5.1. Current Electricity MS

Current Electricity PhysicsAndMathsTutor.
com
Mark schemes
(a) The amount of energy is transferred from chemical energy to electrical
1.
energy (for every coulomb of charge)✔
Alternative first mark:
The work done in moving (1 coulomb of) charge whole way round
circuit
5.30 J of energy per coulomb of charge✔

2
(b) 5.30 – 1.05 = 4.25 (V) seen
or
4.25 V across 640 Ω resistor seen
or
use of V = IR✔
Allow use of V = IR to find the current in the 320 Ω resistor. (I =
3.28 × 10−3 (A))
Where candidates assume voltmeter has resistance 320 Ω , their

answer = 6.56 x 10-3 A. Do not credit this.
2
Page 2 of 32
Current Electricity PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Use of V = IR seen (finds total resistance of circuit)

Or
Use of V = IR for parallel section seen ✔
RT = 798 (Ω) (expect to see 757 (7 mA) or 803 (6.6 mA) or 807
(6.56 mA)
Allow their RT or their total resistance of the parallel section
Use of RT = R1 + R2 or seen (finds resistance of voltmeter)✔
(R =) 312.6 (Ω) or 313 (Ω) or 310 (Ω) seen ✔

I = 3.28 × 10−3 (A) (evidence for this may be seen in (b))
Alternatively:
Use of V = IR seen (finds current in 320 Ω resistor)✔

Allow their IT and their current in the 320 Ω resistor.
Use of IT = I1 + I2 seen (finds current in voltmeter)✔
(R =) 312.6 (Ω) or 313 (Ω) or 310 (Ω) seen ✔

Answer is:
316 Ω where I = 6.6 mA
282 Ω where I = 7 mA
320 Ω where I = 6.56 mA
Must see working to support their answer.
No workings = zero marks.
3
(d) Use of P = V2 / R ✔
Allow their V along with R from part (c)
Allow V = 5.3 with their R
Alternative 1st MP
Use of V = IR and P = I2R or
V = IR and P = VI ✔
(P =) 0.090 (W)✔
Answer = 0.094 (W) where R = 300 Ω
Condone 1 sf answer where R = 300 Ω is used.
2
Page 3 of 32
(e) Current in circuit changes (as voltmeter position changes) / ratio of the voltage
dropped across each resistor changes as voltmeter position changes. ✔
Because resistance in the circuit decrease / changes✔

Allow maximum of 1 mark for the reading will only be the emf if the
voltmeter is across both resistors. ✔
2
[11]
B
2.
1.7 A
[1]
(a) arrow between block and belt pointing upwards along the belt
3. 1
(b) (F = ) 19gsin23° to give 72.8 (N) ✔

Allow 2 sf answer.
1
(c) uses F =
Allow for MP1 use of appropriate kinematic equation for a AND use
of F = ma
F = 12 (N) ✔
their (b) + 12 (N) ✔

Expect 82 or 85 (N)
3
(d) uses V and I to get total input power or energy ✔

Pinput of motor = 110 × 5.0 = 550 W
Einput = 550 × = 13 750 J
uses efficiency equation ✔

Puseful to belt = 550 × 0.28 = 150 W
Euseful = 3850 J, from 154 × , or 13 750 × 0.28
determines power or energy to move one block ✔

Pblock = 22 or 23 W
Eblock = 560 or 580 J
divides (total) useful power or energy by individual power or energy to give answer of 6
blocks ✔
Allow ecf for MP4 only for their (c)
4
[9]
Page 4 of 32
D
4.
6A
[1]
5. (a) RLDR without light = 300 kΩ ✔
I= = 16.1 × 10−6 A ✔
Allow ecf for their R
2
(b) V with without light = IR = 16.1 × 10−6 × 300 × 103 = 4.84 V✔

ecf from (a)
Allow 92–100 kΩ
With light V = × 5.0 = 4.51 V ✔
Conclusion and calculate of change in voltage and comparison with 1.25 V✔

4.8 – 4.5 = 0.3 V so no.
Allow 1 sf (allow ecf)
3
[5]
A
6.
[1]
Page 5 of 32
(a) reads off λp 1✔

7.
for 1✔ condone POT;
expect λp = 635 ± 2 (nm) /
635 ± 0.02 × 10−9 / 6.35 ± 0.02 × 10−7 (m)
allow evidence of working on Figure 1
1
use of n × their λp = d sin θ 2✔

for 2✔ accept subject n with no / incomplete substitution, eg
OR
subject d and full substitution, eg
5.15 × their λp
OR
correct result d = 3.27 (× 10−6 (m));
allow ECF in λp including POT;
allow recognisable d / 2 sf intermediate result
3
for 3✔ accept ≥ 3 sf in range 3.05 to 3.07 × 105 OR
(allow ECF for λp out of range but
not if due to POT)

