$BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD

GVODUJPOT
 0WFSWJFX
5IF MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPO JT UIF JOWFSTF PG UIF FYQPOFOUJBM GVODUJPO TUVEJFE JO UIF QSFWJPVT DIBQUFS BOE
JT GVOEBNFOUBM UP UIF TUVEZ PG NBUIFNBUJDT *U PSJHJOBUFE IPXFWFS XJUI NBUIFNBUJDJBOT FOEFBWPVSJOH
UP TJNQMJGZ DBMDVMBUJPOT 5IF àSTU SFDPSEFE QVCMJDBUJPO PO MPHBSJUINT JO  XBT CZ B 4DPUUJTI
NBUIFNBUJDJBO +PIO /BQJFS m  " 4XJTT NBUIFNBUJDJBO +PPTU #ÛSHJ m
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ QVCMJTIFE IJT UIFPSJFT PO MPHBSJUINT B GFX ZFBST MBUFS UIBO /BQJFS #BTJDBMMZ CPUI
NBUIFNBUJDJBOT XFSF USZJOH UP àOE BO FBTJFS BOE RVJDLFS NFUIPE GPS DPNQMJDBUFE NVMUJQMJDBUJPO BOE
EJWJTJPO QSPCMFNT 5PEBZ UFDIOPMPHZ BMMPXT TVDI QSPCMFNT UP CF TPMWFE FBTJMZ BOE BDDVSBUFMZ /BQJFS BMTP
EFWFMPQFE B TZTUFN GPS NVMUJQMJDBUJPO BOE EJWJTJPO TJNJMBS UP BO BCBDVT DBMMFE A/BQJFST #POFT
-PHBSJUINT IBWF NBOZ QSBDUJDBM VTFT JO UIF QIZTJDBM XPSME 5IFZ BSF VTFE UP DPNQSFTT MBSHF TFUT PG
EBUB 5IF 3JDIUFS TDBMF JT B MPHBSJUINJD TDBMF UIBU NFBTVSFT UIF NBHOJUVEF PG BO FBSUIRVBLF *O DIFNJTUSZ
MPHBSJUINT BSF VTFE UP EFUFSNJOF UIF Q) MFWFMT PG WBSJPVT TVCTUBODFT "SDIBFPMPHJTUT VTF MPHBSJUINT UP
EFUFSNJOF UIF BHF PG BSUJGBDUT BOE BDUVBSJBM TDJFOUJTUT VTF MPHBSJUINT UP DBMDVMBUF DPTUT BOE SJTLT *O OVDMFBS
NFEJDJOF MPHBSJUINT IFMQ UFDIOJDJBOT EFUFSNJOF BNPVOUT PG SBEJPBDUJWF EFDBZ 5IF EFDJCFM TDBMF XIJDI
NFBTVSFT TPVOE JOUFOTJUZ JT BOPUIFS FYBNQMF PG B MPHBSJUINJD TDBMF 5IF VTF PG MPHBSJUINT JT XJEFTQSFBE JO
NBOZ BSFBT PG TDJFODF FOHJOFFSJOH BOE DPNNFSDF

$MPTFVQ PG BO PME TFU PG /BQJFST #POFT

-&"3/*/( 4&26&/$&
 0WFSWJFX
 5IF OBUVSBM MPHBSJUIN BOE UIF GVODUJPO Z Ⴝ MPHF (Y)
 5IF EFSJWBUJWF PG Z Ⴝ MPHF (Y)
 "QQMJDBUJPOT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT
 3FWJFX FYBN QSBDUJDF
'VMMZ XPSLFE TPMVUJPOT GPS UIJT DIBQUFS BSF BWBJMBCMF JO UIF 3FTPVSDFT TFDUJPO PG ZPVS F#PPL1-64 BU
XXXKBDQMVTDPNBV

$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

 5IF OBUVSBM MPHBSJUIN BOE UIF GVODUJPO Z Ҳ MPHF(Y)
 %FýOJOH UIF OBUVSBM MPHBSJUIN
3FDBMM GSPN DIBQUFS  UIBU UIF UFSN MPHBSJUIN JT BOPUIFS OBNF GPS UIF FYQPOFOU JOEFY PS QPXFS JODMVEJOH
FYQSFTTJPOT JO F
$POTJEFS UIF GPMMPXJOH JOEJDJBM FRVBUJPOT
Exponent Exponent
↓ ↓
Base number → 102 = 100 Base number → e p = q

