ISSN: 0118-3729

A JOURNAL
of MARITIME RESEARCH

2015
waves
A N A N N UA L P U B L I C AT I O N O F T H E D E PA R T M E N T O F R ES EA R C H A N D D E V E LO P M E N T

PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY

VISION

The Philippine Merchant Marine Academy – Department of Research and Development (PMMA-DRD)
envisions to become the country’s CENTER FOR MARITIME RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

MISSION

Promote a RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT where researchers—faculty, staff and students—conduct

institutional, maritime-related and community-based researches that would benefit the maritime industry and the
community, at the same time ensuring and preserving the global competitive edge of its corps of midshipmen/
women.

OBJECTIVES

1. Improve academic standards through assistance in the development of the curriculum and
instructional materials and the like.
2. Boost research and writing activities that would benefit the academy, the maritime industry and
the community.
3. Promote and facilitate dissemination and utilization of research outputs.
 A JOURNAL
of MARITIME RESEARCH

2015
waves
AN ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY

the

RESEARCH
COUNCIL
 Through the years, the Academy
has been producing not only maritime
officers but leaders as well. Hence, as an
academic institution, it is only appropriate
to focus not only on learning but also
in contributing to the present day
knowledge. It is vital to explore different
issues and factors that influence the
maritime industry since this sector is
constantly changing.

The maritime industry is one of the

major drivers of the economy. From its
traditional role as the transporter of goods
which facilitates trade, it has evolved into
a more complex but efficient conduit of
trade. It does not only offer transportation
but a wider spectrum of services. The
VADM RICHARD U RITUAL PMMA
Superintendent
evolution in the maritime industry will
never cease even in the years to come and
it is up to us to continue our involvement
in the improvements. We must not solely "We must not solely settle
settle in learning the tricks of our trade
but we should also take responsibility in
in learning the tricks of our
bringing innovation to the industry we trade but we should also take
belong to. responsibility in bringing
Congratulations to the students innovation to the industry we
who have exerted tremendous effort in belong to."
conducting researches. You have taken the
first step in contributing to our expanding
body of knowledge. You have proven
that you will not only be productive in
your respective turfs at sea but will also
be equally dynamic in other endeavors.
Knowledge knows no rest, so let us
continue exploring new feats that are
ahead of us.
 Congratulations to the entire team
of the Department of Research and
Development for another promising
issue of its annual journal of maritime
research.

To our faculty researchers and

midshipmen, thank you for sharing
and for effectively utilizing your talents
in producing noteworthy research
outputs that contain significant
ideas which can serve as a basis for
improvements in our academic
institution.

To the PMMA midshipmen/ PROF. RONALD G. MAGSINO, MSc

women, you have exuded a great Assistant Superintendent
for Academics, Training & Research
potential in research writing which
can bring about major breakthroughs
in the maritime industry. Despite the "As we continue to establish a
rigid training and academic demands,
your perseverance and persistence stronger research culture in our
have made you surpass obstacles and academy, let us strive harder
impossibilities while in the process of to assist our students and
putting together promising research
outputs in a short time. May this serve enthusiastic research fellows
as an inspiration to your juniors who in quest of new knowledge,
will be facing the same intellectual discovery and innovation."
training.

As we continue to establish
a stronger research culture in our
academy, let us strive harder to assist
our students and enthusiastic research
fellows in quest of new knowledge,
discovery and innovation.
 I congratulate the Department
of Research and Development for
another milestone in helping achieve
the continual growth and progress of
research in the Academy.

The Waves served as a core of

gathered wisdom and information
through research. It has been
instrumental in encouraging every
midshipman, staff and faculty
members to contribute to the
development of educational programs,
practices and policies of the academy
through their researches.
LCDR LARENO B TINGSON PMMA
This year, highlighting the research Assistant Superintendent
for Administration & Finance
outputs of our midshipmen will
encompass earnest reflections on the
past, a clear look into the present, and "...highlighting the research
further an insightful eye of the future
by sharing and demonstrating their outputs of our midshipmen will
knowledge and expertise in a credible encompass earnest reflections
and convincing way. Involving the of the past, a clear look into the
midshipmen in academic research
and giving them an opportunity to present, and further an insightful
share their work and experiences is eye of the future..."
one of the best solutions for significant
challenges in education.

Congratulations to all who

became part of this issue and may you
continue your constant dedication and
aspiration for the attainment of high-
quality education.
 Neighboring countries like
Singapore and Korea continue to place
research on top as their major thrust
and priority among others. In fact,
these countries allot big budgets for
research to sustain their growth and
development.

Undoubtedly, through the years,

the Department of Research and
Development (DRD) never ceases
to provide support and assistance to
faculty members and researchers for
curricular assessment and educational
effectiveness to ensure that PMMA’s
goals are met. I believe that a Research LCDR MARCOS C TABERDO JR PMMA
and Development department Dean, College of Marine Transportation
must be alert to the demands of the
institution so that its major final
outputs (MFOs) will be achieved "...a Research and Development
department must be alert to
within an appropriate timeframe.

