A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

“PRODUCTION OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE COURSE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

HRISHIKESH YADAV

PRATHAMESH KATKAR

AMOD PADGE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. MEERA T SOSE

 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
NAVI MUMBAI

Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “MANUFACTURING OF FUEL FROM

PLASTIC WASTE” is a bona fide work of HRISHIKESH S. YADAV, AMOD S. PADGE,
PRATHAMESH S. KATKAR submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of Engineering” in “Chemical
Engineering”

Dr. M.T. Sose Dr. M. T. Sose

Project Guide Project Coordinator

Dr. (Mis). K.S. Deshmukh Dr. S. D. Savarkar

Head of Department Principal

Examiner 1

Examiner 2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express sincere gratitude and special thanks to Prof. M T Sose, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, for his invaluable guidance and
encouragement throughout the work.

Our special thanks to Dr.S.D.Sawarkar, Principal, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai,
and Dr.Mrs.K.S.Deshmukh, Head of Chemical Department, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Navi
Mumbai, for their encouragement.

I would also like to thank Department of Chemical Engineering for providing the required facilities for the
work.
 ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this project is to conduct a comprehensive study that
would lead ultimately to an integrated design, in a chemical engineering point of view, of a plant that
produces Sodium Hexametaphosphate(SHMP) with a production capacity specified in advance. This
study will take into consideration aspects including the plant's process unit design, process flow
diagrams, cost estimations, operation parameters, equipment sizing, construction materials and
environment/safety precautions. This project requires the theoretical and practical application of mass
transfer, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, unit operations, reaction kinetics and process control. There are
several tasks that are crucial to the completion of the project outlines including mass and energy
balances, Hysys simulation of the Process Flow Diagrams, design of the reactor, design of heat
exchangers, design of the crystallizer, energy optimization, economic analysis and hazard analysis.

Sodium Hexametaphosphate (Na6[(PO3)6]), the target product of the project's

plant, is an inorganic compound which is basically polymer of sodium orthophosphate. It acts as a
water softner in boiler water of power plant and other industrial water,and widely used as food quality
improver and preservative in food industry.. The most widely produced grade is in crystalline grain
size of crystallized glass sheets. In this project's study, SHMP is to be produced through neutralization
reaction followed by melt polymerization at higher temperatures by following reaction:

The desired reaction is endothermic with a overall yield of 90-92%. The project's
target is to design a plant with a capacity of 100 kg SHMP/hr. This plant is to include three major units;
a reactor, an crystallizer, an filter, mixing tanks. Also it includes pumps, rotary dryer, and condenser.
All are to be designed and operated according to this production capacity.
List of Figures –

Fig. 1.1 Molecular Structure of SHMP

Fig. 2.1 Process Flow Diagram of SHMP by Soda Ash Method

Fig 4.1 Utility Line Diagram of Manufacturing of SHMP

Fig 4.3 P & ID Diagram For Condenser

Fig 4.4 Plant Layout of Manufacturing of SHMP

List of Tables -
Table 2.1 Parameters For Selection of Process

Table 3.1 Gibbs Energy of Formation of Reactants and Products

Table 5.1 Excel Sheet For TPC

Table 5.2 Excel Sheet of Fix Capital Investment For Manufacturing of SHMP

Table 5.3 Excel Sheet of Break-even Point For Manufacturing of SHMP

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction ............................................................................................1

2.Literature Survey ................................................................................ 7

a) Introduction

b) Process No.1 - Soda Ash Method

c) Process No.2 - Sodium Chloride Method

d) Process No.3 - Caustic Soda Method

e) Selection of Process

f) Conclusion
3. Thermodynamic Feasibility............................................................... 12

a) ∆G of formation of components.

b) ∆G of overall reaction.
4. Plant Utility......................................................................................... 14

a) Reactor P&ID

b) P&ID of Condenser

c) Plant Layout
5. Costing .......................................................................................... 18

a) Total Product Cost

b) Fixed Capital Investment

7. Results… ...................................................................................... 27

8. Conclusion ................................................................................... 28

9. References ................................................................................... 29
1. Introduction
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a hexamer of sodium orthophosphate which contains six
repeating phosphate units. It is a kind of sodium metaphosphate polymers. It is also known as
"polyvinylidene sodium," "sodium multiple metaphosphate", "sodium metaphosphate vitreous body",
and "Graham salt". It was first prepared in 1963 by german chemist “Erich Thilo” and Ulrich Schulke.

