EXPONENTS AND

CHAPTER 4
POWERS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 POWERS WITH NEGATIVE EXPONENTS

3.0 LAWS OF EXPONENTS

4.0 WRITING EXPANDED FORM OF A DECIMAL NUMBER

USING EXPONENTIAL NOTATION

5.0 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

6.0 COMPARING VERY LARGE AND VERY SMALL

NUMBERS EXERCISE-1 (ELEMENTARY)

EXERCISE-2 (SEASONED)

EXERCISE-3

(SUBJECTIVE)
 Exponents and Power
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An expression like 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 can be written as the power 24.

The base is the number that is multiplied

4 2 The exponent tells how many time the base is used as a factor

The number that is expressed using an exponent is called a power.

The table below shows how to write and read powers.

Words Repeated factors

Powers
21 2 to the first power 2
22 2 to the second power or 2 squared 2×2
23 2 to the third power or 2 cubed 2×2×2
24 2 to the fourth power 2×2×2×2
? ? ?
n th
2 2 to the n power 2 × 2 × 2 × ... 2
n fa cfo rs

Similarily 34 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 and is read as 3 to the 4th power or 3 to the power 4

2.0 POWERS WITH NEGATIVE EXPONENTS

How can you evaluate an expression of the form a–n?
Definition : In general for non-zero integer a,
1
a n 
an where n is a positive integer.

Illustration 1. Find the value of

1  6 3
(i) –3 (iii)  
(ii) 4 72 7
 
s
e
r
Solution. (i) 4–3 = 1  1
w 43 64
o
P
n (ii) 1
d
a
= 72 = 7 × 7 = 49
s
n
7 
 6 3
t
n
e
1  1  73
3
p
o
(iii)   = (6) (6)3
3

E
 7   6  3
x
7 7
4
.
 
\
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343 343
I
V = 216  216
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 Class VIII : Mathematics
Illustration 2. Write the reciprocal of
 6 2  3 4
(i) 43   (iii)  
(ii) 5 2
   
1
Solution. (i) Reciprocal of 43 =
or 4–3
43
1
 6 2  6 2 1 52  5 2  6 2
(ii) Reciprocal of   or  
5 = =2= 2  
    5  6 6 6   5
4 52
 3  1 1 (2)4  2 4  3 -4
(iii) Reciprocal of   =  or  
2 4 4 4
 3 2
  = (-3) 
 3  (-3)    
  (2)4
2
 

 1  2
 1  3   1  2
1. Simplify :         
4 2 4
      

2. Rewrite the following using positive exponents. Assume that no denominators are equal to 0.
(i) b–6 (ii) c–9d3 (iii) 7x–4y2

3.0 LAWS OF EXPONENTS

You have studied the laws of exponents, with exponents as positive integer. These laws also hold true for
negative exponents.
Let us see if these hold true for integral exponents i.e. exponents which can be negative also.
(i) xm × xn = xm + n
Example :
1
2–2 × 2– 3 = × 1 1 1
2 = 1
2 2 2 = = = 2–5
25
3 2 3
2 2 3 2

So, 2(–2)+ (–3) = 2–5

(ii) xm  xn = xm – n
Example : s
e
r
w
4 o
1 1 1 1 1 4  4 = = 4 = 41 P
4  4 = 4  42 = 4  4  4 = 4 × 1
–1 –2
1 n
d
a
s
So, 4[(–1) – (–2)] = 4(–1 + 2) n
t
n
e
(iii) (xm)n = xm × n
p
o
Example : E
x
3
 1 8 3
3
4
.
–1 –3
(8 ) =  1   8 \
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 Exponents and Power
8  1

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 (iv) xm × ym = (xy)m
Example :

1 1 1 1 = (2 × 3)–2
2–2 × 3–2 = 22  32  22  32  (2 
3)2
So, 2–2 × 3–2 = (2 × 3)–2

xm  x m
(v) m =  
y y
 
Example :
32 52  5 2
   3 2
2 2   
5 3 3 5
   

3-2  3 -2
So, 2   
5 5




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 Exponents and Power
Illustration 3. Simplify and write the answer in an exponential form
(i)(37  311)3 × 3–8