My congratulations to the DRD the demands of the institution

Director and her staff for proving their so that its major final outputs
worth and competence over the years
and may they continue to be a blessing (MFOs) will be achieved within
to others especially to the researchers an appropriate timeframe.
and the institution in general.
 I am delighted that the Philippine
Merchant Marine Academy has
THE WAVES, a journal of maritime
research, projects, and activities
conducted for the enrichment,
improvement and advancement
of maritime education, profession,
industry and its community.

Today is an era of rising academic

standards. More students than ever
will be more curious about many
things around us. Research suggests
new ways to help them thrive in the
face of adversity; it answers their
questions. Research is a systematic C/E CHARLIE M PANDONGAN, MSc
investigation and study of materials Dean, College of Marine Engineering
and sources to establish facts and reach
new conclusions; it is knowing the
unknown. "Today is an era of rising
I would like to commend those academic standards, more
midshipmen, faculty and staff who students than ever will be more
have contributed to this journal. You curious about many things
have searched the answers not only
to your questions but also to those around us. Research suggests
who have the same questions as yours. new ways to help them thrive in
CONGRATULATIONS! You have the face of adversity; it answers
uncovered the concealed.
their questions."
For those who have not yet tried
to make researches, I challenge you.
Research is a fulfilling activity that can
benefit not only you but others as well.
 The academy has achieved
another milestone this year—the
empowerment of the research
capabilities of our corps of
midshipmen. Conventional learning
styles may have been effective all
these years in the field of Education;
however, in the age of innovation,
there is a need for advancement in
order to achieve a holistic academic
experience. There is a need to fortify
the knowledge acquired within the
classroom setting. This is possible
by immersing the undergraduate
students to research. Research ignites
the inquisitiveness of the students, CDR VICTORIA Q PARAGGUA PMMA
quenches their thirst for discoveries, Dean, PMMA Graduate School
provides a channel for creativity and
most of all, it encourages the students
to think outside the box. With this, I "Research ignites the
would like to personally congratulate inquisitiveness of the students,
the academy for starting this culture
among its corps of midshipmen/ quenches their thirst for
women. discoveries, provides a channel
To the DRD and faculty
for creativity and most of all, it
researchers, may you continue to encourages the students to think
keep the enthusiasm for research outside the box."
burning. Your outputs are vital for the
continued progress of the academy
and the maritime sector.
 Throughout the years, the
Department of Research and
Development published issues of
the WAVES which evolved around
the master’s theses of the PMMA
graduate school, faculty research,
and DRD institutional research.
This year, WAVES 2015, marks a
significant innovation. It can also be
considered an important milestone in
the PMMA education system because
this year’s issue paved the way to the
undergraduate research outputs.

Our Bachelor of Science in

Marine Transportation (BSMT) ANA LIZA GRUSPE-TABERDO, PhD, MNSA
and Bachelor of Science in Marine Director, Department of Research
Engineering (BSMarE) midshipmen and Development
embarked on tedious and gruesome
research investigation. The English "...WAVES 2015 marks a
significant innovation. It can
IV researches probed, explored and
examined the different problems and
issues in the marine profession and also be considered an important
maritime industry while the Filipino milestone in the PMMA
education system because this
II research analyzed, scrutinized and
reviewed the existing knowledge about
issues on cadets' life. year’s issue paved way to the
undergraduate researches."
I commend the faculty and staff
who served as research panel and
thesis advisers. Kudos to the English
IV course instructors: Ms. Ana Lee
Panado and Ms. Wilma Paras. Similar
commendation is also given to Mrs.
Mirasol Abad for the research in
Filipino II.

The undergraduate theses

together with our DRD Institutional
research on Tracer Study and
our faculty research on the DST
Monitoring System are palatable
delights to our taste buds of curiosity.
 CME UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PMMA

CADETS DURING THEIR DUTIES ONBOARD

02

table of CONTENTS
CME UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

EFFICIENCY OF THE PMMA ENGINE ROOM SIMULATOR

06 CMT UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS ONBOARD DUE TO HUMAN ERROR

10 CMT UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

PERCEPTION OF PMMA 4TH CLASS CADETS ON THE

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN SWIMMING

14 CMT UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH IN FILIPINO

"BUHAY NG MGA KADETE SA LABAS NG PMMA:

ISANG PAGSUSURI"

18
(LIFE OF CADETS OUTSIDE PMMA: AN ANALYSIS)

FACULTY RESEARCH

PMMA SHIPBOARD TRAINING MONITORING SYSTEM:

A PILOT TEST

24 INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH

PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY

ALUMNAE TRACER STUDY

34
 <<<<<
UNDERGRADUATE
RESEARCH
{ }
Abstract

The objective of the study was to determine the factors affecting the performance of the cadets
onboard during shipboard training. The study utilized a descriptive-quantitative approach
and survey as a data gathering tool. The respondents of the study were the PMMA 1st class
cadets who rendered at least 12 months of sea service. The factors identified were attitude and
personality, leadership, colleagues, workload, working hours, alcohol, multinational crew, and
homesickness. The perception of the respondents were measured using a 5-point Likert scale
and were analyzed using frequency, weighted mean and ANOVA. Findings revealed that the
cadets strongly agreed that attitude & personality and leadership affect their performance
onboard. They also agreed to factors such as alcohol, workload, colleagues, working hours,
and the multinational crew. Finally, they only moderately agree that homesickness had
affected their performance. It revealed further that no significant difference was established
in the respondents’ perception of the identified factors and even when grouped according to
their profile.

Keywords: performance, shipboard training, onboard, maritime

2 | WAVES 2015
 Ronquillo, Ruselle B.
Callangan, Van Joseph G.
Plandito, Londren L.
>>>> In any working environment, an essential factor
Aklin, Marvin N. that decides on the success of an organization is
Madeo, Joshua P.
the workforce and their performance. The people
constituting an organization should work together
College of Marine Engineering efficiently and effectively to champion the mission and
goals of the management. A positive level of performance
can produce positive outputs and can keep up with the
competition especially in very demanding industries.
THEIR DUTIES ONBOARD
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE
OF THE PMMA CADETS DURING
Performance, may it be excellent or poor, is affected
by several factors. Researchers and practitioners
claimed that the factors that affect performance include
leadership, coaching, empowerment, participation,
organizational culture, working environment, motivation,
training, remuneration, etc (Saeed et al, 2013; Gupta,
2013 & Nag, 2016). It is essential to determine these
factors in order for the organization to understand
how these will affect the attainment of the goals of the
organization.
The shipping sector being one of the most
demanding industries, have also identified specific
factors that influence the working behaviors and habits
of the crew working onboard. A seafarer is faced with
unstable work schedules, hazards, heavy workload,
proneness to the use of alcohol, a diverse set of crew
and homesickness. These were reflected in the study
conducted by Rengamani and Murugan (2012) which
examined the factors that influence occupational stress of
the seafarers. There are also several studies which claimed
that these factors have led to inefficiencies at work and
errors which often resulted in accidents at sea (Marine
Insight, 2016; Veysey, 2013).
In maritime education and training institutions,
students are required to undergo shipboard training as
part of the mandatory requirements of their academic
degree (Commission on Higher Education, 2012). The
one-year shipboard training is an activity prepared to
expose maritime students at sea in order to gain a brief
experience of the actual work and life conditions at
sea. In the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, the
midshipmen/women render their sea service as cadets
in different partner shipping companies, the navy or
coastguard.
 Nevertheless, the order to raise awareness among
researchers believe that the those who will be deployed on
Statement of the Problem
cadets have also encountered shipboard training in the future.
factors that may have The study aimed to determine the Moreover, this study may
influenced their performance factors that affect the performance of serve as a basis for significant
while on training. It is therefore the PMMA cadets onboard during recommendations that may
within this premise that the shipboard training. Specifically, it address the identified factors
researchers have embarked sought answers to the following: and aid in improving the work
on finding out these factors in performance of the cadets.
1. What is the profile of the Engine
cadets in terms of:
were assigned to bulk carriers, 28%
Significance of the Study a. age;
b. months onboard; and to other type of vessels aside from
Future PMMA shipboard c. type of vessel? the ones identified, 16% were on
trainees. This study will raise container vessel and 8% were on
awareness among the next 2. What factors affect the tanker vessels.
batches of shipboard trainees. performance of the respondents?
The identified factors will serve as Factors affecting performance
3. Is there a significant difference in
insights on the possible conditions of the respondents
the respondents' perception of the
that they will be facing onboard,
identified factors? As shown in table 1, the cadet-
hence may also serve as a basis for
their personal preparations. respondents strongly agree that
4. Is there a significant difference in
"attitude and personality" affected
Department of Shipboard the respondents' perception of the
their performance onboard with a
Training. The study will provide factors when grouped according to
weighted mean of 4.32, same with
insights to the coordinator about profile? "leadership" which they strongly
the working conditions of the agree to and having a weighted
cadets onboard. This will help in mean of 4.24; some agree that it
facilitating necessary trainings for (ANOVA) was used to identify the is "workload" (4.20), "colleagues"
the cadets and orientation prior to differences of perception on the (4.12), "working hours" (3.80),
shipboard training. identified factors. The researcher "alcohol" (3.64) and "multinational
limited the factors into eight (8) crew" (3.60); while some moderately
categories: attitude & personality, agree that "homesickness" (3.32)
Methods leadership, workload, colleagues, has affected their performance
working hours, alcohol, multinational onboard. This factor least affects the
The study utilized the crew, and homesickness. performance of duties because they
descriptive-quantitative design to
identify the factors that affect the TABLE 1
performance of PMMA cadets Results and Discussion
Factors Affecting the
Performance of the 1CL Mean
Descriptive
Rating
during their duties onboard. Fifty Cadets/Cadettes during their
Shipboard Training
(50) PMMA 1CL cadets who Homesickness 3.32 Moderately
were enrolled in SY 2014-2015 Profile of the respondents
Alcohol 3.64 Agree
and rendered sea-service were Majority or 88% are 20-22 years Attitude & personality 4.32 Strongly Agree
chosen and subjected to survey old and the rest are aged 23-25. In Workload 4.20 Agree
questionnaires. The perceptions terms of length of sea service, 48% Colleagues 4.12 Agree
of the respondents were measured stayed onboard for 12 months, 28% Working hours 3.80 Agree
using a 5-point Likert scale and data rendered 11 months, 14% for 13 Multinational Crew 3.60 Agree
were tabulated and analyzed using months or more and 10% for only 10 Leadership 4.24 Strongly Agree
frequency, percentage, weighted months. As for the type of vessel, 48% Total 3.91 Agree
mean, and t-test. Analysis of Variance