It is a colorless transparent glass-like solid or white powder with greater solubility but low dissolving
rate in water. Its aqueous solution exhibits acidic property. Its complex of divalent metal ion is
relatively more stable than the complexes of mono-valent metal ion. It can easily be hydrolyzed to
orthophosphate in warm water, acid or alkali solution. Hexametaphosphate has a relative strong
hygroscopicity with being sticky after absorbing moisture. For certain metal ions (e.g., calcium,
magnesium, etc.), it has the ability to form soluble complexes, and thus being able to being used for
demineralizing water. It can also from precipitate with lead and silver ions with precipitate being re-
dissolved in excess amount of sodium hexametaphosphate solution to form a complex salt. Its barium
salt can also form complexes with the sodium hexametaphosphate.

Fig. 1.1 Molecular Structure of SHMP

 Properties-

➢ Molecular Wt. 611 g/mol

➢ Appearance White crystals, Odorless

➢ Density 2.484 g/cc

➢ Melting Point 6280C

➢ Boiling Point 15000C

➢ Refractive Index 1.482

➢ CAS No. 10124-56-8

Toxicity

Adult 0~70 mg/kg (in terms of phosphorus); LD50:4g/kg (rat, oral). According to the provision of the
GB2760-86, it is allowed for being applied to canned food, fruit juice drinks, dairy products, soy milk
as quality improver; the maximum usage amount is 1.0 g/kg. When being used as composite phospha
te, calculated as the total phosphate, the canned meat products shall not exceed 1.0 g/kg; for condensa
tion of milk, it shall not exceed 0.50 g/kg.
 Uses-

1. It can be used as a food quality improver in food industry, pH adjusting agent, metal ion chelating
agents, dispersants, extenders, etc. It can be used as a kind of common analytical reagents, water and
also used for photofinishing and printing.
3.It can be used as a detergent, preservative, cement hardening accelerator, fiber dyeing and cleaning
agents; it can also used for medicine, food, petroleum, printing and dyeing, tanning, and paper industry.
4. It can be used as texturizing agent; emulsifiers; stabilizer; chelating agent. The mixture is mainly
used for ham, sausage, surimi such as the tissue improver for water retention, tendering and meat
softening. It can also be used for prevention of crystallization of canned crab as well as dissolving
agent of pectin.

5. It can be used as the water softening agent of boiler water and industrial water (including water for
the production of dyes, water for the production of titanium dioxide, water for printing and dyeing,
and slurry mixing, water for cleaning color copy of the film, as well as chemical industrial water and
the water for the medicines, reagents production, etc.) as well as the water treatment agent for the
industrial cooling water; it can also be used as a corrosion inhibitor, flotation agent, dispersant agent,
high temperature binding agent, dyeing auxiliaries, metal surface treatment, rust inhibitors, detergent
additives and also cement hardening accelerator.

6. Coated paper production can use it as pulp dispersants in order to improve the penetration capability.
In addition, it can also be apply to the washing utensils and chemical fiber in order to remove iron ions
of the pulp.
7. In the oil industry, it can be used for the antirust of the drilling pipe and adjusting the slurry viscosity
upon the control of oil
drilling.It can be used as the quality improver with various effects of increasing the complex metal
ions of food, pH, ionic strength, thereby improving the adhesive capability as well as the water holding
abilityof food.
China provides that it can be applied to the dairy products, poultry products, ice cream, instant noodles
and meat with the maximum permitted amount being 5.0 g/kg; the maximal permitted usage amount
in canned food, fruit juice (flavored) drinks and vegetable protein drink is 1.0g/kg. It can be used as
a food quality improver in food industry and applied to canned food, fruit juice drinks,dairy products,
and soy milk.

