WEEK 1

COMPUTER NETWORKING
A Computer network is a connection of two or more computers via communication devices in order to share
data and resources (printer, software, hard disk etc.). Computers on a network are called nodes or hosts.
Types of computer network
Local area network (LAN): This is a kind of network that involves connecting computers and other devices
within a limited geographical local such as a building, school, or home. A Wireless LAN (WLAN) is similar
to a LAN but uses wireless medium for connection.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): This network generally expands throughout a city such as cable TV.
MAN can help an organization to connect all of its offices in a city.
Wide Area Network (WAN): This network covers a wide geographical area such as a country or even the
world. Most WANs consist of two or more LANs that are connected by routers. Communication channels can
include telephone systems, fiber optics, satellites, microwave etc. The largest WAN is the internet.
Personal Area Network (PAN): Is a computer network used for communication among computer devices
close to one person, devices used in a PAN are printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs or scanners.
Internet: The internet is simply called “the net” it is a worldwide collection of computer networks,
cooperation with each other to exchange data using a common software standard through telephone wires and
satellite links.
Other variations include Campus Area Network (CAN), Home Area Network (HAN) etc.
Component of a Network
There are three basic hardware components for a data communication network:
1. Server or the host computer: A server is a machine that provides client with service. Server shares a
specific resource with other computer. Servers are usually microcomputers (often more powerful that
other microcomputers on the network).
2. Client: Computers (clients) are connected to a server. The server takes responsibility of storing
clients’ data and managing other computers (clients) in the network.
3. Circuit: The circuit is the pathway through which the message passes. Circuits can be twisted pair of
cable, fiber optic cable, microwave transmission, and so forth.
Network Topology
Network Topology is the arrangement of nodes (computers) and other devices within a network. Topology can
either be:
Types of topology
Bus topology: With bus topology, the workstations are connected to main cable (known as the bus or trunk),
along which data travels. The ends of a bus are not connected, so that data has to travels in both directions to r
each the various nodes on the network

Star topology: In star topology,

all computers are connected to a centralized device called a hub or a switch. All data that is
transferred from one computer to the other must pass through the hub/switch.

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 Ring topology: In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines, creating a
circular network structure. When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host which is not
adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate hosts.
Mesh topology: In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. This topology has
hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host or may also have hosts which are in point-to-
point connection with few hosts only.
Networking Devices
 Modem (modulator-demodulator) – allows the computer to transmit data over analog telephone
lines.
 Bridges: A bridge allows different networks to communicate with each other. However, in all
connections with another network, the data packets that pass between the networks must be in the
same format. Because of this disadvantage, most modern networks use routers, instead of bridges.
 Switch – an intelligent layer 2 networking device, that forwards data based on MAC (Media Access
Control) address. Forward directly to the destination. One broadcast domain, multiple collision
domain
 Hub – a layer one device used to connect many computers within a network. One broadcast
domain, one collision domain.
 Router: A router connects multiple networks and determines the fastest available path to send
packets of data to their destination. though it is similar to bridges in by their basic function,
routers have several advantages over a bridge because it manages data packets by:
i. Deciding where it is going and the best route to take
ii. Deciding whether it should be transmitted or not
iii. Formatting it so that it can be accessed by the receiving network.
Benefits of network
 Information sharing- authorized users can access the computers on the network to share information
and data. May include special database, blogs, fax, FTP, internet telephony, IM, chat rooms
 Hardware sharing – printer or scanner can be shared on a network.
 Software sharing – software can be installed on a server, all users can access the program on the
central location.
 Collaborative environment – shared environment enables users to work together on group projects
using capabilities of diverse equipment and software
Disadvantages
 Vulnerability to unauthorized access- hackers can access and steal or delete data
 Malicious code - networked computers are more vulnerable to virus, worms, spyware than stand-
alone computer
 Network fault- problems to networking equipment can result in loss of data
 Setup and management cost - setting up a network requires investing in hardware and software and
maintenance of the network requires the care and attention of IT professional.
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD WIDE WEB CONTENT:
a) Definition of www
b) Brief history of www
c) some contributions of Nigerians to the internet
Definition of World Wide Web: The World Wide Web (“www” or simply the “Web”) is a gigantic store
house of information. The web is the most popular part of the internet, partly because it displays most
information in visual appealing format. Headline, text and pictures can be combined on a single webpage
much like a page in a magazine-along with sounds and animation. A website is a collection of interconnected
WebPages. The web contains millions of website and billions of WebPages.
Brief History of World Wide Web The development of the web began in 1989 by British engineer and
computer scientist Sir Tim BernersLee and his colleague at the centre for European Organization for

