Direct Design Method

for Two-way Slab

Analysis
 Direct Design Method

1. Introduction:-
The direct design method consists of a set of rules for distributing moments to slab
and beam sections in a two-way slab system.

2. Limitations on use of Direct Design method (ACI 13.6.1):-

(i) Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each direction (3 × 3 panel).
(ii) Rectangular panels with long span/short span ≤ 2.
(iii)Successive span in each direction shall not differ by more than 1/3 the longer
span.
(iv) Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building by up to 0.1
times the span parallel to the offset (figure 01).
.

l
0.1l

Figure 01: Column offset at a distance of 0.1l from the basic rectangular grid.

(v) All loads must be due to gravity only (N/A to un-braced laterally loaded frames,
mats or pre-stressed slabs).
(vi) Service (unfactored) live load ≤ 2 (service dead load).
(vii)For panels with beams between supports on all sides, relative stiffness of the
beams in the two perpendicular directions:
 l122
 2l12
Shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0.

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 Direct Design Method

Where α is the ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of width
of slab bounded laterally by centerlines of adjacent panels (if any) on each side of the
beam.
flexural stiffness of beam
=
flexural stiffness of slab
4Ecb Ib / l 4Ecb Ib
= =
4Ecs Is / l 4Ecs Is
Ecb = Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
Esb = Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
Ib = Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
Is = Moment of inertia of uncracked slab
The width of slab is bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent panels on each side of
the beam (figure 02).

hw< 4hf bw+ 2hw< bw+ 8hf

hf hf
hw hw
bw

(a) Section for Ib(Edge beam) (c) Section for Ib(Interior beam)

(b) Section for Is (Edge beam) (d) Section for Is (Interior beam)

Figure 02: Ib and Is in case of interior and exterior beams.

3. Definitions related to Direct Design Method:-

(i) Frames: Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two directions.
(ii) Panel (ACI 13.2.3): A panel is bounded by column, beam, or wall centerlines on
all sides. A panel includes all flexural elements between column centerlines.

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 Direct Design Method

l1 l1 l1

Exterior Frame EW1

ne a
l

P
l
Interior Frame EW2 2

ln
N

l2
Half middle strip
ri
0.25l1 or 0.25l2 Column Inte ame
(Whichever is less) strip oFrr 3
EW
Middle
l2
strip
eri
0.25l1 or 0.25l2 Column strip Ext me
ofrra
(Whichever is less) 4
EW
(a)

l1

ln l1

Exterio r Interior Interior Exterior l1

frame frame frame frame
NS1 NS2 NS3 NS4
l

(b)
Figure 03: Slab system divided into EW and NS frames.

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 Direct Design Method

(iii)Column Strip (ACI 13.2.1): Column strip is a design strip with a width on each
side of a column centerline equal to 0.25l2 or 0.25l1, whichever is less. Column strip
includes beams, if any.
(iv) l1: l1 is the length of span in direction that moments are being determined, measured
center-to-center of supports.
(v) l2: l2 is the length of span transverse to l1, measured center-to-center of supports.
(vi) Middle strips (ACI 13.2.2): Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column
strips.

4. Distribution of Moments:-
(i) Total static Moment, Mo (ACI 13.6.2): The total static moment for a span length
ln and width l2 of a given frame is given by ACI equation 13-3 as:
w l l2
M0 = u 2 n
(ACI 13 - 3)
8
Where,

wu = Factored load per unit area.

ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are being determined,
measured face-to-face of supports.
l2 = As defined above. However, two exceptional cases as defined by ACI
are given below:
ACI 13.6.2.3 — where the transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline
of supports varies, l2 in Eq. (13-3) shall be taken as the average of adjacent
transverse spans.
ACI 13.6.2.4 — when the span adjacent and parallel to an edge is being
considered, the distance from edge to panel centerline shall be substituted for l2 in
Eq. (13-3).
ln is defined by ACI as given below:
ACI 13.6.2.5 — clear span ln shall extend from face to face of columns, capitals,
brackets, or walls. Value of ln used in Eq. (13-3) shall not be less than 0.65l1.
Circular or regular polygon shaped supports shall be treated as square supports
with the same area.

