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P2 (As) Textbook Maths

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72 views216 pages

P2 (As) Textbook Maths

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Hasan
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PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL Ma ey Pulses by Pearson Education Las, 8 Stan, London. WC2R ORL ‘nn pearsonginaerela. cam Copies off spacteators for al earsoncuabcatons may be ound onthe ‘eb: htos/quaicatons parson cam ‘ee © Person Edueston Uns 2018 Esse by char Hutchinson “ypeal by Toh Set Lid, ateshod, UK Gaga utatiore Person Eaveton Lec 2018 usated by © Tech Sot t, Gateheoe, UK ‘Cover desig by © Prarson Eventon Umted ‘The nights of Greg Atwood, Jak Bereciough, an Beticon, Kath Gatick, Dan Goldberg, Asta Macpherson, Are Moe Bronven Morn, 'SuNcelson, Dane Oe, Joe Patan, Kah Pledger, Cong San Joe Stakows ary Smith Got Stay, Rober WarsPonry and Dave Wine fo be dons ‘the autos of tie wave have ban enon by tam in accasance wh the (Cepia. Desgns ars Paes Ac 988 Fist pubes 2018 ai201918 tooe7essazy Barton Libary Cataloging # Pubicaten Data ‘catlogue eco flrs bok svelte fom the Brtsh bay ‘copyright notice ‘ngs ecard No par ofthis ay be opeducedin any fem orby any reans (Petitingptccopyng storing Wi ay medium by aactane rua and ‘thane ar not Vay ont to same er seo hs pula) ‘thou the wtton permiceenof re copra ono”, exceptin accordance with ‘hoprovisors ofthe Cora. Dasane ad Paterts Act 1886 or undo te toms tn toence aud by be Copyraft oensng Agency, amar’ In, ater Lie, London, ECAR TEN em. couk) Appatins ar the coyright unas ‘itn persion sous bo adcroseed to th plea. Pram Seni by Neosat Plotre Croits “The autor and publiher would hoo thnk te flowing idle and ‘penaton for pean fo repedcepcogeaphe ‘amy rages: ian images 25, ZUMA Pes, 9; Fotola.com: Koiro “aut rages 112: Gay Imager: Stove Duel 6 Shurtarstock-com: Kechl angais 6 sguy 198, W23RRcom: Dav ost Aly 152 ‘Corr imegos: Front ety mages: Werer Yan Sean Inege top coer Suttartock com: Cir Latanoy [Aloe images € Person Education Lined 2018 ‘artwork Foorcon Eaton med 2078, Endorsement Statement Inco ensue that is resource oes hgh pages 2-3 Divide a polynomial by a linear expression > pages 3-6 Construct mathematical proofs using algebra > pages 13-17 . © Use the factor theorem to factorise a cubic expression + pages 7-11 Use proof by exhaustion and disproof by counter-example Use the remainder theorem toffind the remainder when a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax —) pages 11-13 simplify aaxtxSx) ob + Pure 1 Section 1.3 2. Factorise: a xa2x-24 Bb 3x7-17x+20 4 Pure 1 Seetion 1.3 Use long division to calculate: a 197041= 23 b 56168=34 & International GCSE Mathematics confuse wsShe(prcblens, > il Pathe’ hewerconbecesto OA ee b (2,6) and (8, =3) © International GCSE Mathematies Complete the square for the expressions: a x'=2x-20 b 2x? 44x415 «Pure Section 22 Aan) Stee isd EE) Algebraic fractions You can simplify algebraic fractions using divi ‘= When simplifying an algebraic fraction, where o™ ee possible factorise the numerator and denominator _Sx?-245_ _ S(v+ (v7) _ S&x+7) and then cancel common factors. Bea 1ee7 ~ @x= eT) 2x=7 | sc ‘Simplify these fractions: Ixt= 23 46x, (+ 2x=1) * a =) tTx¢12 0g 46x45, 22s Ix 12 (+3) 3 +3r-10 (eG 4) © 7x4 ~ 2x9 + Gx Txt 2x3, Gx =x 2x46 (+ 7120-9 @x-0 en x24 7x4 12 _ (0+ d)lv+ 4) w+ 3) w+) axed ) B24 Gx45 _ (et Sire) xP Bx- 10 & + Site 2) +1 x-2 2x + Mx + 12 2x? + av 4 Bx +12 (x +3)+4@x+3) @x + 3ix+ 4) 2xt 4 net 12 + une 4) (2x+3\e+ 4) ee Bie + 4) 2x43 ayes TD rncv sxe 1 Simplify these fractions: Axt + 5x2 - Tx ToS — Sx5-4 9x1 + 32 ax tats 6 a x » ¥ © = RU) Cail 2. Simplify these fractions as far as possible: 9 @FIE=2) » EFMEx—D Gx) a + 10x + 21 © x? + 9x + 20 (+3) +4) +x = 20 xe +3n42 + 2x=15 45x44 , 2x24 7x+6 g 2 49x 18 4 H+?) (+001) 2x? + 3x41 + 6x48 m SOx 8 axe "34742 @ 3 Sta wee axe +b) + Where a, b and ¢ are constants. 6x? — 33x 4 42 ate Work out the values of, band e (4 marks) ©) Dividing polynomials A polynomial sa finite expression with positive Folynoniais [Not palyeortal whole number indices. rae iz * You can use long division to dividea polynomial by | g..24 3x9 oct (vp), where p isa constant, t 8 Bi * You can use long division to divide a polynomial by (ax # 6), where a and b are constants. Divide x3 + 2x2 - 17x + 6 by (x3). ® a x-3)x? 4 ORT 6 an Se ae @ 45x aye ax? ESE x8 — 3x? ®@ x4 5x-2 3)xt4 2x? = es x2 = 3x? Sx? — 17x 5x? ~ 15x TBx+6 exe °. jot 2-146 _ oy sy Example @) SOTED> wvrerenerarion f(x) = 4x17 +4 Divide f(x) by @x + 1), giving your answer in the form f(x) = 2x + 1(ax’ + bx? + ex +d), Peete eee xt = 1702 +4 = (2x + 2x9 - 42 - Bx + 4) RU) Cail 2x? + 3x — x ATONE = Sx? = TEN FO 2x8 — Ox Bx ~ 16x Bx — 1x x + 10 nan +6 =6 So the remainder is ~6. ~ Sx? — 16x + 10 is divided by (x — 4). 1. Write each polynomial in the form (x + p)(ax? + bx + ¢) by dividing: a x84 6x2 + 8x43 by (et 1) ¢ Sox txt Mby(et2) € 8x2 + 13x 10 by (r= 5) b x4 10+ 2544 by (x +4) @ x8 4x2 Tr 15 by (v-3) f x9 = 5x2 6x - 36 by (x-7) 2. Write each polynomial in the form (x = pyiax? + bx +) by dividing 8 6x8 42774 14x +8 by (x4 4) € 2x} 44x - 9-9 by (v4 3) € ~Sx) - 27x + 23x + 30 by (x + 6) 3 Divide: a xt ¢ SxS + 2x? Trt Dby (x +2) € ~3xt + 9x9 — 10x? +x + 14 by (x - 2) 4 Divide: a 3x14 8x)— 11+ 2v+8 by Gr +2) © xt 6x) + 10x? - Ix 6 by Qx-3) © 6x5 — 8x4 + L1x9 + 9x? 25x + T by Bx = 1) g 25x4 + 75x? + 6x2 — 28x — 6 by (Sx+ 3) 5 Divide: a x4 x4 lO by (x2) fe ~3x) + 50x - 8 by (x-4) 6 Divide: a x3 432-36 by (r-3) © 3x) + 11x? = 20 by (r-2) b 4x? + 9x2 ~ 3x — 10 by (x +2) 2x8 ~ 152+ 14 +24 by (x 6) f 4x3 4 9x2 — 3x42 by (v2) b 4x1 + 14x! 4 32° — 4 15 by (+3) 5x54 Tx + 2x3 — Tx? + 10x T by @e—D) 3x8 + 1x? — x - 1 by dr + DD 6x5 4 3x4 = 4x = 9a? + Lv + 18 by 20 +3) = 264 + Lx! + 2202 = 40x + 25 by x= 2UxS + 29x! — 10x? + 42x — 12 by (x -2) b 2x 11x43 by (x43) BBD nctuse 0x2 when you write out fv. b 2x5 + 9x2 +25 by (r+ 5) Catan ay 7 Show that x' 4 2x? = 5x = 10 = (x + 2)(x? = 5) 8 Find the remainder when: a x844x? = By 4 2s divided by (x + 5) b 3x9 — 20x? + 10x 45 is divided by (x - 6) © 2x" 4 3x? + 12x + 20 is divided by (x - 4) 9 Show that when 3° — 2x? + 4 is divided by (x ~ 1) the remainder is 5. 10 Show that when 3x4 ~ 8x? + 1037 ~ 3x ~ 25 is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is — 11 Show that (x + 4) isa factor of 5x3 — 73x # 28. 12 Simply 2°= 85-8 GBD diise sears by ea 13 Divide = 1by (=) EDD wie 1059 s01208 14 Divide x4 ~ 16 by (x + 2). © 15 fix) = lw + 4322-24-10 Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by (Sx + 4). (2 marks) 16 f(x) = 3x - 14x? 478-14 ete a Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x3). (marks) write fn the form eccumve —_b Given that (x + 2) isa factor of f(x), factorise fx) (s+ 2)lax? + bx + 6) then roe completely. (Amarks) _factorise the quadratic factor. @ 17 a Find the remainder when x'+ 6x? + 5x~ 12is divided by ta, = Hiex+3. (3 marks) ExccUTIVE FET Hence, or otherwise, find all the solutions to the equation x* + 6x2 + Sx—12=0. marks) f(x) = 8 + 32-8 +3 a Show that flx) = 2v- lax? + bx + 6) where a, 6 and c are constants to be found. (2 marks) b Hence factorise f(x) completely. (4 marks) © Write down all the real roots of the equation f(x) = 0, (2 marks) A(x) = 12x34 x24 20-1 a Show that (4x ~ 1) is a factor of f(x) and write f(x) in the form (4x Ilax? + bx +0), (marks) has exactly one real solution, (2 marks) b Hence, show that the equation 12x° + 5x? + 2x ea Cail ©) The factor theorem ‘The factor theorem is a quick way of finding simple linear factors of a polynomial. The factor theorem states that if f(x) is a Watch out polynomial then: + IFF(p) =0, then (x ~p) isa factor off). + If (¢—p) isa factor of f(x), then f(p) = 0. + iF (2) <0, then (ax ~ Aisa factor of fon. * IF lax—H) isa factor of fiw then f(5) = 0. You can use the factor theorem to quickly factorise a cubic function, g(x): 1 Substitute values into the function until you find a value p such that g(p) 3 Diidethe fn The remainder will be 0 because (x~p) is a factor of gl). by (x~p). 