspoons of water, ½

teaspoons of unripe flesh, and 2 teaspoons of water, ½ teaspoons of ripe flesh, and 2 teaspoons of water,

and finally, ½ tablespoon of ripe flesh and 3 teaspoons of water. The mixture was thoroughly blended

after each addition. The current experiment had successfully created a mixture of unripe and ripe jackfruit

flesh and peel using a blender and a specific set of instructions. After this, the researchers started making

the mixture of unripe and ripe jackfruit flesh and peel, and homemade glue putty. This was accomplished

by following the procedure. First, 1 tablespoon of PVA glue was put in a small container (Tupperware).

Next, ¾ borax solution was gradually applied while mixing. Then, a teaspoon of water was added. In a

separate small container (Tupperware), ½ tablespoon of ripe jackfruit flesh was added, followed by ½

teaspoon of jackfruit flesh and peel mixture. While mixing, ¾ borax solution was gradually added to the

mixture. Finally, the two mixtures were combined in a separate small container (Tupperware) and mixed

for 10 seconds or until the mixtures were completely combined. After making the mixture of unripe and

ripe jackfruit flesh and peel and homemade glue putty, the researchers had proceeded with their

experimentation.

After the mixture was made, it was applied to an area of 3 inches by 5 inches of metal/steel roof

sealant that had been sized 10 inches by 10 inches. The researchers conducted pull tests for adhesion

31
capacity and followed the procedure shown in diagram 3.3 for the pull test. After the pull test, the

researchers made another mixture of unripe and ripe jackfruit flesh and peel, and homemade glue putty

for the water absorption test.

To determine the water resistance capacity of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and

peel with homemade glue putty, the researchers used the "Water Absorption test" by Intertek Group. In

executing this, the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty were sized into two-inch diameter

disks, 0.125" or 0.250" thick, and were dried in an oven for 10-15 minutes at 180 to 190 degrees Celsius.

After the specimen was dried in an oven, it was then placed in a desiccator to cool and immediately upon

cooling, the specimens were weighed using a digital weighing scale (for wet/initial weight). The material

was then emerged in water at agreed-upon conditions, often 23°C for 24 hours or until equilibrium. The

process continued, specimens were removed, patted dry with a lint-free cloth, and weighed (for dry/final

weight). After the whole process, the researchers then determined and evaluated the water absorbed by the

jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty. Water absorption was expressed as an increase in

weight percent. The water absorbed by the specimen was expressed using the formula percent water

absorption = [(Wet weight - Dry weight)/ Dry weight] x 100.

Furthermore, in conducting the pull strength test of grinded jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel, and homemade glue putty, the researchers first need to prepare the substrate. Cleaning the

metal roof with a scouring pad, water and rag makes the surface free from loose coating, debris, grease or

oils (Karnac, 2022). Subsequently, the researchers ground the jackfruit flesh and peel with a mortar or

pestle or with a blender until it turned into a sticky and liquid phase. And the researchers made the

homemade glue putty through the use of water, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) glue, and borax. After that, the

researchers then applied the ground jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty to the cleaned

metal of steel roof in an area of 4’’ wide and 6’’ long. Immediately, the 6’’ of an 8’’ long by 1’’ wide strip

32
of Resat-Mat was embedded in the wet coating. The 2’’ fabric hanging out was used to pull and check for

adhesion. Using a digital hanging scale or "Fish Scale", a 1’’ long piece of duct tape was wrapped over

the end of the uncoated fabric tab. The hook end of a digital hanging scale was pierced through the duct

tape and fabric. Then, the hanging scale was pulled slowly upward, perpendicular to the roof surface.

Lastly, the researchers recorded the peak or highest number obtained and it should be above 2 pounds of

force.

The researchers kept detailed records of the purchased materials, materials used, preparation time,

and observations during the tests. This allowed for accurate replication of the experiments and informed

future studies in the field of bioadhesives. In this research, the researchers performed tests on the potential

roof sealant, including the Water Absorption test and Pull Strength test, and observed and documented the

test results.

33
Figure 3.1. Experimentation

34
Figure 3.2. Unripe and ripe jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel mixture

35
Figure 3.3. The mixture of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel, and homemade glue putty

36
Figure 3.4. Water Absorption Test for water resistance

Figure 3.5. Pull test for adhesion

37
IV. Data Processing and Analysis

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to find out if the experiment results were significant.

This helped the researchers to determine the relevancy of the null hypothesis or accept the alternative

hypothesis. Statistical analysis was done with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) was a type of test that determined the variance of variables. In this study, Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) was used in order to determine the variance of adhesiveness and water absorption

level of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative

for roof sealant and compared to commercial roof sealant in the same regard. The data helped the

researchers to achieve the result in the general and specific objectives. However, in descriptive statistics,

the researchers needed the mean and standard deviation in order to solve the average value and determine

the difference between the observed data and the mean value of the variables. T-test was used to test

whether there was a significance between the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade putty as an

alternative roof sealant. The results helped the researchers to compare the water resistance and adhesion

rate of the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty, and commercial roof sealant.

38
Table 1. Methods Matrix

General / Specific Objective Variable/s Descriptive Inferential

Statistics Statistics

General Objective: Determined Jackfruit flesh and Mean, Standard ANOVA

and investigated the potential of peel with Deviation
jackfruit (Artocarpus homemade glue
heterophyllus) flesh and peel putty, Commercial
with homemade glue putty as a roof sealant
natural alternative to commercial
roof sealants.

Specific Objective: Evaluated the Jackfruit flesh and Mean, Standard None
physical and chemical properties peel with Deviation
of jackfruit (Artocarpus homemade glue
heterophyllus) flesh and peel putty, Water
with homemade glue putty such resistance,
as its water resistance, and Adhesion
adhesion to determine its
potentiality as a roof sealant.

Specific Objective: Investigated Drying, Grinding, Mean, Standard None

the effect of different processing Jackfruit flesh and Deviation
methods, such as drying, and peel with
grinding, on the properties of homemade glue
jackfruit (Artocarpus putty
heterophyllus) flesh and peel
with homemade glue putty.

Specific Objective: Compared Commercial roof Mean, Standard T-Test

the water resistance and adhesion sealant, Jackfruit Deviation
rate of commercial roof sealant flesh and peel with
and the jackfruit (Artocarpus homemade glue
heterophyllus) flesh and peel putty.
with homemade glue putty.

39
VI. Ethical Considerations

The experimental study described involves using jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel

to make homemade glue putty as an alternative roof sealant. Some of the ethical considerations, risks, and

benefits of this study are

Risks. There are potential health risks associated with the use of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel as an additive to make an alternative sealant, such as birch pollen allergy and skin allergic

reactions because of its latex or sap. The homemade glue putty contains borax and it could cause irritation

and nausea. Also, if the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty is not applied properly or if it

failed to adhere to the roof surface, there could be safety risks associated with its use. In terms of its

durability, there is a risk that jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty may not be as durable as

traditional sealants, which could lead to leaks and other structural damage. Therefore, the researchers

ensured that the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty is a safe product. In line with this, the

researchers minimized the ingredient such as borax that contributed to the potential risk of the product.

Benefits. The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel combined with homemade glue

putty roof sealant may provide an alternative to traditional roof sealants if it is found effective, making

roof repairs more affordable for homeowners. This alternative jackfruit peel and flesh with homemade

glue putty roof sealant could be more environmentally friendly than traditional sealants for the reason that

traditional sealants contain a lot of harmful chemicals and high toxicity levels that could cause irritation.

The information presented in this study served as a reference for future studies in relation to having a

natural product like Jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as a roof sealant. The study may

also serve as a guide to future researchers who want to make use of the study in different ways.

40
 Dissemination of Research Findings. The research findings can be used as a guide by future

researchers that would conduct their study. Future researchers can be guided by knowing how homemade

glue putty is made and the potential of a natural material such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

—peel and flesh—with glue putty in terms of adhesion and water resistance. And the combination of both

materials such as the jackfruit flesh and peel and homemade glue putty in making an alternative roof

sealant.

Conflict of Interest. The researchers, therefore, pursued publishing the research findings and ensured

that there is no conflict of interest in the study.