8. It can be used as Ph adjusting agent, metal ion chelate agent, adhesive and bulking agents. When being
 applied to beans and canned fruits and vegetables, it can be stabilize the natural pigment and protect
the food color and lustre; when being used in canned meat, it can be used for preventing the
emulsification of the fat and maintaining its uniform texture; when being applied to meat, it can be
used to increase the water holding capacity and prevent the deterioration of fat in the meat. It can also
help to clarify the wine when being supplied to beer and further prevent turbidity.

9. It also has applications in fabric dyeing, tanning, paper, color film, soil analysis, radiation
chemistry and analytical chemistry and other departments

It can be used as a food quality improver in food industry and applied to canned food, fruit juice drinks,
dairy products, and soy milk.

10. It can be used as Ph adjusting agent, metal ion chelate agent, adhesive and bulking agents. When
being applied to beans and canned fruits and vegetables, it can be stabilize the natural pigment and
protect the food color and lustre; when being used in canned meat, it can be used for preventing the
emulsification of the fat and maintaining its uniform texture; when being applied to meat, it can be
used to increase the water holding capacity and prevent the deterioration of fat in the meat. It can also
help to clarify the wine when being supplied to beer and further prevent turbidity.

11. It also has applications in fabric dyeing, tanning, paper, color film, soil analysis, radiation
chemistry and analytical chemistry and other departments
 Current Global Production

➢ The SHMP production mainly concentrates in China. Each year, China exports about 50000
MT SHMP to the world. USA is a net importer of SHMP.

➢ Other than China; USA, India, Germany, Czech Republic, Indonesia are major Producers.

➢ The largest consumption region is Asia-Pacific with annual consumption of 309749 MT

followed by Europe who held 12% share annually.

➢ The global SHMP market in 2020 values at 569.8 million USD and expected to reach 692.9
million USD in 2026 with growth rate of CAGR 2.8% during 2021-2026.

➢ The major manufacturers are Aditya Birla Chemicals, Prayon, ICL, Xingfa Group, Sundia,
Northwest Chemical, Mexichem, TKI, Recochem, Innophos, Chengxing Group, Chuandong
Chemical, Blue Sword Chemical, Mianyang Aostar, Sino-Phos Jinshi, Norwest Chemical,
WeifaHuabo, Nandian Chemical, Huaxing Chemical, Kindia May, Tianjia Chemical, Tianrun
Chemical, Zhenhua Industry.
Why it is important ?

1. Since Indo-China Trade war in 2020 and US-China trade war in 2019, US already imposes
anti-dumping duty on SHMP from china to end its monopoly. US is also looking for new
manufacturers.

2. Now India has great opportunity for global exports of SHMP with less costly raw material,
cheap labour and government incentives.
2. Literature survey

Process No.1 : Soda Ash Method

Raw materials:- Soda Ash, Phosphoric Acid.

Catalyst :- KOH and NaClO3

Equipments :- Neutralization Kettle, Filter, Dryer, Quartz Crucible, Rotary Dryer , Pulverizer.

Reactions:-

Process Flow Diagram

 Fig. 2.1 Process Flow Diagram of SHMP by Soda Ash Method

Process Description :-
It is the neutralization reaction followed by meltpolymerization at high temperature and rapid cooling.
The soda solution was subjected to neutralization reaction with phosphoric acid solution at 80-1000C
for 2 hours which results in monosodium orthophosphate solution;which then concentrated by
evaporation, cooling, filtering and dewatering into dryer at 110-130°C with moisture content of 0.1-0.2
%. Then it is fed to into silica crucible and heated gradually towards 630-650°C to remove all water
resulting in molten sodium hexametaphosphate. Then the chilling shock is applied to sodium
hexametaphosphate by Rotary Dryerwhich brought down temp. from 650 to 80°C. Then it is crystallised
and send to pulverizer for Sizingand further for packaging.

Process No.2 - Sodium Chloride Method

Raw materials:- Sodium Chloride, Phosphoric Acid.

Catalyst :- Phosphatase 11, Phosphatase 79

 Equipments :- Mixing Tank, Pump, Filter, Dryer, Quartz Crucible, Condenser, Rotary Dryer ,

Pulverizer.

