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. 4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.1.
, Introduction to S-parameters
,

 S-parameters are measured by sending a single frequency signal

into the network or “black box” and detecting what waves exit from
each port (Fig.4.1).
 Power, voltage and current can be considered to be in the form of
waves travelling in both directions.
Port 1 Port 2

Two-Port
Network
Transmitted Wave
Reflected Wave

Fig.4.1

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. 4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.1.
, Introduction to S-parameters
,

Definitions of S-parameters:
 Parameter S11 refers to the signal reflected at Port 1 for the signal
incident at Port 1 (Fig.4.2).
 Scattering parameter S11 is the ratio of the two waves b1/a1.

Port 1 Port 2

Incident Wave a1 Two-Port

Network

Reflected Wave

b1
Fig.4.2
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. 4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.1.
, Introduction to S-parameters
,

 Definitions of S-parameters:
 Parameter S21 refers to the signal exiting at Port 2 for the signal
incident at Port 1 (Fig.4.3).
 Scattering parameter S21 is the ratio of the two waves b2/a1.

Port 1 Port 2

Two-Port
Incident Wave Network
a1 Transmitted Wave
b2

Fig.4.3

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. 4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.1.
, Introduction to S-parameters
,

 Parameter S22 refers to the signal exiting at Port 2 for the signal
incident at Port 2 (Fig.4.4).
 Scattering parameter S22 is the ratio of the two waves b2/a2.
 Parameter S12 refers to the signal exiting at Port 1 for the signal
incident at Port 2 (Fig.4.4).
 Scattering parameter S12 is the ratio of the two waves b1/a2.
Port 1 Port 2
Incident Wave

Transmitted Wave
Two-Port a2
Network

b1 Reflected Wave
b2
Fig.4.4
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4.1.
, Introduction to S-parameters
,

Summary
 In general, a transmission line can be characterized by a set of
simultaneous equations describing the exiting waves from each
𝒃𝟏
port in terms of incident waves. 𝑺𝟏𝟏 =
𝒂𝟏
Port 1 Port 2
𝒃𝟏
𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
𝒂𝟐
Two-Port 𝒃𝟐
Incident Wave Network 𝑺𝟐𝟏 =
Transmitted Wave 𝒂𝟏
Reflected Wave
𝒃𝟐
𝑺𝟐𝟐 =
𝒂𝟐
𝒃𝟏 𝑺 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏
= 𝟏𝟏
Fig.4.5 𝒃𝟐 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐

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4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.1.
, Introduction to S-parameters
,

Summary
 A symmetrical matrix has symmetry about the leading diagonal.
 In the case of a symmetrical 2-port network, that means that S21=
S12
 A transmission line is an example of a symmetrical 2-port network.
 Swapping the input and output ports does not alter the transmission
properties.
 Parameters along the leading diagonal, S11& S22, of the S-matrix are
referred to as reflection coefficients.
 Off-diagonal S-parameters, S12, S21, are referred to as transmission
coefficients.
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4.2.
, Transmission Matrix (ABCD
, Matrix)

 Many transmission line problems involve series

connections (cascading) of several two-port
networks.
 It is convenient to define a special set of two-port
parameters known as the transmission
parameters (transmission matrix or ABCD
matrix).
 The matrix of a network formed by several
cascaded two-ports is simply the product of the
transmission matrices of the individual two-
ports.

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. 4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.2.
, Transmission Matrix (ABCD
, Matrix)

• The transmission matrix of a given two-port

network (Fig.4.6) relates the input voltage and
current to the output voltage and current according
to:
I1 I2

Two-Port
 𝑉 = 𝑨𝑉 + 𝑩𝐼
V_
_V1
Network
2 𝐼 = 𝑪𝑉 + 𝑫𝐼
Port #1 Port #2
Fig.4.6
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4.2.
, Transmission Matrix (ABCD
, Matrix)
𝑉 𝐀 𝐁 𝑉
=
𝐼 𝐂 𝐃 𝐼

