Modul CO2 - 4

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ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND

APPLIANCE INSTALLATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING

INSTRUMENT AND TEST EQUIPMENT SETUP


AND HANDLING
EE-021-2:2012-CO2/P(9/15)

TAHAP 2

RESISTOR

NOSS/JPK/KSM JULAI 2017


GCA01(CA01)
NOSS/JPK/KSM JULAI 2017
GCA01(CA01)
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. DESCRIPTION
1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
2 POWER RATING

3 TYPES OF RESISTOR

4 COLOUR CODE OF RESISTOR


MOTIVATION OF A DAY
Electric current, I
• Current: - motion of charge
- depends on the rate of flow of charge
- electric fluid
- unit of current is ampere (A)
• Equation: dq = changing of charge
𝑑𝑞
I= dt = changing of time
𝑑𝑡
I = current (ampere)
• For steady state condition: Q = charge (coulomb)
𝑄(𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒)
I= , thus Q = It t = time (second)
𝑡(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
Electric current, I
Example 1.6
If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find the
charge transferred.

Q = It = 5 x 2 x 60 = 600 C
Main Effect of Electric Circuit
1. Heat Effect - Example: soldering iron, water heater, fuse,
bulb, cookers, electric fires, furnaces, kettles, iron

2. Magnetic Effect - Example: bells, relays, motors, generators,


transformers, telephones, lifting magnets, car ignition

3. Chemical Effect - Example: cell and battery, electroplating


Resistance & resistivity
• Resistance – property of a component which restricts the flow
of electric current.
• The value of resistance depends upon 4 factors:
1. Length, l
2. Cross-sectional area, A
3. resistivity, ρ
4. temparature
Resistance & resistivity
• Equation:
ρl
R= [Unit = Ω]
𝐴

R = resistance [Ω]
l = Length [m]
A = Cross-sectional area [m2]
ρ = resistivity [Ω.m]

• Resistivity is difference for different material


Resistance & resistivity
Example 1.7
Calculate resistance of a 5m long conductor if it
has cross sectional area 10𝑚𝑚2 and resistivity
0.3 𝑥 10−5 Ω.m

𝜌𝑙 0.3 x 10−5 x 5
Resistance, R= =
A 10 x 10−6
= 1.5Ω
Resistor (R)

• A device that is manufactured to have specific


resistance.
• Used to limit current flow and reduce voltage
applied to other components.
• Basic unit is ohm (Ω)
Resistor (R)
• Different examples of resistors
SELF-EXERCISE
i) In what time would a current of 1 A transfer a
charge of 30 C?
Answer:
ANSWER30s

ii) What would be the resistivity of 2m length


conductor wire if the resistance value is 500Ω
and the cross sectional area 0.5𝑚𝑚2
ANSWER
Answer: 125µΩm
POWER RATING
• The power rating of one resistor is a measure of its
ability to absorb heat when the current flows.
• The power rating is specified in the unit of Watt.
• Excessive heat can cause a resistor to burn or for a
carbon resistor can cause its resistance to increase
beyond normal acceptance.
POWER RATING
• Practically, under normal circumstances a safety factor
that is at least 100% must be supplied when a resistor is
selected for use in a circuit.
• In addition to resistance and tolerance on resistors,
Power Rating is an important thing.
• Power rating is carefully selected because the low -
power resistors may burn and cause the circuit to be
damaged.
• This is due to the high current through it.
POWER RATING
• The size and weight of the resistor are the things that
determine the power rating.
• When the power rating is small, the size of the resistor is small
and the large -sized resistor has a high power rate.
• The maximum voltage for carbon resistors is as follows:-

• 500 V for 1 watt rate


• 250 V for power rate ¼ watts
• 150 V for 1/8 watt power rate
POWER DISSIPATED IN RESISTOR
• This power disappears as heat in resistors.
• Power is driven by resistor in conjunction with the
current output through a multiplication resistor
with a resistance of resistor voltage.
POWER DISSIPATED IN RESISTOR
WIRE WOUND RESISTOR
• Wire wound resistor is a type of passive
component in which metal wires are used to
reduce or restrict the flow of electric current to a
certain level.
Construction of wire wound resistor
• The wire wound resistor is made by winding the metal
wire around a metal core.
• In wire wound resistors, metal wire is used as the
resistance element and metal core is used as the non-
conductive material.
• A Nichrome or manganin is commonly used as the
metal wires, because they provide high resistance to the
electric current and operates at high temperature.
• Most commonly used core materials include plastic,
fiberglass, or ceramic.
Construction of wire wound resistor
Construction of wire wound resistor

• Resistance of the wire wound resistor is


depends on three factors:
–resistivity of the metal wire
–length of the metal wire
–cross sectional area of the metal wire
Resistivity of the metal wire

• The resistance of the wire wound resistor is


directly proportional to the resistivity of the
metal wire.
• A metal wire with high resistance opposes or
blocks large amount of electric current.
Therefore, the wire wound resistor provides
high resistance to the electric current.
Resistivity of the metal wire