1
Page 6 of 32
(b) identifies an appropriate physical characteristic that makes the measurement of the (5th)
maximum more difficult ✔
take ‘it’ to be the 5 th maximum / peak
(centre difficult to locate because)
(5th) ‘maximum is wider’ / ‘peak less pronounced’ / ‘less defined’ or
wtte;
allow ‘maximum more spread out’ / ‘less pronounced’
OR
maximum ‘is fainter’ / ‘less bright’ / ‘intensity reduced’;
reject ‘not as clear’
OR
(cannot use edges to determine location of centre because)
‘whole maximum (may be) not visible’ / ‘can’t see edges’
OR
(LR produces a range of wavelengths so)
4th and 5th / adjacent fringes may overlap
1
(c) extrapolation of linear region of the LR characteristic 1✔

for 1✔ reads off where a ruled extrapolation to the linear region of
the LR characteristic reaches the horizontal axis
the line must be free from discontinuities; condone a ruled dashed
line
condone tangent meeting curve at I ≥ 10 mA
VA for LR in range 1.91 to 1.93 (V) 2✔

for 2✔ > 3 sf acceptable if rounding to 3 sf
2
(d) any fully correct calculation of the Planck constant 1✔

for 1✔ allow 2 sf
use of c = 3(.00) × 108 AND e = 1.6(0) × 10−19
AND EITHER
VA from (c) AND λp in range 620 to 650 nm / ECF their λp from (a)
OR
VA = 2.00 AND λp in range 550 to 580 nm;
calculates mean of two valid calculations of the Planck constant;
result in range 6.10 to 6.50 × 10−34 (J s) 2✔

for 2✔ Planck constant result rounding to correct 3 sf
(check very carefully working leading to data booklet value 6.63 ×
10−34)
1
Page 7 of 32
(e) VF corresponding to IF = 21 mA read from LR graph in Figure 3;

use of VF = 2.01 (V) leading to R = 195 (Ω) earns both marks
calculates R from
for 1✔ accept evidence of working on Figure 3 condone 2 sf eg VF

= 2.0 (V)
allow POT error for IF
1
R = 195 (Ω) from 195 2✔
for 2✔ evidence to show use of VF = 2.01 ± 0.01 (V) must be seen,

ie allow
1
[10]
D
8.
23.0 mA
[1]
C
9.
13.5%
[1]
Page 8 of 32
(a) Work done in moving 1 C of charge through the cell ✔

10.
1.5 J of work is done in moving 1 C of charge through the cell ✔
OR
Amount of energy converted from other forms to electrical energy per 1 C of charge ✔
1.5 J of energy converted from other forms to electrical energy per unit charge (passing
across the emf) ✔
OR
Work done in moving 1 C of charge (whole way) round circuit ✔
1.5 J of work is done in moving 1 C of charge the (whole way) round circuit ✔
2nd marking point obtains both marks
Max 1 mark available for the following:
The emf is the terminal pd when there is no current in the cell (and
this equals 1.5 V)
1.5 J of energy per 1 C of charge.
Allow a statement of Kirchhoff’s 2 nd law for 1 mark. Where the law
is in symbol form, the meaning of the symbols must be stated. Need
a clear communication of internal and external resistances.
2
(b) P = VI
And
(P) = 0.465 (W) ✔

Seen to more than 2 sf with supporting equation with subject seen
in working
1
Page 9 of 32
(c) Use of appropriate power equation to determine wasted power
or
power dissipated in R = total power – their wasted power ✔
(P =) 0.40 W ✔
Alternative for 1 mark:
Use of I =
Or
pd across R = 1.5 – 0.65 x 0.31
or
pd across R = 1.2985 (V)
or
total resistance = 1.5/ 0.31
or
total resistance = 4.839 (Ω)
or R = 4.2 (Ω)
or P = I2 x their R
or
P= using their V and R ✔

2
(d) Use of E = P t
or E = VI t
Or
E = QV and Q = It ✔
Allow use of the equation with their values.
An answer of 3.5 x 104 is worth 1 mark
(t =) 3.0(1) x 104 (s) ✔

