Chapter 4 Fuzzy Logic

4.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Set: Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy set versus crisp set, Crisp
relation & fuzzy relations, membership functions,
4.2 Fuzzy Logic: Fuzzy Logic basics, Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Reasoning
4.3 Fuzzy inference systems: Fuzzification of input variables, defuzzification and
fuzzy controllers.

Introduction to Fuzzy Set

Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets

X (Universe of discourse)

A classical set is defined by crisp boundaries

A fuzzy set is prescribed by vague or ambiguous properties; hence its boundaries

are ambiguously specified
 CLASSICAL SETS
•the universe of discourse is the universe of all
available information on a given problem.
•universe of discourse, X, is a collection of objects
all having the same characteristics.
•The individual elements in the universe X will be
denoted as x.
•The features of the elements in X can be discrete,
countable integers or continuous valued quantities
on the real line.
•Examples of elements of various universes might be
as follows:
the clock speeds of computer CPUs;
the operating currents of an electronic motor;
the operating temperature of a heat pump;
the integers 1 to 10.

The total number of elements in a universe X is

called its cardinal number, denoted nx
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Classical Set
•A set is defined as a collection of objects,
which share certain characteristics
•A classical set is a collection of distinct
objects -- set of negative integers, set of
persons with height<6 ft, days of the week
etc
•Each individual entity in a set is called a
member or an element of the set.

•The Classical set is defined in such a way

that the Universe of Discourse is split into 2
groups: members and Nonmembers
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Classical Set
•A classical set is a container that wholly
includes or wholly excludes any given
element. For example, the set of days of
the week unquestionably includes Tuesday,
Wednesday, and Saturday. It just as
unquestionably excludes butter, liberty,
shoe polish, and so on.

•It was Aristotle who first formulated the Law of

the Excluded Middle, which says X must either
be in set A or in set not-A, ie., Of any subject,
one thing must be either asserted or denied
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 Information World
Crisp set has a unique membership function

There are several ways of defining a set

• A = {2,4,6,8,10}
• A= {x│x is a prime number <20 }
• A= {x│x is an element belonging to P AND Q
A(x) = 1 xA
0 xA
A(x)  {0, 1}
Here µ A(x) is membership function for set A
Fuzzy Set can have an infinite number of membership
functions
A  [0,1]

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 Classical Sets

• Collections of elements within a universe are called sets

• Collections of elements within sets are called subsets

• Φ is a null or Empty Set ie., with no elements

•Set consisting of all possible subsets of a given set A is called a Power Set
P(A)= {x│x⊆ A}
 Operations on Classical Sets

Union:
A  B = {x | x  A or x  B}
Intersection:
A  B = {x | x  A and x  B}
Complement:
A’ = {x | x  A, x  X}
X – Universal Set
Set Difference:
A | B = {x | x  A and x  B}
Set difference is also denoted by A - B

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 Properties of Classical (Crisp) Sets

Commutativity A ∪ B = B ∪ A
A∩B=B∩A
Associativity A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Distributivity A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
Idempotency A∪A=A
A∩A=A
Identity A∪∅=A
A∩X=A
A∩∅=∅
A∪X=X
Transitivity If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
Law of Excluded middle : DeMorgan’s Law
A ∪ Ā = X;
Law of contradiction :
A ∩ Ā = Φ;
Fuzzy Set
Theory
 Introduction

Fuzzy set theory provides a means for representing

uncertainties.
Natural Language is vague and imprecise.

Fuzzy set theory uses Linguistic variables, rather than

quantitative variables to represent imprecise concepts.

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What is Fuzzy Set?
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 Why Fuzzy Set ?
Words like Young, tall, good or high are fuzzy

--- There is no single quantitative value which defines the term ‘young’

--- For some people, age 25 is young, and for others, age 35 is young

--- Concept ‘young’ has no clear boundaries

--- Age 1 is definitely young and age 100 is definitely not young

--- Age 35 has some possibility of being young and usually depends on the
context in which it is being considered

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 Why Fuzzy Set?

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 Ravi

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Fuzzy Sets
 Definition: Fuzzy Set

If U is a collection of objects denoted generically by x, then a

fuzzy set A in U is defined as a set of ordered pairs:

membership
function
U : Universe of
discourse.

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 Fuzzy Set Operations
Union A  B(x) = A(x)  B(x)
= max(A(x), B(x)) for all x∈U

Intersection A  B(x) = A(x)  B(x)

= min(A(x), B(x)) for all x ∈U

Complement A’(x) = 1 - A(x)

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 A|B or A-B are same

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Set-Theoretic Operations

A B A

A B

A B
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 Fuzzy union (): the union of two fuzzy sets is
the maximum (MAX) of each element from
two sets.
Fuzzy intersection (): the intersection of two
fuzzy sets is just the MIN of each element
from the two sets.
Examples E.g.
of Fuzzy A = {1.0, 0.20, 0.75}
B = {0.2, 0.45, 0.50}
Set A  B = {MAX(1.0, 0.2), MAX(0.20, 0.45), MAX(0.75, 0.50)}
Operations = {1.0, 0.45, 0.75}
A  B = {MIN(1.0, 0.2), MIN(0.20, 0.45), MIN(0.75, 0.50)}
= {0.2, 0.20, 0.50}

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 A = {1/a, 0.3/b, 0.2/c 0.8/d, 0/e}
B = {0.6/a, 0.9/b, 0.1/c, 0.3/d, 0.2/e}