Reactions:-

Process Flow Diagram

Fig. 2.2 Process Flow Diagram of SHMP by Sodium Chloride Method

Process Description:-
This is the second method which is called sodium chloride method.The raw materials are Sodium
Chloride and phosphoric acid. Here Sodium Chloride and phosphoric acid are evenly mixed at ratio of
1:1 in the mixing Tank. Then it is subjected to melt polymerization in the furnace at temperature at
650-700 degree celcius for at least 30min to form melt sodium hexametaphosphate and removal of all
HCl produced. Then product is subjected to rapid cooling to be glassy or further sent to pulverizer for
crushing, sizing and packaging to make white crystal sodiumhexametaphosphate powder in which P2O5
content in SHMP reaches more than 67.5%.
Process No.3 - Caustic Soda Method

Raw materials:- Liquid Caustic Soda(48% by conc.), 80% Phosphoric Acid,

Catalyst :- Sodium Nitrate (0.05-0.2%),

Equipments :- Neutralization Kettle, Filter, Dryer, Quartz Crucible, Rotary Dryer , Pulverizer.

Reactions:-

Process Flow Diagram

Fig. 2.3 Process Flow Diagram of SHMP by Caustic Soda Method

Process description
Then the last one is caustic soda method which usually used for production of food grade SHMP. Here
raw materials are liquid caustic soda (NaOH) 48% by concentrated phosphoric acid (80%
concentration) and 0.05 to 0.2 % sodium nitrate which act as catalyst. First caustic soda liquid is added
 into neutralization kettle and then phosphoric acid is slowlyadded into caustic soda under agitation .
This reaction is exothermic. The reaction continue until stickyshape solution is formed. Then sodium
nitrate is added into centralised solution with the temperature about 95-100 degree celcius. The
monosodium orthophosphaste is formed. Then after cooling,filtration and dewatering into dryer it is
fed to furnace. The temperature is kept in furnace at about 650-180 degree celcius for about 45-90 min
. Then the molten SHMP is rapidly cooled and make powdered by quenching , pulverizing sents to
packing.

Selection of Process:-
This is the table below for selection of process. The selection is based uponthe following parameters such
as Temperature, Pressure, Mole Ratio, Catalyst, Polymerization Degree, P2O5 content, By-product,
Moisture content and Conversion.

Table. 2.1 Parameters for Selection of Process

Conclusion

In conclusion of Literature Survey, we conclude that Process No.2 which is Sodium Chloride Method
is best for production of Sodium Hexametaphosphate.

Because,

It is simple process with less equipments and short production flow, convenient operation and easy
realization of industrialized production.

The starting material NaCl is cheap and easy to get as compared to starting material of other process
which more costly.

High P2O5 content in formed SHMP represents good quality.

Then the phosphoric acid which is expensive raw material is required less amount in this process than
other two processes.

With low polymerization degree and high conversion rate this is the best method for production of
Sodium Hexametaphosphate.
 3.Thermodynamic Feasibility

3.1 Thermodynamic Feasibility of Reaction

Thermodynamic feasibility of reaction is depends upon ∆G i.e. Gibbs free energy of reaction.
If ∆G is negative, more likely less than -50kJ/mol then the reaction is feasible.

∆G of formation of components.
In order to calculate the ∆G of reaction we will need the ∆G of formation of all
compounds i.e. all reactants and products. These are the the ∆G of formation of all compounds in the
reaction in the table below

Table 3.1 Gibbs Energy of Formation of Reactants and Products

We calculated all these values from “Carl Yaws Chemical Engineering Handbook” and “CRC
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics”.

Also we calculated the ∆G of formation of SHMP from Gaussian Software; a computational

chemistry software which uses group contribution method for calculations.
∆G of overall reaction

∆Greaction = (∑n.∆fG0)product - (∑n.∆fG0)reactant

∆Greaction = [(6*∆fGH2O) + (6*∆fGHCl)+ (1*∆fGSHMP)] - [(6*∆fGNaCl) + (6*∆fGH3PO4)]

∆Greaction = [(6*-288.60) + (6*-95.30)+ (1*-8262.86)] - [(6*-384.10) + (6*-1123.6)]

∆Greaction = -168 kJ/mol.

Here, we have calculated gibbs free energy of overall reaction which is -168 kJ/mol which is
less than -50kJ/mol. So, the reaction is feasible.
 4. Plant utility

In our process we need four utilities i.e. cold water, dry air, steam and electricity.