8SJUUFO BT MPHBSJUINT UIFZ CFDPNF

log10 100 = 2 ← Exponent loge q = p ← Exponent
↑ ↑
Base number Base number
5IF MPHBSJUIN JO CBTF F JT LOPXO BT UIF OBUVSBM MPHBSJUIN PS UIF /BQJFSJBO MPHBSJUIN
5IF OBUVSBM MPHBSJUIN JT XSJUUFO BT MPHF (Y) PS MO(Y)
5IF MPHBSJUINJD MBXT BQQMZ JO UIF OPSNBM XBZ XIFO F JT UIF CBTF

5IF MPHBSJUIN MBXT

 MPHB (N) Ҭ MPHB (O) Ҳ MPHB (NO)
( )
N
 MPHB (N) ҭ MPHB (O) Ҳ MPHB
O
 MPHB (NO ) Ҳ O MPHB (N)
 MPHB () Ҳ 
 MPHB (B) Ҳ 
 MPHB () Ҳ VOEFàOFE
 MPHB (Y) JT EFàOFE GPS Y Ҵ  BOE B ٝ 3Ⴛ = ЬЭ
( )
 BMPHB N Ҳ N

803,&% &9".1-& 
4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS Y HJWJOH ZPVS BOTXFST DPSSFDU UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT XIFSF BQQSPQSJBUF
B MPH F (Y)   C MO(Y) MO()  MO()

5)*/, 83*5&
B  3FXSJUF UIF FRVBUJPO BT BO FYQPOFOUJBM B MPHF (Y) Ҳ 
F Ҳ Y
 &WBMVBUF Y Ҳ М  
 "OTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO Y Ҳ М UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT
C  "QQMZ MPH MBXT UP SFXSJUF UIF FRVBUJPO C MO(Y) Ҭ MO() Ҳ MO()
MO(Y) Ҳ MO()
(Y) Ҳ 
 "OTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO YҲ

 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

 803,&% &9".1-& 
4PMWF  MO(Y) ϴ MO()   GPS Y HJWJOH ZPVS BOTXFS DPSSFDU UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT
5)*/, 83*5&
 "QQMZ MPH MBXT UP DPNCJOF UIF MFGUIBOE TJEF  MO(Y) ҭ MO() Ҳ 
( )
MO Y ҭ MO() Ҳ 
( )
Y
MO Ҳ

Y
 3FXSJUF BT BO FYQPOFOUJBM FRVBUJPO Ҳ F

Y Ҳ F
 4PMWF GPS Y Y Ҳ ү‫ٹ‬F
3FNFNCFS MPH(B) JT POMZ EFàOFE GPS B Ҵ 
Y Ҳ ‫ٹ‬F
Y Ҳ М  
 &WBMVBUF
 "OTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO Y Ҳ М UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT

 5IF JOWFSTF SFMBUJPOTIJQ PG Z Ҳ FY BOE Z Ҳ MPHF (Y)

5IF MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPO DBO BMTP CF UIPVHIU PG BT UIF JOWFSTF PG UIF FYQPOFOUJBM GVODUJPO
'PS UIF JOWFSTF PG B GVODUJPO UP FYJTU UIF GVODUJPO OFFET UP CF B POFUPPOF GVODUJPO 5IF FYQPOFOUJBM
GVODUJPO Z Ҳ FY TBUJTàFT UIJT DPOEJUJPO
*OWFSTF SFMBUJPOTIJQT BSF UIF SFáFDUJPO PWFS UIF TUSBJHIU MJOF Z Ҳ Y "MUFSOBUFMZ Z Ҳ Y JT B MJOF PG
TZNNFUSZ CFUXFFO B GVODUJPO BOE JUT JOWFSTF
5P PCUBJO UIF JOWFSTF PG UIF FYQPOFOUJBM GVODUJPO Z Ҳ FY 
ю JOUFSDIBOHF UIF Y BOE Z WBSJBCMFT TP UIF GVODUJPO CFDPNFT Y Ҳ FZ
ю NBLF Z UIF TVCKFDU Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) PS Z Ҳ MO(Y)
5IF HSBQI JMMVTUSBUFT UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO Z Ҳ FY BOE Z Ҳ MPHF (Y)

y y = ex
y=x

y = loge (x) = ln (x)