2 2
 6 3  6 4 
(ii)   
   7 
7
Solution. (i)(37  311)3 × 3–8

= (37–11)3 × 3–8 = (3–4)3 × 3–8 = 3–12 × 3–8 = 3–12 + (–8) = 3–20 = 1

320

2 2
 6 3  6 4   6 32  6 42
(ii)     = × 
   7 77  
7

 6 6 6 8  6 6(8)  6 2  7 2

=  7    7   7    7   6 
   

 11 5 11 x  11 3

Illustration 4. Find the value of x.     
7 
 7  7 

 11 5 11 x  11 3  11 (5)x  11 3

Solution.  7     
 7 7   7
  7


Since, the base is the same on both sides of the expression,their exponents should also be the same.
–5 + x = 3  x = 3 + 5 x = 8

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 Class VIII : Mathematics

10
18 10
1.
Find the value of
x 4
, if        x 10
y 9  7   y
2.
The diameter of the sun is approximately 209 metres. A model of the sun has a diameter of 20– 1 meters.
How many models would fit across the diameter of the sun?
3.
A framed window is 3–1 yards wide. The side of the house is 32 yards wide. How many framed windows
could fit across the side of the house?

4.0 WRITING EXPANDED FORM OF A DECIMAL NUMBER USING

EXPONENTIAL NOTATION
Look at the expanded form of 96829.653.
1 1
96829.653 = 9 × 10000 + 6 × 1000 + 8 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 9 × 1 + 6 × +5× +3
10 100

1
× 1000
.
We can express this expansion in exponential notation using exponents of 10. Therefore, 96829.653 = 9 ×
104 + 6 × 103 + 8 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 9 × 100
+ 6 × 10–1 + 5 × 10–2 + 3 × 10–3.
We observe that, the exponents of 10 start from the highest value and go on decreasing by 1 at each step,
from left to right.

Illustration 5. Expand the following number using exponents : 1256 ·249.

2
Solution. 1256 ·249 = 1 × 1000 + 2 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 6 + 4 9
10  100
 1000

= 1 × 1000 + 2 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 6 + 2× 10–1 + 4 × 10–2 + 9 × 10–3

5.0 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION s

e
r
The sun is located at a distance of 300,000,000,000,000,000,000 m from the centre of our galaxy. The w
o
average size of an atom is about 0.00000003 centimeter across. P
n
d
The length of these numbers in standard notation makes them awkward to work with. Scientific notation is a shorthand a

way of writing such numbers. s

n
t
To express any number in scientific notation, write it as the product of a power of ten and a number greater than ne
or equal to 1 but less than 10. p
o

In scientific notation, the sun is located at a distance of 3.0 × 1020 m from the centre of our galaxy and the size of each Ex
atom is 3.0 × 10–8 centimeters across. 4
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 Exponents and Power
6.0 COMPARING VERY LARGE AND VERY SMALL NUMBERS
To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare the powers of ten. The number with the
greater power of ten is greater. If the powers of ten are the same, compare the values between one and ten.
2.7 × 1013 > 2.7 × 109 1013 > 109
3.98 × 1022 > 2.52 × 1022 3.98 > 2.52

Illustration 6. The thickness of a sheet of paper is 1.6 × 10–3 cm and the thickness of a human hair is 5 ×
10–3 cm. Compare the two.
Thickness of hair
 5  103 5  103  103 5
Solution =
Thickness of paper 1.6  10 3
1.6   3.125
1.6
The hair is approximately three times thicker than the paper.

Write the following numbers in the standard form :

(i) 0.00925 (ii) 457000000(iii) 0.32458
ASTRONOMY The distance between the Sun and the Moon is 1.49984 × 1011 m and the distance between the Moon and

• 00  1
• A number less than 1 will have a negative exponent when written in scientific notation.

s
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SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustration 1
Evaluate.
(i) 3–2 (ii) (–4)–2
Solution.
1 1 1
(i) –2
3 = 2
 
3 33 9
1  1 1 1
(ii) (–4)–2 = 2
2 2
 
(4) (1) (4) 1  16 16

Illustration 2
Simplify and express the result in power notation with positive exponent.
 1 2  5 4
(i) (–4)  (– 4)
5 8
(ii)  (iii) (–3) ×  
4