2
Page 10 of 32
(e) MAX 3 from (1 to 4) or (5 to 8)
It is suitable, because:
(1) Current required in lamp = 0.62 A or use of seen
(2) Resistance of lamp = 2.11 Ω or use of seen ✔
(3) current in each cell = 0.31 A ✔
(4) lost volts = 0.2 V
or
lost volts = 0.65 x 0.31 ✔
Check the diagram in part (e)
Must have the correct conclusion to award 4 marks.
Conclusion: yes, terminal pd = 1.5 – 0.2 seen

or
terminal pd= 1.5 – 0.65 x 0.4 /1.3 ✔
OR
(5) total internal resistance = 0.325 Ω ✔
(6) total resistance in circuit = 2.44 Ω ✔
(7) Resistance of lamp = 2.11 Ω ✔
(8) pd splits in ratio of 0.325:2.11 ✔
Conclusion: yes, pd across lamp is (= 1.3 V) seen ✔
Allow max 3 from a combination of two route [(2) and (7) worth total
of 1 mark]
4
Page 11 of 32
(e) (Cells must be added) in parallel ✔
Because:
more energy stored in the bank of cells / less power from each cell ✔
without increasing the voltage across the bulb (above 1.5 V)
or
without increasing the terminal pd (above 1.5V) ✔

Must link the cells being added in parallel to one or both reason to
gain three marks.
Alternative:
• In parallel
• Current shared by cells
• Takes longer to convert the energy stored in each cell.
Alternative:
• In parallel
• Less internal resistance
• Less power / energy wasted
Cells in series statement means no marks can be obtained.
3
[14]
C
11.
produce strong magnetic fields.
[1]
D
12.
4.2 V 1.4 V
[1]
(a) to limit (maximum) current (when variable resistor is set to zero) ✔

13.
Accept ‘so cell is not short-circuited’ for 1✔
to prevent overheating (of cell)

OR
to prevent damage to cell
OR
otherwise cell would discharge quickly ✔
‘to avoid damaging components’ is not enough for 2✔
2
Page 12 of 32
(b) Line ruled through bottom of second error bar and top of ninth (3rd from right) error bar ✔
Ignore unit if given. Allow tolerance of 2 mm inside either error bar.
Determines their gradient, with ∆x ≥ 0.2 (A) ✔
(–)1.0 ± 0.1 (/ V A–1) ✔

Expect to see 2 sf in any answer
3
(c) Attempt to calculate mean of their Gmin and –1.3 ✔

Allow positive G values
1.1 (Ω) ✔
Ecf from (b). 1 mark max if r given as negative
2
(d) States that ε = V + Ir OR calculates R = 0.39 (Ω) ✔

Allow ruled line drawn through (0.94, 0.37) and (0.70, 0.65) ✔
Use of ε = V + Ir OR ε = I(R + r) ✔
Adds their gradient to read off at I = 1.0 A ✔ ✔
OR
Use of y=mx+c with their gradient ✔
Intercept (c) determined ✔
1.4 (V) ✔
Ecf from (c). 3 sf max
3
[10]
D
14.
24 V
[1]
B
15.
[1]
C
16.
[1]
(a) Use of power equation

17.
Or combination of power equation and V = IR
To get R = 96 (Ω). ✔
Must see some working
Do not allow reverse arguments
1
Page 13 of 32
(b) Either calculation of current through one lamp
Condone use of any other method eg use of power = 4.5 W and
power equation.
And multiply by 3
OR
calculate total resistance ✔ (and use V = IR)
To give 0.38 A. ✔ (at least 2sf)

Allow ecf for their R from (a) used or their I
Use of 100 Ω gives 0.36 A (0.4A)
2
(c) Evidence of equation to calculate area . ✔
2.8 × 10–8 m2 ✔
Use of resistivity equation to get 49 Ω. ✔

Allow POT error in MP1
Evidence for MP2 may be in final answer
Accept 48 Ω
3
(d) Total resistance = 46 + 46 + 100/3 = 125 Ω. ✔

Allow ecf for incorrect resistance
Calculation of circuit current = 12/125 = 0.096 A. ✔
operating current of lamp (=1.5/12 = 0.13)/current for all 3 lamps to be fully on = 0.38 A. ✔
Yes demo works as lamps will be dimmer/ off (with constantan). ✔

If no other marks awarded, one mark each can be given for (max 2)
• for resistance increases with length.
• Too much p.d. dropped across constantan
• Resistivity of constantan is greater than resistivity of copper
For MP3 allow quoted comparison to previously calculated current
in (b)
For MP4 allow ecf if answer is yes and is consistent with their
calculation
4
Page 14 of 32
(e) Advantage
Zero resistance/resistivity. ✔
Reduce heat/energy transfer / power loss in cables ✔
Difficulty
Difficult to maintain low temperature (over long distances) ✔
Must be kept at/below the critical temperature. ✔