• On the other hand, a metal wire with low


resistance blocks small amount of electric
current.
• Therefore, the wire wound resistor provides
low resistance to the electric current.
Length of the metal wire
• The resistance of the wire wound resistor is
directly proportional to the length of the metal
wire.
• The long length metal wires offer high resistance
because the free electrons have to travel large
distance.
• The short length metal wires offer low resistance
because the free electrons have to travel only a
small distance.
Cross sectional area of the metal wire
• The resistance of a wire wound resistor is inversely
proportional to the cross sectional area of the metal
wire.
• The metal wires with small cross sectional area provides
less space for the free electrons to move.
• The metal wires with large cross sectional area provide
enough space for the free electrons to move freely.
Types of wire wound resistors
• The wire wound resistors
are classified into two types:

• Power wire wound


resistor
• Precision wire wound
resistor
Power wire wound resistor
• Power wire wound
resistors are the non-
inductive wire wound
resistors operates at high
temperature.
• These resistors are
commonly used for high
power applications.
Precision wire wound resistor
• Precision wire wound
resistor operates at low
temperature with high
accuracy.
• It is used as a precision
resistor in instrumentation
because of its high accuracy.
Applications of wire wound resistors
• Telecommunication • Telephone switching
• Computers systems
• Audio and video • Transducers
equipment instrumentation
• Medical electronic • Current and voltage
equipment balancing
• Defense and space • Current sensing
Advantages and disadvantages of wire wound
resistor
Advantages of wire wound Disadvantages of wire wound
resistor resistor
• Low cost • The wire wound resistors are
used only for low frequencies,
• High accuracy it is not suitable for high
• High stability frequencies.
• Wide resistance range • At high frequencies, it acts as
inductor. Hence, for high
frequencies non-inductive wire
wound resistors are used.
Carbon-film Resistor
Carbon-film Resistor
• Carbon film resistors are a type of fixed value
resistor.
• They are constructed out of a ceramic carrier with
a thin pure carbon film around it.
• This carbon film functions as the resistive material.
Advantages and Drawbacks
• Carbon film resistors are a significant improvement on
carbon composition resistors.
• However, in comparison to metal film and metal oxide
film, the commercially available resistance range is
limited.
• Metal and oxide film are not more expensive to produce
and have overall better properties.
Advantages and Drawbacks
• This type of resistor is widely used in electronics.
• Therefore it is important to note that the small resistors
have a capacitance of approximately 0.5 pF.
• Also, self-induction is around 0.01 μH for uncut resistors
and up to several μH for spiral cut resistors.
• These resistors are available in values between 1 Ω –
10,000 MΩ and have power ratings of 1/16, 1/8, 1/4,
1/2, 1, or 2 W.
Applications
• The typical uses for carbon film resistors are in high
voltage and high temperature applications.
• Operating voltages up to 15 kV with a nominal
temperature of 350 °C are feasible for carbon film
resistors..
• Example uses include high voltage power supplies,
radars, x-rays, and lasers.
Knowing Resistor Value
• There are three ways to identify the values of a resistor :-
– Color Coded
– Printed Number Code
– Body-End-Dot Code
RESISTOR
Good Resistor
• Measured Value is within the
range of the Rated Value.
• Measured Value – using an Ohmmeter
or a Multimeter
• Rated Value – determining the
Resistance of the Resistor thru
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
KAEDAH MEMBACA KOD NO.
100 1. PERINTANG 3 KOD NO.
NO 1 ( NILAI PERTAMA ) = 1
NO 2 ( NILAI KEDUA ) = 0
NO 3 ( PENDARAP ) = 0 = X1
NILAI RINTANGAN = 10 X 1
0 0 0 X1 = 10Ω

1 1 1 X 10 2. PERINTANG 4 KOD NO.


NO 1 ( NILAI PERTAMA ) = 1
2 2 2 X 100 NO 2 ( NILAI KEDUA ) = 0
3 3 3 X 1K NO 3 ( NILAI KETIGA ) = 0
NO 3 ( PENDARAP ) = 2 = X100
4 4 4 X 10K NILAI RINTANGAN = 100 X 100
= 10, 000 Ω
5 5 5 X 100K = 10 KΩ
6 6 6 X 1M
3. PERINTANG KOD NO. & ABJAD
7 7 7 X 10M
ABJAD MENUNJUKKAN KEKDUDUKAN TITIK
8 8 8 - PERPULUHAN DAN PREFIK
9 9 9 - R = OHM
K = KILO OHM
M = MEGA OHM

KOD NO. BIASANYA CONTOH :


TERDAPAT PADA PERINTANG
1002 SMD DAN JUGA PERINTANG R22 = 0.22Ω 3K3 = 3.3 KΩ
PRESET 33R = 33Ω

JABATAN ELEKTRIKAL & ELEKTRONIK


Body-End-Dot Code

• This system using three color code which is:-


–First color on the whole body of resistor
–Second color at the edge of the body of resistor
–Third color is a dot at the middle of the resistor
body
Exercises
1. What is the meaning for color code for Body-End-Dot system?
2. List down the types of variable resistors.
3. Identify the value from the figures below.
THANK YOU!
Any questions?

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