  3
 2
Solution.
(4)5 1 1 1 1 1
(i) (–4)5  (– 4)8 =
(4)8  =  = 
(4)85 (4)3 (1)3(4)3 3
1  4 3
4
 1 2 1 1
(ii)   = 
  2 32
26
2
 5 4 5 4
(iii) (–3)4 ×   = (–1)4 × 34 ×
 3 34
= 1 × 34–4 × 54 = 30 × 54 = 1 × 54 = 54

Illustration 3
Find the value of :
(i) (30 + 4–1) × 22 (ii) (2–1 × 4–1)  2–2
Solution.
 1 41 5
(i) (30 + 4–1) × 22 =  1    4  4 = 45
  = 4 4
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1
(ii) (2–1 × 4–1)  2–2 =      =   s
 2
e
r
w

2 4 2 8 4 8 1 2 o
P
n
d
a
Illustration 4 s
n
t
n
e

Evaluate : 81  53 p
o

24
E
Solution. x

4
.
1 \

81  53 1  125  16 II

 53  24 I
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 Exponents and Power
= 125 × 2 = 250
= =
24 8 8

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 Illustration 5
Find the value of m for which 5m  5–3 = 55.
Solution.
We have, 5m  5–3 = 55

 5m  13  55  5m × 53 = 55
5
m+3 5
 5 =5
 m + 3 = 5 [Q if am = an then m = n]
 m=5–3= 2

Illustration 6
1
 1 
1 1
Evaluate     
 1 4
 
3
    
Solution.
1
 1  1
 1  1  1 1
   = (31 – 41)–1 =(–1)–1 =
   4 

  1
(1)1 1


Illustration 7

Simplify : 25  t4
(t  0)
53  10  t8
Solution.
25  t4 25  53 5  53 625
4 8 4 4
t
= t = t =
53  10  t8 10 2 2

Illustration 8
Express the following numbers in standard form:
(i) 0.0000000000085 (ii) 0.00000000000942
Solution.
85
(i) 0.0000000000085 =
10000000000000
85 8.5  10
= 
13
1013
s
e
r 10
w
o
= 8.5 × 10 × 10–13 = 8.5 × 10–12
P
n
d (ii) 0.00000000000942
a
s
n
t 942
n
e = 100000000000000
p
o
942
E
x = 9.42  100
1014 
1014
4
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Class VIII : Mathematics

Illustration 9
Express the following numbers in usual form.
(i) 3.02 × 10–6 (ii) 4.5 × 104 (iii) 3 × 10–8
Solution.

(i) 3.02 × 10–6 = 302  1 6  302 = 0.00000302

100 10 100000000
45 4
(ii) 4.5 × 10 = 4  10 = 45 × 103 = 45000
10
3 3
(iii) 3 × 10–8 =  = 0.00000003
108 100000000

Illustration 10
Express the number appearing in the following statements in standard form :
1
(i) 1 micron is equal to m
1000000
(ii) Charge of an electron is 0.00000000000000000016 coulomb.
(iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m.
Solution.
1
(i) 1 micron = m
1000000 = 1 × 10–6 m

(ii) Charge of an electron is

16
= 0.00000000000000000016 =
100000000000000000000
16 1.6  10 1.6
=   19 = 1.6 × 10–19
1020 10 20 10

(iii) Size of a bacteria = 0.0000005 m = 5 5 = 5 × 10–7 m

10000000 m  10m7

Illustration 11 s
e
r
w
In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20 mm and 5 paper sheets each of thickness 0.016 mm. What o

is the total thickness of the stack? P

n
d
Solution. a
s
Thickness of one book = 20 mm n
t
n
 Thickness of 5 books = 5 × 20 mm = 100 mm Thickness of 1 e

p
o
sheet paper = 0.016 mm E
x
Thickness of 5 sheets paper = 5 × 0.016 mm = 0.08 mm 4
.
Total thickness = 100 mm + 0.08 mm = 100.08 mm = 1.0008 × 102 mm \
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 Exponents and Power
Illustration 12

 2 4  5 2
Evaluate :   ×  
7 7
   
Solution.
We have,

 2 4
 5 2  7 4  5 2
   ×   =  ×  
7 7 2 7
       

 7 4
 5 2   7   7  
=   ×  
Q     
2 2
2 7     

(7)4
(5)2 74  (5)2
= 4
= [Q (–7)4 = 74]
2 × 2 24  72
7
72  (5)2
49  (5)  1225
= 4 (5) =
2 = 16
16
Illustration 13

