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Implicit and High Order Diff. 1

This document discusses implicit differentiation and higher-order derivatives. It provides examples of using implicit differentiation to find derivatives of implicitly defined functions. It also discusses higher-order derivatives, defining derivatives up to the fourth order and providing examples of finding higher-order derivatives. Practice problems are provided at the end for the reader to find first through fourth derivatives of various functions.

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Mildred Cardenas Bañez
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© © All Rights Reserved
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71 views

Implicit and High Order Diff. 1

This document discusses implicit differentiation and higher-order derivatives. It provides examples of using implicit differentiation to find derivatives of implicitly defined functions. It also discusses higher-order derivatives, defining derivatives up to the fourth order and providing examples of finding higher-order derivatives. Practice problems are provided at the end for the reader to find first through fourth derivatives of various functions.

Uploaded by

Mildred Cardenas Bañez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

The majority of differentiation problems in basic calculus involves


functions 𝑦 written explicitly as functions of the independent variable
𝑥. This means that we can write the function in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
For such a function, we can find the derivative directly.

However, some functions 𝑦 are written implicitly as functions of 𝑥.


This means that the expression is not given directly in the form 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥). A familiar example of this is the equation
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9

Implicit differentiation, therefore, is the process of computing the


derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 in an implicitly defined function. To
perform implicit differentiation, differentiate each term of the
defining equation with respect to 𝑥, treating 𝑦 as an unknown
function of 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 1: Find for 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 10 = 0
𝑑𝑥

Solution. Differentiating both sides of the equation gives


𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 10 = 𝑑𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦3 + 𝑑𝑥 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 10 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 0 = 0

We collect the terms involving 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 and rearrange to get


𝑑𝑦 2 2
𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 + 8𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 = 0

Thus,
𝑑𝑦 −6𝑥𝑦
= 3𝑦2 +8𝑦+3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Practice problems.
Find the derivative of the following by applying implicit
differentiation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 16 , Ans. = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 3𝑦−2𝑥+2
2. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 ,Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦−3𝑥+3

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
3. 𝑦2 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 ,Ans. = − 3𝑦+4𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3𝑦−2𝑥−2
4. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 ,Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = − 2𝑦+3𝑥+6

Note: Try solving these problem set. Solution will be provided next
meeting.
Higher-Order Derivatives

𝑑𝑦
The derivative 𝑦′ = is called the first derivative of 𝑦 with respect
𝑑𝑥
to 𝑥. The first derivative may itself be a differentiable function of 𝑥. If
so, its derivative,
𝑑𝑦′ 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝑦" = = = 2,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

is called the second derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. If 𝑦”(“𝑦 double-


prime”) is differentiable, its derivative,
3
′′′
𝑑𝑦′′ 𝑑 𝑦
𝑦 = = 3,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

is called the third derivative of y with respect to x. The names


continue as you might expect they would, except that the multiple-
prime notation begins to lose its usefulness after
about three primes.
Example:
Find the first four derivatives of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2.

SOLUTION
The first four derivatives are:

First Derivative 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥


Second Derivative 𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 10
Third Derivative 𝑦 ′′′ = 6
Fourth Derivative 𝑦 ′′′′ = 0

This function has derivatives of all orders, the fourth and higher
order derivatives all being zero.
Example:
𝑥−1
Find the third derivative if 𝑦 = 3−2𝑥

Solution:
Apply the quotient rule
′
3 − 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 − 1 −2 3 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2 1
𝑦 = 2
= 2
= 2
3 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = −2 3 − 2𝑥 −3
−2 = 4 3 − 2𝑥 −3

24
𝑦 ′′′ = 4 −3 3 − 2𝑥 −4
−2 = 3−2𝑥 4
Practice Exercises:
Find the first four derivatives of the following:

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 Ans. 𝑦 ′′′′ = 24

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 Ans. 𝑦 (4) = 0

24
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1 + 𝑥2 Ans. 𝑦 (4) = 𝑥5

𝑥+1 24
4. 𝑦 = Ans. 𝑦 (4) = 𝑥 5
𝑥

1
−3 280
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans. 𝑦 (4) =
81𝑥 13 3

Note: Try solving these problem set. Solution will be provided next
meeting.

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