41
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

RESULTS

To determine the water resistance and adhesion capacity of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh

and peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative natural roof sealant, water absorption test, and pull

test are utilized. The results of these tests are compared to commercial roof sealant that is also utilized in

the same set-up, and with the help of various statistical tests such as T-test, one-way ANOVA, and

post-hoc analysis - Tukey HSD.

Specific Objective 1: To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty such as its water resistance, and adhesion to

determine its potentiality as a roof sealant.

Table 4.1 Experimental design showing the results of the water absorption tests in jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty, 2023

Water absorption

Sample Time duration Temperature Initial weight or Final weight Water Absorbed
of soak (degree Dry weight or (%)
(minutes) celsius) (grams) Wet weight
(grams)

a 1195 mins 28.1 °C 6.9 grams 14.8 grams 114.49%

b 1206 mins 28.1 °C 6.9 grams 14.5 grams 110.14%

c 1213 mins 28.1 °C 5.9 grams 13.9 grams 115.94%

Mean 1204.66 28.1 6.56 14.4 113.52%

Standard 9.073 4.351 0.577 0.458 3.018%

deviation

ᵅ Water absorbed is express using the formula [(wet weight - dry weight)/dry weight) x 100]
42
 The table above shows the mean and standard deviation along with the time duration of soak,

temperature (degree Celsius), initial weight, final weight, and the amount of water absorbed in each of the

three samples. Calculating the mean, water absorption was 113.52% which indicates that the sample

absorbed is the same as its weight. This means that the sample is not viable for water resistance.

Table 4.2 Experimental design showing the results of the pull test in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty, 2023

Sample Angle (degree) Highest number obtained Scale based on coating

(pounds) adhesion

a 90° 20.82 lbs 3

b 90° 52.31 lbs 4

c 90° 17.74 lbs 3

Mean 90 30.29 3.33

Standard deviation 0 19.131 0.577

ᵅ Scale based on coating adhesion, 1 – Coating peels off substrate completely attached to fabric strip with minimal effort. Think
‘Post-It Notes’ removed from the paper. Fabric pulled at 90° with less than 2.0 lbs. of force; 2 – Coating peels off the substrate
with a fabric strip, some coating remains adhered to the substrate. The remaining coating on the substrate can be picked off with
little effort. Fabric pulled at 90° with less than 2.0 lbs. of force; 3 – Coating peels off substrate but considerable effort is required.
Fabric pulled at 90° with greater than 2.0 lbs. of force required; 4 – Fabric strip can be lifted using force but coating separates.
The coating comes up with fabric as well as the coating remains over a majority of the substrate. Fabric pulled at 90° with
greater than 2.0 lbs. of force required; 5 – Coating exhibits high adhesive and cohesive strength. Difficult to pull fabric from the
substrate, may result in fabric tearing. Fabric pulled at 90° with greater than 2.0 lbs. of force required.

The mean and standard deviation as well as the angle (degree), greatest number attained, and scale

based on coating adhesion for each of the three samples are displayed in the table above. Every sample

(samples a - sample c) was taken by gradually drawing the hanging scale upward at a 90-degree angle to

the roof surface. The highest number (in pounds) obtained when calculating the mean was 30.29 lbs.

43
However, 3.33 is the mean for scale based on coating adhesion. With more than 2.0 lbs of force, this

means that it takes considerable effort for the coating to eventually come off the substrate. This indicates

that the sample is viable for adhesion capacity and thus has a potential as an alternative roof sealant in

terms of adhesion capacity.

Specific Objective 2: To investigate the effect of different processing methods, such as drying, and

grinding, on the properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue

putty.

Table 4.3 Drying and grinding time of jackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade

glue putty, 2023

Sample Drying Time (minutes) Grinding Time (minutes)

a 146 mins approximately 21 mins

b 151 mins approximately 21 mins

c 164 mins approximately 21 mins

Mean 153.66 21

Standard Deviation 7.586 0

ᵅ Grinding time is computed by adding all the time blend during the process of making the mixture of unripe and ripe jackfruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel

The table above shows the drying time of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) sealant and the

grinding time of making jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty. The mean of the three trials

was 153.66, and the standard deviation was 7.576. However, the sample mixture underwent a grinding

process approximately lasting 21 minutes as the mean is calculated for the three samples.

44
 Specific Objective 3: To compare the water resistance and adhesion rate of commercial roof sealant

and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty.

Table 4.4 T-Test results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

and commercial roof sealant for water resistance, 2023

A B C Mean t Stat P(T<=t) t Critical

two-tail two-tail

Commercial 15.29% 18.84% 16.67% 16.93

Roof Sealant

47.67631 2.03E-05 3.1824

Jackfruit 114.49% 110.14% 115.94% 113.52

(Artocarpus
heterophyllus)
Flesh and Peel
with
Homemade
Glue Putty

The table shows the difference in the means for the water resistance of commercial roof sealant and

jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty that is -5.366666667

(9.033333333 − 14.4), and calculating the p-value using the T-Test arrives at the value of 2.03E-05 which

is much higher than 0.05, so the null hypothesis of no difference will be rejected and say with a high

degree of confidence that the true difference in means is not equal to zero. This indicates that JFP with

HGP has no potential as an alternative roof sealant in terms of water resistance.

45
Table 4.5 T-Test results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

and commercial roof sealant for adhesion rate, 2023

A B C Mean t Stat P(T<=t) t Critical

two-tail two-tail

Commercial 79.91 90.45 75.27 81.88

Roof Sealant

7.65563 0.01664 4.30265

Jackfruit 20.82 52.31 17.74 30.29

(Artocarpus
heterophyllus)
Flesh and Peel
with
Homemade
Glue Putty

The table above shows the difference in the means for the adhesion rate of commercial roof sealant

and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty that is 51.59, (81.88 -

30.29). Using the T-Test, the outcome of the p-value is 0.01664 and is smaller than 0.05, which means

that there is a significant difference between the two variables.

46
General Objective: To determine and investigate the potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as a natural alternative to commercial roof sealants.

Table 4.6 One-way ANOVA results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade

glue putty and commercial roof sealant for water absorption test, 2023

Sample

Test Jackfruit (Artocarpus Commercial roof

heterophyllus) flesh sealant
and peel with
homemade glue putty

Water absorption 114.49% 15.29%

110.14% 18.84%

115.94% 16.67%

Mean 113.52 16.93

Standard deviation 3.018 1.79

P-value 1.15789203649506E-06

ᵅ p-value < 0.05

The table above shown that a one-way ANOVA revealed that there was no statistically significant

difference in mean exam score between at least sample groups in this test (water absorption test),

(F = [2273.03], p = 1.15789203649506E-06). In these results, the null hypothesis states that the mean

hardness values of 2 different samples are not equal. Because the p-value is greater than the significance

level of 0.05. In line with the p-value, this indicates that the HO is accepted.

47
Table 4.7 One-way ANOVA results of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade

glue putty and commercial roof sealant for pull test, 2023

Sample

Test Jackfruit (Artocarpus Commercial roof

heterophyllus) flesh sealant
and peel with
homemade glue putty

Pull test 20.82 lbs 79.91 lbs

52.31 lbs 90.45 lbs

17.74 lbs 75.27 lbs

Mean 30.29 81.88

Standard deviation 19.131 42.80

P-value 0.01239

ᵅ See footnote to Table 4.6

The table above shown that a one-way ANOVA revealed that there was a statistically significant

difference in mean exam score between at least sample groups in this test (pull test), (F = [18.717], p =

0.01239). In these results, the null hypothesis states that the mean hardness values of 2 different samples

are equal. Because the p-value is less than the significance level of 0.05, this means that the HO is

rejected.