 1 1
 1 1  1 1
Simplify :     
2
  3 4

1
1 =  2 1   3 1   4 1
 1 1   1    1 
Solution.      
2
  3 4 1 1 1
=2+3+4=9

Illustration 14
1
 3  1 
 1  1 
Evaluate     
4 4
    

Solution.

s
 3  1
e
r  11 1  1 1 1
w 
o
P We have,    =   
n
d  4  4
a
s
n
     3 /4 1 /4 
t
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Class VIII : Mathematics
 4  4 1  4  3  4 1
=
Illustration 9  =  
3 1  3 

 8 1 = 1 = 3 3
=  8 /3 8 =
3  8

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Class VIII : Mathematics

Illustration 15
 3 3  9 2
By what number should   be divided so that the quotient is   ?
2  4  

Solution.
Let the required number be x. Then
3
 3 2 3 2

  9  2 4
2

  =     =  ×x
4 3  9 
x  

(2)3
 42 8 16
3
3
= 2× x  27 = 81 × x
9
3
 x =  8  81  x =
 2

 27 

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 Exponents and Power

3
1
Hence,
(24)the required number is1
 x = 3–1 24 = 2 1 Q a 1 1 

x 3  a
Illustration 16 
–1 3 3
By what1 number1 should (–24) be divided
= so that
thexquotient
= may be 3–1 ?
24 24 1
 24x = 3  3 = –24x  x
Solution. =–
Let the required number be x. Then, (– 8
24)–1  x = 3–1
Illustration 17

1
Find x, if (4–1 + 8–1) × (3–1 – 9–1)  s
= 5x e
r
w
Solution. 12 o
P

1 1 n
d

  1 1  12 = 5x a

 ×  × s

 n
t

3 9 
n
4 8 1 e

p
o

21  3  1  12 E
x 3 2 12 x

   5   5 4
x
 8   9  1
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 1 = 5x  50 = 5x  x=0 V
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Illustration
Illustration 18
15
5
Find m, if  8    8    8 
m 2

 11   11   11 
Solution.

=   85m   8 2
 
 11   11 
 –5+m=– 2
 m=–2+ 5
 m= 3

Illustration 19
If 4x – 4x–1 = 24, then find the value of x.
Solution.
4x – 4x × 4–1 = 24
 1
= 4x 1  = 24
 4  

41
 4x   = 24 = 4x = 24  4
 4  3
 4x = 32 = 22x = 25
5
 2x = 5 =x=
2

Illustration 20

 3 2
If x =   4
  2  , find the value of x–2.
2 3
Solution.

 3 2
x =     2 4
 
s
2 3
e
r
w
o
 3 2
P
x =     3 4  3 6
n
d   =  3 24   
a
s
2 2 2 2
n
t
2
n
e  
 3  6 
p
o
12  2 12
E
x x–2 =      3   
2 3
 2  
4
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Class VIII : Mathematics
Illustration 21
Simplify and write the answer in an exponential form :
 1   3 5  3  2  3433

(i)
 (ii)
    27
 73  7  7 

 125         
Solution.
7 1  3  1 3 1
(i) 125   3  7 = 5–3 × 7–3 = (5 × 7)–3 = 35–3 = 3
  5 35
 3 5
 3 2   343 3 52  73 3
    3  
(ii)   27 =
   3
 7  7
       7 3
 
 3 7

 7  3  3 7  3 9  3 16
 3  3
79

=       =     =    
7  3 
   7 7 7 7


Illustration 22
Write the following numbers in the standard from :
(i) 0.00001145 (ii) 239.8956 (iii) 0.3002457
Solution.
(i) 0.00001145 = 1.145 × 10–5
(ii) 239.8956 = 2.398956 × 102
(iii) 0.3002457 = 3.002457 × 10–1

Illustration 23
The distance between the Sun and Saturn is 1,433,500,000,000 m. The distance between Saturn and
Uranus is 1,439,000,000,000 m. The distance between the Sun and the Earth is 149,600,000,000
m.
(i) Arrange the distance in an ascending order.
(ii) Subtract the distance between the Sun and the Earth from the distance between the Sun and the Saturn
Solution
Distance between :
The Sun and Saturn = 1,433,500,000,000 m
= 1.4335 × 1012 m s
e
The Saturn and Uranus = 1,439,000,000,000 m r
w