4 | WAVES 2015
were trained to be away from home difference was established in the References
and there are several leisure activities respondents' perception on the Commission on Higher Education. (2012).
onboard. factors affecting performance and Implementing guidelines on the shipboard
training requirement for the Bachelor of
not even when they were grouped Science in Marine Transportation and
Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering
Significant Difference in the
according to their profile. programs [Memorandum Order 2 series of
2012]. Retrieved from http://www.ched.gov.
respondents' perception on the ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/CMO-
factors affecting performance 02-s2012.pdf

There is no significant difference in Recommendations Gupta, A. (2016, January 8). What are the
factors that negatively affect performance at
the workplace? Placement India. Retrieved
the respondents’ perception of the From the drawn results and February 25, 2016 from http://www.
eight factors that might affect their placementindia.com/blog/what-are-the-
findings, it is recommended that the factors-that-negatively-affect-performance-at-
performance onboard. No significant PMMA cadets should be prepared for the-workplace.htm.
difference was also established in the Nag, A. (17 June 2016). 16 factors that lead to
the environment they will be exposed poor performance at the workplace [Blog] |
factors when grouped according to during the shipboard training. CommLab India. Retrieved from http://blog.
commlabindia.com/elearning-design/nega-
to age, length of time spent on sea Necessary trainings and orientation tive-performance-factors
service and type of vessel. should be given to develop an Marine Insight. (21 July 2016). The relation
between human error and marine industry.
agreeable attitude and a pleasing Retrieved from http://www.marineinsight.
com/marine-safety/the-relation-between-hu-
and strong personality to survive man-error-and-marine-industry/.
Conclusions the challenging tasks and situations Rengamani, J. & Murugan, M.S. (2012). A study
on the factors influencing the seafarer's stress.
It is therefore concluded that onboard, and to perform their duties AMET International Journal of Management
4(4) 44-51. Retrieved from http://www.am-
majority of the respondents are from well during their shipboard training. etjournal.com/attachment/ametjournal-4/
They need to be physically and Dev-Article-6-Rengamani.pdf
age 20 to 22 years, rendered at least Saeed, R., Mussawar S., Lodhi, R., Iqbal, A.,
12 months of sea service and were mentally equipped for the workload Nayab, H., & Yaseen, S. (2013). Factors
mostly assigned in a bulk carrier and working hours. They also need Affecting the Performance of Employees at
work place in the Banking Sector of Pakistan.
vessel. Two of the strongest factors to be ready socially, emotionally, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 17
(9): 1200-1208, 2013. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.
were identified to have affected spiritually since they will be engaged mejsr.2013.17.09.12256
the performance of the cadets with a multicultural crew and a Veysey, S. (2013, September 8). Human error
remains the most important factor in marine
onboard during shipboard training varying leadership and management accidents. Business Insurance. Retrieved
styles of their officers/colleagues. December 20, 2016, from https://www.
is their attitude and personality and businessinsurance.com/article/20130908/
NEWS07/309089991
leadership. However, no significant

WAVES 2015 | 5
{ }
Abstract

The primary objective of the study was to determine the efficiency of the Engine Room
Simulator of the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy. The perception of the thirty (30)
1CL cadets were gathered through a survey-questionnaire. Follow-up interviews were
also conducted to validate the data. Likert scale was utilized to measure the perception of
the respondents. Statisical tools such as frequency, mean, weighted mean, percentage and
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to tabulate and analyze the data gathered.
The parameters measured were set only to the ERS indicators suchs buttons & controls,
valves & piping systems, machinery operations, bridge-engine room collaboration, alarm &
troubleshooting operating typical marine propulsion plants, engine room operations, concept
of engineering management, concept in the working environment, engine room operations
and safety onboard. Findings revealed that the cadets perceived the ERS as a very efficient
equipment as a whole. Areas such as buttons & controls and engine room operations were
ranked the highest. The study implies that since the ERS is an efficient tool that can aid
the learning process of the cadets, it is therefore recommended the ERS should be regularly
maintained, upgraded and frequent utilized by the cadets.