(0, 1)

y=0
0 (1, 0) x

x=0

$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

 'VODUJPO 5ZQF PG GVODUJPO %PNBJO 3BOHF

Z Ҳ FY 0OFUPPOF Yٝ3 Z ٝ (И ‫ )ڏ‬PS Z ٝ 3Ⴛ

Z Ҳ MO(Y) Ҳ MPHF (Y) 0OFUPPOF Y ٝ (И ‫ )ڏ‬PS Y ٝ 3Ⴛ Zٝ3

 4LFUDIJOH Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) BOE JUT USBOTGPSNBUJPOT

5IF HSBQI PG UIF GVODUJPO Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) IBT UIF GPMMPXJOH GFBUVSFT
ю 5IF HSBQI JT BO JODSFBTJOH GVODUJPO
ю 5IF HSBQI JOUFSTFDUT UIF YBYJT BU (И )
ю "T Y ‫  צ‬Z ‫ צ‬ҭ‫ ڏ‬IFODF Y Ҳ  JT BO BTZNQUPUF
ю 5IF HSBQI PG Z Ҳ L MPHF (Y) JT B EJMBUJPO PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) CZ B GBDUPS PG L GSPN UIF YBYJT PS QBSBMMFM UP
UIF ZBYJT

ю 5IF HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (OY) JT B EJMBUJPO PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF ZBYJT PS QBSBMMFM UP
O
UIF YBYJT
ю 5IF HSBQI PG Z Ҳ ҭ MPHF (Y) JT B SFáFDUJPO PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) JO UIF YBYJT
ю 5IF HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (ҭY) JT B SFáFDUJPO PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) JO UIF ZBYJT
ю 5IF HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) Ҭ L JT B USBOTMBUJPO PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) CZ L VOJUT WFSUJDBMMZ PS QBSBMMFM UP UIF
ZBYJT 
ю 5IF HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y ҭ I) JT B USBOTMBUJPO PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) CZ I VOJUT IPSJ[POUBMMZ PS QBSBMMFM UP UIF
YBYJT HJWJOH UIF WFSUJDBM BTZNQUPUF Y Ҳ I

803,&% &9".1-& 
4LFUDI UIF HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TIPXJOH BMM JNQPSUBOU DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT 4UBUF UIF EPNBJO BOE
SBOHF JO FBDI DBTF
B Z  MPHF (Y ϴ ) C Z  MPHF (Y ) 

D Z  MPHF (Y) E Z  ϴMPHF (ϴY)


5)*/, 83*5&
B  5IF CBTJD HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) IBT CFFO B Z Ҳ MPHF (Y ҭ )
USBOTMBUFE  VOJUT UP UIF SJHIU TP Y Ҳ  JT UIF 5IF EPNBJO JT (И ‫)ڏ‬
WFSUJDBM BTZNQUPUF 5IF SBOHF JT 3
 -PDBUF UIF YJOUFSDFQU XIFO Z Ҳ  YJOUFSDFQU Z Ҳ 
MPHF (Y ҭ ) Ҳ 
F Ҳ Y ҭ 
ҲYҭ
YҲ
 %FUFSNJOF BOPUIFS QPJOU UISPVHI XIJDI UIF HSBQI 8IFO Y Ҳ  Z Ҳ MPHF ()
QBTTFT 5IF QPJOU JT (И MPHF ())

 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

  4LFUDI UIF HSBQI y

y = loge (x – 2)

(3, 0) (4, loge (2))