Ignore references to critical field.
Allow very low resistance
Max 3
[13]
B
18.
[1]
B
19.
[1]
(a) valid continuous series circuit that includes ammeter, and one wire link (condone diagonal
20. connections)
and
voltmeter between any two sockets that enable the terminal pd to be measured ✔
all of the following are acceptable:
Page 15 of 32
links and connections
reject broken / dashed lines
tolerate diagrams with diagonal or non-straight connections
between sockets if these will produce a valid circuit
don’t insist on connection blobs
circuit must be continuous unless a switch is included: otherwise no
gaps wider than the thickness of their links
inclusion of a switch is neutral but the length of the open switch
must be ≥ length of the gap where the switch is connected:
condone the whole gap between terminals vertically opposite the
ammeter to be marked as an open switch
meters
correct ASE symbol for ammeter and correct ASE symbol for
voltmeter are essential
one voltmeter and one ammeter only
meters must not be ‘transparent’
positions of meters assume that the ammeter has negligible
resistance and voltmeter has infinite resistance
1
(b) (with any switch closed) read ammeter and voltmeter
or
record / measure I and V;
adjust / vary / change resistance / (setting of) variable resistor / Q
and repeat (readings) 1✔

for 1✔ must produce a range of I, V values (>2 sets) and identify
how this is achieved; it is not necessary to suggest range or number
of sets
plot V (against) I 2✔
mark 2✔ independently of 1✔
2
Page 16 of 32
ε = (vertical / y-axis) intercept 3✔
r = −gradient 4✔
2✔ 3✔ and 4✔ can be awarded for a suitable sketch graph

condone ‘use the (variable) resistor to vary current and read I, V’
idea that R can be read from Q is neutral
for 2✔ (and further credit in 3✔ and 4✔ ) the ordinate and the
abscissa must be identified;
allow 'plot V over I ' or 'plot V/I'
allow 2✔ for reverse plot ‘ I (against) V’
then 4✔ for r = and 3✔ intercept =
for 3✔ open circuit methods involving ε read directly using voltmeter

are neutral
for 4✔ any subject but minus sign essential
2
variation
1✔ as above;
3✔find R from V divided by I ; disconnect external circuit and
measure ε directly;
4✔ plot against
2✔ gradient = r
(c) gradient calculation seen with ∆n −1 divided by ∆I −1;
ε from 22 × gradient 1✔
for 1✔ do not penalise one read off error, (allow use of 0, 0) or for
small steps
expect gradient ≈ 7.2(5) × 10−2 leading to ε = 1.594 (V)
do not allow reverse working based on answer to part (e)
1
ε minimum 3 sf; in range 1.58 to 1.61 (V) 2✔

2✔ is contingent on award of 1✔
1
Page 17 of 32
(d) use of Figure 3 to read off I −1 corresponding to n−1 = 0.25;
calculates I in range 0.23(2) to 0.24(4) (A) ✔

do not insist on seeing evidence of working on Figure 3
expect I −1 = 4.2 ± 0.1 (A−1) leading to I = 0.238 (A)
(should expect 1 more sf than in 0.25 for ‘show that’ but condone
0.23 and 0.24 since result based on 2 sf data)
do not allow reverse working based on answer to (e)
1
(e) circuit resistance R = 5.5 (Ω) seen in (e) working 1✔
minimum 2sf V from their I × 5.5
or
V from their ε − their I × r 2✔

for 1✔ allow R = allow R−1 = etc
for 2✔ correct R only; expect V = 1.3(1) V; use of I = 0.25 A gives V

= 1.38 V
do not allow V ≥ their ε
r using lost volts divided by current; full substitution of their valid data
eg
or
r using formula for Figure 3; full substitution of their valid data
eg
Page 18 of 32
or
r using either intercept on Figure 3; full substitution of their valid data
eg their vertical intercept ×−22 or
their horizontal intercept × ε 3✔

use of ‘show that’ or 2 sf data:
with ε = 1.6 V, V = 1.4 V and
I = 0.25 A gives r = 0.80 Ω

with ε = 1.6 V, I = 0.25 A
and n = 4 gives r = 0.90 Ω;

(can find r first, then V using ε − Ir)
a vertical intercept must be calculated; result is negative, eg vertical
intercept = −0.053:
r = −1 × −0.053 × 22 = 1.17(Ω)
horizontal intercept = 0.73:
r = 1.6 × 0.73 = 1.18(Ω)
minimum 2 sf result in range 0.80 and 1.3(0) (Ω) 4✔

allow 4✔ only if there is clear evidence of a valid method leading to
a result in range
4
(f) n = 2 and n = 3 1✔
n = 5 or n = 6 or n = 7 2✔
to improve distribution of points (along the line) or wtte 3✔