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Nuclear Research in Geneva. Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE, the team
developed a protocol, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which standardized communication between the
servers and clients. Their text-based web browser was released to the general public in 1992.
Nigerians have a share of their contribution to the World Wide Web;
Seun Osewa: Seun Osewa is the founder of www.nairaland.com (Nigerians Web Forum). As at 2011, it was
tagged the Nigerian’s top ranked online community having about 650,000 user accounts with about 30,000
users logging on in a month. According to some sources, Seun Osewa created Nairaland.com in response to a
lack of adequate online resources for Nigerians. He was motivated by a desire to foster community and
conversation among Nigerian internet users, as well as provide a platform for sharing news, views, and
information about the country.
Emeka Okoye: Emeka Okoye designed the first banking website in Nigeria with IBTC Merchant bank,
at the launch of Nigeria Equity Fund in December 1996. He created the Internet banking application, which
IBTC used for their online banking in 1997.
Iyinoluwa Aboyeji: Is a Nigerian living in Canada is developing a new web start up that aims to revolutionize
how people use the web to learn. He is 19 years old and has been living and studying in Nigeria in the last 3
years. He founded the Bookneto.
Others are Philip Emeagwali and Gilbert Chigozie (palchigo) These contributions have made the World
Wide Web more accessible, easier to navigate and user-friendly. Therefore, Nigerians deserve accolades for
these pioneering efforts in ICT. Philip Emeagwali is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modern
computer science, having played a key role in developing several important techniques and algorithms. His
work has had a significant impact on the development of the Internet, helping to facilitate communication and
collaboration around the world.
EVALUATION: Give a brief history of Computer, list 3 Nigerians and their contributions to the www
Basic Terminologies
 WWW: The word World Wide Web or simply put a web is a means of accessing, organising, and
moving through the information over the internet. It is the user friendly ‘point-and –click way of
navigating data stored on computers connected to the internet facilitated by the hypertext that provides
links between one website and the another.
 Website: A website is a collection of documents of pages, the first of which is called
 Browser: Contains the basic software you need in order to find, retrieve, view, and send information
over the Internet
 Home page: It is the beginning page of any Website
 Protocol: This is a set of technical rules for the transmission and receipt of information among
computers in the network.
 E-mail: (Electronic mail) is the exchange of computer stored messages by telecommunication.
 Filter: Software that allows specific sites to be blocked from view. Example X-Stop, AOL@School.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): This refers to an internet address. It is an address identifying the
location of a file on the internet. It consists of the protocol, the computer on which the file is located
and the file’s location on that computer. It can be compared to an address where a particular document
resides. An example is http/www.rhemabooks.com/publication/computer studies.html 5. Website: A
group of a WebPages is called a website.
 Download: To copy data from a remote computer to a local computer.
 Upload: To send data from a local computer to a remote computer.
 HTTP (Hyper text Transport Protocol: The coding language used to create documents for use on
the World Wide Web.
 HTML: The set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video and other
multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
 Hypertext: Generally any text that contains “links” to other text
 Uniform Resource Identifier: A URI is a string of characters used to identify a name or resource in
the internet. It may refer either to a name, numerical or other form of identification used on the
internet.