48
Table 4.8 Post-hoc analysis - tukey HSD results for water absorption test and pull test of jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty and commercial roof sealant, 2023

Tests Sample pair ∣x₁-x₂∣ HSD critical Significant HSD critical Significant
value at ∝ = 1% value at ∝ = 5%

Water CRS vs JFP ∣16.93 - 54.88 Yes, **HSD 33.13 Yes, **HSD
absorption with HGP 113.52∣ = crit value > crit value >
test -96.59 difference in difference in
means means

Pull test CRS vs JFP ∣81.87 - 54.88 Yes, **HSD 33.13 No, **HSD
with HGP 30.29∣ = crit value > crit value <
51.58 difference in difference in
means means

ᵅ JFP with HGP, jackfruit flesh and pell with homemade glue putty; CRS, commercial roof sealant; HSD critical value, honestly
significant difference
ᵇ ∣x₁-x₂∣, subtraction of two (2) sample
ᶜ Significant at ∝ = 1% is equal to the value of 6.51 in Q table; Significant at ∝ = 5% is equal to the value of 3.93 in Q table

In terms of water absorption test, tukey post-hoc test revealed and stated that there are no significant

pairwise differences between JFP with HGP (Jackfruit Flesh and Peel with Homemade Glue Putty) and

CRS (Commercial Roof Sealant), (in significant at ∝ = 1%, HSD critical value = [54.88]. Also, the

Tukey post-hoc test revealed the result for the pull test and stated that there is a significant difference

between the two samples, (“only” in significant at ∝ = 5%, HSD critical value = [33.13]. In these results,

the water absorption test in both significant levels (1% and 5%) accepted the null hypothesis. The

post-hoc test - tukey HSD rejected the null hypothesis in terms of adhesion due to the value of ∣x₁-x₂∣

being greater than HSD critical value. However, tukey post-hoc result in the water absorption test in both

significant levels does not reject the null due to the value of ∣x₁-x₂∣ being less than HSD critical value.

49
Discussion

In this chapter, the study's findings are presented and thoroughly discussed, with particular reference

to the study's goal of measuring two specific properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and

peel with homemade glue putty: water resistance and adhesion capacity. Moreover, the general objective

of the study is to determine and investigate the potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and

peel with homemade glue putty as a natural alternative to commercial roof sealants. The experiment took

place at Brgy. Sto. Niño, 1 Dasmariñas City, Cavite Province, inside of one the house of researchers.

Using the exact amount (shown in Figures 3.2 and 3.3), various procedures such as crushing, grinding,

and blending are included in the mixture to achieve the desired result. The data are collected through three

different tests: water absorption test for water resistance, to determine the water resistance capacity and

pull test for evaluating adhesion capacity. The researchers conducted the two tests (the pull test and the

water absorption test) and afterward calculated the data from each test to determine the potentiality of the

jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty.

A. Water absorption and pull test results of JFP and HGP

A.1. Water absorption result

The researchers test the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty water resistance

capacity by using the water absorption test to determine its potential as a roof sealant. The Water

Absorption Test (D570) by the American Society for Testing and Materials is used to calculate

the relative water absorption of plastics in 24 hours when immersed in water. The result will be

determined by the duration of time soaked, temperature, dry weight, wet weight, and the

percentage of water absorbs. As shown in table 4.1 the mean time duration of soak is 1204.66

mins, temperature 28.1, 6.56 for dry weight, and wet weight is 14.4.

50
 In the study of Kundra (2021), results help evaluate the material's performance in wet

conditions encountered during the test. This water absorption test method will measure the rate of

water absorption as a guide to the amount of water absorbed by a material. Based on the results

for the mean, the dry weight is 28.1 and the wet weight is 14.4. The absorbed water percentage of

the mean is 113.52. With this result, the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

samples absorbed water an average of 113.54%, which is double its dry weight. The researchers

conclude that jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty do not pass the water absorption

test. This statement is accurate because the sample after the 24-hour water absorption test

absorbed 113.54% of water and became shattered slightly. In line with this, homemade glue putty

contains a polymer called polyvinyl acetate, which is “soluble in water” as Harpaz et al., 2019

stated. The polyvinyl acetate and water interaction makes the long polymer chains that give

polyvinyl acetate its capability to bond materials together and break down. Exposing glue to

water will inevitably cause it to lose some of its adhesive properties. The sample, jackfruit flesh

and peel with homemade glue putty shattered because of the interaction of water and polyvinyl

wherein the long polymer chain breakdown.

A.2. Pull test results

The potential of jackfruit peel and flesh with homemade glue putty as a roof sealant is also to

be determined by the researchers by its physical and chemical properties in terms of adhesion.

Based on the results of the conducted experiment, the rubber-like texture of a roof sealant was

achieved by the stickiness of the glue and jackfruit flesh and peel with the use of the activator

used, which is borax. As mentioned in a review of the literature, adhesion testing is recommended

over all applicable roof surfaces so the researchers tried to find this kind of test and decided to use

the adhesion pull test that needs a digital hanging scale, also known as "fish scale". The hook will

be pierced through the fabric and the scale will be slowly pulled upward, perpendicular to the

51
 roof surface. The highest value must be greater than 2 pounds in order to show off the sealant's

high adhesive strength. As for the samples a, b, and c on the scale based on coating adhesion from

Table 4.2, sample (a) results in 3, which means that the coating peels off the substrate but

considerable effort is required. Sample (b) shows 4 which means that the fabric strip can be lifted

using force but the coating separates, the coating comes up with fabric as well as the coating

remains over a majority of a substrate, and the fabric pulled with 90° with greater than 2 lbs of

force is required. And the sample (c) has the same result as the sample (a). Generally, the samples

have a mean of 3.33 on the scale based on coating adhesion and an average of 30.29 lbs in terms

of the sample's highest number obtained in pounds. With more than 2.0 lbs of force, the fabric

was pulled at a 90° angle. This means that it takes considerable effort for the coating to eventually

come off the substrate. This indicates that JFP with HGP is a viable material for alternative roof

sealant in terms of adhesion capacity.

B. Result of processing method such as grinding and drying on the properties of JFP with HGP

The objective of this research was to examine the effects of grinding and drying methods on the

properties of homemade glue putty made from jackfruit flesh (JFP) with high glass transition temperature

(HGP). The results of three trial attempts were analyzed to determine the impact of these processing

methods.

The drying attempts took different amounts of time: the first attempt lasted 146 minutes, the

second lasted 151 minutes, and the third lasted 164 minutes. The mean of the three trials was calculated to

be 153.66. On the other hand, the grinding process took approximately 21 minutes in each trial, resulting

in an average of 21 minutes across the three trials.

52
 Grinding and drying were found to enhance the unique quality of JFP, particularly its adhesion

properties. The grinding process improved the effectiveness of starch by altering its molecular and

physicochemical properties, resulting in a significant change in amylose and amylopectin content. As

Zhang et al., 2017, this change in starch composition greatly contributed to the increased adhesiveness.

This means that the JFP with homemade glue putty enhanced its adhesiveness with the help of drying and

grinding.

However, the presence of pectin in jackfruit flesh and peel can shorten the drying time. As

mentioned in the review of the literature, Begum et al. (2017), pectin is a structural acid found in various

fruits, including jackfruit, influences ripening, plant growth, and the physicochemical and functional

properties of pectin. This study highlights how the pectin content in the JFP used in our research

contributed to shortening the drying time.

The putty used in the process had a significant impact on the experimentation, particularly in

terms of adhesiveness. As said by Somers & Lasgorceix, 2021, the polymer phase in the putty acted as a

glue, while borax served as an activator for intermolecular bonding, resulting in the necessary stickiness.

This combination proved to be effective in enhancing the adhesiveness of the JFP with homemade glue

putty, suggesting its potential as an alternative for roof sealant.

53
C. Comparison of water resistance and adhesion capacity of JFP with HGP and CRS

Aim to compare the water resistance and adhesion rate of a commercial roof sealant and the jackfruit

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty. The importance of effective sealants and adhesives cannot be

understated, especially in construction and repair applications. By exploring alternative options using

natural materials like jackfruit, researchers can potentially uncover environmentally friendly solutions.

By comparing the performance of the commercial roof sealant and the homemade glue putty

derived from jackfruit flesh and peel, the researchers aim to determine whether this natural alternative has

the potential to serve as an effective sealant and adhesive.

C.1. Comparison of water resistance capacity of JFP with HGP and CRS

T-test revealed that the two (2) different samples, the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty and commercial roof sealant has a significant difference

statistically in mean exam score. As table table 4.4 shows, the t-test for the pull test, accepted the

null hypothesis which means that jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty has no

potential as a natural alternative roof sealant in terms of adhesion capacity. The jackfruit flesh and

peel with homemade glue putty achieve this result due to polyvinyl acetate or glue contact with

water.