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 Direct Design Method

ACI R13.6.2.5 — if a supporting member does not have a rectangular cross

section or if the sides of the rectangle are not parallel to the spans, it is to be treated
as a square support having the same area, as illustrated in Fig. R13.6.2.5.

Figure 04: Equivalent square section for supporting members, ACI fig 13.6.2.5.

(ii) Longitudinal Distribution of Static Moment (ACI 13.6.3): For a typical interior
panel, the total static moment is divided into positive moment 0.35Mo and negative
moment of 0.65Mo.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is dependent on the type of restraint
at the outside edge.
ACI table 13.6.3.3 as shown in figure 05 of this document can be used for
longitudinal distribution. Alternatively, figure 06 of this document can also be used.

Figure 05: Table for longitudinal distribution of static moment in exterior

panel.

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 Direct Design Method

First
Exterior Interior Interior

1 No restraint

2 Full restraint

3 Slab with
beam between
supports

4 Edge beam
only (no other
beam)

5 No beams

Figure 06: Longitudinal moment distribution.

Note that the longitudinal moment values mentioned are for the entire width of the
equivalent building frame i.e., the width of two half column strips and two half-
middle strips of adjacent panels.

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 Direct Design Method

(iii)Transverse or Lateral distribution of Longitudinal Moments:-

Tables 13.6.4.1, 13.6.4.2 and 13.6.4.4 of the ACI as given in figure 08 are used to
assign moments to column strip. The remaining moments are assigned to middle
strip in accordance with ACI 13.6.3. Beams between supports shall be proportioned
to resist 85 percent of column strip moments if α1l2/l1 {Where l2 shall be taken as
full span length irrespective of frame location (exterior or interior)} is equal to or
greater than 1.0 (ACI 13.6.5.1). As an alternative the ACI tables mentioned above
for the assignment of moments to column strips, figure 09 can also be used.
Moreover, figure 10 of this document illustrates the summary of lateral distribution
of moments for slab system without beams.
Transverse distribution of the longitudinal moments to middle and column strips is
a function of the ratio of length (l2/l1), α1, and βt.
Where,
βt = the ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section to flexural stiffness
of a width of slab equal to span length of beam, center-to-center of
supports.
If there is no edge beam, βt is taken equal to zero. If there is edge beam, βt is
calculated as follows.
EcbC
t =
2Ecs Is

Where, C is the torsional constant of the edge beam. This is roughly equal to the
polar moment of inertia of edge beam and is given as:
C =∑[1–0.63{x/y}×x3y/3] = [1 – 0.63{x1/y1}×x 13y1/3] + [1 – 0.63{x2/y2}×x23y2/3]
Where, “x” is the shorter side of the rectangle and “y” is the longer one.
Slab
y2

y1 x2

x1
Beam
Figure 07: Cross-section of torsional member (edge beam) for calculation of βt.

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 Direct Design Method

Figure 08: Lateral distribution.

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 Direct Design Method

Figure 09: Graph A4, for transverse distribution of longitudinal

moments.

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 Direct Design Method

l2 l2 /2

l1/4 or l2 /4
(whichever
is smaller)
l2 /2
l2

Exterior panel Interior panel Interior panel

Mp= Mp=
Panel moment

Mne= 0.26Mo Mni = 0.70Mo Mni = 0.65Mo Mni = 0.65Mo

Column strip

(-0.26Mo ) (-0.525M o) (-0.49Mo) (-0.49Mo )

100% 75% 75% 75%

Middle strip

0 (-0.175M o) (-0.16Mo) (-0.16Mo )

25% 25% 25%

Figure 10: Summary of longitudinal & lateral distribution for slabs without
beams.