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  TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: These are the basic communication
language or protocol of the internet. Each device must have a unique IP address within the specific
network segment. It can be compared with a physical address that uniquely identifies a particular
street address.
Benefit of World Wide Web
1. Business Presence: Over seven hundred million people have access to the World Wide Web with
more and more added every day. Business cannot afford to ignore this many potential customers. With
a company’s web presence online, its product and services can be made accessible to potential
customers.
2. Communication: World Wide Web develops line of communication that promotes means of
contacting people over unlimited distances. These are done through sending of e-mails, chatting
online, making video calls online, Information correspondence is achieved at the instance of a click;
compared with sending messages through the post office that could take some days or months before
they are delivered.
3. Networking: Social networking sites and web forums provide means of meeting with people online
and sharing ideas with those who may be known or unknown over indefinite distances from one
another. Examples of such sites are Face book, Twitter, MSN, Yahoo messenger, Life pulp, 2go,
Whatsapp, etc.
4. Provision of Files to download and upload: All pamphlets, brochures, advertisements, and even a
demonstration video of product and services can be downloaded from a store’s Website.
5. Learning and Research: There is virtually no topic that you wish to learn that you will not find
information about on the World Wide Web resources. One can also upload information as well so that
other people can benefit from it too.
6. Customer Services: Customers can have access to business information and services that may be
available any other way. Clients can be from anywhere in the world and shop in a store like never
before in the comfort of their home.

Navigating through Websites:

The most common way of navigating through websites is by using a web browser. Web browsers are
software programs that allow users to access, view and modify information on the World Wide Web.
Examples of popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Microsoft Edge,
and Opera.
To navigate through websites, users typically follow these steps:
i. Open a web browser and visit the website that contains the information or content you are looking for.
ii. Locate the search bar in the top toolbar of the page and enter keywords or terms related to what you
are looking for. Alternatively, you

GENERAL EVALUATION: 1. State and explain two uses of the website. 2. State three steps that
are useful in navigating through the website. 3. Explain any five benefits of the Internet. 4. Explain the
term ‘navigating’ through the website.
BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Booting is the process of starting up or the initialization of a computerized system. During the boot process,
the computer (ROM containing the ‘BIOS’- Basic Input and Output System), (operating system) that help the
computer and devices communicate and hardware components must all be working properly, failure of any
one of these three elements will likely result in a failed booting sequence.
During the booting process, the computer screen displays the BIOS information; the type of computer, CPU,
and memory for the computer and a prompt to enter BIOS setup. Booting is complete when the normal,
operative, runtime environment is attained.
There are two Types of Booting
1. Cold booting is the booting process happening when we first turn on computer using the power
button on the computer.

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 2. Warm booting is the processes when the operating system alone is restarted (without being switched
off) after a system crash or freeze. On PCs, warm booting is done by pressing the Ctrl + Alt + Del
keys simultaneously.
COMPONENT OF THE WINDOWS DESKTOP
Windows desktop is the graphical user interface (GUI) of the Windows Operating System. The Desktop is
what is displayed when you log in on most operating systems. It provides a platform for the user to
interface with or operate the computer by pointing and clicking the mouse button on graphical symbols to
send data and instruction to the computer and get out from it.
NOTE: Whenever a program is started in Windows, it occupies certain space on screen in which it runs.
That frame or box is called a window.
ELEMENTS OF WINDOW DESKTOP
1. Mouse Pointer: The mouse pointer indicates the current position of the mouse
2. Icons: These are graphics that represent a program, a directory, a file or a shortcut.
3. Task bar: a bar located at the bottom of the screen. The taskbar shows which programs or
applications are running on the computer, as well as provide links or shortcuts to other programs or
places such as the start menu, notification area and clock.
4. Start menu: Gives quick access to computer settings and computer programs
5. System Tray: The system tray is a notification area on the operating system
Assignment: Describe the steps involved in the boot sequence.