Keywords: engine room, simulator, virtual learning, efficiency, maritime training

6 | WAVES 2015
 Sy, Anthony John M.
Landas, Josvic Nicole S.
Nisperos III, Rodolfo Carl C.
>>>> Training is an integral part of the development of
Sarnicula, Ryan Cristie L. knowledge and skills of the students in order to equip
Terazona, Irvin Jan H.
them to be ready to be part of the labor force. Strategies
and equipment that will aid in the training is also equally
essential. Most training institutions have embraced the
College of Marine Engineering
idea of using simulated environments. The National
Training and Simulation Association (n.d.) also agrees
that simulators are effective in imparting knowledge and
ENGINE ROOM SIMULATOR
EFFICIENCY OF THE PMMA
developing skills, a safer ground for risks and errors and
a cost-effective equipment that can provide an actual
feel of the working environment. This is why maritime
education and training institutions use simulators since
risk and costs in conducting practical trainings onboard
ship are seemingly too steep.
In this study, the researcher focused on the simulator
used by Marine Engineering trainees, the Engine Room
Simulator (ERS). The ERS is designed to provide
training for marine engineers with special reference to the
requirements of the Standards of Training, Certification,
and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code and International
Maritime Organization (IMO) Model Course 2.07.
Engine Room Simulators include the marine
propulsion, electrical and auxiliary system for a range of
modern vessel. Simulation in a controlled environment
gives marine engineers the opportunity to learn,
experiment and interact with a variety of realistic situations
that would be dangerous or expensive to recreate in
real life (Technical University of Mombasa, n.d.). The
simulator allows not only for training under normal
operation conditions but also for emergency operation
procedure training. The more familiar the trainee is with
the equipment, the faster and more effective are his
reactions to a state of emergency (Tomezak, 2009).
The application of virtual simulation in teaching
the operation of complex marine machinery leads to a
better understanding of the functioning principles of
both the equipment and the systems in comparison with
traditional educational methods. As a result, trainees
are far better prepared to deal with real life operation of
machinery, thus increasing in a considerable manner the
standards of safety of ship operation. On the other hand,
its features enable the trainee to repeat in an unlimited
number of times the required operations, thus achieve the
necessary preparedness level (Chen 2004).
 The training center of the Philippine Merchant prior shipboard exposure. In addition, the efficiency
Marine Academy (PMMA) houses full-engine of the practical training is essential since these will
control room simulator that cater to the maritime highly affect their performance during their actual
education and training of the cadets and professional exposure.
seafarers. (PMMA Prospectus, 2015). Since the ERS
is being utilized by the cadets as part of the academic
training, the researchers aimed to determine its Statement of the Problem
efficiency as an aid for familiarization which will The study aimed to seek answers to the
prepare for actual shipboard training. Moreover, the following problems:
cadets are required to undergo a one-year shipboard
training onboard international commercial vessels 1. What is the profile of the Engine
cadets in terms of:
on their 3rd-year residency in the academy Hence,
a. gender;
practical training–simulated or not–are vital for them b. age; and
c. type of vessel?

responses. Likert scale

Significance of the Study 2. What are the respondents' perception
was utilized to determine on the efficiency of PMMA (ERS) in
PMMA Administration. This the individual responses terms of:
will encourage the administration on each indicator-feature a. buttons and controls;
to continue to invest in the of the ERS. Data were b. valves in piping system;
improvement or upgrading of the analyzed using frequency, c. machinery operations;
simulators since these equipment mean, weighted mean, d. alarms and troubleshooting;
play a significant role in helping mold percentage and ANOVA. e. operating typical marine propulsion
highly competent mariners. plants;
The ERS indicator- f. concept of Marine Engineering
Technical Faculty. This study features measured were environment;
will serve as an encouragement to limited to: buttons & g. concept of working environment
the instructors handling technical controls, valves & piping h. engine room operations; and
subjects to frequently expose the systems,machinery i. safety onboard?
cadets to simulators. Academic operations, bridge -engine
instruction will become more room collaboration, 3. What are the implications of the
productive with the aid of these alarm & troubleshooting findings to the training program of the
equipment. operating typical marine PMMA cadets?
propulsion plants,
Cadets. The undertakings of the
engine room operations,
administration which are influenced vessel, 20% on a cargo ship, 13% have
concept of engineering
by this study will provide a better
management, concept in the working been on a tanker vessel and 10% on a
learning experience for the cadets.
environment, engine room operations car ship.
and safety onboard. As for the perception of the
Methods respondents on the efficiency of
the PMMA ERS, table 1 shows the
The study utilized the Results & Discussion respondents rated the following
descriptive-quantitative approach PMMA ERS features as very efficient
After tabulating the profile data,
to determine the efficiency of the with the following means: button
findings revealed that 76.7% of the
PMMA Engine Room Simulator and controls (4.50), valves and
respondents are males and 23.3%
(ERS). The perception of thirty (30) piping system onboard (4.40),
are females. As for the age group,
1CL BSMarE cadets enrolled during machinery operations (4.47), bridge-
(43.3%) are 21-22 years old, 33.3%
the SY 2014-2015 were solicited engine room collaboration (4.47),
are 19-20 years old while the rest are
through a survey-questionnaire. alarms and troubleshooting (4.47),
23 years old and above. Moreover,
Interviews with the cadet- operating typical marine propulsion
majority worked onboard a bulk
respondents were done to verify plants (4.27), concept of marine
vessel (36.7%), 20% on a container