3. Write g(x) = (x—p)lax? + bx +0) ‘The other factor will be quadratic. 4 Factorise the quadratic factor, if possible, to write g(x) as a product of three linear factors. CXS a> = Show that (x — 2) is a factor of x + x2 - 4x —4 by: 1 algebraic division bb the factor theorem 2 SS ___ eran sevecepesmcsorci! b is 42) xt 4y-4 2) + (2) - 42) - +4-8-4 =0 So (x — 2) is a factor of x3 4x7 — Ax ~ 4. an EEE ©) ESTEE) cove rnenon a Fully factorise 2x3 #2 ~ 18-9) a fla) = 2x9 + x? — 18x - 9 ca + (1)? = 18(-1) - 9 = 8 fa) = 2009 + (0 ~ 180) - (2) = 2@) + (2? - 182)- 9 §) = 23" + GI? - 16(3) - So (x = 3) is a factor of = I 8 b Hence sketch the graph of y = 2x5 +x? = 181-9) 2x3 + x8 — 18x - 9, axe +743 x~ 3)2x Fa = EXD 2x3 - 6x 7x8 — 18x 7x2 - 21x Bx-9 ax-9 } (e302 + 7x43) | x= 3N2x + Mx + 3) | 2x3 4.x? 18x — b Ox 3i2x+ He +3) So the curve crosses the x-axis at (3, 0) The curve crosses the y axis at (0, 9) Tas Cail Given that (x + 1) isa factor of 4x4 — 3x2 + a, find the value of a, f(-) = 0 ———— 4-1 = 317 + a 4-3+a=0 fix 19x+p Given that (2x —3) isa factor of fox 4 find the value of p, b hence factorise fix) completely. aS 4 x3 (25) = 105 Mela GEEENES) BED ocorerncro 1. Use the factor theorem to show that: a (x= 1)is.a factor of dx! —3x?-1 b (x +3) isa factor of Sx*- 45x? 6x - 18 © (x —4) is a factor of ~3:3 + 13x - 6x +8. 2 Show that (x ~ 1) isa factor of x + 6x2 + 5x ~ 12 and hence factorise the expression completely: 3 Show that (x + 1) isa factor of x + 3x2 — 33x ~ 35 and hence factorise the expression completely: 4. Show that (x — 5) is a factor of x! — 7x2 + 2x + 40 and hence factorise the expression completely 5 Show that (x — 2) is a factor of 2x* + 3x? ~ 18x +8 and hence factorise the expression completely: 6 Use the factor theorem to show that (2 ~ 1) isa factor of 2x3 + 17x24 31x20, 7 Each of these expressions has a factor (x + p). Find a value of p and hence factorise the expression completely. a x= 10x24 19x +30 beer dyad © x9 4x = 11x 430 8 i Fully factorise the right-hand side of each equation, Sketch the graph of each equation, a y22845x2- 4x3 b a y=6x'+ 1x? -3x-2 e yee 2x3 = 17x24 38-15 © yeBx + 8x24 3x2 12x - 7x +30 9 Factorise 2x? + Sx?—4y — 3 completely. 10 Given that (x ~ 1) is a factor of 5x° - 9x7 + 2+ a, find the value of a. 11. Given that (x +3) isa factor of 6x! — bx? + 18, find the value of b. sn that (x ~ 1) and (x + 1) ate factors of px? + gx? ~ 3x7, find the values of p and g. Use the factor theorem to form simultaneous 13 Given that (x + 1) and (x2) are factors of ex! + dx? —9x~ 10, equations. find the values of ¢ and d, 14. Given that (x ~ 1) and (2x ~ 1) are factors of px"+ q.x? + 9.x ~ 2, find the value of p and the value of g “ 15 Given that (x + 2) and (x ~ 3) are factors of gx' + hx? — 14x + 24, find the values of g and h. @©eooeoo9o 0 16 Given that Gx + 2)is a factor of 3x3 + bx? — 3x2, a find the value of & @ b hence factorise 3.x + bx? — 3x= 2 completely. o Hess) Cea © 17 Ax) =3x3- 12x? + 6x ~ 24 a Use the factor theorem to show that (x ~ 4) is @ factor of f(x). marks) b Hence, show that 4is the only real root of the equation f(x) = 0. (4 marks) © 18 hx) =4x5 +42 - 11-6 a Use the factor theorem to show that (x + 2) is @ factor of f(x). (marks) bb Factorise f(x) completely. (4 marks) € Write down all the solutions of the equation 4x + 4x? ~ 11x ~ 6 (mark) © 19 a Show that (x ~ 2)isa factor of 9x4— 189 — x? + 2x. (2 marks) b Hence, find four real solutions to the equation 9x4 ~ 1813 — 38 + 200. (marks) fo) = 244-59? — 42x? 90-4 54 Show that ft) = 0 and f(-3) =0. b Hence, solve fx) =0. © The remainder theorem = You can find the remait theorem. inder when a polynomial is divided by (ax « 1) by using the remainder * Ifa polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax ~ b) then the remainder is f(4).. EID wn Find the remainder when x3 = 20x-+ 3 is divided by = 4 using: a algebraic division b the remainder theorem. xitay a =— ii The remainder is “13 b hw 20x43 4) = 43-20%443 fia) = -13, The remainder is “13 When 8.4 ~4.x3 + a.x2~ 1 is divided by (2 + 1) the remainder is 3. Find the value of @. fon =8x4= 4x9 ¢ax?=1 (ax byten the endef) and the reminder is 2 Using the fact that the remainder is 3, substitute 5. and solve the equation for a 1 Find the remainder when: a 4x3 — 5x24 Tx + Lis divided by (x-2) b 2x5— 329+. 10 is divided by (r— 4) =253 + 6x2 + Sy 3 is divided by (v + D Tx + 6x2 5x + Lis divided by (x + 3) 4x4— 4x2 + 8x — 1 is divided by (2x — 1) 243.x4- 27.03 34+ 7 is divided by Gx 1) 64x + 32x? — 16x +9 is divided by (4x +3) 81x3— 81x? + 9x +6 is divided by Bx-2) 243 x6— 780.x? + 6 is divided by (3x +4) 1254+ 5x3 9x is divided by (Sx + 3). @® 2 When 20532-2042 is divided by (v~ 1) the remainder is ~4. Find the value of a. @® 3 When -33 4 42+ bx + 6is divided by (x +2) the remainder is 10, Find the value of b © 4 When 216° ~ 32x? + ex 8 is divided by (2 1) the remainder is 1, Find the value of c. 5 Show that Lx ~ 3) isa factor of x®— 36. +243. 6 Show that (2x ~ I} isa factor of 23+ 17.x2 + 31x20. @® Tisy= x2 +3049 Given 12) = 3, find 1-2) QD Find 7) many @&® 8a = 04a. Given g-1 43x46 2, find the remainder when g(x) is divided by (Bx ~ 2) (S marks) Tas) Cail GP) 9 The expression 2.x3— x? + ax+b gives a remainder of 14 when divided by (x ~ 2) and a remainder of ~86 when divided by (x +3). Find the value of a and the value of & (5 marks) 10 The expression 3.x3 + 2x? - py +q is divisible by Gites (c— 1) but leaves a remainder of 10 when divided Solve simultaneous equations. by Lv 1), Find the value of a and the value of 6. (S marks) €B) Mathematical proof Approof isa logical and structured argument to show that a mathematical statement (or conjecture) is always true. CEEEED it setemere thts ‘A mathematical proof usually starts with previously established mathematical facts (or theorems) and then works through a series of logical steps. The inal step in a proofis a statement of what has been proven. ‘um acs leat shown ‘Statement crincrens | => | ‘opcsers | => | “otovor ‘A mathematical proof needs to show that something is true in every case, been proven is called a theorem, ‘Astatement that has yet to be proven is called a conjecture. = You can prove a mathematical statement is true by deducti facts or definitions, then using logical steps to reach the di Here is an example of proof by deduction: ‘Statement: The product of two odd numbers is odd. Demonstration: § x 7 = 35, which Is odd This means starting from known «d conclusion. This is demonstration but itis not a proof. You have only shown one case. Proof: pand gareintegers,sozp + Land 2g u can use 2p + 1 and 2g are odd numbers. represent any odd numbers. you can @p+1)x Qy+1)=4pq+2p 42441 show that @p+ 1) x @q + 1)is always an =2epg+ p+ ger odd number then you have proved the Since p and q are integers, 2pq +p + gisalso an integer, tterent for all cases, 50 2(@pq +p +4) + 1is one more than an even number. So the product of two odd numbers is an odd number. This isthe statement of proof = Ina mathematical proof you must * State any information or assumptions you are using + Show every step of your proof clearly + Make sure that every step follows logically from the previous step *+ Make sure you have covered all possible cases * Write a statement of proof at the end of your working Paco Sean You need to be able to prove results invol identities, such as (a+ 5)(a—5) =a — 8? CEEEED the symboi = means is always equal to: It shows that two To prove an identity you should expressions are mathematically identical, + Start with the expression on one side of the identity (ars ‘+ Manipulate that expression algebraically until it matches the other side + Show every step of your algebraic working Example QD) reasnmesemor004 Prove that (3. + 2)(x — 5)(x +7) = 3x? + 8x? - 101 — (Gx + 2)ix— Ske +7) (Bx + 2yx? + 2x39) Bx? + Gx? — 105x + 2x? + 4x - 70 = 3x3 + Bx? - 101x- 70 So Bx + 2\r~ Six + 7) = Bx + Bx? - 101K - 70 ad Prove that if (x ~ p) isa factor of f(x) then fp) = 0. IF (= p) ip factor of ffx) then Fla) = t= p) abn) So tle) em me 0 as required, oa If you need to prove a geometrical result it can sometimes help to sketch ‘a diagram as part of your working. Tr Gea Cail The gradient of ine BC = ae ae 2 ra » - ‘ The gradient of line + he gradient of line AC ; The gradients are aliferent so the three points are not collinear Hence ABC is a triangle. Gradient of AB x gradient of BC So AB is perpendicular to BC and the triangle i a right-angied tangle Gen ®) ‘The equation kx? + 3kx + KILLS 0, where é isa constant, has no real roots. Prove that & satisfies the inequality 0 = A < 5 kx? + 3kx + 2 = 0 has ro real roots, 20h? ~ dac <0 (3k - 4k@) <0 9k? - 8k <0 | k@k-2)<0 ocke3 When k (Ox? +30x+2=0 2-0 Which is impossible, so no real roots Se combining these: O33 (4-marks) = 5x = 6 =0, where p is a constant, has two distinct real roots, Prove that p © 14 Prove that AG, 1), BU, 2) and C(2, 4) are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. @® 15 Prove that quadrilateral (1, 1), BC, 4), C(6, 5) and D(S, 2) is a parallelogram. © 16 Prove that quadrilateral AQ, 1), BS, 2), C4, -1) and DCL, -2) isa shombus. ® 17 Prove that AS, 2), BC, ~4) and C3, -2) are the vertices of an isosceles right-angled triangle Tas) Cail Kk, where k > 0, ‘ax cuts the circle at two distinct points 18 A circle has equation (x ~ 1)? +3 ‘The straight line L with equation Prove that k > 7S (marks) 19 Prove that the line 4y ~ 3x + 26 = Ois a tangent to the circle (x + 4)? + (y~ 3 = 100. 6 marks) Problem-solving Find an expression for the ‘area of the large square in terms of « and. © 20 The diagram shows a square and four congruent right-angled triangles Use the diagram to prove that «2 + 6?= 1 Prove tht AQ 8), (8), C6 1) an (9) points onthe sae ce a ee are eee ee area eee €® Methods of proof ‘A mathematical statement can be proved by exhaustion. For example, you can prove that the sum of two consecutive square numbers between 100 and 200 is an odd number. The square numbers between 100 and 200 are 121, 144, 169, 196. 121+ 144 313 which isodd 169 + 196 = 365 which is odd So the sum of two consecutive square numbers between 100 and 200 is an odd number. ™ You can prove a mathematical statement is true by exhaustion. This means breaking the statement into smaller cases and proving each case separately. This method is better suited to a small number of results. You cannot use one example to prove a statement is true, as one example is only one case. Gm Prove that all square numbers are either a multiple of 4 or 1 more than a multiple of 4. Se Consider the two cases, odd and even numbers, separately. For odd numbers: (ensip in? + an + t= nine tt Ana + 1) is a multiple of 4, 50 Ann + 1) + Tis more than a multiple of 4 Pesach Gena For even numbers: (2m = an An? is a multiple of 4 =e All integers are either odd or even, 30 all bers are elther a multiple of 4 or 1 square han a multiple of 4, ‘A mathematical statement can be disproved using a counter-example. For example, to prove that the statement ’3n + 3 is a multiple of 6 forall values of nis not true you can use the counter example when n = 2, as 3 x2 +3 =9 and 9 is not a multiple of 6. * You can prove a mathematical statement is not true by a counter-example. A counter-example is an example that does not work for the statement. You do not need to give more than one, as ‘one is sufficient to disprove a statement. Prove that the following statement is mot true: “The sum of two consecutive prime numbers is always even.” 2 and 3 are both prime | So the statement is not true. ee) exsomcancieaon Prove that for all positive values of x and y: Care : x ¥ pepe? ; b Usea counter-example to show that this is not true when x and y are not both positive. Gea Cael rr ‘a Jottings: See Zy2—2 Use jottings to get some ideas for a good starting we point. These dor't form part of your proof, but EP ry an give you a clue as to what expression you can sy 2B consider to begin your proof. aft y?- 2x =O woe RO Cf Consider (x — (e-yFeO at +y?~ 2xp x24 y2- Day Fa PBN 0 is valid because x and y are Gas arene This is not # 2 s0 the statement is nat true, EID rxonncomnaen 1 Prove that when isan integer and |< n= 6,thenm=n+2is QTE \, , not divisible by 10. @® a try each integer ©® 2 Prove that every odd integer between 2 and 26 is either prime or the product of two primes, © 3 Prove that the sum of two consecutive square numbers from I? to 8? is an odd number. GP) 4 Prove that all cube numbers are either a multiple of 9 or | more or | less than a multiple of 9. (4 marks) ©® 5 Find a counter-example to disprove each of the following statements: If mis a positive integer then 2! ~ n is divisible by 4, bb Integers always have an even number of factors. € 2n?— 6n + 1 is positive forall values of 1. 4-27? — 2n—4is.a multiple of 3 for all integer values of 1. Paco ay 6 A student is trying to prove that x° +» < (x+y) es The student writes: For part b you need to write down suitable values of x and y and show that they do not satisfy the inequality (Pa eye Bye P which is less than x + y2 since ax¢y + Sx? >0 a Identify the error made in the proof. (mark) b Provide a counter-example to show that the statement is not true, (2 marks) 7 Prove that for all real values of + (e+ OP = 2x4 IT (3 marks) G@) 8 Given that ais a positive real number, prove that: Watch out aster You use the condition that ais positive. (2 marks) 9 a Prove that for any positive numbers p and g: p+q> (4pq (3 marks) b Show, by means of a counter-example, that this mam See inequality does not hold when p and q are both a negative. @marks) USE ottings and work backwards to work out what expression to consider GP) 10 Iris claimed that the following inequality is true for all negative numbers x and y tye eee The following proof is offered by a student xtys (sep wt P> 4 ya oxy era y? + 2xy > 0 which is true because x and ¥ are both negative, 30 xy is positive. a Explain the error made by the student (2 marks) b By use of a counter-example, verify that the inequality is not satisfied if both wand y are negative. (mark) Prove that this inequality is true if x and y are both positive. 2 marks) RU) Cail 1. Simplify these fractions as far as possible: e Ix-4 t+ 9x4 2 Divide 3x3 + 120? + 5x +20 by (x +4), 2xi 43x45 3. Simply “FT © 4 a Show that (x—3)isa factor of 2x? 2x2 = 17x + 15. (marks) b_ Hence express 2x3 — 2x? — 17 +15 in the form (x ~ 3)(Ax? + Bx + C), where the values A, Band Care to be found, © § Find the remainder when 16.x5 ~ 20.x4 + 8 is divided by (2x 1). © 6 a Show that (x-2)isa factor of x5 + 4x? - 33-18. b Hence express 1° + 4x? — 3x ~ 18 in the form (x -2\(px + 4, where the values p and g are to be found, © 7 Factorise completely 2x3 + 3x? - 18x +8, 8. Find the value of & if (x ~ 2) isa factor of x ~ 3x7 + kx — 10. 9 fix) = 2x2 + px +g. Given that f{—3) = 0, and (4) a find the value of p and b factorise N(x) 10 bexy=x a find the values of rand.s b factorise h(x), 4x2 + r+ s: Given h(-1) = 0, and h() = 30: © 1 ely =2 +98 - ors. a Factorise a(x) b Solve (x) =0. (marks) (2 marks) (marks) (A marks) (marks) (marks) (marks) (marks) (6 marks) Gmarks) (marks) (marks) 2 Paco ay © 12 a Show that (x-2)isa factor of f(x) =.x° +7 - Sx —2. marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the exact solutions of the equation f(x) = 0, (marks) © 13 Given that -1 isa root of the equation 2x? ~ 5x? ~ 4x +3, find the two positive roots, (4 marks) @® 14 The remainder obtained when x* ~ 5.2 + px + 6's divided by (x + 2) is equal to the remainder obtained when the same expression is divided by (x ~ 3. Find the value of p. (4 marks) © 15 a= — 2x? 19" +20 a Show that (x + 4) is a factor of f(x). (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise find all the solutions to the equation 38-202 = 19x-4 20-0. (4 marks) © 16 Hx) = 6x9 + 17x? Sx- 6 Show that fix) = (3x 2Man? + by + 0), where a, and care constants to be found. (2 marks) b Hence factorise f(x) completely. (4 marks) € Write down all the real roots of the equation f(x) = 0. (2 marks) 17 Prove that © 18 Use completing the square to prove that n2 — 80 + 20s positive for all values of 1 ©® 19 Prove that the quadrilateral 4(1, 1), BG, 2), C(4, 0) and DQ, =1) is a square, © 2 Prove that the sum of two consecutive positive odd numbers les than ten gives un even number. @® 2 Prow that the statement ‘nt n+ 3a prime number forall values of nis untrue © 2 Prove that @® 23 Prove that 209 +22 — 43x ~ 60 = (+ Aix S)2x+ 3), © 24 The equation s?