WORD PROCESSING
Word processing is the art of typing, editing, formatting and producing document through the use of a
computer program.
A word processor is an application software capable of creating, editing, formatting documents that contains
textual or/and graphical information.
By default, document created by Microsoft Word has a name “document1” and extension “.doc”. Microsoft
Word version 2007 and above has an extension “.docx”.
Examples of word processors
• Microsoft Word
• Corel WordPerfect
• Professional Write
• In Copy
• Lotus WordPro

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 MICROSOFT WORD ENVIRONMENT

Creating a document
To create a new blank
document, follow the
steps below:
 Click
the File tab. This takes you to backstage view.
 Select New.
 Select Blank document under Available Templates. It will be highlighted by default.
 Click Create. A new blank document appears in the Word window with a default name Document1.
Note: You can double-click the MS Word icon from any location on the computer and a new blank document
will be created for you.
Saving a document
A newly created document can be saved using the “Save As” or the “Save” options. For the first save action,
this two options work the same way. If you are editing or formatting already saved document, to add the
changes done to the document you click the Save icon or press Ctrl + S on the keyboard. If you need to
change the name or location or file format, then the “Save As” option is appropriate (Click File then
click Save As or press F12 for the Save As option).

Closing a document
 Click the FILE tab and select Close
 Press Ctrl + W

Exiting Microsoft word

 Click on FILE tab and select Exit
 Click the red-coloured X-shaped button (Close button) on the Title bar
 Press Alt + F4
Formatting and editing
Formatting means arranging the content in your document in order to make the document more appealing.
This involves changing the font size, font size, font color, font alignment etc. Editing has to do with the
correction and elimination of the textual mistakes ranging from spelling or grammar.

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What’s on the home tab?
Font: Microsoft has different type of font ranging from Times New Romans, Calibri, Arial Black, Algerian.
Font size: Any font can be sized by choosing from the number available. The font size of a selected text can
be changed by pressing Ctrl+ Shift + > (to increase) or Ctrl+Shift+< (to reduce)

Subscript and superscript: subscript is a character that is a level lower than the rest of the characters on the
line, e.g. “2” in the formula “H2O while a superscript is a letter or character that is written above another
character on the line. To make a selected text a superscript, press (Ctrl+ Shift + +) and subscript press (Ctrl
+ =).

Bullet and numbering: if you have a list of items to type, you use either the bullet option or numbering
option.

Alignment: this is the positioning of different components with respect to each other in the document. The
position can be to the right (Ctrl +R), left (Ctrl + L), center (Ctrl + E) and can be justified (Ctrl + J).

Line and paragraph spacing: the space between each line and each paragraph can be changed here. You can
change from 1.0 line spacing ((Ctrl + 1), double(2) line spacing (Ctrl+ 2), 1.5 line spacing (Ctrl+5).

Change case: you can change from different cases: Sentence case, UPPER CASE, lower case, Capitalize
Each Word and tOGGLE cASE. Press Ctrl + F3 to change to desired case type.

Indentation: an indent is a blank space that is left between the margin and the beginning of a line or row of
text. Indent can be added to a paragraph by clicking the increase indent (to increase) or decrease indent (to
reduce the indent) or press the tab key to increase.

Inserting into the document

To insert a picture:
 Click the Insert tab on the ribbon
 Click Picture (the Insert picture dialog box appears)
 Locate where the desired picture is stored in the computer and click it to select it
 Click Insert button.
The picture will be inserted where the cursor is located.
Inserting a shape:
 Click the Insert tab on the ribbon