0 x

x=2
C  5IF CBTJD HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) IBT CFFO C Z Ҳ MPHF (Y Ҭ ) Ҭ 
USBOTMBUFE VQ  VOJUT BOE  VOJU UP UIF MFGU TP 5IF EPNBJO JT (ҭИ ‫)ڏ‬
Y Ҳ ҭ JT UIF WFSUJDBM BTZNQUPUF 5IF SBOHF JT 3
 -PDBUF UIF YJOUFSDFQU XIFO Z Ҳ  5IF HSBQI DVUT UIF YBYJT XIFSF Z Ҳ 
MPHF (Y Ҭ ) Ҭ  Ҳ 
MPHF (Y Ҭ ) Ҳ ҭ
FႼ Ҳ Y Ҭ 
Y Ҳ FႼ ҭ 
 -PDBUF UIF ZJOUFSDFQU XIFO Y Ҳ  5IF HSBQI DVUT UIF ZBYJT XIFSF Y Ҳ 
Z Ҳ MPHF () Ҭ 
Ҳ
 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI y

y = loge (x + 1) + 2

(0, 2)

(e–2 – 1, 0)
0 x

x = –1

D  5IF CBTJD HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) IBT CFFO EJMBUFE D Z Ҳ MPHF (Y)
  
CZ GBDUPS GSPN UIF YBYJT BOE CZ GBDUPS GSPN 5IF EPNBJO JT (И ‫)ڏ‬
  5IF SBOHF JT 3
UIF ZBYJT 5IF WFSUJDBM BTZNQUPUF SFNBJOT Y Ҳ 
 -PDBUF UIF YJOUFSDFQU XIFO Z Ҳ  YJOUFSDFQU Z Ҳ 

MPHF (Y) Ҳ 

MPHF (Y) Ҳ 
F Ҳ Y
 Ҳ Y

YҲ


$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

  %FUFSNJOF BOPUIFS QPJOU UISPVHI XIJDI UIF HSBQI 8IFO Y Ҳ  Z Ҳ MPHF ()
QBTTFT 5IF QPJOU JT (И MPHF ())
 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI y

1
y = – loge (2x)
4

(1, loge(2))
0
( )
1– , 0
2
x

x=0
E  5IF CBTJD HSBQI PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) IBT CFFO SFáFDUFE E Z Ҳ ҭ MPHF (ҭY)
JO CPUI BYFT 5IF WFSUJDBM BTZNQUPUF SFNBJOT 5IF EPNBJO JT (ҭ‫ڏ‬И )
Y Ҳ  5IF SBOHF JT 3
 -PDBUF UIF YJOUFSDFQU XIFO Z Ҳ  YJOUFSDFQU Z Ҳ 
ҭ MPHF (ҭY) Ҳ 
MPHF (ҭY) Ҳ 
F Ҳ ҭY
Y Ҳ ҭ
 %FUFSNJOF BOPUIFS QPJOU UISPVHI XIJDI UIF HSBQI 8IFO Y Ҳ ҭ Z Ҳ ҭ MPHF ()
QBTTFT 5IF QPJOU JT (ҭИ ҭ MPHF ())
 4LFUDI UIF HSBQI y

y = –loge (–x)

(–1, 0)
0 x

(–2, –loge (2))

x=0

Resources
*OUFSBDUJWJUZ -PHBSJUINJD HSBQIT JOU

6OJUT    "SFB  4FRVFODF  $PODFQU 

Y
5IF JOWFSTF SFMBUJPOTIJQ PG Z Ⴝ F BOE Z Ⴝ MO(Y) 4VNNBSZ TDSFFO BOE QSBDUJDF RVFTUJPOT

 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

&YFSDJTF  5IF OBUVSBM MPHBSJUIN BOE UIF GVODUJPO Z Ҳ MPHF (Y)
5FDIOPMPHZ BDUJWF
 8& 4PMWF GPS Y JO FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH (JWF FYBDU BOTXFST XIFO BQQSPQSJBUF PUIFSXJTF HJWF
BOTXFST DPSSFDU UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B MPHF (Y) Ҳ  C MPHF (Y) Ҳ  D MPHF (Y) Ҳ ҭ
E MPHF (Y) Ҳ ҭ F MPHF (Y) Ҳ М G MPHF (Y) Ҳ ҭМ
 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS Y (JWF FYBDU BOTXFST XIFO BQQSPQSJBUF PUIFSXJTF HJWF BOTXFST DPSSFDU UP
 EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B MPHF (Y) Ҳ  C MPHF (Y) Ҳ  D MPHF (Y ) Ҳ 
 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS Y (JWF FYBDU BOTXFST XIFO BQQSPQSJBUF PUIFSXJTF HJWF BOTXFST DPSSFDU
UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B MPHF (Y ҭ ) Ҳ ҭ C MPHF (Y Ҭ ) Ҳ ҭ D MPHF (ҭY) Ҳ М
E MPHF (ҭY) Ҳ М F MPHF ( ҭ Y) Ҳ ҭМ G MPHF ( Ҭ Y) Ҳ ҭМ
 8& 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS Y (JWF FYBDU BOTXFST XIFO BQQSPQSJBUF PUIFSXJTF HJWF BOTXFST DPSSFDU

UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B MPHF (Y) Ҭ MPHF () Ҳ  C  MO(Y) ҭ MO() Ҳ 
D  Ҭ MO(Y) Ҳ MO() E  ҭ MPHF (Y) Ҳ MPHF 
 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS Y HJWJOH FYBDU BOTXFST
B MPHF (Y) Ҭ MPHF () ҭ MPHF () Ҳ MPHF () C MPHF (Y) Ҭ MPHF () ҭ MPHF () Ҳ MPHF ()
D  MPHF () Ҭ MPHF (Y) ҭ MPHF () Ҳ MPHF () E  MPHF () Ҭ MPHF (Y) ҭ MPHF () Ҳ MPHF ()
F MPHF () Ҭ MPHF () ҭ MPHF (Y) Ҳ MPHF () G MPHF () Ҭ MPHF () ҭ MPHF (Y) Ҳ MPHF ()
 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH GPS Y HJWJOH FYBDU BOTXFST
B MPHF (Y) Ҭ MPHF (Y Ҭ ) Ҳ MPHF () C MPHF (Y) Ҭ MPHF (Y ҭ ) Ҳ MPHF ()
D MPHF (Y ҭ ) Ҭ MPHF (Y Ҭ ) Ҳ MPHF () E MPHF (Y Ҭ ) Ҭ MPHF (Y ҭ ) Ҳ MPHF ()
 .$ *G MPH Z Ҳ MPH (Y) Ҭ MPH B UIFO BO FRVBUJPO SFMBUJOH Y BOE Z UIBU EPFT OPU JOWPMWF MPHBSJUINT JT
F F F
Y
" Z Ҳ Y Ҭ B # Z Ҳ BY $ Z Ҳ Y ҭ B % Z Ҳ
B
 .$ *O UIF FRVBUJPO  MPH (Y) ҭ MPH (Y) Ҳ B Y FRVBMT
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 8SJUF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPO XJUIPVU MPHBSJUINT BOE XJUI Z BT UIF TVCKFDU

 MPHF (Y) Ҭ  Ҳ MPHF (Z)

 8& 4LFUDI UIF HSBQIT PG UIF GPMMPXJOH GVODUJPOT TIPXJOH BMM JNQPSUBOU DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT 4UBUF UIF
EPNBJO BOE SBOHF GPS FBDI HSBQI
B Z Ҳ MPHF (Y Ҭ ) C Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) Ҭ 
D Z Ҳ  MPHF (Y) E Z Ҳ ҭ MPHF (Y ҭ )
 4LFUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH HSBQIT DMFBSMZ TIPXJOH BOZ BYJT JOUFSDFQUT BOE BTZNQUPUFT
B Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) Ҭ  C Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) ҭ  D Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) Ҭ М
 4LFUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH HSBQIT DMFBSMZ TIPXJOH BOZ BYJT JOUFSDFQUT BOE BTZNQUPUFT
B Z Ҳ MPHF (Y ҭ ) C Z Ҳ MPHF (Y Ҭ ) D Z Ҳ MPHF (Y Ҭ М)
 4LFUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH HSBQIT DMFBSMZ TIPXJOH BOZ BYJT JOUFSDFQUT BOE BTZNQUPUFT

B Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) C Z Ҳ  MPHF (Y) D Z Ҳ  MPHF (Y)

 4LFUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH HSBQIT DMFBSMZ TIPXJOH BOZ BYJT JOUFSDFQUT BOE BTZNQUPUFT
( )
Y
B Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) C Z Ҳ MPHF D Z Ҳ MPHF (Y)