The selection of glue that’s been used for creating the homemade glue putty. Since the

researchers used a normal Elmer’s glue for the mixture, it is not guaranteed that it can withstand a

water adsorption test. The researchers should have used a waterproof glue for the mixture. The

sample absorbed water at a high rate, as discovered by the researchers, is that handmade adhesive

putty contains a polymer called polyvinyl acetate, which is "soluble in water". The lengthy

54
polymer chains that give polyvinyl acetate its capacity to glue items together break down when

polyvinyl acetate and water mix. As Steffen 2023 noted, the presence of water will inevitably

result in some of the adhesive qualities of glue being lost.

However, commercial roof sealant passed the water absorption test with a p-value of 0.002

which is lower than 0.05. The commercial roof sealant passes this test as its water resistance

capacity is always evident as sealant expands and seals to the surface when applied or inserted

into a crack or space, forming a watertight barrier. As mentioned in a review of literature,

Brisenio, 2023, to stop water leaks or damage, a waterproof surface layer in commercial roof

sealant called membrane waterproofing is applied. Waterproofing is present in commercial roof

sealant as it keeps moisture out of your foundation and guards against water damage to your

building's structure, whether it's protecting your home's roof or basement.

In these results, the null hypothesis states that the mean hardness values of 2 different samples

are not equal. Because the p-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05. This indicates that

JFP with HGP and S s a siificant difference in the way that JFP with HGP is below the capacity

of CRS water resistance capacity. In line with this, this means that JFP with HGP is not a viable

alternative roof sealant in terms of water resistance capacity.

C.2. Comparison of adhesion capacity of JFP with HGP and CRS

It is a part of the main objective of the study to determine and ascertain the adhesion

strength of jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as a roof sealant and to be

compared to that of an actual, commercial roof sealant. To prove or disprove the connection and

relation of adhesiveness between jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty and

commercial roof sealants.

55
 Table 4.5 is shown exactly the difference of means of the adhesion rate between the

jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty and the commercial roof sealant in which the

p-value test result showed that there is a significant relationship between the two. Having a

p-value of 0.05 or lower is generally considered statistically significant. In short, the significant

difference shows that jackfruit flesh and peel combined with a homemade glue putty can be a

viable alternative roof sealant in terms of adhesion strength.

JFP with HGP achieved these results, with the role of the latex of jackfruit, that have

been known to have a high stickiness strength to the extent that it can be used as a glue. Also, as

mentioned in the review of literature Gadhave et al, 2018, boric acid which is a different

formulation but shares the same compound as borax, was subjected to a study that has an

adhesive strength, and throughout the test, it was found out that the boric acid cross-linked with

the starch–polyvinyl alcohol films resulting an excellent performance in terms of mechanical,

thermal properties and hardness of the combination.

These features of the jackfruit’s latex, the putty, and the borax are likely to be the cause of a

strong molecular bond between chemicals in the combination, making it sticky and adhesive

enough to pass the pull strength test, ultimately achieving a less than 0.05 p-value in the T-test.

56
D. Potentiality of JFP with HGP as an alternative roof sealant

The general objective aims to determine and investigate the potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as a natural alternative to commercial roof

sealants. There are two factors to determine the potentiality of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty; these are water resistance and adhesion rate. These factors are

measured through water absorption tests and pull tests. The water absorption test is designed to measure

the amount of water that is absorbed by the samples, while the pull test measures the force required to pull

the samples apart.

D.1. Water absorption capacity of JFP with HGP

The water absorption test is calculated using the one-way ANOVA and the results showed that

there is a statistically significant difference in the mean exam score between at least sample

groups in the absorption test. This indicates that there is a significant difference between the

jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty and the commercial roof sealant. As shown in

Table 4.6, the one-way ANOVA for the water absorption test, accepted the null hypothesis which

means that jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty has no potential as a natural

alternative roof sealant in terms of adhesion capacity. This is accurate as the mean score in water

absorption result is 113.52% which is JFP with JFP doubled in weight as it undergoes the test.

The one-way ANOVA indicates that JFP with HGP is not a viable alternative roof sealant in

terms of water resistance. The contact of polyvinyl acetate or glue and water plays a significant

role in these results. The lengthy polymer chains that give polyvinyl acetate its capacity to link

items together break down as a result of the interaction between polyvinyl acetate and water. It is

57
inevitable that part of the adhesive capabilities of glue will be lost when it is exposed to water.

The jackfruit flesh and peel sample that was covered in homemade adhesive putty broke when

water and polyvinyl contact, causing the lengthy polymer chain to disintegrate.

In one of the reviews of the literature, Xiang et al. (2021), justifies that roof sealants can’t

last long in wet conditions, same as the natural roof sealants. This explains why most of the roof

sealants including the natural roof sealant; jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty are

only suitable for dry surfaces and are not for wet surfaces due to the fact that they cannot

withstand moisture for a long period of time. This means also that the samples are only advisable

on dry surfaces because they had hygroscopic tendencies, wherein they could absorb water and

subsequently deteriorate, losing their structural stability.

D.2. Adhesion capacity of JFP with HGP

One-way ANOVA revealed that the two (2) different samples, the jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty and commercial roof sealant has a

significant difference statistically in mean exam score. As table table 4.7 shows, the one-way

ANOVA for the pull test, rejected the null hypothesis which means that jackfruit flesh and peel

with homemade glue putty has the potential as a natural alternative roof sealant. The jackfruit

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty achieve this result due to its unique property and the

processes conducted to sample.

In line with the result of one-way ANOVA for the pull test, this makes jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty have a strong bond with the ingredients

of homemade glue putty such as polyvinyl acetate (glue), and borax. In this case, the PVA

58
(polyvinyl acetate) in its most important application, serves as the film-forming ingredient used as

an adhesive. Also, borax as an ingredient for the putty, as mentioned in a review of literature that

adding 30% to 50% of borax to the preservative solution is sufficient to provide a significant

increase in strength for compressive strength, tensile strength, and bending strength. As glue has

polyvinyl acetate that possesses long polymer molecules that are tangled with each other. This

molecule makes glue viscous, or thick and sticky. When borax (sodium tetraborate) is added to

polyvinyl acetate and cross-links the latter's molecules to each other, the glue solution becomes

more viscous. As borax cross-links more and more of the glue molecules together and the two

ingredients (PVA and borax) become more viscous, an increasingly larger and solid polymeric

material is made from the reaction. This makes the JFP with HGP to be a viable alternative roof

sealant in terms of adhesion capacity.

Thus, combining homemade glue putty that has a strong molecular bond and jackfruit

(Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel that has a natural sap utilized as a bio-adhesive. This

contributed to the stronger molecular bond as the two (2) materials combined, this is accurate

when the pull test is conducted and uses a one-way ANOVA to determine if the null hypothesis

will be rejected or accepted. As the one-way ANOVA was conducted, it reveals that the null

hypothesis is rejected as it shows the significant difference between the adhesion capacity of the

two sample groups, the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue

putty and commercial roof sealant.

D.3. Comparison of water resistance and adhesion capacity of JFP with HGP and CRS

using Tukey HSD

The Tukey HSD test is used to compare the water absorption and pull strength of JFP with

HGP and CRS respectively and determine if there are any significant differences between the two

samples.

59
 As shown in table 4.8 the results of the water absorption test for post-hoc analysis shows that

there are no significant differences between JFP with HGP and CRS at both significant level of

1% and 5%, which indicates that JFP with HGP can be considered a not viable alternative to

commercial roof sealants in terms of water absorption. This is an important finding because water

leakage is a significant problem in roofs and can cause extensive damage to buildings. Roof

sealants were one solution used to stop water leakage and were a bonding covering that acted as a

protective barrier over a roof, ventilators, and lights. This material's purpose was to seal fractures

or discrepancies, preventing the elements from entering the home.

The study’s findings suggest that jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty capability “in terms of water resistance capacity” is not viable as an

alternative roof sealant as it possesses materials that have a weak molecular bond when in contact

with H20 (water) for a long time period, approximately 24 hours based in the water absorption

test results.