— ky-+ k=O, where & isu positive constant, has two equal rots Prove that k = 4. (3 marks) ® 2 Prove that the distance between opposite edges of a regular hexagon of side length /3 isa rational value Tas) Cail © 2 a Prove that the difference of the squares of two consecutive even numbers is always divisible by4. bb Is this statement true for odd numbers? Give a reason for your answer. © 27 A students trying to prove that 143? <(1+ 39% “The student writes: a+ + 2x4 So 14x? <142x4x a Identify the error made in the proof, b Provide a counter-example to show that the statement is not true. [ESI + The ciagram shows two squares anda circle ~ &N KZ 2 Given that xis defined asthe circumference ofa circle of diameter 1 unit prove that 2.2 << 4, b By similarly constructing regular hexagons inside and outside a circle, prove that 3 <1 <2/3, 2 Prove that ia) = ax? + hx? + ex dand fp) then (xp) isa Factor of fx) (1 mark) (2 marks) 23 Barua Ea ed 1. When simplifying an algebraic fraction, factorise the numerator and denominator where possible and then cancel common factors. 2. You can use long division to divide a polynomial by (x p), where pis a constant. 3. The factor theorem states that if f(x) is @ polynomial then: + IFf(p) =0, then (=p) isa factor of f(x) + If (e—p) isa factor of fix), then fp) =0 +r?) 4 The remainder theorem states that a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax) then the remainder is (2) then (ax ~ 5) is a factor 5 You can prove a mathematical statement is true by deduction. This means starting from known facts or definitions, then using logical steps to reach the desired conclusion. 6 Ina mathematical proof you must. + State any information or assumptions you are using, + Show every step of your proof clearly + Make sure that every step follows logically from the previous step + Make sure you have covered all possible cases + Write a statement of proof at the end of your working 7 Toprove an identity you should + Start with the expression on one side of the identity + Manipulate that expression algebraically until it matches the other side + Show every step of your algebraic working, 8 You cen prove e mathematical statement is true by exhaustion. This means breaking the statement into smaller cases and proving each case separately. 9 You can prove 2 mathematical statement is not true by a counter-example. counter- ‘example is one example that does not work for the statement. You do not need to give more than one example, as one is sufficient to disprove a statement, PAM eS a THE (x, y) PLANE Sat After completing this unit you should be able to: Find the mid-point of a line segment > pages 26-27 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector to a line segment pages 28-23 © Know how to find the equation of acircle sp pages 29-32 © Solve geometric problems involving straight lines and circles > pages 33-34 © Use circle properties to solve problems on coordinate grids > pages 35-40 ‘© Find the angle in a semicircle and solve other problems involving . circles and triangles “+ pages 40-44 1 Write each of the following in the form (e+ pF +a: at+10v+28 |b P-6x41 ¢ #- 12x d 47x + Pure 1 Section 2.3 2. Find the equation of the line passing through each of the following pairs of points regent a A(0,-6) and BU, 3) oft bP, -5) and Q(-9, 3) I © R(-4, ~2) and 715, 10) + Pure 1 Section 5.2 3. Use the discriminant to determine whether the following have two real solutions, one real solution or no real solutions. avtaTxtl4=0 Bb xt41lx+8=0 © 44 ]2x4 | © Pure 1 Section2.s | Geostationary orbits are circular orbits around the JB) Earth. Meteorologists use geostationary satellites to provide information about 4 Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (3, ~4) ands the Earths cuftaceianel perpendicular to the line with equation 6x-5y-1=0 «Pure1sections.3 [Wl atmosphere. Pacey INATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, ») PLANE €¥) Midpoints and perpendicular bisectors You can find the midpoint of a line segment by averaging the 99 © The midpoint ofa line segment with endpoints (x, yy) and (x2,¥2) ‘of a straight line with two distinct endpoints. SER 1) LED verre ‘The line segment AB isa diameter of a circle, where A and Bare (~3, 8) and (5, 4) respectively. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle nase) AB, 8) oe ‘The line segment PQ is a diameter of the circle centre (2, ~2). Given that P is (8, -5), find the coordinates of Q. Sen In coordinate geometry problems, its often helpful to draw a sketch showing the information ‘elven in the questior eo Liar The canta of the =@2)-00 la.) Let have cooranates (ese =5:+4) bea Seana So Q's (-4, 0. 4 Cas Le baal Card sree 1 Find the midpoint of the line segment joining each pair of points; a (4,2).6,8) b 0,6), (12,2) © 2,2),-4, 6) d (6,4), (6,-4) © (7,4), (3,6) f (-5,-5),(-11,8) 8 (6a, 46), (2a, ~4b) h (Au, 0), Gu -2¥) i (a+b, 2a~b), Bab.) j 42,1) @/2,7) k (2 = V3, W2 + 4/3), Gv? + V3, V2 + V3) ©® 2 The line segment 4B has endpoints A(~2, 5) and Bla, 6). The midpoint of AB is M(4, 3), Find the values of « and b. 3. The line segment PQ is a diameter of a citele, where P and Q are (~4, 6) and (7, 8) respectively. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. © 4 The line segment RS is a diameter of a circle, where Rand S a teenie) ave (2-8) ana (225) respetve Find thecoorinaes "3 5 of the centre of the circle, 5 The line segment 4B is a diameter of a circle, where A and B are (~3, ~4) and (6, 10) respectively a Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. b Show the centre of the circle lies on the line y = 2x, ©® 6 The line segment JK is a diameter of a circle, where J and Kare (7, $) and (3, 2) respectively. The centre of the circle lies on the line segment with equation y = 8x + 4. Find the value of b ©® 7 The line segment 4B is a diameter of a circle, where A and B are (0, -2) and (6, 5) respectively, Show that the centre of the circle lies on the line x ~ 2y -10=0, ® 8 The line segment FGis a diameter of the circle centre (6, 1). Given coordinates of G. is (2, -3), find the © 9¥ The line segment CD isa diameter of the circle centre (2a, Sa). Given D has coordinates Ga, ~74), find the coordinates of C. coe ® 10 The points (3, p) and Nig, 4) lie on the circle centre Usethe formal fo nding the midpoint (5,6) The ie segment MH a diamete of the cele. SMI mea Find the values of p and q, zee ©® 11 The points M(-4, 2a) and (3b, -4) lie on the circle centre (b, 2a). The line segment Vis a diameter of the circle. Find the values of a and b. SITE A triangle has vertices at 4G, 5), B(7, 11) and Clp, 4). The midpoint of side BCs crear M(B, 5). {a Find the values of p and g 'b Find the equation ofthe straight line joining the midpoint of 4 Bto the point M. © Show that the line in part b is parallel to the line AC. Pai INATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, ») PLANE The perpendicular bisector of a line segment 4 Bis the straight line 1 that is perpendicular to 4B and passes through the midpoint of 4B. ithe gradient of 4s then the gradient CEI >) ELE wes ‘The line segment 4B is a diameter of the circle centre C, where A and Bare (~1, 4) and (5, 2) respectively. The line / passes through C and is perpendicular to AB. Find the equation of /. idpcint Fits perpendicular tisctor vile The centre ofthe cree ( 23) The gradient of the line seq Oe *s-o Gradient of I= 3. The equation of [1s oe 2) 3x-6 x-3 EID wns 1 Find the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining each pair of points: a A(-5, 8) and BCT, 2) b C(-4,7)and DQ, 25) eS, -3) and FUI3, =) @ P-4,Tand O-4,-1) eS, Mand 1-5,-1) —f XU3, 1and 15,11) G@®) 2 The line FGis.a diameter of the circle centre C, where F and Gare (~2, 5) and (2, 9) respectively. ‘The line / passes through C and is perpendicular to FG. Find the equation of I (7 marks) @ 3 The tine skis a diameter ofthe circle centre P, where J and Kare (0,3) and (4, 5) respectively ‘The line / passes through P and is perpendicular to JK. Find the equation of /, Write your angwer in the form ax + by + = 0, where a, b and c are integers. 