Solutions To Exercise 13H

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Solutions to Exercise 13H

1 Let N be the number of bacteria at time t minutes.


t
a N = 1000 × 2 15
t
b 10 000 = 1000 × 2 15
t
10 = 2 15
t
= log2 10
15
t = 49.8289...
t ≈ 50.
It will take approximately 50 minutes

2 Choose A(t) = A0 × 10−kt as the model where A0 = 10 is the original amount and t is the
time in years.
First find k:
5 = 10 × 10−24 000k
1
log10 = −24 000k
2
1 1
k=− log10 k = 1.254296... × 10−5
24 000 2
If A(t) = 1
1 = 10 × 10−kt
0.1 = 10−kt
∴ kt = 1
1
∴t=
1.254296 × 10−5
t ≈ 79 726.
It will take 79 726 years for there to be 10% of the original.

3 Choose A(t) = A0 × 10−kt as the model where A0 is the original amount and t is the time
in years.
First find k:

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1
A0 = A0 × 10−5730k
2
1
log10 = −5730k
2
1 1
k=− log10
5730 2
k = 5.2535...... × 10−5
When A(t) = 0.4A0
0.4A0 = A0 × 10−kt
0.4 = 10−kt
∴ kt = log10 0.4
1
∴t= × log10 0.4
5.2535... × 10−5
t ≈ 7575
It is approximately 7575 years old.

4 P(h) = 1000 × 10−0.0542h

a P(5) = 1000 × 10−0.0542×5


= 535.303 . . .
P(h) ≈ 535millibars

b If P(h) = 400
Then 400 = 1000 × 10−0.05428h
2
= 10−0.05428h
5
2
log 10 = −0.05428h
5
h ≈ 7331 metres correct to the nearest metre

5 N(t) = 500 000(1.1)t where N(t) is the number of bacteria at time t


4 000 000 = 500 000(1.1)t
8 = 1.1t
t = 21.817 . . .
The number will exceed 4 million bacteria after 22 hours.

6 T = T 0 10−kt
When t = 0, T = 100. Therefore T 0 = 100

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We have T = 100 × 10−kt
When t = 5, T = 40
∴ 40 = 100 × 10−5k
2
= 10−5k
5
1 2
k = − log 10
5 5
k = 0.07958 . . .
When t = 15
T = 100 × 10−15k = 6.4
The temperature is 6.4◦ C after 15 minutes.

7 A(t) = 0.9174t
When A(t) = 0.2
0.2 = 0.9174t
t = 18.668 . . .
t > 18.668 . . .

8 a

b i p=q
17
⇔ 20.04t =
12
∴ t = 12.56 (mid 1962)

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ii Solve the equation p = 2q
i.e. 1.2 × 20.08t = 2(1.7 × 20.04t )
6
× 20.04t = 1
17
17
20.04t =
6
t = 37.56 (mid 1987)

9 S = 5 × 10−kt

a S = 3.2 when t = 2
3.2 = 5 × 10−2k
0.64 = 10−2k
1
k = − log10 0.64
2
= 0.0969 . . .

b When S = 1
1 = 5 × 10−0.9969...t
10(−0.0969... )t = 0.2
(−0.0969 . . . )t = log10 0.2
t = 7.212...
There will be 1 kg of sugar remaining after approximatel 7.21 hours

10 a As t → ∞, T → 25

b −40 × (0.98)t + 25 = 0
0.98t = 0.625
t = 23.2643 . . .

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c

d The icecream will melt and the liquid will take the room temperature which is 250 C

11 a As t → ∞, V → 80 m/s

b 40 = 80(1 − 3−0.4t )
1 − 3−0.4t = 0.5
3−0.4t = 0.5
t = 1.1577 . . .

12 a As t → ∞, p(t) → 100 m/s

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b 75 = 100(1 − 3−0.05t )
1 − 3−0.05t = 0.75
3−0.05t = 0.25
t = 25.237 . . .

13 a We can write
a × b1 = 15 (1)
a × b4 = 1875 (2)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b3 = 125. Thus b = 5, and substituting
into equation (1) gives a = 3.
∴ y = 3 × 5x

b We can write
a × b2 = 1 (1)
1
a × b5 = (2)
8
1 1
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b3 = . Thus b = , and substituting
8 2
into equation (1) gives a = 4.
∴ y = 4 × ( 21 ) x

c We can write
15
a × b1 = (1)
2

1 5 6
a × b2 = (2)
2

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1 6 3
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b−2
= . Thus b = , and substituting
3 2
into equation (1) gives a = 5.
y = 5 × ( 23 ) x

14 a When t = 0, N = 1000
N = abt
1000 = ab0
a = 1000
When t = 5, N = 10 000
∴ 10 = b5
1
∴ b = 10 5
t
∴ N = 1000 × 10 5

b When N = 5000
t
5 = 10 5
t
= log10 5
5
t = 5 log10 5
≈ 3.4948 hours
= 210 minutes

c When N = 1 000 000


t
1000 = 10 5
t
= log10 1000
5
t =5×3
= 15 hours
12
d N(12) = 1000 × 10 5 ≈ 251188.64

15 We can write
a × 102k = 6 (1)
a × 105k = 20 (2)

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10 1 10
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives 103k = . Thus k = log10 , and
3 3 3
 10 − 2
3
substituting into equation (1) gives a = 6 × .
3

16 Use two points, say (0, 1.5) and (10, 0.006) to find y = ab x .
at (0, 1.5) 1.5 = a × b0
∴ 1.5 = a
∴ y = 1.5b x
at (10, 0.006) 0.006 = 1.5b10
0.006
∴ b10 =
1.5
= 0.004
1
∴ b = (0.004) 10 ≈ 0.5757
∴ y = 1.5 × 0.58 x
If CAS is used with exponential regression, a = 1.5 and b = 0.575, so y = 1.5(0.575) x

17 Use two points, say (0, 2.5) and (8, 27.56) to find p = abt .
at (0, 2.5) 2.5 = a × b0
∴ 2.5 = a
∴ p = 2.5bt
at (8, 27.56) 27.56 = 2.5b8
27.56
∴ b8 =
2.5
= 11.024
1
∴ b = (11.024) 8
≈ 1.3499
∴ p = 2.5 × 1.35t
If CAS is used with exponential regression, a = 1.5 and b = 0.575, so y = 1.5(0.575) x

18 a

444
Cuts, n Sheets Total thickness, T (mm)
0 1 0.2
1 2 0.4
2 4 0.8
3 8 1.6
4 16 3.2
5 32 6.4
6 64 12.8
7 128 25.6
8 256 51.2
9 512 102.4
10 1024 204.8

b T = 0.2 × 2n

c T (mm)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
(0, 0.2)
0 n (cuts)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

d When n = 30, T = 0.2 × 230


= 214 748 364.8
Total thickness is 214 748364.8 mm = 214 748.4m

19 d = d0 (10mt )
d(1) = 52; d(3) = 80
∴ d0 (10m ) = 52; d0 (103m ) = 80
Take log10 both equations:
(1): log10 d0 + m log10 10 = log10 52
∴ log10 d0 + m = log10 52

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(2): log10 d0 + 3m log10 10 = log10 80
∴ log10 d0 + 3m = log10 80
(2)–(1) gives
80 
2m = log10
52
1  20 
∴ m = log10 = 0.0935
2 13
Substitute into (1):
log10 d0 = log10 52 − 0.0935
= log10 52 − log10 (100.0935 )
 52 
= log10 = log10 41.88
1.240
∴ d0 = 41.88 cm

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