However, as shown in table 4.8, post-hoc analysis for the pull test revealed that there are

significant differences between JFP with HGP and CRS as the value of ∣x₁-x₂∣ is greater than

HSD critical value but in significant at ∝ = 5% only. This still indicates that the null hypothesis

is rejected. In addition, as a pull test was conducted it revealed that the jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty has the highest average weight obtained

of 30.29 lbs (pounds) that is higher than 2lbs (pounds) which is standard for determining if the

sample has the capacity to adhesiveness.

Furthermore, the study’s results indicate that JFP with HGP has the potential to become a

natural alternative sealant because of its high adhesion rate and the force that is required to be

pulled out, which is 30.29 lbs.

60
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

This study found that the physical and chemical properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty have the potential to serve as a roof sealant, specifically in terms

of adhesion. It was also observed that the drying and grinding time affects the adhesiveness of jackfruit

flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative roof sealant. Additionally, it was noted that,

unlike commercial roof sealants, the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty could not retain

water. Regarding the adhesion rate, the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty were passed in

adhesion strength, like the commercial roof sealant. Consequently, the researchers discovered a significant

relationship between the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty roof sealant and the

commercial roof sealant, specifically regarding adhesion rate. In contrast, no significant relationship was

observed in terms of water resistance. In conclusion, the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue

putty exhibit potential as an alternative roof sealant, particularly regarding adhesion rate.

The researchers have successfully addressed all the objectives they set out to achieve, making the

study a resounding success. Regarding the product, the findings indicate that jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel combined with homemade glue putty do not exhibit sufficient water

resistance. However, the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty successfully met the specific

procedure requirements regarding adhesion. Overall, the study can be somewhat successful, as it

effectively fulfilled its objectives, and the researchers followed the designated protocol, conducting all the

necessary procedures.

61
 This study may positively impact different sectors, such as the environment, economy, market, and

industry. The products comprise natural materials that reduce the use of harmful chemicals that may pose

environmental and health risks. Also, the production of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and

peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative roof sealant will help jackfruit farmers have such a

prominent local dealership, possibly contributing to the increase of the Gross Domestic Product.

Furthermore, the availability of a natural alternative sealant in the market can diversify product options

and reduce reliance on expensive commercial roof sealants, which may increase demand for eco-friendly

products and consumer cost savings that boost the economy. In addition, it may inspire the industry to

explore and create other natural materials that shift towards eco-friendly solutions that drive innovation

and create new business opportunities in the green building sector.

Recommendations

In future research on the potential use of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with

homemade glue putty as an alternative for roof sealant, it is recommended to further investigate its water

resistance capability. Future researchers can conduct more comprehensive studies on how it greatly

enhances its water absorbability. However, the researchers recommend finding another adhesive material

aside from glue because the glue is unsuitable for water resistance, which compromises the integrity of

the bond in wet environments. The researchers strongly emphasize the need to explore alternative

adhesive materials rather than relying solely on the glue. This recommendation arises from the realization

that glue is ill-suited for applications requiring water resistance. When exposed to water, glue tends to

lose its adhesive properties, resulting in weakened bonds and compromised structural integrity (Steffen,

2023). This limitation poses a significant challenge in various industries and sectors where moisture or

immersion in water is a common occurrence.

62
 Consequently, the researchers advocate for a thorough investigation into alternative adhesive options

that can withstand water exposure, thereby ensuring durable and reliable bonding in environments where

moisture resistance is paramount (Kundra, Y.Y 2021).

Borax has some adhesive properties and may contribute to the overall effectiveness of a sealant, due

to its specific properties, it is typically used in relatively small amounts. Excessive amounts of borax in

jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty may not improve its sealing

properties. Indeed, it may result in other problems, such as an overly thick or brittle sealant as it is

combined with glue. According to the American Chemical Society (2023) when borax (sodium

tetraborate) is added and the latter’s molecules cross-linked with each other this makes glue thick,

viscous, and sticky. As observed by the researchers when adding more borax this will make the sample

more viscous to the point the sample becomes brittle. It is recommended to use 1 ½ teaspoons of borax

when making the jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty.

Although this research focused on assessing the potential use of jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty as an alternative for roof sealant based on its

adhesion and water resistance, further studies should be conducted to explore how long can it last as an

alternative roof sealant. Durability is an important aspect to consider when developing roof sealant, as it

determines the product's effectiveness (Palmer, 2018). Investigating the durability of the natural roof

sealant from jackfruit flesh and peel would give valuable insight into its potential for commercialization.

Additionally, studying methods to enhance the durability of the alternative natural roof sealant would

enhance its practicality and make it a more able option for consumers.

Furthermore, by adding objectives about cost-effectiveness, future researchers can explore how

affordable the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and peel with homemade glue putty, are sold as a

63
product and can be compared to the cost of commercial roof sealant. As s Fitzgerald (2022) stated,

commercial roof sealants are frequently expensive, which can make applying the sealant to an entire roof

for most households financially unfeasible.

64
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 APPENDICES

Appendix A. Gantt Chart

78
Appendix B. Budget

Expenses/Proceeds Price Total

(Contribution) Abadiano + ₱ 150 ₱ 150

(Contribution) Arboso + ₱ 150 ₱ 300

(Contribution) Dayrit + ₱ 150 ₱ 450

(Contribution) Escares + ₱ 150 ₱ 600

(Contribution) Estacio + ₱ 150 ₱ 750

(Contribution) Evardone + ₱ 150 ₱ 900

(Contribution) Gargaceran + ₱ 150 ₱ 1, 050

(Contribution) Inion + ₱ 150 ₱ 1, 200

(Contribution) Macapagal + ₱ 150 ₱ 1, 350

(Contribution) Magallanes + ₱ 150 ₱ 1, 500

(Contribution) Nolasco + ₱ 150 ₱ 1, 650

(Contribution) Rosas + ₱ 150 ₱ 1, 800 (total contribution)

Ingredients of the sample and - ₱ 792.50 ₱ 1, 007.50

creating samples (trial and error)

Actual sample - ₱ 155 ₱ 852.50

Materials - ₱ 852.50 0

Expenses Price/Money spent

Food ₱ 1, 001

Fare ₱ 1, 528

Print of papers ₱ 1, 121

Grand total ₱ 3, 650

*The expenses here is aided by daily contribution by each of the member

79
Appendix C. Documentation

(March 6, 2023) Making and revision of Chapter 1-2

(March 9, 2023) Canvassing; Estimating the cost of the ingredients and materials

80
(March 30, 2023) Purchasing ingredients for JFP with HGP at SM Hypermarket - Kadiwa

(April 12, 2023) Requesting a paper from FITS-OPO Trece Martirez with the most recent status and data
on jackfruit farm productivity within a Cavite province.

81
(April 3, 2023) Mass Production and Experimentation of the product

(April 12, 2023) Creating a final sample of jackfruit flesh and peel with homemade glue putty

82
(April 13, 2023) Conducting of pull test

(April 14, 2023) Conducting of water resistances test

(April 14, 2023) Result of pull test in JFP with HGP and commercial roof sealant

83
(April 15, 2023) Result of water absorption test in JFP with HGP and commercial roof sealant

Appendix D. Letters

(Request letter for Municipal Hall)

84
(Request letter for using the house of one of the researchers for experimentation - House 1)

(Request letter for using the house of one of the researcher for experimentation - House 1)

85
(follow up of request letter in FITS-OPA office- Main Office - Trece Martirez City)

86
Appendix E. Site map

Site up includes the two houses (house 1 and house 2) that the researchers used in experimentation, the
kadiwa HyperMarket and the school where the researchers are from (Dasmariñas Integrated High
School).

87
 Appendix F. Tabular representation of review of literature

No. Title Author/s Year Materials Results Limitations

1 Acrylic or Dichtstoffhandel 2017 N/A Acrylic sealant had a permeable nature, N/A
silicone D. that allowed water to flow through it.
Therefore, it possessed a risk of promoting
mold growth and is unsuitable for use in
moist environments. Moreover, the
relatively rough surface of acrylic, as
opposed to silicone, made it more proned
to attracting dust and grime

2 A review on Naman 2017 N/A Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a nontoxic and N/A
mechanical Jain,Vinay thermoplastic polymer that is completely
and water
Kumar Singh biodegradable. PVA shows excellent
absorption
properties and Sakshi mechanical and thermal properties due to
of polyvinyl Chauhan better interfacial adhesion with reinforcing
alcohol materials such as fibers, particles, or
based
flakes, because of which it can be used for
composites/
films the fabrication of composites.