for 1✔ and 2✔ if suggesting more than three values for n accept
only the last three
for 3✔ allow:
‘spread out’ / ‘avoid concentrating’ points’
where current / n is smaller’ or wtte ‘reduce distance between
points (data)’ / (add) detail
‘most uniform distribution’ / ‘most equally spread out’ / ‘roughly
evenly spaced’
reject:
‘making points (data) ‘equally’ / ‘evenly-spaced’ / ‘even spread’
(without qualification)
‘easier to plot / draw line’ / ‘line more accurate’ / ‘easier to see trend’
are neutral
3
Page 19 of 32
(h) both points move (by ≥ half a grid square) to the right 1✔
both points move (by ≥ half a grid square) causing the gradient of a straight line between
them to be reduced 2✔
allow badly-marked points / use of arrows
ignore any best-fit line added to Figure 5
for 1✔ rightwards motion of each point must be parallel to gridlines
± half small square
award of 2✔ mark is independent of 1✔ mark
for 2✔ the points do not need to move in the same direction
2
[17]
D
21.
[1]
A
22.
[1]
C
23.
[1]
24. (a) Use of P=VI or P=I2R or P = ✔
Use of ∆W=P∆t ✔
OR
Use of ∆Q=I∆t ✔
Use of W=VQ ✔
2.1 × 105 (J) ✔

2 marks if time not converted to seconds (3600 J)
3
(b) Use of ρ = ✔
0.91 (m) + appropriate conclusion ✔

Allow calculation of R, ρ or A assuming 0.85 m length, and
conclusion for second mark:
R = 3.5 Ω
A = 4.6 × 10–6 m2
ρ = 2.1 × 10–5 Ω m
2
Page 20 of 32
(c) 350 (Ω) ✔

Full marks for correct answer
Max 3 from: ✔ ✔ ✔
15 (mA) read from graph

Allow 14.5 to 15.5
Conversion to A
pd across resistor = 7.4 – 2.2 = 5.2 V
Use of
Do not allow gradient calculation for R.
4
[9]
A
25.
[1]
C
26.
[1]
(a) Acceptable line ✔

27.
Condone one failure from the following list
A. Line straight up to point 8 (expect ruled but condone freehand drawing)

B. Line shows balance of points on each side of drawn line
C. Line goes within region of data cross
D. Appropriate continuous transition between line and curve
E. Beyond point 12 shows either curve of decreasing gradient OR straight line
through points 12 to 15
F. Thin line and non-variable thickness
G. Line of acceptable quality, eg not hairy or kinked
Page 21 of 32
Please annotate on CMI+
The line must intersect with the cross of the data point.
However, condone point 14 or 15 being off line of best fit for a
smooth curve.
Condone partially erased and redrawn.
Do not allow double line under any circumstance.
Allow a curve with a slight inflection at point 14
(see example below)
Allow a split line where linear section has been extrapolated to the
top of the grid e.g.
(b) Circle drawn around data point 9 (8, 360 × 10–3) ✔

Condone circle drawn around
data point 10 (8.7, 390 × 10–3)
provided that linear section of line intersects with this cross.
1
(c) Correct read off for voltage from candidate line 1✔

This voltage must be within one half-square of actual value.
Correct answer using × 100 2✔
Penalise mid-calculation rounding.

Condone missing % sign;
2 or 3 significant figures for answer.
Penalise Physics Error of using gradient of tangent to determine the
resistance.
2
Page 22 of 32
(d) circuit D is correct 1✔
circuit A is incorrect because the ammeter is not measuring the current in R
OR
ammeter is not in series with R
OR
the ammeter is measuring the current in the power supply 2✔
circuit B is incorrect because the voltage range (shown in the data) cannot be
produced
OR
cannot achieve voltage less than (about) 5 V 3✔
circuit C is incorrect because the voltmeter is not in parallel with R
OR
the voltmeter is not measuring the voltage across R
OR
the voltmeter reading equals emf minus voltage across R 4✔
Ignore unclear or incorrect explanation for MP1
2 ✔ 3✔and 4✔ are awarded for correct explanations not for a
statement that a circuit is incorrect.
for 1✔ accept implied answer that circuit D is correct if circuits A, B
and C are all stated to be incorrect
for 2✔ any suggestion that in circuit A the voltmeter is in the wrong
position forfeits the mark
Condone circuit B is incorrect “because the voltage cannot go down
to zero” for 3✔.
Or
Condone circuit B is incorrect “there is less variation in voltage
because the resistors are in series” 3✔.
for weak statements in MP2 and MP4 1 mark for ‘circuit A is
incorrect because ammeter is in wrong place’ and ‘circuit C is
incorrect because voltmeter is in the wrong position’
If A / B / C is identified as correct then MAX 2 for two statements
that correctly explain why the others are unsuitable.
If no other marks awarded: MAX 1 for “Circuit B is correct because
the ammeter in series with resistor R and the voltmeter is in parallel
with R”.
4
[8]
B
28.
[1]
Page 23 of 32
A
29.
[1]
(a) 15(.0) (Ω) ✔