= 1.439 × 1012 m o
P

The Sun and Earth = 149,600,000,000 m n

d
a
= 1.496 × 1011 m s
n
t
= 0.1496 × 1012 m n
e

(i) 0.1496 × 1012 < 1.4335 × 1012 < 1.439 × 1012 p

o

(ii) Required difference E

x

= 1.4335 × 1012 – 0.1496 × 1012 4

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7 s
 Exponents and Power
= 1.2839 × 1012 m

7
  2 3
1. The value of   i
 5
25 2
(A)  8 (B) 125 (D) 
125 4 (C) 8 5
2. The value of (–3)–4 is

(A) 12 (B) 81 (C) 1

1 (D)
 12
81
3. The value of (–2)–5 is
1
(A) –32 (B) 1
(C) 32 (D)
32 32
–5 –2
4. (2 ÷ 2 ) = ?
1 1 1
(A) 1 (C)  (D)
128 (B) 128 8 8

 3 1
5.   =?
 2 
2 2 3
(A) (B)  (C) (D) None of these
3 2
3
 5 
6.  ?
 
6
(A)
5
(B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
 3 1
7.   ?
 2 
2 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 3 2

 1  2
 4

8.    ?
 
s
e
r
 
w
o  1 6  1 8  1 16  1 24
P (A)   (B   (C)   (D)  
n
d  3 )  3  3  3
a
s
n
t
n
e  1 3  1 8
p 9.    ?
5
  5 
o

E
x

4  1 5
.
\  1 11  1 5
II
(A)   (B)   (C) (–5) 5
(D)  
I
V  5 5 5
s
     

8
Class VIII : Mathematics
10. (6–1 – 8–1)–1 = ?
1 1
(A)  (B) –2 (C) (D) 24
2 24

11. (5–1 × 3–1)–1 = ?

1 1
(A) (B)
15 15 (C) 15 (D) –15

 2 2
12.   ?
3 
4 2 4 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 9 9

2 2
13.  1 2   1    1   ?
   
2  3 4
 144
(B) 29 (C) (D) None of these
61 61
(A) 144

  1
  3  1 
14. 1
6      ?
 2
2 5 6
(A)  (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 6 5

 3  1 1
 1  1 
15.       ?
4 4
   
 3 8 8
(B) (C) (D)
3 8 3 3
(A)
8

2 1
 2 
16.  1   
   2     ?
  
s
e

 1 r
w
(B) 16 (C) (D) –16 o

1 16 P

(A) n
d
a
16 s
n
t
n
e

 2 3 p

17. (32 – 22) ×    ? o

 3 E
x
45 8 8 4
(A) (B) (C) 135 .
\
8 (D) 8 II

45 135 I
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 Exponents and Power
 1  3
 1  3  1 3

18.      ?
 3  2 4
     
 64 27
(B) (C) (D) None of these
19 19 16
(A)
64

I  5        , then x = ?
5 5 11 5 8x
19.
f 3 3 3
     
1 3 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 4 3

20. By what number should (–8)–1 be multiplied to get 10–1 ?

4
(A) 5 4
5 (B) (C)
4 (D) None of these
5

1
I 3 
a
21. and 5b  125 , then the value of (a+b) is :
f 9
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D)

22. Simplify (a–1 + b–1)–1 =

(A) a  b a b
ab (B) ab
ab (C) (D)
ab ab

x 3 2x 6
23. I  3  5
    , then x is equal to:
f 5  3 
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

