Compound- substance composed of two or more elements held together by
chemical bond.
Lewis Electron Dot Formula - symbols surrounded by dots representing the
valence electrons or the outermost electrons, which are responsible for the
combining capacity of the elements
Octet Rule-the atoms combine with each other in such a way that each atom is
surrounded by eight electrons in its valence shell.
Chemical Bond- forces that hold atom together.
lonic Bonding - transfer of electrons.
Covalent Bonding- sharing of electrons.
Ionic bond- occurs between metal and non metal.
Covalent bond- occurs between two non-metals
Understanding the Different Properties of Compounds
Ionic and covalent compounds have different physical properties that will
help distinguish them.
1. At normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, covalent
compounds may exist in solid, liquid, or a gas, while ionic compounds
exist only as crystalline solids.
The reason for this is, in covalent compounds, electrons are shared and no
full ionic charges are formed, which makes; the molecules in this compound
not strongly attracted to one another compared to ionic compounds.
2. Ionic compounds generally have higher melting and boiling points
while covalent compounds have lower melting and boiling points.
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling point because it takes a lot
of thermal energy for ions (charged atoms) in the crystal to separate them
apart from each other. On the other hand, covalent compounds have low
melting and boiling point because of the weak force of attraction between
molecules. As a result, a small amount of thermal energy can separate
them.
3. Ionic compounds are hard and brittle, while covalent compounds are
soft and flexible.
The crystal lattices of ionic compounds are hard and not easily scratched,
however, it is brittle, which can lead changes to its shape or size. In
contrast, covalent compounds have molecules that are weakly attracted to
each other and are easily displaced.
4. Ionic compounds have high polarity, while covalent compounds
have low
polarity.
Polarity, in a compound, results in the distribution of electrical charge over
the atoms joined by a chemical bond. In a chemical bond, polarity arises
from the relative electronegativities of the elements. Electronegativity refers
to the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical
bond.
To determine the polarity of compounds, we simply determine the
electronegativity difference (EN) of a compound by subtracting the
electronegativity value of the elements involved in a compound. If the
difference in EN values between the metallic element and non-metallic
elements is greater than 1.9 the compound is considered as ionic in
character. Covalent compound may result in polar or nonpolar bond. Polar
covalent bond results when the EN difference of two non-metallic elements
is equal to 0.5 and lower than 1.9. On the other hand, nonpolar covalent
bond results when the EN difference of nonmetallic elements is lower than
0.5. Two identical non-metallic elements (diatomic molecules) always
produce nonpolar covalent bond like nitrogen gas
(𝑁2), oxygen gas (𝑂2), and hydrogen gas (𝐻2).
5. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water, while covalent
compounds
tend to be less soluble in water.
Solubility is the ability of a substance that may exist in solid, liquid, or gas
form, referred to as the solute, to dissolve in solvent. Many ionic
compounds are highly soluble in water because water molecules, a polar
solvent attract each of the ions of an ionic compound and pull the ions
away from one another. However, ionic compounds are less soluble in
solvents that contain a common ion. On the other hand, some covalent
compounds are not soluble in water: they do not dissolve well in water
6. Ionic compounds tend to be less flammable than covalent
compounds.
Flammability refers to the ability of a chemical substance to burn causing
fire. Combustion happens when substances containing carbon and
hydrogen reacted with oxygen gas and it will form carbon dioxide (C𝑂2) and
water (𝐻2 𝑂). For example, organic compounds which are mostly found
together in covalent compounds burn because they contain carbon and
hydrogen. As a result, more covalent compounds tend to be more flammable
than ionic compounds. However, not all covalent compounds burn.
7. Ionic compounds conduct heat and electricity compared to
covalent
compounds.
The conductivity of a substance refers to its ability to transmit heat and
electricity. In a chemical bond, ionic compounds are generally considered a
good conductor of electricity when dissolved or in an aqueous solution. This
is because of the presence of mobile ions (solid electrolytes) in ionic
compound that can transfer electrical charge. Covalent compounds, on the
other hand, are considered as good insulators of both electricity and heat.
Valence Electron- Carbon atoms’ four valence electrons can be shared by
different particles that have electrons to share, consequently framing
covalent (shared-electron) bonds. They can even be shared by
other carbon particles, which can also impart electrons to other
carbon molecules, etc., framing long strings of carbon atoms that
cling to one another like links in a chain.
Bond Length- Carbon atom has the ability to form long carbon-to-carbon
chains. It can tie with one another in straight chains, yet in
complex branching, similar to the parts of a tree. These can even
join "head-to-tail" to make rings of carbon particles. There is
basically no restriction to the number or unpredictability of the
branches or the quantity of rings that can be connected to carbon
atom, and hence no restriction to the quantity of various particles
that can be shaped.
Strength- The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed
between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms.
Sigma bonds are the strongest kind of covalent bond. They are
framed by head-on overlapping between nuclear orbitals. Sigma
bonding is mostly characterized for diatomic atoms utilizing the
language and tools of symmetry groups.
Multiple Bond Formation- It can impart not just one electron to another
atom to form a single bond, it can likewise share two or three electrons,
framing a double or triple bond. This makes for countless possible bond
blends at better places, making huge number of various potential
molecules. Furthermore, a particle that varies by even one atom
or one bond position is a molecule of a different compound.