30.
Only acceptable answer
Must be on answer line or clearly identified as (largest)R
by R = 15 (.0) (Ω) seen.
Allow an answer just above (or below) the answer line in cases
where a previous answer has been crossed out.
If not on the answer line, units must be stated.
1
(b) 1.4(1) (Ω) ✔✔
Only selects 2.2 Ω and 3.9 Ω in parallel ✔

Accept evidence from working or a clear labelled sketch of 2.2 Ω
and 3.9 Ω in parallel
Possible allowed combinations include:
Accept 1.407 Ω but not >4 sf

Must be on answer line or clearly identified as (smallest)R
by R = 1.4 (1) (Ω) seen.
Common wrong answer = 0.71 (Ω) is worth one mark with correct
supporting working
2
Page 24 of 32
(c) Any of the following statements:
Power supply is on open circuit (so current is zero)
OR
Voltmeter has a (very) large resistance (so current is zero)
OR
No current (load) (so no lost volts)
OR
(Current is zero) so no lost volts

Accept ‘negligible’ current for zero current
Accept ‘very large’ resistance; don’t penalise ‘voltmeter has very
large internal resistance’
Do not allow:
Resistance is zero
Only resistance is the internal resistance
No other component (this implies that the internal resistance is
zero)
1
(d) (Current through power supply leads to)
lost volts (across the internal resistance)
OR
(Current through power supply leads to)
voltage drop across the internal resistance
OR
(Current through power supply leads to)
Some of the emf is used in the internal resistance
OR
Voltage is shared between the internal and external resistances

Allow correct ‘energy transfer in the internal resistance’ arguments
Must refer to a voltage across the internal resistance or r
except when the term “lost volts” is used.
Do not allow:
The current decreases
1
Page 25 of 32
(e) ε – V = (1.62 – 1.14 =) 0.48(0) (V)
and
Both results required for ✔; accept 0.127 or 0.1267 for
Do not allow answers expressed in terms of unknown variables

Answers must be on answer line or clearly identified as answer by
using correct subject and equals sign
1
(f) Point correctly plotted to nearest 1 mm (half a grid square)
and
continuous ruled best fit line for the 5 (originally printed) points ✔
Withhold mark if point is hidden or if best fit line is of variable
thickness or has discontinuities.
Data point should be marked with a cross. Both × and + marks are
acceptable.
Do not allow points plotted as dots / dots in circles
If point is wrongly calculated in Part 1.5 allow CE for an accurate
plot of this but this should then be treated as anomalous when
judging the best fit line.
The best fit line must intersect each of the 5 originally printed X
symbols.
Allow no plot where ECF (even as algebraic equation) point won’t fit
on the grid and student has stated that it can’t be plotted.
If no answer / no plottable answer in 1.5 but student chooses to plot
a point then it must be the correct point only (0.13, 0.48)
1
Page 26 of 32
(g) Gradient triangle for Figure 3; correct read-offs for points (± 1 mm)
from triangle with the ε – V step at least 0.5 V
Allow seen or gradient triangle drawn with seen,
read-offs must be substituted into or
Condone one read-off error in four read-offs for gradient method

(common error: candidates miss non-origin on ordinate axis)
(common error: makes a power of 10 error on abscissa)
r in range 3.49 to 3.95 (Ω)

Any correct method other than gradient method (no read-off errors
here) allow 1 mark
i.e. allow 1 mark for the accurate use of 1 point from their line
r must be quoted to a minimum of 2 significant figures
ecf for r (their gradient from their best fit line)
r must be supported by correct working
2
(h) The Figure 1 method is better because more R values are available ✔
6 values of R (possible) for method (seen) in Fig 4 ✔

Do not allow:
The 2nd method has a wider range
The 2nd method has a larger maximum resistance
The 2nd method has a smaller minimum resistance
The 2nd method only goes up to 8.2 Ω
(resistances available in Fig 4: 2.0 Ω, 3.2 Ω, 4.3 Ω, 4.6 Ω, 5.0 Ω, 5.3
Ω)
2
[11]
D
31.
[1]
(a) Mention of increase in lost volts/ pd across internal resistance (in cell)✔ (because)
32.
current has increased
OR
internal resistance is a larger proportion of total resistance
OR
ratio of internal: external resistance is larger ✔
Accept reverse arguments
Do not accept terminal pd has decreased
Treat comments about resistance of lamp as neutral
2
Page 27 of 32
(b) Lost volts reduced (current remains the same, V2 > V1)
OR
Effective internal resistance is a smaller proportion of total resistance / ratio of

internal: external resistance is smaller ✔
(because)
two cells in parallel behave as a single cell (with the same emf) but with half the
internal resistance / reduced internal resistance ✔
Alternative:
Current through each cell is less than cell on its own ✔
Decreased current through cell decreases lost volts / pd dropped across internal
resistance ✔
2
[4]
A
33.
[1]
(a) resistance of lamp B and D = 3.52/4.1 = 3.0 (2.98)(Ω) ✔