We need steam for NaCl saturator, dry air for Rotary Dryer, Cold water for condenser and electricity
to almost all equipments but primarily for mixing tanks, reactor, pump and pulverizer.

At the bottom you can see all utility outlets from plant.

Fig. 4.1 Utility Line Diagram of Manufacturing of SHMP

 P&ID of Equipments

1. Reactor P&ID -

We have developed P&ID for reactor and condenser ; two main equipments.

Here in reactor P&ID you can see on the left side, to maintain constant temperature in
reactor we control heating fluid flow rate using flow controller and temperature controller.

On the right side, we can see we control inlet of feed and outlet of by-product HCL using
flow controller.

Add the bottom we control flow rate of product for constant reactor volume using level
controller.

Fig. 4.2 P&ID Diagram of CSTR

2. P&ID of Condenser

In this P&ID of condenser, for steady temperature of HCl outlet we control cooling water
flow rate by flow indicator and flow controller along with temperature transmitter and
temperature controller for HCl outlet.

Fig. 4.3 P&ID Diagram of Condenser (SATHE)

Plant layout-

Here you can see plant area with future expansion area, warehouse, STP, utilities, cooling water,
maintenance area, lab area, fire station, administrative building along with parking area, Canteen,
General Assembly area, emergency water supply, etc.

We put utilities near plant area to reduce piping cost and ease on operatability.

Fig. 4.4 Plant Layout of Manufacturing of SHMP

 5.Costing
Here we are going to calculate total product cost (TPC), Fixed capital investment and break
even point. We have done all the calculation from “Plant Design And conomics for Chemical
Engineer” by Peters M.S. and Timmerhaus K.D.

1. Total product cost (TPC)

Basis is 2.4 turn per day

Cost of NaCl (industrial grade) is - Rs. 3/ kg

Cost of 85% Phosphoric Acid (Industrial grade) is – Rs. 25/kg

Direct material cost = Cost of NaCl + Cost of H3PO4

DMC = (Rs. 4104) + (Rs. 66000) = Rs. 70,104

Direct labour cost is 14% of TPC.

Direct labour cost (DLC) = Rs. 35,538

Power and utilities cost is 12% of TPC.

Power and utilities (PU) = Rs. 31,156

Plant overhead cost is 19% of TPC.

Plant overhead cost (POC) = Rs. 48,461

Direct Production cost is addition of Plant overhead cost , Power and utilities cost and
Direct labour cost. So,

Direct Production cost (DPC) = DMC + DLC + PU

 DPC = Rs.1,36,798

Fixed charge (FC) is 10 % of Direct Production Cost

Fixed charge (FC) = Rs.13679.8

Manufacturing cost = DPC + FC + POC

= 136798 + 13679.8 + 48461

Manufacturing cost = Rs.1,98,938.8

Marketing cost is 30 % of manufacturing cost

Marketing cost = Rs. 59681.64

Total product cost(TPC) = Manufacturing cost + general expences

TPC = Rs. 258620.44

Now, we are going to calculate selling price of SHMP.

Let ‘X’ be the selling price of SHMP per kg.

Total selling price = 2400*X

We are taking profit of 10% of selling price. So,

Profit = 10 % of selling price = 0.10*2400*X = 240*X

By profit formula,

Profit = Total selling price - Total product cost

240*X = 2400*X - 258620.44

258620.44 = 2160*X
 X = Rs.119.7316852

Selling Price of SHMP per kg should be Rs.120.

This is the excel sheet of TPC calculation.

Table 5.1 Excel Sheet for TPC and Selling Price for Manufacturing of SHMP

Next is fixed capital investment.

2. Fixed Capital Investment –

First is purchased equipment cost.

Here we can see approx. cost of all equipments.

1) Cost of CSTR = Rs. 73000

2) Cost of Condenser = Rs. 68000

3) Cost of Mixing Tanks = Rs. 219000

4) Cost of Crystallizer, Pump, Filter,

 Rotary Dryer, Pulverizer = Rs.162000

Purchase Equipment Cost = Rs. 522000

After that we calculate all other cost like piping and instrumentation cost, electrical, building
cost, Services, Yard Improvement, Direct plant cost, engineering and Procurement, other expenses
contingency, etc. with appropriate formulae from Timmerhaus book.