8 | WAVES 2015
TABLE 1 Descriptive
current period, the equipment the PMMA administration in order
Distribution of respondents' perception Mean
of the efficiency of the PMMA ERS
Rating will eventually reach it outdated to strategize and move forward
state. Hence, it is only vital that the with the continued maintenance,
Buttons and controls 4.50 Very Efficient
PMMA administration should invest enhancement and upgrading of
Valves and Piping System 4.40 Very Efficient
necessary support which is not only the equipment. It should also
Machinery Operations 4.47 Very Efficient
Bridge-Engine room 4.47 Very Efficient
limited to maintenance but also for encouraged among the technical
Alarms and Troubleshooting 4.47 Very Efficient
upgrading and improvement of the faculty to aid their academic
equipment. instruction with frequent use of
Operating Typical Marine 4.27 Very Efficient simulators.
Propulsion Plants
Concept of Marine
Engineering Envionrment 4.37 Very Efficient Conlusion
Concept of Working 4.27 Very Efficient The findings show that the References
Engine Room Operations 4.50 Very Efficient Engine Room Simulator (ERS) of Chen H. (2004). The latest developments
in engine room simulator WMS-1004
Safety Onboard 4.17 Efficient the PMMA was perceived to be very for marine training needs.. Proceedings
Over-all Weigthed Mean 4.39 Very Efficient efficient by the cadets. Whilst all of of ICERS6 International Conference on
the nine areas have been perceived Engine Room Simulators. Wuhan, China
as very efficient, the areas such as National Training and Simulation
engineering management (4.37) buttons & controls and engine room Association. (n.d.) Why use simulation?
- Return-on-investment. Retrieved
concept of working environment operations had the strongest impact from http://www.trainingsystems.org/
(4.27) and engine room operations of efficiency among the cadets. publications/simulation/roi.cfm.
(4.5). They rated safety on board as PMMA (2015). Prospectus. Zambales:
Since the ERS serves efficient
4.17 or efficient. The over-all weighted Philippine Merchant Marine Academy.
to the learning process of the cadets
mean for efficiency of the ERS is Technical University of Mombasa. (n.d.)
in the PMMA, alloting more time in
computed at 4.39 or interpreted as Safety at sea begins with comprehensive
the utilization of the equipment may training. Retrieved from http://www.
very efficient.
further strengthen the technical skills tum.ac.ke/topstory/240
The findings imply that the ERS of the cadets in the engine room. Tomczak, L. (2009). Application of
is an effective tool that can aid in the marine engineering room simulators
training program of the cadets. Since with 3D visualization for emergency
Recommendation operating procedures training. Retrieved
it is very efficient, usage should be as from http://www.polishcimeeac.pl/
frequent as necessary. It is only recommended that Papers2/2009/036.pdf
this study should be presented to
Given its efficiency at the

WAVES 2015 | 9
{ }
Abstract

The shipping industry has been faced with countless instances of maritime accidents
which are mostly blamed to the crew involved. This paved way to the study which aimed
to determine which maritime accidents are caused by human error, the underlying factors
that cause the error and ways to prevent them. The study utilized the descriptive-quantitative
approach. Thirty (30) PMMA cadets who had prior shipboard training were employed to
share their perception by answering a researcher-made survey questionnaire. Responses were
measured using a 5-point Likert scale and data were analyzed using frequency, weighted
mean and rank. Findings revealed that the respondents perceived damage to machinery
as the most frequent accident caused by human error and closely followed by stranding.
Respondents agreed that fatigue is the most common underlying factors why the errors are
committed. Also, inability to employ safety measure, poor communications skills, inadequate
knowledge and poor maintenance were also found to be significant factors. The study strongly
recommends that to address the errors, seafarers must maintain fitness for duty by having
a balanced work and rest hours. Additionally, attendance to trainings and seminars and
improvement of communication skills were also suggested.