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  Click Shapes, a list of shapes appears.
 Click to choose the desired shape
The shape will be inserted where the cursor is. Move the shape to desired position and adjust appropriately.
Inserting a table:
 Click the Insert tab on the ribbon
 Click table, a preset grid of cells appears with other table options
 Hover your mouse on the grid of cells to select the desired number of columns and rows
Inserting page number:
 Click the Insert tab on the ribbon
 Click Page Number, choose from the options available to select where to position the number
Also, on the insert tab, page break, chart, SmartArt, WordArt etc. can be inserted.
The Page layout tab
On the Page Layout tab, the page orientation either portrait or landscape can be chosen. The paper size,
margin, column type can be chosen here. Also, the watermark, page border, page color can be determined here
too.
SPREADSHEET PACKAGES: A Package can be defined as software written to perform a particular task.
Therefore, a Spreadsheet Package is a program that enables the computer user to carry out calculation-related
tasks. Spreadsheets are majorly used for organizing and analyzing numeric data. They were designed to
replace the pencil, calculator and the writing pad.
It is widely used in diverse range of discipline like Engineering, Mathematics, Science, Accounting, etc.
Examples of Spreadsheet Package. Lotus 1-2-3 Microsoft Excel, STATVIEW, Quattro pro, Easy Calc, GS-
Calc, Super-Calc, Visical
Uses of spreadsheet packages
i. For Statistical analysis
ii. For Mathematical purposes Regression analysis Budget management and control Preparation of daily
sales report Stock / Inventory control analysis
iii. Preparation of examination results
iv. Accounting purpose
v. Financial projection and analysis Preparation of Payroll, etc
EVALUATION:
1. What do you understand by Spreadsheet Package?
2. (a) Give FIVE examples of Spreadsheet Package (b) State SEVEN uses of Spreadsheet Package
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ……………………….. is a package that is majorly used for organizing and analyzing numeric data.
(a) Word-processing (b) Graphics (c) Spreadsheet (d) Mavis Beacon
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of spreadsheet package?(a) for financial projection and
analysis (b) for compiling the names of staff in an organization (c) for preparing official documents
(d) for artistic display
3. The Spreadsheet package is referred to as a/an …………………………… program (a) System (b)
Application (c) Calculation (d) Analysis
Week
To fully understand and use a spreadsheet package, one must be used to some terminologies. These
terminologies include; Row, Column, Cell, Active Cell, Worksheets Workbook Chart Data Range Fill handle
Moving border

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Rows: A Row is a horizontal line of cells which runs from left to right in a worksheet. They can be identified
by the numbers at the left hand side of the sheet numbered from 1 to 1,048,576
Columns: A Column is a vertical line of cells in a worksheet usually identified by letters across the top of the
sheet. There are about 16,384 columns in Excel 2007.
Cell: A Cell is the intersection of a row and a column.
Cell Address: Name of cells in spreadsheet
Active Cell: The active cell is the cell that contains the cell pointer, while the active worksheet is the
worksheet where the cell pointer is currently located.
Worksheet: The worksheet (also known as spreadsheet) is the working area of the package where entering of
data and calculations are handled. It consists of rows, columns, cells and a cell pointer where data are actually
entered and manipulated.
Workbook: This can be simply defined as a collection of worksheets. Each workbook contains many
worksheets just like a normal single book with a number of pages.
Range: A group of cells in a worksheet.
Fill Handle: This is a small black square at the corner of selected cells. The cursor changes to a black cross
when moved to it.
Label: Text used in a spreadsheet and usually creates title
Value: Numbers identified in spreadsheet that are used in calculations
Moving Border: This is an animated border that appears around a selected cell that has been cut or copied.
Press the ESC key to cancel a moving border. The features of a typical Microsoft environment is presented
below;

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LOADING AND EXITING SPREADSHEET PACKAGES
Loading the Spreadsheet Package To load a spreadsheet package, take the following steps:
Click on the START button Point to ALL PROGRAMS Point to Microsoft Office Click on Microsoft Excel
METHOD II Double-click the Microsoft Excel icon on the desktop.
The spreadsheet package opens. The active cell is cell A1 and the active worksheet is sheet1.
Exiting the Spreadsheet package
To exit a spreadsheet package, take any of the following steps:
 Click on the File menu and select Exit.
 Click on the Close button on the title bar Press ALT+F4.
EVALUATION:
1. Briefly explain the following terminologies: (i) Row (ii) Column (iii) Cell (v) Workbook (vi) Data
Range
2. 1. Highlight the steps required to load and exit Microsoft Excel WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
3. Which of the following is NOT a spreadsheet terminology? (a) Fields (b) Cell (c) Workbook (d)
Moving border
4. Which of the following key combinations can be used to exit a spreadsheet package? (a) CTRL+F4
(b) Pgdn+F4 (c) DEL+F4 (d) ALT+F4
5. In Spreadsheet package, a group of highlighted cells in a worksheet is referred to as a …………. (a)
Limit (b) Range (c) Boundary (d) worksheet