You can see all the calculations with proper formulae done in below excel sheet.

Table 5.2 Excel Sheet of Fixed Capital Investment for Manufacturing of SHMP

Fixed Capital Investment is Rs. 21,67,083

Last is break-even point(in terms of quantity).

 The point where total product cost equals total income is called break-even point.

3. Break-even Point –

Direct Production Cost/yr = Rs. (136798*8000/24)

Operating days/year = (8000hr/24) days……(8000 hr/yr is standard operating hrs for

continuous process)
Annual Sales = 800000 kg/yr ......... (8000hrs*100kg)

Direct Production Cost/kg = (DPC/Annual Sales)

= (136798*8000/800000*24)

= Rs. 57/kg

Let the break-even be 'n' kg per year.

(FC + GE + POC) + (DPC/kg)*n = (Selling Price/kg)n

40607480 + 57n = 120n

n = 646718.9 kg/year

Break-even point = 80.84 kg/hr

So, our production capacity which is 100 kg/hr is already above break even point.

By calculation we get other values as follows,

Total Revenue/yr = Rs. 9,60,00,000Total

Costs/yr = Rs. 8,62,07,480

Net Profit/yr = Rs. 97,92,520

(before taxes)

Below is the excel sheet of calculation of Break-even point.

Table 5.3 Excel Sheet of Break-even point for Manufacturing of SHMP
5. Results

Results for literature survey-

1. SHMP by NaCl method is better than other two because of high P2O5
content, low temp.,easy operation and value added by product.

Results of Thermodynamics feasibility -

1. ∆G of reaction = - 168 kJ/mol.

Reaults of costing –

1. TPC/day = Rs. 2,58,620

2. Selling price of SHMP/kg = Rs.120 taking profit of 10%.

3. Fixed capital investment = Rs.21,61,083.

4. Break even point = 6,50,000 kg/yr.

5. Annual Revenue = Rs.9,60,00,000

6. Annual Profit = Rs.97,92,520

7. Total Costs/yr = Rs. 8,62,07,480

 6.Conclusion

Conclusion for Literature Survey –

1.We conclude that NaCl method is best for production of SHMP.

Because, of cheap raw material, high P2O5 content, lower requirement of

expensive raw material,high conversion, low reaction temp.

Conclusion for Equipment Design –

1. Equipment design and sizing of CSTR with spiral baffle jacket and Condenser which is
floating head type SATHE
2. We have developed PFD, ULD, P&ID and Plant Layout diagram in Autocad.

Conclusion of Costing –

1. TPC of plant is Rs. 2,58,620/day.

2. Break-even point is within our production capacity.

3. TCI of plant is Rs. 27,08,853 and ROI is 36%.

4. Selling price of SHMP is Rs.120/kg which is market competitive but

scale-up is requiredto beat the market.

5. All the calculations are done in excel. So, scale-up is easy.

6. This project is supported by Reva Process Technologies. Ltd.

 7. Refrences

1. Bhatt B. I., Vohra S. M., “Stoichiometry,” Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw

Hill, New Delhi,(2010).

2. Carl L. Yaws , “Chemical Properties Handbook,” Mc-Graw Hill ,

New York , NY ,(1999).

3. Chen M., Zhang W., and Yu Y., 2008. Method of producing sodium
hexametaphosphateby sodium chloride method, CN101462711A.

4. Coulson J. M., Richardson J.F., Sinnott R.K., “Coulson &

Richardson’s
ChemicalEngineering,” Fourth Edition, Vol. 6, Elsevier Butterworth-
Heinemann, Oxford, MA, (2005).

5. David R. L., “CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,” 82nd Edition

, CRC Press,Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, FL, (2001).

6. U.S. International Trade Commision , December 2018. Sodium

Hexametaphosphatefrom China, 731-TA-1110.

7. Edward J.P., Harrison N.Y., September 1980. Preparation of Sodium

OrthophosphateMixtures, US4224294.

8. Griffith E.J., Buxton R.L., November 1964. The preparation of

Twelve-MemberedRing Hexametaphosphate Anion.