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 Direct Design Method

5. Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way construction (ACI 9.5.3):-

The definitions of the terms are: -
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams.
ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are being determined, measured
face-to-face of supports.
β = ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two-way slabs.
αm = average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel.
a. For 0.2 ≤ αm ≤ 2:

But not less than 5 in. fy in psi.

b. For αm > 2:

But not less than 3.5 in. fy in psi.

c. For αm < 0.2, use the ACI table 9.5 (c), reproduced in figure 11 of this document.

Figure 11: Table for minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams.

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 Direct Design Method

Additionally, slab systems with αm < 0.2 shall also fulfill the following requirements:
• For slabs without drop panels meeting ACI 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
hmin = 5 in
• For slabs with drop panels meeting ACI 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
hmin = 4 in
ACI 13.3.7.1 — Drop panel shall extend in each direction from centerline of support
a distance not less than one-sixth the span length measured from center-to-center of
supports in that direction.
ACI 13.3.7.2 — Projection of drop panel below the slab shall be at least one-quarter
the slab thickness beyond the drop.

6. Max Spacing and Min Reinforcement requirement of the ACI code:

• One way slab (ACI 7.6.5 & 7.12.2.2):
➢ Main Reinforcement = 3 hf, or 18 in whichever is less (hf = slab thickness)
➢ Temp reinforcement = 5 hf or 18 in whichever is less.
• Two way slab (ACI 13.3.2):
➢ 2 hf in each direction.
• Min Reinforcement in all cases (ACI 7.12.2.1):
➢ 0.0018 b hf for grade 60.
➢ 0.002 b hf for grade 40 and 50.
7. Detailing of flexural reinforcement for column supported two-way slabs:
• For protection of the steel against damage from fire or corrosion, at least 3/4 in.
concrete cover must be maintained.
• Because of the stacking that results when bars are placed in perpendicular layers,
the inner steel will have an effective depth 1 bar diameter less than the outer steel.
• In case of two way slabs supported on sufficiently stiff beams with α l2/l1 greater
than 1.0, curvatures and moments in the short direction are greater than in the long
direction of a rectangular panel, therefore short-direction bars are normally placed
closer to the top or bottom surface of the slab, with the larger effective depth d, and
long-direction bars are placed inside these, with the smaller d.

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 Direct Design Method

• In the case of flat plates/slabs, it is clear that the middle-strip positive moments (for
example) are larger in the long direction than the short direction, exactly the
opposite of the situation for the slab with stiff beams. In the column strips, positive
and negative moments are larger in the long than in the short direction. On this
basis, the designer is led to place the long-direction negative and positive bars, in
both middle and column strips, closer to the top or bottom surface of the slab,
respectively, with the larger effective depth.
• If column-line beams are added and if their stiffness is progressively increased for
comparative purposes, it will be found that the short-direction slab moments
gradually become dominant, although the long-direction beams carry larger
moments than the short-direction beams.
• The best guide in specifying steel placement order in areas where stacking occurs
is the relative magnitudes of design moments obtained from analysis for a particular
case, with maximum d provided for the bars resisting the largest moment. No firm
rules can be given. For square slab panels, many designers calculate the required
steel area based on the average effective depth, thus obtaining the same bar size and
spacing in each direction.
• In case of DDM standard bar cut off points from figure 13 of this document are
used as recommended in ACI code, figure 13.3.8.
• ACI 13.3.8.5 requires that all bottom bars within the column strip in each direction
be continuous or spliced with Class A splices (1.0 ld, For development length see
ACI 12.2.3 or Nelson 13th Ed, page 172 chapter 5) or mechanical or welded splices.
At least two of the column strip bars in each direction must pass within the column
core and must be anchored at exterior supports (ACI 13.3.8.5).

8. Reinforcement at exterior corners:

• Reinforcement should be provided at exterior corners in both the bottom and top of
the slab, for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to one-fifth the longer
span of the corner panel as shown in figure 12, below.
• The reinforcement at the top of the slab should be parallel to the diagonal from the
corner, while that at the bottom should be perpendicular to the diagonal.

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 Direct Design Method

• Alternatively, either layer of steel may be placed in two bands parallel to the sides
of the slab. The positive and negative reinforcement, in any case, should be of a
size and spacing equivalent to that required for the maximum positive moment in
the panel, according to ACI 13.3.6.