Organic compounds are group of compounds that contain the element
carbon and hydrogen.
Carbon is the key component since it has four electrons in an external
electron shell that can hold eight electrons. Subsequently, it can form
numerous kinds of bonds with other carbon molecules and components; for
example, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens
(fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).
Hydrocarbons and proteins are genuine example of organic compounds
that can form long chains and complex structure, the bases for chemical
reaction in the cells of plants and creatures – responses that give the
vitality for discovering food for reproduction and for the various processes
important for life.
Types of Organic Compounds and Its Characteristics
The four kinds of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids, and they perform various functions in a living cell. Fats do
not dissolve in water.However, fats break down in other natural solvents,
for example, ethers.
1. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are biochemical that is made of one or
more simple sugar molecules. Living things use carbohydrates as an energy
source.
2. Lipids. Lipids are biochemical that does not dissolve in water. Fats, oils,
and waxes are examples of lipids. One of the functions of lipids in living
things is to store energy.
3. Proteins. Proteins are huge molecules with complex structures that
permit them to take on significant functions in organic chemical reactions.
It is usually present in animal products, though it also exists in other
sources, such as nuts and legumes. Proteins do most of the work in cells
and are essential for the organization, function, and regulation of the body's
tissues and organs.
4. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic acids are the chief information-carrying
molecules of the cell. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and
RNA. They lead the development of protein synthesis and control the
inherited characteristics of every living thing.
Inorganic Compound
An inorganic compound is a compound that does not contain both carbon
and hydrogen. A great many inorganic compound do contain hydrogen
atoms, such as water (H2O) and the hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced by
your stomach. In contrast, only a handful of inorganic compounds contain
carbon atoms. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the few examples.
Characteristics of Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic compounds contain some kind of metal (alkali, alkaline,
transition they have the capacity to conduct electricity.
In Solid stage, inorganic compounds are poor conductor of electricity.
In the liquid state, inorganic compounds are profoundly conductive. In
this stage, inorganic compounds' electrons can move uninhibitedly, and this
development of electrons is noted as electricity.
Because of ionic bonding commonly found in inorganic compounds, they
are held together tightly and have extremely high melting and boiling
points.
Transition metal inorganic compounds, in any event, are generally
profoundly colored, and this is, once more, because of the arrangement of
the 'd-block’s' electrons.
The brilliant and delightful hues are sees when firecrackers explode is
because of the inorganic metal (generally an alkali or alkaline one) present
in the compound.
Likewise, inorganic compounds are normally highly soluble in water. In
other words, they can 'vanish' when put into water since they will basically
dissolve. They have the capacity to form crystals.
Properties of Organic Compound
Gasoline, lamp fuel, diesel oil, lubricating oil, vanillin, acidic and ethyl
alcohol are natural compounds with diverse properties.
Odor- the smell of compound. Each compound has it possess particular
odor.
Consistency- a degree of fluid to flow.
Instability is the degree of the inclination of a compound to vanish or turn
into vaporous state.
Combustibility is the degree of how fabric effectively burns.
Flammability is the ability of a chemical to burn or ignite.
Melting point is the temperature at which a given solid materials changes
from solid state to a fluid, or melts.
The boiling point- the temperature at which its vapor pressure is rise to
the weight of the gas above it.
Organic Uses
Compounds
Methane-Black in color, in making motor tire and printing ink, in the
production of light and energy, in making methyl alcohol,
formaldehyde and chloroform etc.
Butane- In liquid state it is used as LPG fuel.
Ethylene- In fruit ripening and fruits preservation, in making mustard
gas, in the form of anesthesia, in oxy-ethylene flame
Acetylene- In producing light, oxy-ethylene flame, in the form of narselin
anesthesia, in making neoprene (artificial rubber), in artificial
ripening etc.
Methyl alcohol- In making methylated spirit, artificial color, banish and
polish, mixing with petrol and utilized as fuel of engines
etc.
Ethyl alcohol- It is used for making wine and other alcoholic drinks,
tincture, banish and polish, in the form of solvents, in
methylated spirit, in artificial colors in perfumes and scent
of fruits, in transparent soaps, in spirit lamps and stoves,
in the form of fuel of motor vehicle in cleaning the
wound, in the form of insecticide etc.
Acetone- In making banish, cordite, Clodion cellulose, artificial silk,
synthetic rubber, sulphonyl, chlorodyne, chloroform, iodoform
etc. as medicines etc.
Acetic acid- As laboratory’s reagent, in the form of vinegar, in making
sauces and jelly etc.
Glucose- In making different types of wine, in sweets and preservations of
fruits juices, medicines like gluconate etc.
Benzene- In the form of solvent, in dry cleaning, by mixing it with petrol
and used as fuel of engines etc.
Phenol- In the production of carbolic soap, in the form of
insecticide, in Bakelite, in predestine, aspirin, cellar etc.
Benzaldehyde- In color industry, in the manufacturing of perfumes etc.
Benzoic acid- In the making drugs, as preservation of fruits juices etc.
Ether- As anesthesia, solvent, coolant, in the production of alcohol
etc.