34.
resistance of lamp A and C = 6.02/6.0 = 6.0 (Ω) ✔
pd across lamp B and lamp D = 3/9 × 9.0 = 3.0 (V) OR pd across lamp A and C = 6.0 (V) ✔
hence A and C normal brightness ✔
Can justify in terms of current i.e. current needed by A and C is 1 A
provided resistance values calculated
Must have some correct working for conclusion mark
1
1
1
1
(b) the pd across new lamp = 0 / E does not light ✔

no current in E ✔
other lamps are not affected ✔
because the current in the lamps/pd across lamps does not change ✔
2nd and 3rd marks conditional on 1st mark
1
1
1
(MAX 3)
Page 28 of 32
(c) in first circuit current in battery = 9.0/4.5 = 2.0 A ✔

in second circuit current in battery = 9.0/7 = 1.2857 A ✔
hence current in battery decreases ✔
Allow ecf from (a)
Original current = 2A can come from (a) and score here
If say circuit resistance increases so current decreases and no
other marks awarded score 1 mark
1
1
1
[10]
(a) Length of resistance wire = 50 × 2 × 3.14 × 4 × 10–3 = 1.26 m ✔

35.
or 50 × 3.14 × 8 × 10–3
1
Substitution of data in resistance formula
or A = ρL/R seen ✔
ecf for incorrect length from attempt at a calculation
1
Area of cross section = 2.1(1) × 10–9 (m2) ✔

1
(b) Maximum possible pd across 0.25 kΩ is 9 V ✔

1
(Max power dissipated) = 92/250 = 0.32 W so resistor is suitable ✔

1
OR
When resistor dissipates maximum power
V2 = 0.36 × 250 so max V = 9.5 V ✔
This is higher than the supply pd so this power dissipation so will not be reached ✔
OR
Power dissipated when output is 5 V = 42/250 = 0.064 W ✔
Which is below the max power dissipation of 0.36 W ✔

92/250 = 0.32 W with incorrect conclusion scores 1
Second mark implies the first
92/0.36 = 225 Ω alone is not a useful calculation in the context. Still
need to explain the effect of using the 250 Ω
First mark is for a valid useful calculation
Page 29 of 32
(c) Use of potential divider formula to determine resistance of parallel combination ✔
0.313 kΩ ✔
Use of equation for resistors in parallel ✔
540 Ω ✔
Alternative to find resistance of combination
Current in circuit at room temp = 4/250 = 16 mA ✔
Resistance of combination = 5/16mA = 313 Ω ✔
OR
Rcombination = 313 Ω
OR
Current in circuit at room temp = 4/250 = 16 mA ✔
Current in thermistor = 5/750 = 6.7 mA ✔
Current in R = 9.3 mA ✔
R = 5/9.3 = 540 Ω ✔
2sf answer ✔
(only allowed with some relevant working leading to a resistor value)

Max 5
(d) Resistance of thermistor decreases ✔
Output pd decreases since
resistance of the parallel combination /circuit decreases

1
OR
lower proportion of pd across the parallel combination (or higher proportion across 250Ω)
OR
higher current so greater pd across the 0.25 k resistor ✔

Accept correct consequences for R increasing with temperature for
1 mark
1
[12]
Page 30 of 32
C
36.
[1]
B
37.
[1]
D
38.
[1]
(a) emf is the intercept on the pd / y axis ✔

39.
gradient of the graph is –r / internal resistance is minus the gradient
of the graph/modulus of gradient is r / absolute value of gradient is r
/ magnitude of gradient is r ✔
1
1
(b) figure 2 circuit supplies 50 mA ✔

figure 3 circuit has emf of 1.4 V ✔
and internal resistance of 12 Ω ✔
hence current of 78 mA which is >75 mA ✔
Can use different routes independently for fig 2 and fig 3
If candidates calculated current is not 50 mA or 75 mA allow CE for
correct conclusion relating to 75 mA
Must explain which circuit is suitable. If their calculation shows
neither circuit suitable must explain why both circuits not suitable
OR
calculate required pd is 0.45 V (0.075 × 6.0) ✔

show pd for cell in fig 2 is 0.1 V ✔
show pd across parallel cells in fig 3 is 0.4 V ✔
show total pd in fig 3 is 0.5 V which is greater than 0.45 V ✔
OR
calculate emf needed for 75 mA in fig 2 (1.05) ✔

calculate emf needed in fig 3 (1.35) ✔
comment on emf needed in fig 2 is larger than cell provides ✔
comment on emf in fig 3 being close to what is required ✔
from graph for current for current of 75 mA
from graph for current of ½ of 75 mA i.er. 37.5 mA
i.e. 0.1 V from single cell and 0.4 V from parallel cells
4
Page 31 of 32
(c) useful power dissipated = (75 × 10–3)2 × 6 ✔ (= 0.03375 (W))