Figure 12: Reinforcement at exterior corners of slab

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 Direct Design Method

Figure 13: ACI fig 13.3.8.

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 Direct Design Method

Design Pb.1: Design the slab shown below (Follow the Direct Design Method for the
slab analysis).
Data Given:
A 75′ × 60′ building, divided into nine (9) panels using beams supported at their ends
on columns. Each panel is 20′ × 25′.
fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
Height of building = 10′
Column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
Live load = 144 psf

7" l1 = 25'-0" l1 = 25'-0" l1 = 25'-0"

5' Half column strip

l2 = 10'-7" 5' Half middle strip

5' Half middle strip 20'-0"

5' Half column strip

0'
l2 = 2 5' Half column strip

5' Half middle strip

20'-0"

All beams All columns

14" x 20" 14" square
20'-0"

Figure 14: Given slab beam system.

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 Direct Design Method

Solution: -
Check if the slab system satisfies all the limitations for Direct Design Method.
1) There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
2) The panels must be rectangular, with the ratio of the longer to shorter spans
within a panel not greater than 2.
3) The successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than one
third of the longer span.
4) Loads must be due to gravity only and the service live load must not exceed 2
times the service dead load.
5) If beams are used on the column lines, the relative stiffness of the beam in the two
perpendicular directions, given by the ratio αl2/l1, must be in between 0.2 and 5.0.
6) Columns may be offset a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction of
the offset from either axis between centerlines of the successive columns.

Step No 1: Sizes for beams, slab and column.

• Beams: Let assume all beam sections equal to 14″ × 20″.
• Column: Let the column dimensions = 14″ × 14″.
• Slab Thickness: To find the minimum slab thickness, ACI equations (section
13.8) will be used which utilizes αm (average value of α for all beams on edges
of a panel). For this purpose, the relevant calculation is given in table 01.
Let assume slab thickness (hf) equal to 7″. Then,
• Effective width for beam: We can now calculate the effective width (beff) for
interior and edge beams according to ACI R13.2.4:
Effective flange projection = minimum of 4hf and hw
4hf = 4 × 7 =28″
hw = h – hf = 20 – 7 =13″
Therefore, effective flange projection = 13″
beff = bw + 2(Effective flange projection) = 14 + 2 × 13 = 40″
And, for edge beams:
beff = bw + (Effective flange projection) = 14 + 13 = 27″

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 Direct Design Method

hw< 4hf = 13" bw+ 2hw< bw+ 8hf = 40"

hf = 7" hf = 7"

hw= 13"
hw= 13"
bw= 14"
bw= 14"

Figure 15: Interior and edge beams sections.

Table 01: Moment of inertia of beams, slab and corresponding values of α.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Moment of Inertia of Moment of Inertia of
Slab α
Panel Panel slabs beams
height
Length Width Value
(hf) Value Value
(ft) (b) (ft) Notation Notation Notation (in4)
(in) (in4) (in4)
Col7/Col5
3
25 20 7 IIS25=bhf /12 6860 α INT25 2.7
IBINT = 2bwh3/12 18667
20 25 7 IIS20=bhf3/12 8575 α INT20 2.2
25 10.6 7 IES25=bhf3/12 3636 α EXT25 3.9
IBEXT = 1.5bwh3/12 14000
20 13.1 7 IES20=bhf3/12 4493 α EXT20 3.1

Note: -
IIS25 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 25′ long interior slab.
IES25 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 25′ long exterior slab.
IIS20 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 20′ long interior slab.
IES20 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 20′ long exterior slab.
IBINT = Moment of inertia of interior beam.
IBEXT = Moment of inertia of exterior beam.
α INT25 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI of 25′ long interior slab.
α EXT25 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to MOI of 25′ long exterior slab.
α INT20 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI of 20′ long interior slab.
α EXT20 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to MOI of 20′ long exterior slab
αm = (α INT25 + 2 × α INT20+ α EXT25)/4 {for panel A as shown in fig. 14}
= (2.7 + 2.2 + 2.2 + 3.9)/4 = 2.75
β = larger clear span / smaller clear span
= [{25 – (2 × (14/2)/12)}]/ [{20 – (2 × (14/2)/12)}] = 23.8 / 18.8 = 1.27