Keywords: maritime accidents, human error, shipboard, prevention, fatigue

10 | WAVES 2015
 Azul, John Matthew A.
Amar, Jan Rosston C.
Bulatao, Raunyl D.
>>>> The maritime industry permits the efficient transport
Cabugon, Franz Czar S. and trade of good as well as exchange of cultures among the
Del Rosario, Weslie A.
continents which have contributed to the development
of the different countries across the globe. The success
of the maritime industry does not only rely on the ship
College of Marine Transportation
or the ocean nor only to the direction of the wind. It is
significantly affected by the degree of competence and
professionalism displayed by the seafarers (IMO, 2015).
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
ONBOARD DUE TO HUMAN ERROR A lot is at stake when a person fails or neglects to
perform his duty. This might lead to loss of property, life,
and environmental damages inflicted by major maritime
accidents that would lead the safety of the shipping
industry to a negative light (Larossi, 2010). However,
several studies have reported that maritime accidents are
mostly due to human errors (Stevenson, 2008; Finch
2007).
Human errors have several underlying factors that
explain why these errors were committed. Safahani
(2008) mentioned that fatigue is a common problem
to all modes of transportation which includes maritime
transport. A seafarer’s job is very taxing since they need
to deal with interrupted sleeping time, long duty hours,
harsh weather conditions, homesickness and pressure at
work.
Another factor is inadequate general technical
knowledge of the crew as agreed by Smith (2006) who
claimed that competent seamen are lacking. Agustin
(2003) also suggested that lousy leadership and poor
decision-making skills of the ship officers lead to
misreading radars or sometimes failing to issue evacuation
orders to which these instances have occurred in vessels
that ply Philippine domestic routes.
Inadequate communication is also one of the
factors. In international vessels, the cultural diversity of
crew onboard is also deemed to cause communication
failures. This is due to language barriers which hamper an
effective communication (Evangelos, n.d.). Rothblum
(n.d.) also discussed that human errors do not necessarily
point directly to the crew onboard, rather to the related
workforce who controls the entire shipping operations.
She also added factors such as poor design of automation;
poor maintenance; and faulty standards, policies or
practices.
 Since it has been established in this study what the increasing trend of maritime accidents for the
contributes to maritime accidents, the researchers past century, improvements in ship construction,
believe that the factors that cause these accidents ship systems reliability, and onboard operations
should be addressed in order to prevent or avoid these organizations are undertaken”.
types of incidents in the future. Some studies have
Within this premise, the researchers embarked
come up with several suggestions to address the issues
on determining the perception of those who already
concerning maritime accidents. Schager (2008)
acquired shipboard training
gave a strong emphasis that
experience. This is to identify
the most effective approach
and confirm the existence
to increasing safety at sea is Statement of the Problem of the causes of these
by guaranteeing the human The study focused on the assessment accidents and determine
side of shipping in order of accidents observed or experienced what measures are necessary
to be sure of the success of onboard, perceived reasons or causes to be carried out in order to
the sail. Corovic (2013) due to human error and the different prevent instances of maritime
said, “In order to address ways to prevent these accidents.
accidents.
Specifically, it sought answers to the
following questions: to human error, main factors that
Significance of the Study
1. What are the most observed or caused the errors and their opinion
The following will benefit from experienced shipboard accidents on which ways presented are the
the study: due to human error? most effective in addressing the
2. What are the factors which problems.
The shipping executives.
Findings of this study will provide caused human errors that lead to The study employed thirty
insight among the shipping maritime accidents? (30) first class cadets (fourth
executives on how to improve its 3. What are the most effective ways year students) to answer the
human resource management of preventing accidents due to questionnaire. These respondents
system to make their crew avoid human error? were purposively selected due to
accidents caused by human error. their prior shipboard experience
of at least 12 months. To measure
The principals. Human errors
develop their competence and safety the perception of the respondents
do not only limit to what happens
awareness. a 5-point Likert scale was utilized
onboard but also in the operations
and the results were tabulated and
done offshore. The findings of this
study will encourage the principals Methods analyzed using frequency, rank and
weighted mean.
to gear their attention on the This study assessed the awareness
improvements and maintenance of the 1Cl cadets of AY 2014-2015
of their equipment to withstand
different conditions at sea as well as
on the most observed/experienced Results and Discussions
maritime accidents onboard that are
improvements to the policies and due to human error, the underlying
standards on board. factors of that contributed to these Most observed or experienced
maritime accidents due to
PMMA Leadership. The errors and and their perception on human error
PMMA Leadership will gain insight how could these errors be prevented.
on the development of a program The research used the descriptive- Table 1 shows the maritime
that will ensure competence of quantitative method in approaching accidents due to human error that
cadets/graduates including their the topic. A researcher-made survey were observed or experienced by
safety and well-being aboard ship. questionnaire served as the main tool the 1CL cadet-respondents during
in gathering the data needed. The their shipboard training. As perceived
Cadets. Aside from the questionnaire include questions that by the respondents, “damage to
knowledge being stipulated in this let the respondents identify, check machinery” (rank 1) and "stranding"
study, the cadets will also be given and answer the most observed or (rank 2) have always been observed
the appropriate programs that will experienced maritime accidents due