88
3 Bio-renewa Gadhave, R.V., 2017 Polyurethane One promising avenue for developing The author's main focus was to analyze and
ble sources Mahanwar, P.A., adhesive, castor bio-renewable polyurethane adhesives provide solutions to the drawbacks associated
for and Gadekar, oil, jatropha oil, involves the use of bio-based with using polyurethane sealant, which may
synthesis of P.T. palm oil, and di-isocyanates synthesized from fatty pose environmental and health risks such as
eco-friendly soybean acids. Research has shown that this can allergic reactions, rashes, breathing difficulties,
polyurethan produce polyurethane with physical loss of consciousness, and blindness.
e adhesives properties similar to those derived from
petroleum-based raw materials. This offers
a potential pathway for creating
polyurethane adhesives that are both
effective and environmentally friendly.

4 Jackfruit Dass, A. 2017 Jackfruit The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) It fails to mention its potential use as an
(Artocarpus was described as the world's largest fruit in adhesive in the field of construction.
heterophyllus) the article. The uses and potential of
jackfruit vary, particularly as a food source
and in medicine, where it is used as
traditional herbal medicine. It also had the
potential to act as an adhesive for its sticky
sap.

89
5 Molecular Yanjun Zhang, 2017 N/A According to the article, the molecular N/A
structure of Yutong Zhang, structure of jackfruit starches and its
starch
Fei Xu, Gang physicochemical properties were
isolated
from Wu and Lehe investigated if it can be affected by
jackfruit Tan grinding and drying.
and its
relationship
with
physicoche
mical
properties

6 Structural Rokeya Begum, 2017 N/A The pectin that is extracted from jackfruit N/A
and Yuz Aniza can affect the drying time of jackfruit flesh
functional
Yuzof, and peel by its composition and structure.
properties
of pectin Mohammad
extracted Gulzarul and M.
from Burhan Uddin
jackfruit
(Artocarpus
heterophyll
us) waste:
Effects of
drying

90
7 The Charles, M. 2017 N/A Due to their hygroscopic nature, N/A
Disadvanta polyurethane sealants should only be used
ges of on dry surfaces as they tend to absorb
Polyurethan water, leading to a degradation of their
e structural stability.

8 The Pros West, R. 2017 N/A Silicone roof coatings is a complicated and N/A
And Cons high cost to remove and replacing it
Of Silicone because it needs to remove the silicone
Roof layer or find the substance that is
Coatings compatible with it before installing a
different roofing system.

91
9 Wood: A.H. Conner, 2017 Bio-based The study involves testing and comparing The experiment did not use 100% PVA
Adhesives M.S.H. Bhuiyan adhesives, bio-based adhesives to synthetic adhesives (Polyvinyl acetate) and other adhesives without
Synthetic in the bonding of wood. The results mixing them with other solutions.
adhesives, Wood showed that synthetic adhesives
outperformed bio-adhesives, and one of
these synthetic adhesives was the
well-known PVA (polyvinyl acetate).

10 Durability James D. Palmer 2018 N/A The strength of the adhesive or sealant N/A
of connection is critical to the integrity of this
Nonstructur
article and every bonded assembly. The
al
Adhesives article reviewed the factors that go into
joint design, adhesive, sealant, and
substrate selection, surface preparation,
primer selection, application methods,
including mixing techniques, application
techniques, and joint assembly. Techniques
for assessing durability and test protocols,
such as exposure to high and low
temperatures, UV radiation, moisture,
saline solutions, stress, and fatigue, both
separately and in combination in cycles,

92
 are taken into consideration.

11 To study the Gadhave, R. V., 2018 Starch–polyvinyl The study revolves around cross-linking The study uses the substance boric acid even
effect of Mahanwar, P. alcohol, boric two substances in order for the main with the same formulation instead of borax. The
boric acid A., & Gadekar, acid substance to blend with enhanced study did not conduct the chemical reaction
modificatio P. T. properties. The study found that the with a metal object such as a metal roof.
n on starch–polyvinyl alcohol blends or gains
starch–poly enhanced properties when crossed link
vinyl with boric acid to which the alternative
alcohol hypothesis was met.
blend wood
adhesive

12 Dissolvable Dorin Harpaz, 2019 N/A PVA contains a lot of hydroxyl groups, N/A
Polyvinyl-A Tim which form hydrogen bonds with the
lcohol Film,
Axelrod,Alicia water molecules and make it very soluble
a
Time-Barrie Lu in water.
r to Yitian,Evgeni
Modulate Eltzov, Robert
Sample
S. Marks, and
Flow in a
3D-Printed Alfred I.Y. Tok
Holder for
Capillary
Flow Paper
Diagnostics

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13 Effect of Moch, S. M., 2019 Rubber tree sap, The study was conducted to evaluate the The saps are subjected to a strength test of
Bio-based Resza, T. P., and jackfruit tree sap, tensile and bending strength of various adhesive joints made of balsa wood rather than
Adhesive Khairul, A. Sukun tree sap, bio-based adhesives. The results indicated a metallic material.
on Tensile Balsa Wood that rubber tree sap exhibited the highest
Strength performance and was considered the top
and natural adhesive. This is followed by
Bending of jackfruit tree sap and Sukun tree sap,
Balsa Wood respectively.
Adhesive
Joint

14 Moisture Kenney, M. E., 2019 Sealants Laboratory and field tests reveal that, The paper only explores the relationship
Conditions and Kenney, R. typically, a low adhesive bond develops between elevated moisture in sealant substrates
of J. when elevated moisture levels are present. and the ability of sealants to maintain adequate
Substrates It also shows that the use of certain bond strength. It doesn’t involve the used of
and Effect primers, even when the sealant substrate is various sealant primers and surface treatments
on very damp, can greatly increase sealant which can have an effect on the adhesive bond
Adhesive bond strength and the ability of sealants to of sealants.
Bond of remain bonded even when sealants are
Sealants immersed in water for extended periods
after the initial cure.

15 Nutritional Ranasinghe, R. 2019 N/A Tropical trees like jackfruit are a great N/A
and Health A. S. N., source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber,

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 Benefits of Maduwanthi, S. phytochemicals, proteins, and other
Jackfruit D. T., and nutrients. Many health benefits of
(Artocarpus Marapana, R. A. jackfruit, such as its anticarcinogenic,
heterophyll U. J. antibacterial, antifungal,
us Lam.): A anti-inflammatory, and wound healing,
Review and its hypoglycemic qualities, have been
identified in earlier studies. Moreover, it is
recognized as an underutilized fruit on a
commercial scale, mainly due to the higher
percentage of an indigestible portion
which leads to more waste generation,
trouble in peeling and separating edible
bulbs from the rind, a lack of
understanding of proper postharvest
practices, and inadequate processing
facilities in regions where they are
cultivated.

16 Above Above Roofing 2020 Roof Leaking The roof has leaks. There are some key N/A
Roofing things we do to manage the situation and
minimize any potential damage from the
water, such as containing the water,
grabbing some buckets, or tarp the roof if
you can't fix it right away, but if this leak

95
 isn't managed, mold will grow because
moisture is a breeding ground for mold.

17 Handbook Science Direct 2020 N/A The result of this article is to provide N/A
of UV information on the UV degradation and
Degradation stabilization of industrial products. The
and article discusses the effects of UV
Stabilizatio radiation on materials, such as plastic,
n (Third rubber, and coatings, and how this can lead
Edition) to degradation and reduced lifespan of the
product. It also provides an overview of
the different methods of UV stabilization,
such as the addition of UV stabilizers or
the use of protective coatings. The article
highlights the importance of UV
stabilization in industrial products, as it
can significantly improve their durability
and performance in outdoor environments.
Finally, the article concludes by
emphasizing the need for ongoing research
and development in the field of UV
stabilization to continue improving the
quality and longevity of industrial
products.