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 Direct Design Method

• According to given conditions, Since αm > 2, following equation applies:

h = ln {0.8+ (fy/200000)}/ (36 + 9 β) [ACI 9.5.3]
h = (23.8 × 12) × {0.8+ (60000/200000)}/ (36 + 9 × 1.27) = 6.63″ < 7″
Therefore hf = 7″ is O.K. If not then revise assumed thickness.
Step No 2: Load on slab.
Service Dead Load (D.L) = γslabhf = 0.15 × (7/12) = 0.0875 ksf
Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf
Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L = 1.2 × 0.0875 + 1.6 × 0.144 = 0.336 ksf
Step No 3: Analysis.
Though four frames are required to be analyzed for this specific slab system, only
two of the frames will be analyzed and designed for demonstration purpose. The
details are given in appendix A.
I. Analysis of E-W Interior Frame:
Step (A): Frame Data.
• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 25 – (2 × 14/2)/12 = 23.8′
• Width of frame = l2 = 20′
• Column strip width = (Shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4 = 5′
Step (B): Total static moment.
Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of frame)
= 0.336 × 20 × 23.82/8 = 476 ft-k
Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).
Table 02: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment.
Exterior span Interior span

25' 25'
Static Moment Mo (ft-k) 476 476
Exterior Interior
Section Positive Negative Positive Negative
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor,
0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
ACI 13.6.3 (D.F)
Longitudinal Moment
77 272 334 310 167 310
(L.M) = Mo x D.F

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 Direct Design Method

272 ft-k 272 ft-k

167 ft-k

77 ft-k
77 ft-k

310 ft-k 310ft-k

334 ft-k 334 ft-k

Figure 16: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)

Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).

βt calculation is as follows:
C = ∑ [(1- (0.63X/Y)X3Y/3]
C = {(1- (0.63 × 14/20)) x 143 × 20/3 + (1- (0.63 × 7/13)) × 73 × 13/3}= 11210
βt = C/ (2IIS25) = 11210/ (2 × 6860) = 0.81

Minimum of hw or 4hf =13"

20" hf =7"

14"

C = 11210

Figure 17: βt calculation.

Other terms required are:

α INT25 =2.7
l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8{l2 shall be taken as full span length irrespective of frame
location (exterior or interior)}
α INT25l2/l1 = 2.2
The values of column strip and middle strip moments obtained from lateral
distribution of longitudinal moments are given in table 03.

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 Direct Design Method

Table 03: Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment.

Column Strip Middle Strip
Column Strip Moment Beam Moment
Span Section Slab Moment Moments
(C.S.M) ft-k (M.D.S) ft-k
(C.S.S.M) ft-k (M.S.M) ft-k
Negative 0.81 x 310 = 252 0.85 x 252 = 214 0.15 x 252 = 38 0.19 x 310 = 58
Interior
Positive 0.81 x 167 =135 0.85 x 135 = 115 0.15 x 135 = 21 0.19 x 167 = 32
Interior
0.81 x 334 =271 0.85 x 271 = 230 0.15 x 271 = 41 0.19 x 334 = 63
negative
Exterior Positive 0.81 x 272 =220 0.85 x 220= 188 0.15 x 220 = 33 0.19 x 272 = 52
Exterior
0.93 x 77 =72 0.85 x 72 =61 0.15 x 72 = 11 0.07 x 77 = 5
negative
Note: Coefficients for lateral distribution have been taken from graph A.4 using αl2/l1, βt, and l2/l1.

Step (E): Moment transferred to beam B1.