$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

 4LFUDI UIF GPMMPXJOH HSBQIT DMFBSMZ TIPXJOH BOZ BYJT JOUFSDFQUT BOE BTZNQUPUFT ( )
 Y
B Z Ҳ  ҭ  MPHF (Y ҭ ) C Z Ҳ MPHF (Y Ҭ ) D Z Ҳ MPHF Ҭ
 
 5IF SVMF GPS UIF GVODUJPO TIPXO JT Z Ҳ MPHF (Y ҭ N) Ҭ O
'JOE UIF WBMVFT PG UIF DPOTUBOUT N BOE O

(e + 2, 3)

0 x

x=2

 " MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPO XJUI UIF SVMF PG UIF GPSN Z Ҳ Q MPHF (Y ҭ R) QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF QPJOUT (И ) BOE
(И ҭМ) %FUFSNJOF UIF WBMVFT PG UIF DPOTUBOUT Q BOE R
 5IF HSBQI PG B MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPO PG UIF GPSN y
Z Ҳ B MPHF (Y ҭ I) Ҭ L JT TIPXO %FUFSNJOF UIF WBMVFT
PG B I BOE L
 5IF HSBQI PG Z Ҳ N MPH OY QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF QPJOUT
( )
 
(ҭИ ) BOE ҭ И  4IPX UIBU UIF WBMVFT PG N BOE O 0 (1, 0) x
 

(0, –2)
BSF М BOE ҭ  SFTQFDUJWFMZ
 $POTJEFS UIF GVODUJPO G (Y) Ҳ  MPHF (Y Ҭ )
B 4UBUF UIF EPNBJO BOE SBOHF PG UIF GVODUJPO G
C %FàOF UIF JOWFSTF GVODUJPO G Ⴜ  x = –1
D 4UBUF UIF EPNBJO BOE SBOHF PG UIF JOWFSTF GVODUJPO G Ⴜ 
E 0O UIF TBNF TFU PG BYFT TLFUDI UIF HSBQIT PG G BOE G Ⴜ 
F 6TF UFDIOPMPHZ UP HJWF UIF DPPSEJOBUFT PG BOZ QPJOUT PG JOUFSTFDUJPO DPSSFDU UP  EFDJNBM QMBDFT

 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

 5IF EFSJWBUJWF PG Z Ҳ MPHF(Y)
 1SPPG GPS UIF EFSJWBUJWF PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y)
5IF QSPPG GPS UIF EFSJWBUJWF PG Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) SFMJFT PO JUT MJOL UP JUT JOWFSTF GVODUJPO Z Ҳ FY BMPOH XJUI UIF
DIBJO SVMF
-FU Z Ҳ MPHF (Y)
5IFO Y Ҳ FZ 
%JGGFSFOUJBUF CPUI TJEFT XJUI SFTQFDU UP Y
E E
(Y) Ҳ (FZ )
EY EY
EZ E
 Ҳ FZ Ұ VTJOH UIF GPSNVMB (F G (Y) ) Ҳ G ᆣ (Y) Ұ F G (Y)
EY EY
EZ 
Ҳ Z
EY F
EZ 
4VCTUJUVUF Y Ҳ FZ  Ҳ И Y Ҵ  /PUF 5IF MPH GVODUJPO Z Ҳ MPHF (Y) IBT B SFTUSJDUFE EPNBJO Y Ҵ 
EY Y

 5IF EFSJWBUJWF PG Z Ҳ MPHF G(Y)

-FU Z Ҳ MPHF G (Y) 5IFO G (Y) Ҳ FZ 
%JGGFSFOUJBUF CPUI TJEFT XJUI SFTQFDU UP Y

E E
G Y)) Ҳ (FZ )
EY EY
EZ E ( G (Y) )
G ᆣ (Y) Ҳ FZ Ұ VTJOH UIF GPSNVMB F Ҳ G ᆣ (Y) Ұ F G (Y)
EY EY
EZ G ᆣ (Y)
Ҳ Z
EY F
EZ G ᆣ (Y)
4VCTUJUVUF G (Y) Ҳ FZ  Ҳ
EY G (Y)