Complement:
Examples 𝐴, = {0/a, 0.7/b, 0.8/c 0.2/d, 1/e}
of Fuzzy
Set Union:
A  B = {1/a, 0.9/b, 0.2/c, 0.8/d, 0.2/e}
Operations
Intersection:
A  B = {0.6/a, 0.3/b, 0.1/c, 0.3/d, 0/e}

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QUIZ
Consider A and B are two fuzzy sets with membership functions
Membership A(x) = {0.6, 0.7, 0.1, 0.7, 0.4}
Membership B(x) = {0.8, 0.2, 0.6, 0.9, 0.5}
Then the value of Membership Complement AUB(x) will be
A) {0.2,0.3,0.4,0.1,0.5}
B) {0.8,0.7,0.6,0.9,0.5}
C) {0.5,0.7,0.6,0.8,0.4}
D) {0.2,0.7,0.4,0.1,0.5}

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Properties of Fuzzy Sets

Fuzzy sets follow the same properties as

crisp sets except for the law of Excluded
middle and law of contradiction
Ie., For Fuzzy Sets
A ∪ Ā ≠ U; A ∩ Ā ≠ Ø;

Properties of Commutivity, Associativity,

Distributivity, idempotency, Identity, transitivity
and Demorgan’s Laws are the same as for
crispy Sets

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 Notation Convention for Fuzzy Sets

When the universe of discourse, X, is discrete and finite, is as follows for a fuzzy set
A∼ :

When the universe, X, is continuous and infinite, the fuzzy set A∼

Note that  and integral signs stand for the union of

membership grades; “/” stands for a marker and does not
imply division.
Example of continuous Fuzzy Set

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Types of Fuzzy set
1. Convex
A convex fuzzy set is a set whose membership function has only
one peak value.

2. Non-Convex
A non-convex fuzzy set is a set whose membership function has
one or more peak values.

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Types of Fuzzy set
3. Incrementing:
Incrementing fuzzy set always has incrementing membership
value or remain constant (no decrement)

4. Decrementing:
Decrementing fuzzy set has decreasing membership value or
remain constant (no increment)

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Fuzzy Definitions

E.g. Assume that x={2,4,5,7,8}

Fuzzy Set A={(2,0),(4,0.2),(5,0.5),(7,0.8),(8,1)}

Supp(A)={4,5,7,8}

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Core/Kernel/ Nucleus of Fuzzy Set

Considering the above example Assume that x={2,4,5,7,8}

Fuzzy Set A={(2,0),(4,0.2),(5,0.5),(7,0.8),(8,1)}

Core(A) or Ker(A)={8}

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Crossover point and Bandwidth

E.g. Assume that x={2,4,5,7,8}

Fuzzy Set A={(2,0),(4,0.2),(5,0.5),(7,0.8),(8,1)}
Crossover(A) ={5}

x1 x2 x
For a normal and convex fuzzy set, the Bandwidth or width is defined as the
distance between two unique crossover points
Bandwidth(A) = | x1 - x2 |
where µA(x1) = µA(x2) = 0.5
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Fuzzy Singleton

x
Nucleus & Support
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 Height of a Fuzzy Set
It is the highest membership value of an
element in A and is defined as:
Height(A) or H(A) = Sup
xX
 A (x)

Sup stands for supremum which means max.

Height for a normal set is 1.

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 Normality

A fuzzy set A is called normal when the height of fuzzy Normal Fuzzy Set

set is 1 i.e. height(A) = 1. Subnormal

It is called subnormal when height(A) <1. Fuzzy Set

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Cardinality and Relative Cardinality of a Fuzzy Set

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The α-level set (or α-cut)and
strong α-cut

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Determine α-level sets and strong α-
level sets for the following fuzzy set
A˜ = {(1, 0.1), (2, 0.5), (3, 0.8), (4, 1.0), (5, 0.7), (6, 0.2)},
The α-cuts (α level sets) of the fuzzy set A˜are:
◮ A0.1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (same as suppA˜ (the support of A˜))

◮ A0.2 = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
◮ A0.5 = {2, 3, 4, 5}
◮ A0.7 = {3, 4, 5}
◮ A0.8 = {3, 4}
◮ A1.0 = {4} = core A˜

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Sample University questions

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 Quiz
If a fuzzy set A is defined on an interval X = [0, 10] of integers by the membership function
Membership A(x) = x / (x+2)
Then the Alpha cut with Alpha = 0.5 will be given as?
A) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
C) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11}
D) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

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 α-cut of a fuzzy set A denoted as Aα, is the crisp set comprised of the elements x of a universe of discourse X for
which the membership function of A is greater than or equal to α.
Given, x = In the range [0,10]
Membership function = x/x+2
Calculate the value of membership function for the interval from 0 to 10, substituting in the formula x/x+2.
µA(0) = 0 / 0+ 2 = 0

µA(1) = 1 / 1+ 2 = 0.33

µA(2) = 2 / 2+ 2 = 0.5

µA(3) = 3 / 3+ 2 = 0.6

µA(4) = 4 / 4+ 2 = 0.66

µA(5) = 5 / 5+ 2 = 0.71

µA(6) = 6 / 6+ 2 = 0.75

µA(7) = 7 / 7+ 2 = 0.77

µA(8) = 8 / 8+ 2 = 0.8

µA(9) = 9 / 9+ 2 = 0.81

µA(10) = 10 / 10+ 2 = 0.83

α= 0.5. We have to find the corresponding α-cut,

That will be a crisp set, having those values of x, for which the membership function is returning a value of 0.5 or
above.

µA(2) = 0.5 and all the values of x above 2 is getting a value greater than 0.5. So the crisp set will contain the
following values.

{ 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
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Fuzzy set operation example

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