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 6. To cancel a moving border, simply press the ………………….. key (a) TAB (b) END (c) ALT (d)
ESC
7. ……………. is a graphical representation of data that enables you to understand the data at a glance.
(a) Row (b) Active cell (c) Chart (d) Column
8. …………… is a small black square at the corner of selected cells. (a) Cell pointer (b) Fill handle (c)
Border (d) Marker WEEK
EXCEL CALCULATIONS: The basic and most powerful feature of Microsoft Excel is the ability to accept
formula into the worksheet. A Formula is an expression that calculates values in a cell or in a range of cells for
example, =A2 + A3 + A4 is a formula that adds up the values in cells A2 through to A4. Function is a
predefined formula that performs specific calculations in a particular order based on specific values, called
arguments, or parameters examples include SUM, MAX, MIN, COUNT, IF, AVERAGE. When working on
Excel calculations, the following guidelines should be noted;
i. To enter a formula, first select the cell that will contain the formula.
ii. All formula must begin with equal (=) sign tells Excel to treat the cells contents as a formula.
iii. The formula should not be more than 1024 characters.
iv. The function name (e.g. SUM, AVERAGE) which is preceded by equal (=) sign must be selected and
followed by the desired argument, i.e. = SUM (A5:F5). In this case, SUM is the function name and
A5:F5 is the argument.
Addition: Using the SUM Function: The SUM function is used to add together a range of data or numbers.
Students took an examination and their score scores are as follows. Use Microsoft Excel to calculate the
following: mean, median, mode, range, STDEV, variance.
Mean Median Mode Range STDEV Variance
64 64 64 64 64 64
27 27 27 27 27 27
56 56 56 56 56 56
52 52 52 52 52 52
51 51 51 51 51 51
3 3 3 3 3 3
15 15 15 15 15 15

JOHN DEO LIMITED

SALES INVOICE
PRODUCT QTY UNIT PRICE COST
MOUSE 7 500 = C4*A4
COPIER 1 150,000
KEYBOARD 3 1000
MONITOR 2 10000

HOME SUPPLIES BUDGET

S/NO NAME ECONS COMM. CRS SUM AVERAGE
1 Nanko Rampyal 56 59 75
2 John Chibuike 81 85 77
3 Joy Segun 52 42 65
4 Gwakzing Dongnap 57 56 34
5 Wilfred Abaka 146 60 45

CHART: A chart is a visual representation of numeric values. Charts are particularly useful for summarizing
a series of numbers and their interrelationship.
The parts of a chart include value axis, chart title, category axis, legend and data label.

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There are many chart types, but for this class we will list a few
 Column
 Bar
 Pie
 Line
 XY (scatter)
Creating a chart
i. Make sure that your data is appropriate for a chart
ii. Select the range that contains yours data
iii. Choose insert, chart and select a chart type
1. The table below gives the score of a group of pupils in a school. Draw a colum chart to show the
information in the table
Subject English Mathematics Computer Technology science
Scores 50 70 75 60 45
1. The table below gives the age of a group of pupils in a school. Draw a bar chart to show the information in
the table
Age (yr) 13 14 15 17 17
Number of pupils 1 4 2 2 1
Reference
Pountain, Dick (2001). The New Penguin Dictionary of Computing, New York: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-
051-4376
https://edudelighttutors.com/2020/02/16/second-term-e-learning-notes-js-3-basic-9-subject-computer-science-
scheme-of-work-week-topic/
https://edudelighttutors.com/2022/11/16/navigating-through-the-internet/
https://edudelighttutors.com/2022/11/16/basic-terminologies-introduction-to-basic-world-wide-web/
https://edudelighttutors.com/2022/11/15/introduction-to-basic-world-wide-web/
www.it-ebooks.info

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