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18 Polyurethan Corrosion Pedia 2020 N/A The discussion explains what N/A
e Coating polyurethane coatings are, how they are
used, their advantages, and their
shortcomings. Polyurethane coatings are
layers of polyurethane applied to the
surface of a substrate to protect it from
various types of defects such as corrosion,
weathering, and abrasion. These coatings
are relatively durable, soft, and more
elastic than epoxy coatings. They have a
relatively fast cure time and can be ready
for operation in as little as 24 hours.
Polyurethane coatings are ideal for
numerous applications, including wood
floors, metals, and on top of other
coatings. However, one of the main
shortcomings of this coating material is its
sensitivity to moisture, and they have a
limited pot life. Ultraviolet light can also
cause this coating material to break down
and degrade.

19 Polyvinyl Adam 2020 N/A The study gave definition and other N/A
Acetate Augustyn, information about Polyvinyl acetate and is

97
 William L. fact-checked by The Editors of
Hosch, Emily Encyclopedia Britannica. Polyvinyl
Rodriguez, acetate (PVAc) is a synthetic resin that is
Gaurav Shukla produced through the polymerization
process of vinyl acetate.

20 Pros and Berry, K. 2020 N/A Polyurethane sealants are sensitive to N/A
cons of moisture, leading to a shorter life that
Polyurethan usually takes 3-12 months.
e Adhesives

21 Putty Designing 2020 N/A The article provides us the information N/A
Buildings Ltd. about putty as a sealant and cement
material in the construction industry. The
article also provides properties and the
types of putty like the Wall putty, Pratley
putty, and Synthetic Putty.

22 Selecting Petrie, E. M. 2020 Antioxidants Antioxidants have different classifications, The study only focused on the classifications
Antioxidant such as primary antioxidants, and and kinds of antioxidants and also choosing the
s for secondary antioxidants, multi-functional best sealants by considering the parameters.
Adhesives antioxidants, hydroxylamines, and There was no mention of the source of the
& Sealants carbon-centered radical scavengers. These antioxidants.
antioxidants are also used for different
kinds of adhesives, like sealants, hot-melt

98
 adhesives, solvent-based adhesives,
water-based adhesives, and reactive
adhesives. There are different parameters
that were considered, and the crucial ones
are compatibility and solubility, efficiency,
and concentration, the temperature during
compounding and service, physical
property deterioration, and volatility.
While the considered parameters during
the selection of antioxidants were form,
color, toxicity and regulatory approvals,
and cost. The different formulations of
antioxidants for adhesives were made for
the best classifications of where the
sealants could possibly be used.

23 The Effect M.A.P Handana, 2020 Borax, Bamboo The study found that using Borax solution The borax solution is only conducted and mixed
of Borax Besman as a preservative has the potential to in a bamboo and other wood preservative.
Solution as Surbakti improve the mechanical properties of the
Preservative bamboo culm. According to the study,
to the borax solution can significantly increase
Mechanical compression, tension, and bending
Properties strength.
of Bamboo

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24 What is Joseph Flynt 2020 N/A The article is an overview about the N/A
PVA Glue? definition of PVA glue as well as its types,
Properties applications, and properties. This includes
and its other names like white, school, or wood
Application glue. The article also provides information
s about its advantages, one being its
water-solubility.

25 Where Does Madhura, R. 2020 N/A The article stated the origin of jackfruit, N/A
Jackfruit what is jackfruit, what is the jackfruit’s
Come From parts that are edible, and how jackfruits
and How Is are harvested.
It Grown?

26 A brief Lu, L., Deying, 2021 Sealants Silicone sealants lack better paintability The study only stated the advantages and
review of Z., Jizhou, F. & than acrylic sealants. disadvantages of different types of sealant and
Sealants for Li, G. did not explain them any further.
cement
concrete
pavement
joints and
cracks

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27 A Review Khan, A. U., 2021 N/A The jackfruit is quite adaptable. It tastes N/A
on Ema, I. J., wonderful in a range of savory and sweet
Importance Faruk, R., cuisines and can be consumed raw,
of Tarapder, S. A., cooked, ripe, or unripe. Due to jackfruit's
Artocarpus Anayat, U. K., purported health advantages, consumption
Heterophyll Noreen, S., and has increased recently. The pulp and seeds
us L. Muhammad, A. of the jackfruit are abundant sources of
(Jackfruit) various high-value substances that may
have positive health effects. Jackfruit is a
very nutritious and popular fruit crop due
to its rich bioactive profile. The study
found that all nutrients, including vitamins
and minerals, address malnutrition.

28 ASTM Kundra, Y. Y. 2021 Water ASTM D570 is a test method to calculate The study focuses only on the Water Absorption
D570 Water the relative Water Absorption of plastics in test, and other water absorption Tests are not
Absorption 24 Hours when immersed in water under used.
Laboratorie equilibrium conditions. This test method
s for the rate of water absorption has two
main purposes: first, as a guide to the
amount of water absorbed by a material.
Second, as a control test on the uniformity
of a product. Results help to evaluate the
material performance in water or humid

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 conditions come across during application.

29 Chemical Bhad, P. R., 2021 Artocarpus The study includes a review of the The research was entirely focused on the
constituents Bobde, M. V., heterophyllus jackfruit and intends to compile various medical applications of the fruit. The study not
and Sibi, G. studies on its uses. Artocarpus included the characteristics of jackfruit as well
Biological heterophyllus or Jackfruit is concluded to its origin
activities of be a promising source of useful products,
Artocarpus opening up new avenues for novel
Heterophyll therapeutics.
us lam
(Jackfruit):
A review

30 Health Booth, S. 2021 N/A Jackfruit contains vitamins and N/A

Benefits of antioxidants that made it contribute some
Jackfruit health benefits like lowering the risk of
health issues including constipation, ulcer,
diabetes, high blood pressure, skin
problems, and cancer.

31 Influence of Hao, X., 2021 Polyurethane The study found that the amount of The study only investigated the effect of
moisture-cu Huiyun, X., mixture, polyurethane, the moisture-curing rate of a increasing temperature and air humidity in
ring Huaxin, C. & temperature, and polyurethane mixture and the air-void moisture-curing rate and stability of
reaction on Mi, H. air humidity. content all have an effect on the polyurethane sealant.
the performance in the stability of a

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 Mechanical polyurethane mixture.
properties
of
one-compo
nent
Polyurethan
e mixtures

32 Is Glue Glue Review 2021 N/A This article stated various different types N/A
Water of glue and their level of water proofing.
Proof? This also explains the difference between
water resistance and water glue

33 Putty- an Nicolas Somers 2021 N/A The putty serves as a glue material N/A
overview and Marie because of its content which is polymer
Lasgorceix phase and borax that can be use as a
activator that hold intermolecular bonds
that provide stickiness

34 Research on Xingliang Du 2021 N/A This study develops the corresponding N/A
roof intelligent construction simulation model
waterproof and, through simulation research, creates
construction the agricultural construction engineering
of roof waterproof construction simulation in

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 agricultural accordance with the roof waterproof
construction construction process of agricultural
engineering construction projects.
based on
big data
technology

35 The Catalani, J. 2021 Jackfruit The article stated that the name “jack” is N/A
Wonders of given by Indians to the tree and its fruits,
the East is one of that large class of words that are
neither English nor Hindustani, but
Anglo-Indian and origin of which is often
very difficult to trace. In line with this,
“Drury”, one of the ancestors of Indians
gives Pilavoo as the Malayalim name, but
he finds that Rheede (Hortus Malabaricus)
gives also Tsjaka; and Linschoten, too,
says that the jack is in Malabar called Iaca.
He added, “So here we have doubtless the
original.”

36 This Old This Old House 2021 Best sealant for Roof sealants not only cover roof leaks, Types of roof for a roof leak.
House Reviews Team roof leak but they also provide a protective layer to
prevent water and sunlight penetration.

104
 They’re also made of a variety of
materials, including rubber and
polyurethane. They review other sealants
for roof leaks, like liquid rubber
waterproof sealant. Sealants are separated
into five categories: acrylic, polyurethane,
silicone, rubber, and tape.

37 What is Jointas 2021 N/A The result of this discussion is an N/A

Acrylic Chemical Co., informative article about acrylic sealant,
sealant, Ltd. covering what it is, its properties, where it
where to is applied, and the difference between
apply and acrylic sealant and silicone sealant. The
how to article also includes tips on how to choose
choose? between the two types of sealants based on
their specific properties and compatibility
with other materials.