𝑉
1. Open circuit voltage ratio 𝑨=
𝑉

𝑉
2. Short circuit transfer impedance 𝑩=
𝐼

𝐼
3. Open circuit transfer admittance 𝑪=
𝑉

𝐼
4. Short circuit current ratio 𝑫=
𝐼

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. 4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.2.
, Transmission Matrix (ABCD , Matrix)
 For a pair of cascaded two-port networks (Fig.4.7), ABCD
matrices for networks #1 and #2 can be defined as:
𝑉 𝐀 𝑩𝟏 𝑉 𝑉 𝐀 𝑩𝟐 𝑉
= 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝐼 𝑪 𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝐼 𝐼 𝑪 𝟐 𝑫 𝟐 𝐼

𝑉 𝐀 𝑩𝟏 𝐀 𝟐 𝑩𝟐 𝑉 𝑉
= 𝟏 =𝑇
𝐼 𝑪𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝑪 𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝐼 𝐼
I1 I2 I3
  
Two-Port Two-Port
V1 V_ V_3
_
Network Network
2
#1 #2

Port #1 Port #2 Port #3

Fig.4.7
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4.3.
, Examples on Transmission
, Matrix (ABCD Matrix)
Example 4.1: Derive the ABCD parameters for the T-network shown in Fig. 4.8
I1 I2
 Z1  Z2 
V1
_ Z3
_
VA
_
V2

Zin,1
Fig. 4.8
Solution
We need to open circuit port 2 so that
Solution
𝐼 = 0. Hence,
 By definition: 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑉 + 𝐵𝐼 and 𝑍
𝑉 =( )(𝑉 ) = 𝑉
𝐼 = C𝑉 + 𝐷𝐼 (𝑍 +𝑍
which yields
𝑉 𝑍
 To determine A: 𝐴 = 𝑨=
𝑉
= 1+
𝑍

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. 4. TWO PORT NETWORKS

4.3.
, Examples on Transmission
, Matrix (ABCD Matrix)
Example 4.1
 To determine 𝑩:

𝑉
𝐵=
𝐼
 We need to short-circuit port 2 so that 𝑉 = 0. Then, using current division,

𝐼 =( )(𝐼 )
(

 Substituting this into the expression for B above we find

𝑉 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
𝑩= . (1 + ) = 𝑍 + + +
𝐼 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 +𝑍 𝑍 (𝑍 + 𝑍 )
Therefore,
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 +𝑍
= (𝑍 + 𝑍 ∥ 𝑍 )(1 + ) 𝑩=𝑍 + +
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 +𝑍
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4.3.
, Examples on Transmission
, Matrix (ABCD Matrix)
Example 4.1 Solution
 To determine 𝑫:
 To determine 𝑪:
𝐼
𝐷=
𝐼 𝐼
𝐶=
𝑉  We need to short-circuit port 2.
 We need to open-circuit port 2 so Using current division, as above,
that

𝑍
𝐼 = 0, from which we find, 𝐼 =( )(𝐼 )
(𝑍 +𝑍
𝑉 = (𝐼 𝑍 ) = 𝑉  Therefore,
 Therefore,
𝐼 𝑍
𝐷= = 1+
𝐼 1 𝐼 𝑍
𝑪= =
𝑉 𝑍

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4.3.
, Examples on Transmission
, Matrix (ABCD Matrix)
Example 4.2
The ABCD parameters of a two-port network are specified as follows: 𝐴 = −4, 𝐵 =
𝑗50Ω, 𝐶 = 𝑗25𝑚𝑆 and 𝐷 = 0. If a 50Ω resistor is connected directly across the output
port, find the input impedance.
Solution

The ABCD parameters for The 50Ω resistor is connected across the output
a two-port network are port such that 𝑉 = 50 −𝐼 . Substituting this
related by the 𝑖 − 𝑣 constraint into the two-port 𝑖−𝑣
relationships as: characteristics yields the input impedance as
𝑉 = 𝑨𝑉 − 𝑩𝐼
𝐼 = 𝑪𝑉 − 𝑫𝐼 𝑉 −4 × 50 −𝐼 + 𝑗50 −𝐼
Substituting the given 𝑍 = =
𝐼 𝑗25 × 10 × 50 −𝐼
parameters, we get: 200𝐼 − 𝑗50𝐼 200 − 𝑗50
𝑉 = −4𝑉 + 𝑗50(−𝐼 ) = = = 𝟒𝟎 + 𝒋𝟏𝟔𝟎Ω
−𝑗1.25𝐼 −𝑗1.25
𝐼 = 𝑗25 × 10 𝑉 or = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟐∠𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟔𝟎 Ω
END OF SYLLABUS
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