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Lecture 1,2,3

This document provides information about matrices including: 1) It defines what a matrix is and provides examples of different types of matrices such as square, diagonal, identity, and zero matrices. 2) It discusses operations that can be performed on matrices including addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Matrix multiplication is only defined when the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number of rows of the second matrix. 3) It introduces special types of matrices such as commutative, anti-commutative, periodic, idempotent, nilpotent, involutory, and Hermitian matrices and provides examples. Exercises are also provided to work with these matrix concepts.

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Adil Sifat
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22 views7 pages

Lecture 1,2,3

This document provides information about matrices including: 1) It defines what a matrix is and provides examples of different types of matrices such as square, diagonal, identity, and zero matrices. 2) It discusses operations that can be performed on matrices including addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Matrix multiplication is only defined when the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number of rows of the second matrix. 3) It introduces special types of matrices such as commutative, anti-commutative, periodic, idempotent, nilpotent, involutory, and Hermitian matrices and provides examples. Exercises are also provided to work with these matrix concepts.

Uploaded by

Adil Sifat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 01

Matrices

Matrix:
A set of 𝑚𝑛 numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns is
called 𝑚 × 𝑛 (read as 𝑚 by 𝑛) matrix.
Example: A matrix with 9 elements is shown below.

Matrix [A] has 3 rows and 3 columns. Each element of matrix [A] can be referred to by its
row and column number. For example,

ORDER OF A MATRIX

The order of a matrix is defined in terms of its number of rows and columns.

Order of a matrix = No. of rows ×No. of columns


Matrix [A], therefore, is a matrix of order 3×3.

COLUMN MATRIX
A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix or column vector.

ROW MATRIX
A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix or row vector.
Square Matrix:
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called square
matrix.
Example:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
[𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3

Diagonal Elements:
In a square matrix all those elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 for which 𝑖 = 𝑗 that is all those elements which
occurs in the same row and same column namely 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎33 are called diagonal
elements.
Example:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
[ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3

Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if it’s all non-diagonal elements be zero.
Example:
𝑎11 0 0 1 0 0
[ 0 𝑎22 0 ] , [0 2 0]
0 0 𝑎33 3×3 0 0 5 3×3
Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix:
A diagonal matrix is said to be unit matrix if it’s all diagonal elements be unity. It is
denoted by 𝐼.
Example:
1 0 0
1 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0] , 𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1
0 0 1 3×3

ZERO or NULL MATRIX


A matrix whose elements are all equal to zero is called the null or zero matrix.
Lecture 2

Addition and Subtraction:


Addition and Subtraction of matrices is defined only for the matrices having same
number of rows and same number of columns.
Ex:
1 5 3 7
If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] then
3 6 2 6

1 5 3 7 1+3 5+7 4 12
𝐴+𝐵 =[ ]+[ ]=[ ]=[ ],
3 6 2 6 3+2 6+6 5 12

1.2 5.2 2 10
2𝐴 = [ ]=[ ],
3.2 6.2 6 12

1 5 3 7 1−3 5−7 −2 −2
𝐴−𝐵 =[ ]−[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
3 6 2 6 3−2 6−6 1 0
1 5 1 0 1 5 5 0 −4 5
And 𝐴 − 5 = 𝐴 − 5𝐼 = [ ]− 5[ ]=[ ]−[ ]=[ ]
3 6 0 1 3 6 0 5 3 1

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟔
H.W: If 𝑨 = [𝟒 𝟐 𝟓] and 𝑩 = [𝟒 𝟎 𝟑] then find 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟓𝑩 + 𝟔.
𝟔 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓

Matrix multiplication
Two matrices can be multiplied together provided they are compatible with respect to their
orders. The number of columns in the first matrix [A] must be equal to the number of rows in the
second matrix [B]. The resulting matrix [C] will have the same number of rows as [A] and the
same number of columns as [B].
Example:

Try the following multiplication:


Lecture 3

Special types of matrix:


If A and B are square matrices such that AB=BA, then A and B are called commutative r are
said to commute.
If A and B are such that AB= -BA, the matrices A and B are said to anti-commute.
A matrix for which Ak+1=A where k is a positive integer, is called a periodic matrix. If k is the
least positive integer for which Ak+1=A, then A is said to be of period k.
If k=1, so that A2=A, then A is called idempotent.
A matrix A for which Ap=0, where p is a positive integer, is called nilpotent. If p is the least
positive integer for which Ap=0, then A is said to be nilpotent of index p.
When A is a matrix having complex numbers as elements, the matrix obtained from A by
replacing each element by its conjugate is called the conjugate of A and is denoted by 𝐴̅.
A square matrix A is called Hermitian matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = ̅̅̅
𝑎𝑗𝑖

Exercise
2 −2 −4 −1 3 5
Ex. 1. Show that 𝐴 = [−1 3 4 ] and 𝐵 = [ 1 −3 −5]are idempotent.
1 −2 −3 −1 3 5
Ex. 2. Show that if AB=A and BA =B, then A and B are idempotent.
1 1 3 1 −3 −4
Ex. 3. Show that 𝐴 = [ 5 2 6 ] and 𝐵 = [−1 3 4 ]are nilpotent.
−2 −1 −3 1 −3 −4
Ex. 4. A matrix A is involuntry if and only if (I-A)(I+A)=0.
1 −2 −6
Ex. 5. Show that 𝐴 = [−3 2 9 ] is periodic of period 2.
2 0 −3
1 2 3 −2 −1 −6
Ex. 6. Show that 𝐴 = [ 3 2 0 ] and 𝐵 = [ 3 2 9 ] commute.
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −4
1 1+𝑖 2 + 3𝑖
Ex. 7. Show that 𝐴 = [ 1 − 𝑖 2 −𝑖 ] is Hermitian.
2 − 3𝑖 𝑖 0
Ex. 8. Every square matrix can be written as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
matrix.

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