38 7 Pros & Lopez, A. 2022 N/A Silicone roof coatings are more dangerous N/A
Cons You than conventional roofing systems.
Need to When wet, the surface becomes more
Know slippery than other roofing materials. It is
About also prone to foot movement and easily
Silicone

105
 Roof ripped, especially if the exterior or
Coatings membrane lacks a fabric.

39 A Brief Lu, L., Deying, 2022 N/A Silicone sealants lack better paintability N/A
Review of Z., Jizhou, F., & than acrylic sealants.
Sealants for Li, G.
Cement
Concrete
Pavement
joints and
Cracks

40 Adhesion in Frazier, C. E., 2022 Adhesion of A proper roof sealant adhesion provides a It only focuses on the adhesion of sealants and
Roofing and Rhein L. Roof Sealants seamless membrane that withstands other properties are not discussed such as water
System ponding water, protects against ultraviolet and heat resistance.
radiation and weathering, reduces energy
and repair costs, and increases the life of
the roofing system by protecting it from
physical damage.

41 Adhesives Mishra, A. 2022 Adhesives and Adhesives and sealants are shown to work The majority of the sealant and adhesive
or Sealants: Sealants similarly, but their properties, such as examples are chemically manufactured and
How to adhesive strength, force, and applications, commercial.
choose the differ significantly, making it critical to
right choose the right type of adhesive and

106
 product for sealant for specific purposes in
a specific construction.
job?

42 Bio-based Lutz, T. M., 2022 Bio-based Some bio-based adhesives, particularly Bio-based adhesives, particularly
and Kimna, C., adhesive, those containing common components carbohydrate-based adhesives that adhere to
bio-inspired Casini, A., and bio-inspired such as polysaccharides or polymeric metals, are mentioned only once.
adhesives Lieleg, O. adhesives carbohydrates or carbohydrate-based
from natural adhesives, exhibit good adhesion
animals and to substrates with high surface energy such
plants for as wood and metals.
biomedical
applications

43 Borax Matt Smith 2022 N/A It provided an overview of borax and its N/A
surface information including its
definition, as well as the uses of borax as a
household cleaner, in the medical field,
and the disadvantages of using it
excessively.

44 Differences Alviar, A., & 2022 N/A Explained the distinctions between N/A
in Matter- Agnew, A. physical and chemical properties.
Physical
and

107
 Chemical
Properties

45 Everything Weimert, K. 2022 N/A Roof sealants can prevent leaks and water N/A
You Need damaged while prolonging your roof's life.
to Know There are two main categories of roof
About Roof sealant: solvent-based, which is strongest
Sealants when it comes to protecting against
moisture, and water-based, which had a
thin consistency that is good for filling
small cracks. Water resistance, UV
protection, and other factors to considered
when purchasing roof sealant There are
five primary types of roof sealant,
including acrylic, polyurethane, and
rubber.

46 How To Karnak Corp. 2022 N/A The Adhesion Pull test used a digital N/A
Perform An hanging scale or “Fish Scale” and a 1 long
Adhesion piece of duct tape is wrapped over the end
Test On A of the uncoated fabric tab. Then, the hook
Roof end of a digital hanging scale is pierced
through the duct tape and fabric. The
hanging scale will be pulled upward,

108
 perpendicular to the roof surface slowly.
The peak or highest value shown should
be above 2 pounds of force which means
that the sealant coating exhibits high
adhesive and cohesive strength.

47 Learn Scalisi, T. 2022 N/A The article described roof sealants and N/A
About Roof distinguishes between their various types.
Sealants The outcome demonstrated that there are
and How to differences in the stated types of roof
Find the sealant qualities, efficacy, and use.
Right One
for You

48 Most Callahan, A. 2022 N/A Silicone coating had a mechanical N/A

Common weakness that made it prone to tearing.
Silicone
Roof
Coating
Problems -
Everything
you need to
know!

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49 The Pros American 2022 N/A Silicone roof coating had a greater chance N/A
and Cons of Weather Star of losing its reflectivity over a short period
Silicone if it does not clean for 6-12 months after
Roof installation; this is because silicone roof
Coatings. sealant attracts dirt and other airborne dust
particles quickly and relies on rain to clean
itself than more solar thermal heat could
enter the building, compromising and
contributing to energy efficiency.

50 What are RAINVILLE-C 2022 N/A The definition and variety of commercial N/A
Flat Roof ARLSON INC., roof sealants are covered in the article.
Coatings? Depending on the facility to be used, the
aforementioned types tell different stories
about how they should be utilized.

51 What is Scott 2022 N/A The article is an overview of the definition N/A
PVA Glue? and history of the production of PVA glue
as well as its pros and cons, applications,
and alternatives. PVA glue was known to
be a non-toxic and water-based adhesive
and that it worked with materials such as
wood and paper, even plywood.

52 Adhesion Ma. J.T., Chen, 2023 Adhesion and Sealant manufacturers provided adhesion The study only focuses on the ASTM Test

110
 and S. S., Zhou, W., Compatibility and compatibility testing of project Method, and other adhesion and compatibility
Compatibili and Wang, S. Testing materials to ensured adhesion and testing methods are not used.
ty Testing compatibility can be obtained. Adhesion
testing to glass, spandrel glass, metal
mullions, and other materials is typically
done according to a modified ASTM Test
Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of
Elastomeric Joint Sealants (C794-01) or
ASTM Test Method for Determining
Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural
Sealants (C1135-00).

53 Elastomeric American 2023 N/A The articles stated the difference between N/A
Coating: Weather Star the three coatings; polyurethane silicon,
The and acrylic coatings. Polyurethane
Definitive coatings have a more robust, xylene-based
Guide odor that is not harmful but unpleasant to
someone living in that building.

54 Specialty Gupta 2023 N/A As per the book, the acrylic sealant N/A
Polymers; typically took a few minutes to an hour to
Fundamenta dry at normal temperatures, depending on
ls, the particular type of acrylic resin used.
Properties, Additionally, it mentions that most

111
 Application acrylics released a potent and occasionally
s and unpleasant scent in comparison to other
Advances varieties of structural adhesives.

55 Time for American 2023 N/A The borax and glue solution thickens as it N/A
Slime Chemical is stirred together. It fastens to the popsicle
Society stick as well. Your slime will stretch if you
pull carefully. But if you pull too hard, it
will break. Slime can bounce, giving the
impression that it is somewhat solid, but it
can also flow slowly, giving the
impression that it is a liquid.

56 The Roofing Tile 2023 N/A All roofs must pass the AS 2049-2002 N/A
Properties Association of water absorption and permeability test,
of Tiles Australia which is conducted in accordance with AS
4046.4 for measuring water absorption and
AS 4046.5-2002 for measuring
permeability. In order for the roof to be
rated as "general purpose," the amount of
water absored is not more than 10%.

57 What is Briseno, T. 2023 N/A The result of the discussion is a N/A

Elastomeric description of an elastomeric sealant as a

112
 Sealant? building material that is used to fill and
seal up spaces. It is a flexible and
long-lasting material that expands and
seals to the surface, creating a waterproof
barrier. The sealant is made of a chemical
compound called elastomer, which is
strong and spongy-hard, and rubbery,
making it an elastic polymer. It is typically
available in tubes, tubs, or cans and is easy
to apply by hand or with a caulking gun.
The material is suitable for a variety of
projects, ranging from small DIY jobs to
large professional projects. Elastomeric
sealant is also suitable for caulking
projects, and it can be painted to blend
with the bonded material. It is effective in
varying climates where expansion and
shrinking can occur, due to its ability to
flex with the material's movement.

58 What is McMahon, M. 2023 N/A The article demonstrated the value of N/A
Roof using roof sealant, in particular, to stop
Sealant? leaked and UV-related damaged. The
outcome demonstrated that roof sealant

113
 can stop and lessen damage from UV rays
and intensed rain.

59 What will Michael D. 2023 N/A According to this article, mixing glue and N/A
happen if Steffen water can cause an exciting chemical
you put
reaction that results in a new mixture with
glue in
water? unique properties. The quantity of water
used and the kind of glue used both have
an impact on the experiment's outcome.
The mixture that results can be anything
from a thick paste to a watery liquid,
depending on these variables.

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