Self weight of beam = γbeambwhw
= 0.15 × (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft
Moment due to self weight of beam B1 (M) = wuln2/8
= 0.24 × 23.82/8 = 17 ft-k

Table 04: Moment transferred to beam B1

Exterior span Interior span

25' 25'
Static Moment M of beam (ft-k) 17 17
Exterior Interior
Section Positive Negative Positive Negative
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor (D.F) 0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
Moment due to self weight
3 10 12 12 6 12
(MDSB) = M x D.F (ft-k)
Beam moment from slab (MDS)
61 188 230 214 115 214
(ft-k)
Total Moment (ft-k) 64 198 242 226 121 226

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 Direct Design Method

B4 B3 B3 B4
B2 B2
C1 C2 C2 C1

B1 B1
C3 C4 C4 C3

B1 B1
C3 C4 C4 C3

C1 C2 C2 C1
B2 B2
B4 B3 B3 B4
Figure 18: Beam and Column plan.

Step (F): Moment transferred to columns (ACI 13.6 9).

Exterior column (C3) moment = MDSB + LM .................................................. (A)
Where,
MDSB = moment due to self weight of beam as given in table 04.
LM = Longitudinal moment as given in table 02.
Exterior column (C3) moment = 3 + 77 = 80 ft-k
Interior column (C4) moment = MDSB(unbalanced)+(0.65/8){0.5wuLLl2ln2}…(B)
= (12–12)+(0.65/8) × {0.5 × (1.6 × 0.144) × 20 × 23.82}
= 106.3 ft-k
Step (G): Shear in beam B1 (ACI 13.6.8).
Tributary area (A) = 2 × (10 × 20/2) +5 × 20 =300 ft2
wub = wuslabA/l1 + Self weight of beam
= 0.336 × 300/ 25 + 0.24 = 4.27 k/ft
Vext = 46.17 k
Vcr, ext = 40.1 k
Vint = 60.59 k
Vcr, int = 54.52 k

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 Direct Design Method

64 k-ft 242 k-ft 226 k-ft

4.27 k/ft

25'
RDL 53.3 k 53.3 k 53.3 k

RDM 7.12 k 7.12 k

Total 46.17 k 113.89 k

Vcr, ext =40.1 k

Vext = 46.17 k 14.19'

1.42'
Vint = 60.59 k
10.81'
Vcr, int =54.52 k

45°
20'
B1 B1

10' 5' 10'

Figure 19: Load on Beam (B1).

II. Analysis of E-W Exterior Frame:

Step (A): Frame Data.
• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 25 – (2 × 14/2)/12 = 23.8′
• Width of frame = l2 = (20/2) + 14/(2 × 12) = 10.6′
• Column strip width = (shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4 = 5′
 Direct Design Method

Step (B): Total static moment.

Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of frame)
= 0.336 × 10.6 × 23.82/8 = 252 ft-k

Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).

Table 05: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment.

Exterior span Interior span

25' 25'
Static Moment Mo (ft-k) 252 252
Exterior Interior
Section Positive Negative Positive Negative
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor(D.F) 0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
Longitudinal Moment
40 144 176 164 88 164
(L.M) = Mo x D.F

144 ft-k 144 ft-k

88 ft-k

40 ft-k
40 ft-k

164 ft-k 164ft-k

176 ft-k 176 ft-k

Figure 20: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)

Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).

α EXT25 = 3.9
l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8 {l2 shall be taken as full span length irrespective of frame
location (exterior or interior)}
α EXT25l2/l1 = 3.12
 Direct Design Method

Table 06: Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment.

Column Strip Column Strip Middle Strip
Beam Moment
Span Section Moment (C.S.M) Slab Moment Moments
(M.D.S) ft-k
ft-k (C.S.S.M) ft-k (M.S.M) ft-k

Negative 0.81 x 164 = 133 0.85 x 133= 113 0.15 x 133 = 20 0.19 x 164 = 31
Interior
Positive 0.81 x 88 =71 0.85 x 71 = 61 0.15 x 71 = 11 0.19 x 88 = 17
Interior
0.81 x 176=143 0.85 x 144= 121 0.15 x 144 = 22 0.19 x 176 = 33
negative
Exterior Positive 0.81 x 144 =117 0.85 x 117= 99 0.15 x 117 = 18 0.19 x 144= 27
Exterior
0.88 x 40 =35 0.85 x 35 =30 0.15 x 35 = 5 0.12 x 40 = 5
negative
Note: Coefficients for lateral distribution have been taken from graph A.4, using αl2/l1, βt, and l2/l1.