24. The value of

2
20 is :
2
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 2

25. Solve for x :  2

6  3 12  3 3x
    
 2  2 
3
s
e 1
r
w (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1
3 (D)
o
P
2
n
d
a
s
n
t
n
e

p
o

E
8
x

4
Class VIII : Mathematics

2
x  4    1  , then the value of x–1 ?
2
1. I
f 5 4
   

1 1
(A) 5 (B) (C) (D) 25
5 25

2. The value of (3–1 + 4–1)–1 ÷ 5–1 is

7 60 7 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 7 5 15

 1  2
 1  3   1  3
3.           ?
3 2 4
      

17 27 64 16
(A) (B) (C) (D)
64 16 19 25

 7 4  7 3x  7 5
4. The value of x for which     , is
 12  12  12
     
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

5. If (23x–1 + 10) ÷ 7 = 6, then x is equal to (A)

–2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

6. 3670000 is standard form is

(A) 367 × 104 (B) 36.7 × 105 (C) 3.67 × 106 (D) None of these

7. 0.0000463 in standard form is

(A) 463 × 10–7 (B) 4.63 × 10–5 (C) 4.63 × 10–9 (D) 46.3 × 10–6
s
e
r
w

8. 0.000367 × 104 in usual form is o

P

(A) 3.67 (B) 36.7 (C) 0.367 (D) 0.0367 n

d
a
s
n
t
9. if 22x–y = 32 & 2x+y = 16, then x2 + y2 = ? (A) n
e

9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 13 p

o

E
x

4
10. If aM.an = aMn, then M(n – 2) + n(M – 2) = ? .
\
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(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) s
2

8
 Exponents and Power
11. I y
x  121 and x, y are natural numbers, the is :
f
xy
(A) 6 (B) 11 (C) 1 (D) 3

12. The multiplicative inverse of 2–100 is

(A) 210 (B) 2 (C) 2100 (D) 100

 
0
13. The value of 21  31
is :
5
(A) 6
6 (B) 1 (C) (D) None of these
5

14. The value of (60 – 70) × (60 + 70) is :

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these

15. 35 with negative exponent can be written as :

 1  5  1  5
(A) (–3)–5 (B)    (C)   (D) None of these
 3  3 

s
e
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Class VIII : Mathematics

Very short answer type questions

1. Evaluate :

 1 5
(i) 4–3  
2
(ii)

2. Express as rational number :

 3 1  5 3
(i)   
(ii)  
 4   7 

3. Express as a power of a rational number with positive exponent :

 4
 4 2
(i) 86 × 8–5   
 5  
(ii)

4. Express as a power of a rational number with negative exponent :

 3 2  7 2 5
(i)   (ii)   
4  3  

5. Express each of the following with positive indices :

1 2
(i) (ii)
x x
7
(iii) (iv) (x–3)4
5 /6
x

6. Simplify and express in the exponential form :

(i)  5    5  2 4  2 3 2
(ii)       
3 7

2 2  3  
 3  3 

6   4 
(iii)  4  4 s
e
r
w
9 9 o
P
n
d
a
Short answer type questions s
n
t
7. Express the following numbers in standard form. n
e

(i) 0.0000000000085 (ii) 0.00000000000942 p

o

E
x

8. Express the following numbers in usual form. 4

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 Exponents and Power
(i) 3.02 × 10–6 (ii) 4.5 × 104 (iii) 3 × 10–8

8
 Class VIII : Mathematics
9. Evaluate :
 5 2  5 2  5 6  5 4
(i)      
(ii)     
3 3 6 6

10. Find the value of :

(i) (3° + 4–1) × 22 (ii) (2–1 × 4–1)  2–2
2
2
(iii)  1    1    1 
2

2 3 4

11. Simplify :

(i)
 2 4  3 5   3 3
2  
3
 (ii)  
 
 5  5   4  4 

Long answer type questions

12. Simplify :
 3 3  15 3  4 8 
(i)      (ii)    
5 2   7  
 2 3  2   2 2
(iii)          

 3   3    3 

13. (a) Evaluate : [(5–1× 3–1)–1  6–1]

 2 3  4 2
(b) By what number should   be divided so that the quotient may be   ?
3  27 
14. Evaluate :
2 1
(i) (512) 9 (ii)  2 2
(216)3

1
s
e
(iii) 10  8 3 (iv) 3
r
w (16) 4
o
1 1
P (v) 273  16 4
n
d
a
s
n
t
n
15. Evaluate :
e

p 3 3
o (i) 0.04  2
E
(ii)  6.25  2
x
2
2
(iii) 0.03125 5
4
.
\ (iv) 0.008 3
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Class VIII : Mathematics
High order thinking skills (HOTS)

16. (a) INSECTS Fire ants are 2–3 inches long. The ants are in a line across a porch that is 26 inches long.
how many fire ants are there?