5IF EJGGFSFOUJBM PG MPHF (Y)

E 
(MPHF Y) Ҳ
EY Y
E G ᆣ(Y)
(MPHF G (Y)) Ҳ
EY G (Y)
PS
E  EV
(MPHF V) Ҳ Ұ XIFSF V Ҳ G (Y)
EY V EY

/PUF 5IF BCPWF SVMFT BSF POMZ BQQMJDBCMF GPS MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT PG CBTF F
EZ  
'PS FYBNQMF JG Z Ҳ MPHF Y Ҳ Ҳ 
EY Y Y

$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

 803,&% &9".1-& 
%JGGFSFOUJBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH GVODUJPOT CZ àSTU TJNQMJGZJOH VTJOH UIF MPH MBXT
( )
B Z   MPHF Y C Z   MPHF ϼY

5)*/, 83*5&
B  4JNQMJGZ UIF GVODUJPO CZ BQQMZJOH UIF MPH MBXT B Z Ҳ  MPHF (Y)
Z Ҳ  (MPHF () Ҭ MPHF (Y))
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 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

 5IF OVNCFS PG QFPQMF XJUI UIF áV WJSVT / JO B QBSUJDVMBS UPXO
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y
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0 x

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$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

"OTXFST D %PNBJO Ⴝ (ᆠ ‫ )ڏ‬SBOHF Ⴝ 3
y
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D Y Ⴝ ᆡ E Y Ⴝ ᆡ
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 F y
D YႽ E YႽ
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D YႽ E Y Ⴝ PS Y Ⴝ ᆡ
 
(5, 0)
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 0
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D YႽ E Y Ⴝ PS Y Ⴝ ᆡ

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y = loge (x) + 3
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0 x
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y

y = loge (x) + 2

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x=0

x=0

 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

 D y  B y

1
( )
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4

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2
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0
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x=0
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x = –2 x
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0
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x=0
C y
(0.5, 0)
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x
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4
(4, 0)
0 x

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x = – 0.5
x=0

$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

 D y E y=x
y = loge (4x)
y = 2 loge (3x + 3)
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1 e–2 – 1
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3
x=0
 B y
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0 x
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EZ  EZ  EZ 
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EY Y EY Y EY Y
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x = –2 EZ  EZ Ⴜ
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D y EY Y EY Y
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()
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Ⴜ Ⴜ
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 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

  % 
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x=–
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y=x
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C Z Ⴝ Y PS Y Ⴜ FZ Ⴝ  G (Y) Ⴝ MPHF (Y Ⴜ ) BOE G ᆵ (Y) Ⴝ (FY Ⴛ ) IBWF CFFO
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–1
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y=x y = 2 – e2
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y = 3 – ex
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ኜ

0 x (Y Ⴜ Y Ⴛ )
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G (ᆡᆠ ᆡ)

$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

 E y D Z Ⴝ MO(Y) Ⴛ 
%PNBJO Y Ҵ 
3BOHF Z ٝ 3
y = 6 ln (x2 – 4x + 8)
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(0, 12.477)
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0 x y
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(1, 4)
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C ᆡ NPOUIT
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(0.018, 0)
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x=0
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x = –4 %PNBJO Y Ҵ 
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y y = ln (2x)

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0
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0 (5, 0) x

x=0
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 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

 C Z Ⴝ Ⴜ MO(Y) EZ Ⴜ
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y = –ln (–2x) "TZNQUPUF Z Ⴝ Ⴜ

( )
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3
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x=0
x = –2
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EZ Ⴜ (0, 0)
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D Ⴝ  Y ٝ 3 Y ‫ ܍‬Ⴜ –
EY YႻ y = 2e 2 – 2
y = –2

$)"15&3  $BMDVMVT PG MPHBSJUINJD GVODUJPOT 

 B  QFPQMF C ᆡ VOJUT
C  QFPQMF D ᆡ NJOVUFT
E/ Ⴜ EZ Y
D Ⴝ  B Ⴝ 
EU (U Ⴛ ) EY (Y Ⴛ )
E %FDSFBTF PG  QFPQMFEBZ C D 4BNQMF SFTQPOTFT DBO CF GPVOE JO UIF XPSLFE
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 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE