ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND

APPLIANCE INSTALLATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING

INSTRUMENT AND TEST EQUIPMENT SETUP

AND HANDLING
EE-021-2:2012-CO2/P(1/7)

TAHAP 2

Kertas Penerangan 1

PENGENALAN ALAT PENGUJIAN (TEST

EQUIPMENT)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

• OBJECTIVE
• INTRODUCTION
1.CONCEPT OF TESTING AND
MEASUREMENT
2.INTRODUCTION OF INSTRUMENT
AND TEST EQUIPMENT
3.BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF
INSTRUMENT AND MEASUREMENT

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MOTIVATION OF A DAY

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 OBJECTIVES

In this information sheet, the purpose of the

lesson is:
To explain about the introduction of
the test equipment

To understand the types of test

equipment

To understand the measurement error

occurs in testing

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1.0 CONCEPT OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

• Testing means the act or practice of

giving tests to measure someone or
something based on knowledge or
ability - Cambridge Dictionary
)

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1.0 CONCEPT OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

• In order to measure certain criteria, it

is required to made a testing to
identify the potential of that individual
or the thing.
)

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1.0 CONCEPT OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

• Measurement means the act or

process of measuring any either
metric or imperial system.
• Measurement of a given quantity is
essentially an act or the result of
comparison between the quantity
(whose magnitude is unknown) and a )

predefined value.

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1.0 CONCEPT OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

• In order to get the value from any

terms, it is required to measuring on
the object of question need.

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1.0 CONCEPT OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

• This will get the performance of that

one sample to gain more achievement
than others in order to see the
comparison of value in any of them.

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1.0 CONCEPT OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

• Testing and measurement are

commonly used in a process of
upgrading or restoring the tools,
whether it is electrical, electronic,
mechanical, automotive and so on.
• In order to repair equipment, we must )

applicate the technique of detecting

and analyzing the damage.

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 1.0 CONCEPT OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT

• Before we search the damage, we must

know the basic function of any equipment
testing that will be restored.
• From here, we can get analyze what is the
extend of the damage or symptoms.
• Every technique is applied will have a )

relationship with any of the choices so it

won’t be waste of time.

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 1.1 Techniques to detects

i. Find the symptom.

ii.Tracing and signal injection techniques.
iii.
Measure the voltage.
iv.Measure resistance or continuity in a
circuit.
v. Detect by physical means. )

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 1.2 Symptoms

• Every tools that is damaged will show

certain symptoms that can be our guide
to identify which parts or component are
required to be fix.
• A technician must gain the knowledge to
know how to handle that equipment and
)
using it based on their specific function.
• For example, a user has a broken radio
that can only generates an abnormal
sound or no sound at all.
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 1.2 Symptoms

• The table below shows an example of

certain devices shows their symptoms
and functions;
DEVICES FUNCTION AND SYMPTOMS
TV COLOUR OF PICTURES AND
SOUNDS )

RADIO STEREO SOUNDS

OSCILLOSCOPE DISPLAY
AUDIO GENERATOR SIGNAL OUTPUT AUDIO
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 1.2 Symptoms

• Steps can
be used to
check by
using flow
chart below;
)

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 2.0 INTRODUCTION OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

• Every technician that is related to any jobs in

electronic field must have a knowledge and
skills as following;
i. To identify test instrument and test
equipment
a) Example of test instrument such as
Multimeter analogue, multimeter digital,
)
LCR meter and so much.
b) Example of test equipment such as
Function generator, Oscilloscope, RF signal
generator, power supplies and so on.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

ii. Functional Test

a) A technician must have a skills to testing all
types of equipment such as Analogue
Multimeter, they must also have an ability to
measures current, voltage, and resistor by using
that Multimeter Analogue or Digital. Same goes
to Test Equipment.
b) As an example, a technician must be competent
)
to use Oscilloscope. They must be capable to
read a time/period to count the Frequency and
measures value Vpp as well as reading phase.
Which means capable to understand the function
of each knobs and switch on the panel.
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2.0 INTRODUCTION OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

iii. Calibration
a) A technician must capable to understand the
importance of calibration process for each of
Test Instrument and Equipment tools and they
must understand how to decipher the guidance
given in User Manual of those equipment.
iv. Troubleshooting
a) A technician must also capable to identify the
)
damages onto the tools and electronic
schematics. With that, they must be well known
to applicates and handles the electronic
components as well as capable of doing the
checking and testing using those tools.
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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

i. Multimeter
a) A multimeter is a common and useful testing
device for any jobs require to installing, repairing
damage and testing the connection of wiring in
electrical and electronics field.
b) Multimeter can be defined as a measuring
device where there are combination of one tester
including Voltmeter, Ammeter and Ohmmeter
)
which is functioning as measuring certain
quantities such as voltage, current and resistor
in each one of the electronic circuit wiring.

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

i. Multimeter
Multimeter is contained of:
a) Voltmeter (V) – to measures a voltage supply
quantity and identify the difference of two
endpoints of wiring across it.
b) Ammeter (A) – to measure a current quantity
that flows into the circuit wiring.
c) Ohm Meter (Ω) – to measure a resistance
)

inside the resistor.

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

i. Multimeter

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

i. Multimeter

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

ii. Oscilloscope
• Oscilloscope is another important testing
equipment that being used in any electrical and
electronics workshop where they will display a
waveform of the electrical voltage.
• The shape of the waveform that being display
onto the surface of the screen of Cathode Ray
Tube. )

• From any shapes that can be determined will be

based on electrical voltage, frequency, period
and etc.

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

ii. Oscilloscope
• With this equipment, it can help to understand
the function of the electrical schematic or senses
the damage during repair the electrical and
electronic tools.

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

iii. Function Generator

• Function generator are to create a signal wave
from the output source.
• These signal waves can be shape in Sinusoidal,
Sawtooth, and Square.
• The output can be detected using the
oscilloscope, amplifier, LED, speaker, and
frequency counter. )

• The main purpose of function generator are to

do a troubleshooting of audio parts, logic wiring
and receiver-transmitter TV.

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

iii. Function Generator

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

iv. Tachometer
• Tachometer is an instrument that capable to
measures the speed of a revolution of a
crankshaft or disc, such as the one attaches to
the motor or engine.
• This instrument usually displays revolution per
minutes (RPM) based on the analogue scale
meter, but it also display in digital version.
)

• In motor vehicle applications, the installation of a

tachometer is intended to enable the user to use
the engine efficiently.

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

iv. Tachometer

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 2.1 TYPES OF INSTRUMENT AND TEST
EQUIPMENT

iv. Tachometer

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 EXERCISES

i. Name two types of multimeter.

ii. List down three types of testing equipment.

iii. Explain about how to test a transistor using a

digital multimeter.

iv. Name the type of tachometer that can be used

)

in various way.

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 TOPIC 2:
Basic concepts of instrumentation
and measurement
 Instrument is a device that transforms a
physical variable of interest (measurand)
into a form that is suitable for recording
(measurement)
Classification of instruments
Analog instrument
The measured parameter value is display by the moveable
pointer. The pointer will moved continuously with the variable
parameter/analog signal which is measured.
The reading is inaccurate because of parallax error (parallel)
during the skill reading. e.g: ampere meter, voltage meter, ohm
meter etc.
Digital instrument
The measured parameter value is display in decimal (digital)
form which the reading can be read thru in numbers form.
Therefore, the parallax error is not existed and terminated. The
concept used for digital signal in a digital instrument is logic
binary ‘0’and ‘1’.
Characteristic of instruments
Figure 1.1 presents a generalized model of a simple
instrument. The physical process to be measured is in the
left of the figure and the measurand is represented by an
observable physical variable X.

Figure 1.1 Simple instrument model

Two basic characteristic of an
instrument
Static characteristic
in generally for instruments which are used to measure an unvarying process condition.

Dynamic characteristic
concerned with the measurement of quantities that vary with time.

Several terms of static characteristic that have discussed:

Instrument – A device or mechanism used to determine the present value of a

quantity under observation.
Measurement – The process of determining the amount, degree, capacity by
comparison (direct or indirect) with the accepted standards of the
system units being used.
Accuracy – The degree of exactness (closeness) of a measurement compared to
the expected (desired) value.
Resolution – The smallest change in a measured variable to which instruments will
response.
Precision – A measure of consistency or repeatability of measurements, i.e.
successive readings do not differ or the consistency of the instrument
output for a given value of input.
Continued...........

Expected value – The design value that is, “most probable value” that
calculations indicate one should expect to measure.
Sensitivity – The ratio of the change in output (response) of the
instrument to a change of input or measured
variable
Dead Zone/band – The total range of possible values for instrument
will not given a reading even there is changes in
measured parameter.
Nominal value – Is some value of input and output that had been
stated by the manufacturer for user manual.
Range – A minimum and maximum range for instrument to
operate and it is stated by the manufacturer of the
instrument.
Error in measurement
Error is defined as the difference between the true value
(expected value) of the measurand and the measured value
indicated by the instrument. Error may be expressed either as
absolute error or as a percentage of error.

Absolute errors

e = Yn − X n

where Yn = expected value

Xn =
measured value
 Percentage error
Absolute Error
X 100 %
Expected value
or

Yn − X n
X 100 %
Yn

Relative accuracy, A

Yn − X
1− n

Yn
 Percentage relative accuracy, a

100% − Percentage error

A X 100%

Example 1:

The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 90 V. However, the

measurement gives a value of 89 V.
Calculate:
a) Absolute error = 1 V
b) Percentage error = 1.1111%
c) Relative accuracy = 0.9889
d) Percentage of accuracy = 98.8889%

Please try it yourself…….

 Types of error
Gross Errors - are generally the fault of the person using instruments and are due to
such things as incorrect reading of instruments, incorrect recording of experimental data
or incorrect use of instrument.

Systematic Errors – are due to problems with instruments, environment effects or

observational errors.
• Instrument errors – may be due to friction in the bearings of the meter movement,
incorrect spring tension, improper calibration, or faulty instruments.

• Environmental errors – Environmental conditions in which instruments are used may

cause errors. Subjecting instruments to harsh environments such high temperature,
pressure, humidity, strong electrostatic or electromagnetic fields, may have detrimental
effects, thereby causing error.

• Observational errors - errors introduced by observer. Two most common observational

errors are probably the parallax error introduced in reading a meter scale and error of
estimation when obtaining a reading from a scale meter.

Random Errors –generally the accumulation of a large number of small effects and may
be of real concern only in measurements requiring a high degree of accuracy. Such errors
can be analyzed statistically.
 How to analyze an error?
use statistic method
When we measure any physical quantity, our measurements are
effected by a multitude of factors.

Arithmetic mean – the sum of a set of numbers divided by the

total number of pieces of data.
𝑛
− 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 +. . . +𝑥𝑛 1
𝑥= ෍ 𝑥𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑛=1

Where xn = nth reading taken

n = total number of readings

Deviation – the difference each piece of test data and the arithmetic mean
−
𝑑𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥
 Continued....

Average deviation - indication of the precision of the instrument

used in measurement or the sum of the
absolute values of the deviation divided by
the number of readings.
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 +. . . + 𝑑𝑛
𝐷=
𝑛

where d1 , d 2 , d 3 ... d n = absolute value of deviations

Standard deviation - square root of the sum of all the individual deviations
squared, divided by the number of readings. (n>30)

𝑑12 + 𝑑22 +. . . +𝑑𝑛2

𝑆=
𝑛
 Example

For the following given data, calculate

a) Arithmetic mean
b) Deviation of each value
c) Algebraic sum of the deviations
d) Average deviation
e) Standard deviation
Given
x1 = 49.7
x2 = 50.1
x3 = 50.2
x4 = 49.6
x5 = 49.7
Ans:
a) 49.8600
b) d1 = - 0.16
d2 = + 0.24
d3 = + 0.34
d4 = - 0.26
d5 = - 0.16
c) 0
d) 0.232
e) 0.242
 Limiting error
 Most of the measuring instruments are guaranteed for their accuracy
with a percentage deviation of full scale reading.
 Components like resistors capacitors etc are always guaranteed for the
rated value with a tolerance in percent of the rated value.

Example 1:
If a resistors is specified as 1.5k  10% . It means that limiting
error of nominal value for the resistor is1.5kΩ ± 10% . So resistance
may have any value between 1.35kΩ to 1.65kΩ

Example 2:
A 300V voltmeter is specified to be accurate within ± 2% at full
scale. Calculate the limiting error when the instrument is used to
measure a a) 120V b) 250V.
 Answer

a)The magnitude of the limiting error is

0.02  300V = 6V
b)Therefore, the limiting error at 120V is

6V
100% = 5%
120V
c)Therefore, the limiting error at 250V is

6V
100% = 2.4%
250V
 Measurement error combinations
When a quantity is calculated from measurements made on two ore more
instruments, it must be assumed that errors due to instrument inaccuracy
combine in worst possible way. The resulting error is then larger than the error
in any one instrument.

Sum of quantities (V1 + V2):

E = (V1 + V2)  (V1 + V2)

Difference of quantities (V1 – V2):

E = (V1 - V2)  (V1 + V2)

Product of quantities (E x I):

Percentage error in P = (% error in I) + (% error in E)

 Quotient of quantities (E / I):

Percentage error in E/I = (% error in E) + (% error in I)

Example:
150V voltmeter and 100mA ammeter are used to measure voltage and
current on series circuit consist of dc supply and a resistor. Both the
instrument are guaranteed ± 1% accuracy of full scale. If the voltmeter
reading is 80V and while the ammeter reading is 70mA, compute the
limiting error of power.

Let’s try!
Limiting error at 80V is 1.88%

Limiting error at 70mA is 1.43%

❖ Therefore the limiting error of power is 3.31%

 Standard and Calibration

4 types of standards of measurement:

o International standards:
❑ British Standard Institution (BSI),
❑ International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),
❑ International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
o Primary standards – SIRIM, Local University, Industry
o Secondary standards - SIRIM
o Working standards – SIRIM, Local University, Industrial
Calibration: the act or result of quantitative comparison between a known standard
and the output of measuring system measuring the same quantity.
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