Crop Protection 2

Approaches and Practices in

Pest Management
Clarisse J. Torayno
MS Entomology (candidate)
Faculty, DPSS
2nd Semester 2023-2024

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 Criteria for Grading Transmutation Table
Passing Mark (%): 60 MPS % Equivalent Final Grade Description
97-100 99-100 1.00
Lecture Requirements (%) 60
93-96 96-98 1.25 Excellent
Reading Assignment 20 89-92 93-95 1.50
Assignment 15 85-88 90-92 1.75
Very good
Quizzes 25 80-84 87-89 2.00
Major Examinations 40 75-79 84-86 2.25 Above
subtotal 100 70-74 81-83 2.50 Average
Laboratory Requirement (%) 40
65-69 78-80 2.75 Average
Laboratory Quizzes 10 60-64 75-77 3.00 Passing
Laboratory Report/Outputs 40
Problem Sets 55-59 < 75 4.00 Conditional
< 54 5.00 Failing
Practical Examination 50
subtotal 100 INC Incomplete
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TOTAL 100
DRP Dropped
Chapter 1 : Topic Outline
1. Goals and Concept
2. Management Strategies
3. History, evolution and definition of Integrated Pest Management
4. Principles of IPM

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Chapter 1 : Objectives

1. Recognized the importance of IPM in Agriculture

2. Review the basic principles of IPM
3. Explain the Concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

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 The Concept of IPM
Goals and Scope
IPM emphasizes on the following:
a) Safe for farmers and consumers
b) Cost-effective, easy to adopt & integrated with other crop
protection practices
c) Durable & without adverse environmental consequences
d) Used w/ ecosystems as the ecological focus 5
Safe for farmers and consumers
Cost-effective, easy to adopt & integrated with
other crop protection practices

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Durable & without adverse environmental
consequences

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Used with ecosystems as
the ecological focus

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 The Concept of IPM
Management Strategies & Tactics
Pest Management Strategy
➢ is the overall plan to eliminate or alleviate a real perceived pest problem
➢ strategy depends on the particular life system of the pest & crop involved.
➢ Aim to reduce the pest status

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 Pest Management Strategy
1. Do nothing
2. Reduce Pest Population Numbers
3. Reduce Crop Susceptibility to pest injury
4. Combined Reduced Population Numbers
with Reduced crop susceptibility

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 Pest Management Strategy

• Do nothing • When pest densities are

below the economic
• Reduce Pest Population threshold
Numbers
• Sampling (Surveillance) is
• Reduce Crop Susceptibility to required
pest injury
• Combined Reduced Population
Numbers with Reduced crop
susceptibility
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 Pest Management Strategy
• Reduce insect numbers to
• Do nothing
alleviate or prevent
• Reduce Pest Population problems
Numbers • Therapeutic manner when
• Reduce Crop Susceptibility to densities reach the
pest injury economic threshold level
• Combined Reduced Population • Preventive manner
Numbers with Reduced crop based on a history
susceptibility
problems 13
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General Equilibrium
Position (GEP) Severe:
- Lower GEP
a) Reduce the environmental carrying capacity (the
maximum number a given environment will support for a
sustained period)
• ex. Reduce the favorableness of the habitat
b) Reduce the inherited reproductive or survival
potentials of populations
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 Pest Management Strategy
•Rely on changes made in the host plant
• Do nothing or animal that render it less
• Reduce Pest Population susceptible to an otherwise
Numbers damaging pest
population(tolerance)
• Reduce Crop Susceptibility to •Improving plant vitality through
pest injury fertilizer application & changing
• Combined Reduced Population planting dates to upset the
Numbers with Reduced crop synchrony between a pest & a
susceptibility
susceptible plant stage 16
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 Pest Management Strategy
• Combines objectives of all
• Do nothing previously mentioned
strategies to produce a pest
• Reduce Pest Population management program with
Numbers several tactics.
• Reduce Crop Susceptibility to • Pest control using a single tactic
is subject to failure, either
pest injury gradually or abruptly.
• Combined Reduced Population • The use of multiple strategies
Numbers with Reduced crop & tactics is a basic principle in
susceptibility
IPM programs. 18
 Management Rules
✓ Know your crop
✓ Know your pests
✓ Understand that an ecosystem is a management unit
✓ Maximize the use of non-chemical methods of pest control
✓ That any control tactic may produce undesirable or unexpected effects
✓ The presence of pestiferous organism in a crop does not necessarily
constitute pest problem but requires monitoring of the population levels
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 Features of IPM
• Combines 2 or more compatible & harmonious control tactics
• Considers high yield & profit (least input costs)
• Gives importance to the safety
• Reduce frequency of pest outbreaks
• Emphasis on management rather than control
• Not static concept but rather Dynamic
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History and Evolution of Pest Management

I. Early Pest Control (Pre-Historic Times to The Renaissance)

▪ 10,000 years ago – development of agriculture
▪ mysticism or superstition –early pest control
(e.g. offering to God, ritual dance)
Ritual Dance
▪ 2500 B.C. – Sumerians used sulfur compounds
to control insects and mites
Offering to God
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 Landmarks in the History of Agricultural Pest Mgt

Period Era of Traditional Approaches (Pre-IPM ERA)

Ancient - Chinese used wood ash for the control of insect pests in closed spaces
- Used ants as biological control of stored grain & foliage feeding insects
- Neem leaves placed in grain bins to keep away pests
- Middle and Near East, powder of chrysanthemum flowers used as insecticide
1762 Myna (bird) from india for control of locust in Mauritius
1782 “Underhill” variety of wheat, resistant to Hessian fly in the USA
1831 “Winter Majetin” variety of apple, resistant to woolly aphid in the USA
1855 A. Fitch reported the role of ladybird beetles, green lacewings & other predacious
insects in the control of insect pests of crops

1858 Pyrethrum first used for insect control in the USA

1889 Use of Vedalia Beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) (Australia) for the control of cottony cushion
scale on citrus(USA) 24
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Cont.
Pest outbreaks during Agricultural Revolution
1840s – Potato late blight in Ireland, England, Belgium
1950s – Powdery mildew of grapes in Europe
– leaf spot of coffee caused by fungi, which caused Ceylon to
switch from coffee production to tea cultivation
1948-1878 – invasion of American insect (grape phylloxera) in the Europe
which nearly put an end to the wine industry in France

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 Period Era of Pesticides (1939-1975)
1939 -Insecticidal properties of DDT reported by Paul Muller
- Bacillus thuringiensis used as a microbial insecticide

The revolutionizing of pest control by DDT and other synthetic

organic pesticides
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
➢developed by Paul Muller (Swiss Chemist)
➢manufactured by Geigy Chemical Company, Switzerland
➢became the solution of all pest problem
➢led to the complacency on the part of scientists, policy makers, extension
workers, industry and farmers to abandon traditional practices. 26
Cont.
1940s-1960s – also known as the period of “DARK AGES” of pest control
Why?
1. Other control measures were not even considered for further research by
the agricultural scientists
2. Farmers not adopting the calendar-based preventative pesticide schedules
3. Resulted in resistance and the resurgence of pests, pesticide residue
problems, and secondary pest outbreak
4. Farmers sprayed more and more pesticides without achieving the desired
results. 27
Pesticide Resistance Pest Resurgence

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Pesticide Resistance Pest Resurgence

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Pesticide Resistance Pest Resurgence

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 Period Era of Pesticides (1939-1975)
1948 “Doom” based on Bacillus popilliae & Bacillus lentimobus, for the control of Japanese
beetle larvae on turf

1962 Publication of the book “Silent Spring”, by Rachel Carson, dramatized the impact of the
misuse & overuse of pesticides on the environment

Originally she planned on using the

title “Silent Spring” for a chapter on
effects of pesticides on birds but
eventually, in 1962, this title was used
for the entire book.
By 1960, Rachel was already fighting
breast cancer yet she persevered with
publication of her book although she
knew that unpleasantness would
certainly follow publication.
Published by Houghton Mifflin on
September 27, 1962 31
 Period Era of Pesticides (1939-1975)
1964 Publication of the book “Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, by Paul
DeBack, which established biological control as a separate discipline in entomology

1975 - Elcar (Helicoverpa nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) registered for the control of boll-worm
& tobacco budworm on cotton
-First insect growth regulator (Methoprene) registered for commercial use in USA

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 Period Era of IPM (1976 onwards)
1992 - Concept of environmental economic injury levels proposed by L.P. Pedigo and L.G.
Higley
-Dr. Edward F. Knipling and Dr. Raymond C. Bushland were awarded the World Food
Prize for developing sterile-insect technique

1994 A Task Force consisting of FAO, the World Bank, UNDP and UNEP cosponsored the
establishment of the Global IPM Facility with the Secretariat located at FAO, Rome

1995 Dr. Hans R. Herren was awarded the World Food Prize for developing and
implementing the world’s largest biological control project for cassava mealy bug, which
had almost destroyed the entire cassava crop of Africa

1996 Insect resistant transgenic (Bt) cotton, maize and potato were commercialized in the
USA
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2002 Bt cotton approved for commercialization in India

Development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
A. “Supervised Control” by Entomologists at the University of California
(USA)
➢ routine field monitoring of pest populations and their natural enemies
and who would prescribe to the grower what, if any, control action was
needed
B. “Integrated Control”
➢ combined and integrate biological and chemical control based on
economic threshold concepts
Cont.
C. Integrated Pest Management by Smith and van den Bosch
➢ the ‘farmers’ best use of a mix of control tactics that are biologically,
environmentally, economically, socially and culturally acceptable
➢ Finally recognized by the US National Academy of Sciences

Development of IPM resulted to the banning of many synthetic

pesticides (e.g. DDT –1970s banned in United States)

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Integrated Pest Management

Integration - harmonious utilization of several methods to

control a single or various pests as well as the impacts of
multiple pests

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Example of Cultural + Biological Control

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 References
1. Shankar, U. and Abrol, D.P. 2012. History, Overview and Principles of Ecologically-
based Pest Management. In Shankar, U. and Abrol, D.P. (eds). Integrated Pest
Management: Principles and Practices. CAB International. London, United Kingdom.
pp 1-27.
2. Flint, M.L. and van den Bosch, R. 1949. Introduction to Integrated Pest Management.
Plenum Press. New York. pp.51-82.
3. Peshin, R., Bandral, R.S., Zhang, W., Wilson, L. and Dhawan, A.K. 2009. Integrated
Pest Management: A Global Overview of History, Programs and Adoption. In:
Peshin, R and Dhawan, A.K (eds). Integrated Pest Management Innovation-
Development Process. Springer Dordrecht. pp. 1-49.

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 Thank you!

Compiled by:
Crop Protection Faculty
DPSS, CAA

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