Condone use of 78 mA gives answer of 285 W
If used resistance of 18 Ω then lose first mark but CE to give
answer of 791 W
input power (at the cells) = 0.03375/.04 = (W) ✔
solar power = 0.8437 /(32 × 10–4) = 260 (263.7 or 264) W m–2 ✔

CE from power calculation but not from % calculation
if incorrect % calculation at any stage only qualify for useful power
mark
1
1
1
[9]
B
40.
[1]
Page 32 of 32

5.1. Current Electricity MS

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Current Electricity PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

5.30 J of energy per coulomb of charge✔

(b) 5.30 – 1.05 = 4.25 (V) seen

4.25 V across 640 Ω resistor seen

Where candidates assume voltmeter has resistance 320 Ω , their

(c) Use of V = IR seen (finds total resistance of circuit)

Use of RT = R1 + R2 or seen (finds resistance of voltmeter)✔

(R =) 312.6 (Ω) or 313 (Ω) or 310 (Ω) seen ✔

Use of V = IR seen (finds current in 320 Ω resistor)✔

Use of IT = I1 + I2 seen (finds current in voltmeter)✔

(R =) 312.6 (Ω) or 313 (Ω) or 310 (Ω) seen ✔

Because resistance in the circuit decrease / changes✔

(b) (F = ) 19gsin23° to give 72.8 (N) ✔

their (b) + 12 (N) ✔

(d) uses V and I to get total input power or energy ✔

uses efficiency equation ✔

determines power or energy to move one block ✔

5. (a) RLDR without light = 300 kΩ ✔

(b) V with without light = IR = 16.1 × 10−6 × 300 × 103 = 4.84 V✔

With light V = × 5.0 = 4.51 V ✔

Conclusion and calculate of change in voltage and comparison with 1.25 V✔

(a) reads off λp 1✔

use of n × their λp = d sin θ 2✔

for 3✔ accept ≥ 3 sf in range 3.05 to 3.07 × 105 OR

(allow ECF for λp out of range but

not if due to POT)

(c) extrapolation of linear region of the LR characteristic 1✔

VA for LR in range 1.91 to 1.93 (V) 2✔

(d) any fully correct calculation of the Planck constant 1✔

calculates mean of two valid calculations of the Planck constant;

result in range 6.10 to 6.50 × 10−34 (J s) 2✔

(e) VF corresponding to IF = 21 mA read from LR graph in Figure 3;

for 1✔ accept evidence of working on Figure 3 condone 2 sf eg VF

R = 195 (Ω) from 195 2✔

for 2✔ evidence to show use of VF = 2.01 ± 0.01 (V) must be seen,

(a) Work done in moving 1 C of charge through the cell ✔

Work done in moving 1 C of charge (whole way) round circuit ✔

(P) = 0.465 (W) ✔

P= using their V and R ✔

(t =) 3.0(1) x 104 (s) ✔

Conclusion: yes, terminal pd = 1.5 – 0.2 seen

Conclusion: yes, pd across lamp is (= 1.3 V) seen ✔

(e) (Cells must be added) in parallel ✔

without increasing the voltage across the bulb (above 1.5 V)

without increasing the terminal pd (above 1.5V) ✔

(a) to limit (maximum) current (when variable resistor is set to zero) ✔

to prevent overheating (of cell)

Determines their gradient, with ∆x ≥ 0.2 (A) ✔

(–)1.0 ± 0.1 (/ V A–1) ✔

(c) Attempt to calculate mean of their Gmin and –1.3 ✔

(d) States that ε = V + Ir OR calculates R = 0.39 (Ω) ✔

(a) Use of power equation

calculate total resistance ✔ (and use V = IR)

To give 0.38 A. ✔ (at least 2sf)

(c) Evidence of equation to calculate area . ✔

Use of resistivity equation to get 49 Ω. ✔

(d) Total resistance = 46 + 46 + 100/3 = 125 Ω. ✔

Calculation of circuit current = 12/125 = 0.096 A. ✔

Yes demo works as lamps will be dimmer/ off (with constantan). ✔