4 Points 4, B, Cand D have coordinates 4(-4, -9), B(6, -3). C(L1, 5) and D(-1, 9) a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of line segment 4B. b Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of line segment CD. ¢ Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two perpendicular bisector. Cas Le baal Card ©® 5 Point Xhas coordinates (7, -2) and point ¥ has coordinates (4, q). The perpendicular bisector of XY has equation = Itis often easier to find unknown y= 4x b, Find the value of q and the value of b. ee crs inthe question. Find q first, then find b. Triangle POR has vertices at P(6, 9), (3, -3) and R(-9, 3). se the pepe ectrsfeec sect the le | qq This point of intersection 'b Show that all three perpendicular bisectors meet at a single is called the eireumcentre of the point, and find the coordinates of that point. triangle € Pure2 Section 6.5 ©) Equation of a circle ‘Acircle is the set of points that are equidistant from a fixed point. You can use Pythagoras’ theorem to derive equations of circles on a coordinate grid For any point (x, ») on the circumference ofa circle, you can use Pythagoras’ theorem to show the relationship between x, » and the radius r = The equation of a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius ris x? +9? = When a circle has a centre (a, 5) and radius r, you can use the following ’ general form of the equation of a circle. ™ The equation of the circle with centre (a, 6) and radius ris (v-a)?+ (y-oR =P Qa sseTs i yi=rPby the vector (2), «ure 2 Section 45 o ax Write down the equation of the circle with centre (5, 7) and radius 4. / QD aansaanC By ‘the equation of a circle using technology. Fe Peary enna uaa eee axxx:) A circle has equation (x ~ 3° + (1+ 4)? = 20. a Write down the centre and radius of the circle. b Show that the circle passes through (5, -8). a Centre (3, ~4), radius 20 = b (e-3F +4 4e Substitute ©, -8) © -3F +8 +4} SETI) ED wwe snne ‘The line segment ABisa diameter of a circle, where A and Bare (4, 7) and (-8, 3) respectively. Find the equation of the circle. Length of AB = (4 = C8)? + (7 - 3F Mecca eae = Viera een =ieo You ned to workout the steps of this problem M6 x V0 rae wo Se eee eee Sicemtonic lengthot the dameter and ing by2 Satomi ee ce eee The centre ts (HES) 78) mupao teers ee “Mie down the equation of the cle TOF 40, + (9 — OF Or (x + 2F + r- 5} You can multiply out the brackets in the equation of a circle to find it in an alternate form: (oa + Qbear = Bax +a + y= 2hy + be =r? ‘Compare the constant terms with the 224)? 2ay- 2by + +a 720 ‘equation given in the key point Beai-P=es0 * The equation of a circle can be given in the form: 4+ efet egy te=0 1 This circle has centre (-f,~) and radius /f? + @-€ Cas Le baal aie IF you need to find the centre and radius of a circle with an equation given in expanded form itis Usually safest to complete the square for the x and y terms, GE?) ED worsen Find the centre and the radius of the circle with the equation x? + y? = 14x + 16) = 12 ‘You need to complete the square forthe tezms in and forthe terms. ° Pure Section2.2 Rearrange into the form (x = al? + (y= BP = satay s(v- 72-49 y+ Wey = (y+ 8) = 64 (7-49 4 (y+ 8-64-12 -7F ++ 8F 125: Wi25) W784 0+ WBS = /25 x /5 = 55 | ‘The equation of the circle Is ow P+ y+ BP = (55) The circle has centre (7, ~8) and radivs = 5¥5 N20) LTE crntsesone 1. Write down the equation of each circle: a Centre (3, 2), radius 4 b Centre (~4, 5), radius 6 © Centre (5, ~6), radius 2/3 Centre (2a, 7a), radius Sa Centre (-2V2, -3V2), radius 1 2 Write down the coordinates of the centre and the radius of each circle: a (+ 5P 4a ae b (e- 77 + - I= 16 € (x44 4 y2=25 @ (44a)? + (+a =14de ee (x- NSP +45) = 27 3 In.each case, show that the circle passes through the given point: a (c= 2) + (= 5? = 13, point 4, 8) b (x47) + (r= 2) = 65, point (0, -2) € x24 y° = 25%, point (7, -24) 4 (x= 2a)? + (y+ Sa)? = 202°, point (64, 34) © (c= 3/5 + (y= V3) = QV TOP point, (3, V3) ‘The point (4, -2) lies on the circle centre (8, 1). QED Fis Find the radius ofthe cre, Find the equation of the circle. Ea Parsi COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (., ») PLANE 5 The line PQ is the diameter of the circle, where P and Q are (5, 6) and (—2, 2) respectively. Find the equation of the circle (5 marks) 6 The point (I, ~3) lies on the circle (x ~ 37 + (y + 4 id the value of + (3 marks) 7 The points P(2, 2), O@2 + V3, 5) and RQ - v3, 5) ie on the circle (x ~ 27 + (y—4P =F a Find the value of r. (2 marks) b Show that 4POR is equilateral (Smarks) © 8 a Show that x2 +y*—4y— 11 =O can be written in the form (x —a}°-+y2 where w and r are numbers to be found. (2 marks) b Hence write down the centre and radius of the circle with Start by writing (x? - 4x) equation x°+ y°~ 4x — Il = @marks) etm cao. 9a Show that x? + y*— 10x + 4y ~ 20 = 0 can be written in the form (x ~ a)? + (7-6)? where a, b and rare numbers to be found. (2 marks) bb Hence write down the centre and radius of the circle with equation y= 10x+4y 200. (2 marks) 10 Find the centre and radius of the circle with each of the following equations. 2x+8y-8=0 es GBD stareby writing te equation x4) inone ofthe following forms: 2x40 (a? + 9-67 myeda res ay taper 2ay te=0 +y2 5x fe 2x + 2p? Gx 4 Sy = 2x = By 1x4 , Where k is a constant. G3 @ 10 A circle Chas equation x*+ 7 Sd a Find the coordinates of the centre of C. (marks) 4 cicle must have a b State the range of possible values of k. (2marks) positive radius. 12. The point P(7, ~14) lies on the circle with equation x? + y2 + 6x — 1dy = 483, The point Q also lies on the circle such that PQ is a diameter, Find the coordinates of point Q. (4 marks) 13 The circle with equation (x — &)? + y* = 41 passes through the point (3,4). Find the two possible values of & (5 marks) ee ee SEMI | dl i pale vale or centiion stench Se describes a circle with centre (-/; -g) and radius y*+ g?—e. Cas Le baal aie EB) intersections of straight lines and circles You can use algebra to find the coordinates of intersection __one point of of a straight line and a circle. intersection no points of intersection ZL 1 A straight line can intersect a circle once, by just touching the circle, or twice. Not all straight lines will intersect a given circle. awe points of Gz Find the coordinates of the points where the line yy x-+ Smeets the circle x2 + (y— 2? 4 2F= at + +9 - OF x4 t+ 3° tae + x49 = 29 2x? + Gx 20 x 4 Bx-10 (+ Six -2)=0 Sox=-5 and x=2 Tene cote dee #3 0-42.7.j | mmm CEN?) BLED ccarrerncron Show that the line y = x-7 does not meet the cirele (x +2)? + 52 = 33, (ea BF eye (et BP = TP Sede ede? - tare ad 2x? - 10x + 20-0 = Sx 4 Now bP dae = (5-4 «1x10 25 - 40 5 Problem-solving IF 2 ~ dae >0 there are two distinct roots BP = dae < 0, s0 the line does not meet the Tecate etc inereareneetes nae crete. IF 2 ~ dae <0 there are n0 real roots. Fe) areas COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (., ») PLANE | sus 1 &u & v Find the coordinates of the points where the circle Substitute y= 0 into the equation (x= 1 + (r= 37 = 45 meets the x-axis. @ , * Find the coordinates of the points where the circle (x — 2)? + (y + 3)? = 29 meets the y-axis, The line y = x + 4 meets the circle (x ~ 3)? + (y= 5)? = 34 at A and B. Find the coordinates of 4 and B. Find the coordinates of the points where the line x + y + 5= 0 meets the circle + 6x +)? + 10y- 31 =0. ‘Attempt to solve the equations simultaneously. Use the discriminant to show that the resulting quadratic equation has no solutions, Show that the line x ~ y - 10=0 does not meet the circle x? ~ 4x + y?=21 a Show that the line x + y = I meets the circle with equation x° + (y ~ 3 = 32at only one point. (4 marks) b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. (1 mark) ‘The line y = 2x ~ 2 meets the circle (x ~ 2)° + (y ~ 2)? = 20.at A and B. a Find the coordinates of 4 and B. (5 marks) b Show that 4B is a diameter of the circle. (2 marks) The line x + y =a meets the circle (x — p)? + (y- 6)? = 20 at (3, 10), where w and p are constants, a Work out the value of a. (mark) b Work out the two possible values of p. (5 marks) The circle with equation (x ~ 4)? + (7 + 7} x=y~5=Oat points 4 and B, 0 meets the straight line with equation a Find the coordinates of the points 4 and B. (5 marks) b Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of line segment 4B. (3 marks) € Show that the perpendicular bisector of 48 passes through the centre of the circle, (1 mark) Find the area of triangle O4B. (2 marks) ‘The line with equation y = kx intersects the circle with equation x? - 10x + y2- 12y + $7= Oat two distinct points a Show that 214? ~ 60k + 32 < 0. (5 marks) b Determine the range of possible values for k. Round your answer to 2 decimal places, (3 marks) The line with equation y= 4x ~1 does not intersect GESEUENUn the circle with equation x2 + 2x + j= k. Pind the if you are solving a problem where range of possible values of k. there are 0,1 or2 solutions (or points of intersection), you might be able to use the discriminant. The line with equation y = 2v +5 meets the circle with equation x? + kx + y?= 4 at exactly one point. Find two possible values of k. (7 marks) Perse es One 5 QB) Use tangent and chord properties You can use the properties of tangents and chords within circles to solve geometric problems. A tangent to a circle is a straight line that intersects. the circle at only one point, = A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle at, g the point of intersection, Aangent A chord is a line segment that joins two points on the circumference of a circle. perpendicular bisector © The perpendicular bisector of a chord will go through the centre of a circle. ‘The circle C has equation (x ~ 2)? + (y= 6)? = 100. Verify that the point P(10, 0) lies on C. b Find an equation of the tangent to C at the point (10, 0), giving your answer in the form axtby+e=0. a = 28+ VG = (10-2 + 0-6 82 + Or = 64436 =100 b The centre of cicle Cts (2, 6 Find the {gradient of the line between (2, 6) and P. 2-1 6-0 6 X= 72-10 = The gradient of the tangent is Fasrone-st o=S0x-10) ay =a 40 tn 4y- 4000 Eee INATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, ») PLANE Example @) EE enursis A circle C has equation (x ~ 5)° + (+3)? = 10. The line lis tangent to the circle and has gradient -3. Find two possible equations for /, giving your answers in the form Drawa sketch showing the circle and the two possible tangents with gradient ~3. you are solving a problem involving tangents and circles there isa good chance you will need to use the radius at the point of intersection, so daw this on ‘yur sketch mx +e. Find a ine that passes through the centre of the circle that is perpendicular to the tangents. The gaint of is te ot The coordinate 5.-3) the centre of circle are &-5F +0437 (see ee xen 10x+25+5 10, De 10x2 10x? - 100x + 160 = 0 a? 10x +16 =0 (e- Byix-2)=0 =Borx=2 Borys Cas Le baal aie EELS) ED creme ‘The points P and @ lie on a circle with centre C, as shown in the diagram, ‘The point P has coordinates (~7, =I) and the point Q has coordinates (3, ~5). Mis the midpoint of the line segment PQ. ‘The line / passes through the points M and C. a Find an equation for / Given that the y-coordinate of Cis -8, b show that the x-coordinate of Cis -4 ¢ find an equation of the circle. 1 The midpoint M of line segment PQ is (ects site go 2 Ye-w_ 5-0) Gradient of PO= == 3 = Ep ain Ifa gradient given asa faction, you can find POis> the perpendicular gradient quickly by turning the e fraction upside down and changing the sign. Eee enna uaa eee The centre of the circle is (-4, To fire the radius of the circle: CO = Veer y+ G2 = AP + AID = 158 So the circle has a radius of (5B. The equation of the circle ii (en a + (By (x4 4 + (r+ BF = 56 IED arse 1 The line x + 3y — 11 =0 touches the circle (x + I? + (y + 6)? = Fat (2, 3) a Find the radius of the circle. b Show that the radius at (2, 3) is perpendicular to the line. 2 The point P(1, ~2) lies on the circle centre (4, 6). 1 Find the equation of the circle b Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at P. 3 The points 4 and B with coordinates (1, -9) and (7, -5) lie on the citele C with equation (=P +04 3P =40. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment AB. b Show that the perpendicular bisector of AB passes through the centre of the circle C: ©® 4 The points P and Q with coordinates (3, 1) and (5, ~3) lie on the circle C with equation sindy ty? dy 4 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment PQ. b Show that the perpendicular bisector of PQ passes through the centre of the cirele C. © 5 The circle Chas equation x? + 18x +)? = 2y+29=0. Verify the point P(-1, ~6) lies on C. @ marks) b Find an equation for the tangent to C at the point P, giving your answer in the form yemx +b, (marks) ¢ Find the coordinates of , the point of intersection of the tangent and the y-axis (2 marks) Find the area of the triangle APR. (2 marks) Cas Le baal Card 6 The tangent to the circle (x + 4)? + (y’— 1° = 242 at (7, -10) meets the y-axis at S and the x-axis at 7. a Find the coordinates of S and T. (S marks) b Henee, find the area of AOST. where Qs the origin (B marks) 7 The circle C has equation (x + 5° + (y + 3° = 80. ‘The line isa tangent to the circle and has gradient 2 Find two possible equations for / giving your answers in the form y= mx +e, (8 marks) ine wi ion 2x + $= Vii G®) 8 The line with equation 2x +) Oisa tangent to the circle with equation (37 +—pP=5 The line isa tangent to the circle so it must intersect at exactly one point. You can use a Find the two possible values of p. (Bmarks) _ [NewsECE at racy ane pall cat ee b Write down the coordinates of the centre _p for which this occurs. of the circle in each case. (2 marks) ©® 9 The cincle Chas centre P(I1,-5) and passes through the point Q(5. 3). a Find an equation for C. (3 marks) The line f, isa tangent to Cat the point @ Find an equation for f, (4 marks) The line fyis parallel to /, and passes through the midpoint of PQ. Given that intersects Cat A and B € find the coordinates of points 4 and B (4 marks) 4 find the length of the line segment 4B, leaving your answer in its simplest surd form. GB marks) ©® 10 The points R and $tie.on a circle with centre Cla, 2), as shown in the diagram, ‘The point R has coordinates (2, 3) and the point S has coordinates (10, 1). Mis the midpoint of the line segment RS. ‘The line f passes through Mf and C. Find an equation for J (4 marks) b Find the value of a 2 marks) ¢ Find the equation of the cirele, G marks) 4 Find the points of intersection, 4 and B, of the line /and the circle. (S marks) 40 CHAPTER 2 COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (., ») PLANE ©@ 11 The circle Chas equation x? 4x 4)2=6y=7 ‘The line / with equation x ~ 3y +1 at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of the point P and the point Q. (4 marks) b Find the equation of the tangent at the point ? and the point Q. (4 marks) € Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the chord PQ. (marks) intersects the circle Show that the two tangents and the perpendicular bisector intersect at a single point and find the coordinates of the point of intersection, 1 The circle Chas equation (x ~7)* + (y+ 1)?= IMOVATION The line / with positive gradient passes through (0,2) and isa tangent to the circle. Find an equation off, giving your answer in the form y= mx + 2 The circle with centre Chas equation (r~2)*+ (y= 1)*= 10. ‘The tangents to the circle at points Pand Q meet at the point Rwith coordinates (6, =D, 1a Show that CPRQ is a square. bb Hence find the equations of both tangents. ©) circles and triangles A triangle consists of three points, called vertices. Itis always possible to draw a unique circle through the three vertices of any triangle. This circle is called the cireumcirele of the triangle. The centre of the circle i called the eireumeentre of the triangle and is the point where the perpendicular bisectors of each side intersect. Problem-solving (2 marks) Use the point (0-2) to write ‘an equation forthe tangent in terms of m Substitute this ‘equation into the equation for the circle. Creumeicle Ce ees Cae) For a right-angled triangle, the hypotenuse of the triangle is a = diameter of the circumeircle. You can state this result in two other ways: 7 lo = If ZPRO=90° then R lies on the circle with diameter PQ. ¥ The angle in a semicircle is always a right angle. To find the centre ofa circle given any three points on the circumference: ¥ Find the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of two different chords. ee ieermct * Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of | stshecertieof the perpendicular bisectors. meee a ‘The points 4(-8, 1), B(4, 5) and C(-4, 9) lie on the circle, as shown in the diagram. Show that 4B is a diameter of the cirele, b Find an equation of the circle. a Test triangle ABC to see if it © a right- angled triangle. AB? = (4=(-8))? + (5 = 1” —J 1224.4? = 160 (-4-(-8))' + (9 - 448 = 80 ABE So triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle 4 ABs the diameter of the circle. b ind the midpoint M of AB xe db +4 145) aoe The diameter is VTGO = 410 The radius is 2V70 -aF +- dF (r# 224-3)? (x4 24-3)? Pac INATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, ») PLANE TION 24) LIED cxccurverncron ‘The points P(3, 16), Q(11, 12) and R(-7, 6) lie on the circumference of a circle. The equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ is y = 2x. a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PR. b Find the centre of the circle. ¢ Work out the equation of the circle. a The midpoint of Pts (SELL) 3407) 1646 a The gradient of a line perpendicular to PRis ~1 yoyyemty =x) yr t-te 2) yo 3 b Eau: PO: y= 2x Equation of perpendicular bisector to +9) ion of perpendicular bisector to y= 28)=6 The centre of the circle is at (3, 6). | The circle through the points P, Q and R has a radius of 10. The centre of the circle io (3, 6 The equation for t! w-3P 40-6 ) Cas Le baal Card C2) ED cccorerneron 1 The points U(-2, 8), (7, 7) and W(-3, -1) lie on a circle, a Show that triangle UVW has a right angle. b Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. © Write down an equation for the circle 2 The points AQ, 6), B(5, 7) and C18, -2) lie on a circle, a Show that AC is a diameter of the circle b Write down an equation for the circle © Find the area of the triangle ABC. 3 The points (-3, 19), B(9, 11) and C(-15, 1) lie on the circumference of circle a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of i 4B AC b Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle, ¢ Write down an equation for the circle. 4 The points P11, 8), O(-6, -7) and R, ~7) lie on the circumference of a circle, a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of i PO OR b Find an equation for the circle Problem-solving @® 5 The points R(-2, 1), S4, 3) and 7110, -5) lie on the Tes rasnge upc woe circumference of a circle C. Find an equation for the circle. a teevantea al ae © 6 Consider the points 4(, 15), B-13, 3), C(-7, -5) and DE, 0). an eRe agngLA Show that ABC isa right-angled triangle bb Find the equation of the circumcirele of triangle ABC, ¢ Hence show that 4, 8, Cand D all lie on the circumference of this circle. @® 7 The points A(-1, 9), (6, 10), C17, 3)and D(O, 2) fie ona crc a Show that ABCD isa square b Find the area of ABCD. ¢ Find the centre of the circle. S) lie 8 The points D(-12, -3), E-10, 6) and Fl con the circle C as shown in the diagram Given that 2DEF= 90° and b > 0 a show that 6 = 1 (marks) b find an equation for C. (4 marks) Paar @&o COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (., ») PLANE A circle has equation x? + 2x + y?- 24y -24=0 a Find the centre and radius of the circle (3 marks) b The points A(-13, 17) and BU, 7) both lie on the circumference of the circle Show that 4B is a diameter of the circle. (3 marks) ‘© The point C lies on the negative x-axis and the angle ACB = 90°, Find the coordinates of C. (3 marks) ®1 ‘The line segment QR isa diameter of the circle centre C, where Q and R have coordinates (11, 12) and (~5, 0) respectively: The point P has coordinates (13, 6) a Find the coordinates of C. b Find the radius of the circle. ‘© Write down the equation of the circle, Show that P lies on the circle, Show that (0,0) le inside the circle (x ~ 5)° + (y +2); ‘The circle C has equation x? + 3x4)? + 6y = a Find the centre and radius of the circle (4 marks) b Find the points of intersection of the circle and the y-axis, (3 marks) ‘€ Show that the cirele does not intersect the x-axis (2 marks) The centres of the circles (x ~ 8° + (y ~ 8) respectively a Show that P lies on (x + 1° + (= 3 b Find the length of PQ. 117 and (x + 1? + (= 3? = 106 are P and @ 06. ‘The points A(-1, 0), B{},°] and C{3, "2 are the vertices of a triangle. a Show that the circle x* +»? = 1 passes through the vertices of the triangle. b Show that A.4BCis equilateral A circle with equation (x — k)? + (y = 3k)? = 13 passes through the point (3, 0) a Find two possible values of k (6 marks) b Given that k > 0, write down the equation of the circle, (mark) ‘The line with 3x ~ y - 9 = 0 does not intersect the circle with equation x? + px + y* + 4y = 20. Show that 42— 10/10

0. a Find the values of p and g b Find the coordinates of the points where the circle meets the y-axis. The point A(~ circle at A, =7) lies on the circle centre (5, 1). Find the equation of the tangent to the The line segment 4B is a chord of a circle centre (2, ~1), where A and B are (3, 7) and (-5, 3) respectively. AC is a diameter of the circle. Find the area of AABC. The circle C has equation (x ~ 6)? + (v- 5° = 17. ‘The lines f, and /, are each a tangent to the circle and intersect at the point (0, 12). Find the equations of /and 4, giving your answers in the form y= mx-+ c. (8 marks) The points 4 and B lie on a circle with centre C, as shown in the diagram. The point 4 has coordinates (3, 7) and the point B has coordinates (5,1). Mis the midpoint of the line segment 4B. ‘The line f passes through the points MM and C a Find an equation for L (4 marks) Given that the x-coordinate of Cis -2: b find an equation of the circle (4 marks) € find the area of the triangle ABC. (3 marks) 45 Peer COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (., ») PLANE 18 The circle Chas equation (x - 3)? + (7 +3)’ = 5: ‘The baselines J, and fare tangents to the circle and have gradient $ a Find the points of intersection, P and Q, of the tangents and the circle (6 marks) Find the equations of lines /, and /,, giving your answers in the form ax+ hy +¢= (@ marks) 19 The circle Chas equation x? + 6x + J’ The lines /, and dsare tangents to the cirle They intersect at the point R(O, 6). a Find the equations of lines J; and fs, giving your answers in the form y = myx +b, (6 marks) b Find the points of intersection, P and Q, of the tangents and the circle (4 marks) ¢ Find the area of quadrilateral APRO. (2 marks) The circle Chas a centre at (6, 9) and a radius of 150, The line J, with equation x + y — 21 =0 intersects the citele at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of the point P and the point Q. (5 marks) b Find the equations of fs and 4s, the tangents at the points P and Q respectively (4 marks) € Find the equation of J, the perpendicular bisector of the chord PO. (4 marks) 4 Show that the two tangents and the perpendicular bisector intersect and find the coordinates of , the point of intersection. (2 marks) € Calculate the area of the kite 4PRO. (3 marks) © 21 Theine a Find the coordinates of 4 and B b Find the coordinates of the midpoint of AB. ¢ Find the equation of the circle that passes through 4, B and O, where O is the origin, 3x + 12 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. GP) 22 The points A(-3, -2), B(-6, 0) and C(1, q) lie on the circumference of a circle such that BAC = 90", a Find the value of g. (4 marks) b Find the equation of the circle. (4 marks) Cas Le baal aie 23. The points R(—4, 3), S(7, 4) and 718, ~7) lie on the circumference of a circle, a Show that RT's the diameter of the circle. (4 marks) b Find the equation of the cirele. (4 marks) @ 24 The points A(-4, 0), 4, 8) and C16, 0) ie on the circumference of circle C. Find the equation ofthe circle @® 25 The points 4(-7, 7), Bl, 9), C3, 1) and D{-7, 1) leon a circle. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of: i AB ii CD b Find the equation of the circle, ‘The circle with equation (x ~5)* + (y~ 3)" = 20 with centre A CREATIMTY intersects the circle with equation (x ~ 10)°+ (y ~ 8)°= 10 with centre B at the points Pand Q. 8 Find the equation ofthe line containing the points P and inthe form ax + hy +e=0, 1b Find the coordinates of the points P and Q. © Find the area of the kite APBQ. Summary of key points 1. The midpoint of a line segment with endpoints Gp) and (xy. is (“5875 22), 2 The perpendicular bisector of a line segment 4Bis the straight line that is perpendicular to ABand passes through the midpoint of 48. B 1 IF the gradient of 4B is m ‘then the gradient ofits perpendicular bisector, ipo wate, 7 Pair) Cee eed 10 The equation of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius ris x2 +? The equation of the circle with centre (a, b) and radius ris (x — a)? + (y— BYP = 72 The equation of a circle can be given in the form: x? +324 2fie + 2av + This circle has centre (-f,~g) and radius yj? + e?—¢ straight line can intersect a circle once, by just touching onepointot _yq, no points of the circle, or twice, Not all straight lines will intersect a intersection, ae given circle - vo points of ‘tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle at the point of intersection y fangent The perpendicular bisector of a chord will go through the centre of a circle, + If ZPRQ =90° then R lies on the circle with diameter PO. z + The angle in a semicircle is always a right angle ° o To find the centre ofa circle given any three points + Find the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of two different chords ccs + Find the coordinates of intersection of the bisector intersect. perpendicular bisectors. eect a Se After completing this chapter you should be able to © Sketch graphs of the form y= a and transformations of these graphs > pages 50-52 Recognise the elationship between exponents and logarithms “> pages 52-54 Recall and apply the laws of logarithms + pases 56 Solve equations of the form a: = > pages 56-58 Change the base ofa logarithm > pages 58-59 Prior knowledge check Given that x = 3 and y = 1, evaluate these expressions without a calculator, as by 621 dT @ 1s ‘International GCSE Mathematics Simplify these expressions, writing each answer asa single power. aches byx Gy ¢ 2X2 2 © Pure1 Section 1. dvxt Plot the following data on a scatter graph and draw line of best fit gala Sane Coles Logarithms are used to report and compare earthquakes, Both the Richter Determine the gradient and intercept of your eer eteene ert line of best ft, giving your answers to one . magnitude scale use base 10 decimal place. : logarithms to express the International GCSE Mathematics Bee cate ize of seismic activity. y | 58 | 74 | 94 [103 [ize Peace) Bey ere aIL Ls Functions of the form f(s) = a, where ais a constant, are called exponential functions. You should become familiar with these functions and the shapes of their graphs. For an example, look at a table of values of y c= In the expression 2% ej | -2 {at o | aj} 2 | 3 “scan be called an index, a power yfei:ilz:fotet«tfes pearersorane’ The value of 2 tends towards 0 as x decreases, and CED recat inet 2" 1 ond nat grows without limit as x increases. The graph of y= 2 isa smooth curve that looks lke this: ie Be ‘© Pure 1 Section 1.4 a On the same axes sketch the graphs of y= 3%, y= 2" and y= 15% 4)" and y b On another set of axes sketch the graphs of y twhenx=0. —t @ For all three graphs, y = When x > 0, 3° > 2° > 1.5% When x < 0,3" < 2° < 1.5% b The graph of y = (3)" ts a reflection in the ais of the graph of yea BT eee mIL LS Par) TW) = (then y= fer 3) SS The graph ip 3 translation of the graph IFyou have to sketch the graph of an unfamiliar y= (2)" by the vector (3) function, try writing it as a transformation of a familiar function ‘= Pure 1 Section 6.6 The graph crosses the y-ayis when y= y=8 The graph crosses the y-asis at (0, 8) rae 8 Wt EE sess 1a Draw an accurate graph of y =(1.7)',for4< x <4, b Use your graph to solve the equation (1.7)" = 4. 2a Draw an accurate graph of y = (0.6)', for —4 0, € The graph of y= a*, where a is a positive real number, never crosses the x-axis, § The function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 3*, x € R. On the same axes, sketch the graphs of: fix b y=2n) ay Write down the coordinates of the point where each graph crosses the y-axis, and give the equations of any asymptotes, Sea ® 6 The graph of y= ker passes through the Substitute the coordinates into ym keto create points (1, 6) and (4, 48). Find the values two simultaneous equations. Use division to of the constants k and a, eliminate one of the two unknowns. Bey ere aIL Ls pg* passes through the points (-3, 150) and (2, 0.048), a By drawing a sketch or otherwise, explain why 0 aiven © (0.2)'= 0.008 000.000 2. Rewrite using a power. b logs25=2 € Loge 100000 = 5 a log: 16 4 log 0.2 3 Without using a calculator, find the value of a log,8 b logs 25 log, 10000000 4 ogy: 12 © logs729 £ logevT0 g log, (0.25) Bh loga.2s 16 1 log, (a) j log: 4 Without using a calculator, find the value of x for which a logsx=4 b log. 81=2 € log; @ log,(x-1)=3 e log (4x4 1)=4 ff log,Qx)=2 5 Use your ealeulator to evaluate these logarithms to three decimal places 103,230 b log,33 € loge 1020 4 log.3 Ey Par) Seu eus ALLS} © 6 a Without using a calculator, justify why the value q@D ns of log, 50 must be between 5 and 6, Maa HEL eee b Use a calculator to find the exact value of log, 50 to 4 significant figures. 7a Find the values of: i log,2 fi logs3 iii logy, 17 b Explain why log,a has the same value for all positive values of a (a # 1). 8 a Find the values of: i logy ii log; 1 i logir1 b Explain why log, I has the same value for all positive values of « (a # 1). BD Laws of logarithms Expressions involving more than one logarithm can often be rearranged or simplified. For instance: log, =m and log, y = Take two logarithms with the same base Rewrite these expressions using powers fx ef? = a"e"_____ Multiply these powers x= a" and y=a" x log, xy =m +n=l0g,.x+ log, —— Rewrite your result using logarithms This result is one of the laws of logarithms. You can use similar methods to prove two further laws = The laws of logarithms: ication taw) ENED You need io learn * loge + logy =log,xy (the mu ne = Peete ; these thee laws of logarithms, + og, ~logay =o, (*) (the division taw) ; y and the special cases below. + log. (04) = log, (the power law) as ™ You should also learn to recognise the following special cases: + tog.(2) =log,(-)=—log,x (the power law when k= ~1) * loga=1 (a>0,a71) * log,1=0 (a>0,a71) Write as a single logarithm, a log)6 + log,7 b log; 15 = log, 3 ¢ 2log,3 + 3logs2 Logio3 - logio(4} Flags 42 b logatt5 +3)

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