(b) MEASUREMENT The diameter of a grain of sand is about 2–9 metres. The diameter of a grain of
powder is about 2–17 metres. How many grains of powder could fit across one grain of sand ?

17. (a) ASTRONOMY The star Betelgeuse, in the constellation of Orion is approximately 3.36 × 1015
miles from Earth. This is approximately 1.24 × 106 times as far as Pluto's minimum distance from
Earth. What is Pluto's approximate minimum distance from Earth? Write your answer in scientific
notation.
(b) For what positive values of x will x18 be greater than x20?

18. (a) For what negative values of x will x20 be greater than x18 ?
(b) For what negative values of x will x18 be equal to x20 ?

19. BIOLOGY Escherichia coli is a type of bacterium that is sometimes found in swimming pools. Each
E. coli bacterium has a mass of 2 × 10–12 gram. The number of bacteria increase so that, after 30 hours, one
bacterium has been replaced by a population of 4.8 × 108 bacteria.
(i) Suppose a pool begins with a population of only 1 bacterium. What would be the mass of the population
after 30 hours?
(ii) A small paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram. The paper clip has how many times the mass of the 4.8 ×
108 E. coli bacteria?

20. PHYSICAL SCIENCE The speed of light is about 2 × 105 miles per second.
(i) On average, it takes light about 500 seconds to travel from the sun to Earth. What is the average
distance from Earth to the sun? Write your answer in scientific notation.
(ii) The star Alpha Centauri is approximately 2.5 × 1013 miles from Earth. How many seconds does it
take light to travel between Alpha Centauri and Earth?
(iii) Use your answer to Part (ii) to estimate how many years it takes for light to travel between Alpha
Centauri and Earth.
s
e
r
w
o
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a
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 Exponents and Power
Exponents and Power
ANSWERS
CHECK POST-1
1 1 d3 7y2
1. 2. (i) 6 (ii) 9 (iii) 4
2 b c x

CHECK POST-2
8
1.
7 2. 2010 models 3. 27 windows

CHECK POST-3
1. (i) 9.25 × 10–3 (ii) 4.57 × 108 (iii) 3.2458 × 10–1 2. 1.496 × 1011 m

EXERCISE-1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C D B D B C B B C D
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C C B C B A D A C C
Que. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. A B A A B

EXERCISE-2

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B A D D C B A B C
Que. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D C B A C

EXERCISE-3
Very short answer type questions

1
1. (i)
64 (ii) 32 2. (i)  4 (ii)  343
s
e
r
3 125
w
o
P
n
d
58  2
4  3 10
a
s
3. (i) 8 (ii)   4. (i)   (ii) 
n
t
n 4  3  7 
e

p 
o

E
x

4
. 1 1 1
 2 8
\
II  5 10 42
5. (i) (ii) (iii) 7x5/6 (iv)
 (i)  2 
6. (ii)  (iii)  
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x1/2 x2/5 x12  3  9 

8
Class VIII : Mathematics
Short answer type questions
7. (i) 8.5 × 10–12 (ii) 9.42 × 10–12 8. (i) 0.00000302 (ii) 45000 (iii) 0.00000003

625 25 1
9. (i) (ii) 10. (i) 5 (ii)
81 (iii) 29
36 2

2
11. (i) 16
(ii)
5 9

Long answer type questions

729 4 2
12. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) 13. (a) 90 (b)
8 9 27

1 3
14. (i) (ii) 6 (iii) 20 (iv) 8 (v)
4 15. (i) 0.008 (ii) 15.625 (iii) 4 (iv) 0.04
2

High order thinking skills (HOTS) 16.

(a) 29 (b) . 28

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17. (a) 2.7 × 109 miles (b) x  , where p, q  0 and p < q
q

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18. (a) x   x  where p = q and q  0
, where p, q  0 and p > q (b) q
q

19. (i) 9.6 × 10–4 (ii) 9.6 × 10–4

20. (i) 108 (ii) 1.25 × 108 sec (iii) 3.96

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 Allen-Junior wing (2019-20)\Mathematics\VIII\4.Exponents and

Exponents and Power

IMPORTAN
NOTE
Exponent
an
8

Powe
 Clas
9

VI
: Mathematics
IMPORTAN
NOTE
Allen-Junior wing (2019-20)\Mathematics\VIII\4.Exponents and