Note: ACI 13.6.5.1 states that “Beams between supports shall be proportioned to
resist 85 percent of column strip moments if α1l2/l1 is equal to or greater than 1.0”.

Where, βt calculation for 10.06′ width of slab strip is given below:

C = ∑ [{1- (0.63X/Y)}X3Y/3]
C = {(1- (0.63× 14/20)) × 143 × 20/3 + (1- (0.63 × 7/13)) × 73 × 13/3}= 11210
βt = C/ (2IES25) = 11210/ (2 × 3636) = 1.54

Minimum of hw or 4hf =13"

20" hf =7"

14"

C = 11210
Figure 21: βt calculation.

Step (E): Moment transferred to beam.

Self weight of beam = γbeambwhw = 0.15 × (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft
Moment due to self weight of beam (M) = wuln2/8 = 0.24 × 23.82/8 = 17 ft-k
 Direct Design Method

Table 07: Moment transferred to beam (B2)

Exterior span Interior span

25' 25'
Static Moment M of beam (ft-k) 17 17
Exterior Interior
Section Positive Negative Positive Negative
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor (D.F) 0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
Moment due to self weight
3 10 12 12 6 12
(MDSB) = M x D.F
Beam moment from slab (MDS) 30 99 121 113 61 113
Total T.M 33 109 132 125 67 125

Step (F): Moment transferred to columns

Exterior column (C1) moment = MDSB + L.M.................................................. (A)
=3 + 40 = 43 ft-k
Interior column (C2) moment = MDSB(unbalanced)+(0.65/8){0.5wuLLl2ln2}…(B)
= (12 – 12)+ (0.65/8) × {0.5 × (1.6 × 0.144) ×10.6 × 23.82}
= 56.29 ft-k

Step (G): Shear in beam (B2).

Tributary area (A) = 2 × (10 × 10/2) + 5 × 10 =150 ft2
wub = wuslabA/l1 + Self weight of beam
= 0.336 × 150/25 + 0.24 = 2.256 k/ft
Vext = 24.24 k
Vcr, ext = 21 k
Vint = 32.16 k
Vcr, int = 28.9 k
 Direct Design Method

33 k-ft 132 k-ft 125 k-ft

2.256 k/ft

RDL 28.2 k 28.2 k 28.2 k

RDM 3.96 k 3.96 k

Total 24.24 k 60.36 k

Vcr, ext =21.0 k

Vext =24.24 k 14.26'

1.42'
Vint =32.16 k
10.74'
Vcr, int =28.9k

B2 B2

Figure 22: Load on Beam (B2).

 Direct Design Method

Step No 4: Design.
(1) Design of slab strips.
A. E-W Interior slab strip:

d = 5.5"
hf = 7"

Direction along 25' length.

Figure 23: Section of slab at E-W interior strip.

ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6″
dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4 bar)
Asmin = 0.0018bhf (for fy = 60 ksi) = 0.0018 × 12 × 7 = 0.151 in2 (ρmin = 0.0023, in
terms of actual effective depth)
Now, Equation used to calculate (ρ) in (table 1.4) is as follows:
Mu = Φfyρbdl2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′) = 0.9 × 60 × ρ × 12 × 5.52 × {1-0.59 x ρ x 60/4}
After solving the above equation for ρ, we get:
ρ = [19602 ± √{(196022) - (4 x 173477.7 x Mu′ x 12)}]/2(173477.7)…….(A)

Table 08: Slab Design.

Mu (ft-k)
Frame Mu′ = ρ (eqn As = ρ x b x d Bar Spacing =
Location Section b (in) d (in) (Table Recommended
Span Mu x 12/b A) (in2) taken b x Ab/As
1.3)
Column negative 106 5.5 38 4.30 0.0027 1.57 #4 13.48 9
Strip
Moment Positive 106 5.5 21 2.38 0.0023 1.34 #4 15.81 12
Interior
Middle negative 120 5.5 58 5.90 0.0037 2.47 #4 9.73 9
Strip
Moment Positive 120 5.5 32 3.20 0.0023 1.52 #4 15.81 12
Interior
106 5.5 41 4.64 0.0029 1.70 #4 12.47 9
Column negative
Strip Positive 106 5.5 33 3.73 0.0023 1.36 #4 15.60 12
Moment Exterior
106 5.5 11 1.24 0.0023 1.34 #4 15.81 12
negative
Exterior Interior
120 5.5 63 6.30 0.0040 2.64 #4 9.09 9
Middle negative
Strip Positive 120 5.5 52 5.20 0.0033 2.16 #4 11.09 9
Moment Exterior
120 5.5 5 0.50 0.0023 1.52 #4 15.81 12
negative
Note: “b” is the width of strip.
 Direct Design Method

B. E-W Exterior slab strip:

Direction along 25' length.

Figure 24: Section of slab at E-W exterior strip.

ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 =6″
dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4 bar)
Asmin = 0.0018 × 12 × 7 = 0.151 in2 (ρmin = 0.0023, in terms of actual effective
depth)
Now, Equation used to calculate (ρ) values is as follows:
Mu = Φfyρbdl2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′} = 0.9 × 60 × ρ × 12 × 5.52 × {1-0.59 × ρ × 60/4}
After solving the above equation for ρ
ρ = [19602 ± √ {(196022) – (4 × 173477.7 × Mu′ × 12)}]/2(173477.7)

Table 09: Slab Design.

Frame b d Mu (ft-k) Mu′ = ρ (eqn As =ρ x b x d Bar Spacing =
Location Section Recommended
Span (in) (in) (Table 1.7) Mu x 12/b A) (in2) taken b x Ab/As

Column negative 53 5.5 20 4.52 0.0028 0.83 #4 12.81 9

Strip
Moment Positive 53 5.5 11 2.48 0.0023 0.67 #4 15.81 12
Interior
Middle negative 60 5.5 31 6.20 0.0039 1.30 #4 9.25 9
Strip
Moment Positive 60 5.5 17 3.40 0.0023 0.76 #4 15.81 12
Interior
53 5.5 22 4.98 0.0031 0.91 #4 11.60 9
Column negative
Strip Positive 53 5.5 18 4.07 0.0025 0.74 #4 14.27 12
Moment Exterior
53 5.5 5 1.13 0.0023 0.67 #4 15.81 12
negative
Exterior Interior
60 5.5 33 6.60 0.0042 1.38 #4 8.67 9
negative
Middle
Strip Positive 60 5.5 27 5.40 0.0034 1.12 #4 10.67 9
Moment
Exterior
60 5.5 5 1.00 0.0023 0.76 #4 15.81 12
negative
Note: “b” is the width of strip.
 B1
B2

B2
B1

20'
20'
20'
B4
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

25'
# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)
Step No 5: Detailing.

# 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B)

slab is given below.

# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

B3

# 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
25'

# 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B)

PLAN
B3

Figure 25: Reinforcement details (plan view)

# 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
25'

# 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B)

Direct Design Method

of analysis and design. However, the complete detail of reinforcement placement in

All the frames may be analyzed and designed by the same procedure as given in steps

A A
B4

B
 Direct Design Method

#4 @ 12" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c

#4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 12" c/c

5'-0" 6'-6" 6'-6"

#4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c

#4 @ 12" c/c
#4 @ 12" c/c
 Direct Design Method

18.83' 18.83'

SECTION A-A

#4 @ 12" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c

0" 0" 0"

#4 @ 12" c/c
#4 @ 9" c/c
#4 @ 12" c/c #4 @ 12" c/c

23.83' 23.83'

SECTION B-B

Figure 26: Sectional views of slab