12 | WAVES 2015
or experienced while "collision" (rank communication skills” which tied in have a clear and alert state of mind in
3), "flooding" (rank 4) and finally rank 4.5; “lack of technical knowledge” dealing with their tasks.
"fire or explosion" (rank 5) have been (rank 6); “poor decision-making
observed or experienced often. skill” (rank 7) and “inability to follow
Recommendation
standards and procedures” (rank 8)
TABLE 1 Descrip- were also perceived as often to be the Given the findings and
Distribution of observed/
Mean tive Rank
experienced maritime Rating factors which caused human errors. conclusions, it is strongly
accidents due to human error
recommended that seafarers must
Collision 4.07 Often 3
Most effective ways of preventing be provided with a balanced time
Damage to machinery 4.70 Always 1
maritime accidents due to human for work and rest. Moreover, it is also
Stranding 4.20 Always 2
error recommended that safety practices
Flooding 3.93 Often 4
should still be observed in dealing
Fire or explosion 3.90 Often 5 TABLE 3 Descriptive with all tasks. Finally, attendance
Ways of preventing maritime Mean Rating
Rank
accidents due to human error
to trainings and seminars is still
Attendance to suggested since this enables update
Factors which caused human seminars, trainings
4.54 Most
3
errors that lead to maritime
Effective
and workshops and review of knowledge and skills
accidents Improvement of Most needed for tasks onboard.
4.63 Effective
2
communication skills
Table 2 shows the distribution of Most
Fitness for duty 4.67 1
factors which caused human errors Effective

that lead to maritime accidents. References

It shows that the respondents
considered "fatigue" (with a weighted Table 3 shows that the Corovic, B. and Djurovic, p. (2013).
mean of 4.83) as always the cause of distribution of responses on most Research of marine accidents
maritime accidents. Another factor effective ways to prevent accidents through the prism of human factors.
that was perceived to be always due to human error. The respondents Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.
hr/file/164461.
the cause of human error is the considered “fitness for duty” as
“inability to employ safety measures the most effective way of preventing Evangelos, T. (n.d.). Language barriers
and miscommunication as a cause of
in hazardous working environment” maritime accidents due to human maritime accidents. Retrieved from
which is in rank 2 with a weighted error. This response may serve as https://maredu.gunet.gr/modules/
mean of 4.23. a solution to the mostly reported document/file.php/MAK265/
problem of seafarers which is Dissertations%20in%20English/
Other factors such as “inability Language%20barriers%20and%20
fatigue. Moreover, “improvement of miscommunication%20as%20a%20
to conduct proper maintenance”
communication skills” and finally cause%20for%20marine%20acci-
(rank 3); “inadequate knowledge dents.pdf
“attendance to seminars, trainings and
of ship’s system” and “inadequate
workshops” have also been described Rothblum, A. (n.d.) Human error and
TABLE 2 as most effective ways to prevent marine safety [Report]. Retrieved
Distribution of factors which
Mean
Descriptive
Rank from http://bowles-langley.com/
caused human errors that lead to Rating accidents caused by human errors. wp-content/files_mf/humanerro-
maritime accidents

Fatigue 4.83 Always 1

randmarinesafety26.pdf
Inadequate 4.00 Often 4.5
Conclusion Safahani, M. (2008). The huamn
communication skills fatigue in the maritime domain. Re-
Lack of technical It turns out that the most trieved from http://web.deu.edu.tr/
knowledge 3.97 Often 6
common accidents caused by maritime/imla2008/Papers/35.pdf.
Inadequate knowledge of 4.00 Often 4.5 human error is damage to machinery Shager, B. (2008). Accidents due to
ship’s system human error are increasing in the
and stranding. The most common maritime industry [Newsletter].
Poor decision-making 3.70 Often 7
underlying factor for human error Retrieved from http://www.ma-
Inability to follow rine-profile.com/bdh_filearea/pdf/
standards and 3.67 Often 8 which caused these accidents is
fatigue. The respondents mostly Article__The_Swedish_Club_Let-
Inability to conduct 4.03 Often 3 ter__2__2008.PDF.
proper maintenance agreed that the best way to address
Inability to employ safety this is by maintaining fitness for duty
measures in hazardous 4.23 Always 2
working environment which means that seafarers should

WAVES 2015 | 13
{ }
Abstract

Swimming is one of the skills that a cadet must possess since their future profession deals with
the waters. Being skillful in swimming is an advantage for safety of his life at sea. The study
deals with identifying the factors affecting the motivation of 4CL cadets in learning how to
swim. The descriptive-quantitative research design was utilized. A researcher-made survey
questionnaire was given to fifty (50) fourth class cadets of the PMMA. Data were tabulated
and analyzed using percentage and weighted mean. Findings revealed that the 4CL cadets
perceived teacher-related factors as the strongest motivational factor in swimming while the
least motivational factor is self-worth related factors. The BSMT cadets perceived teacher-
related motivational factor as strongest while BSMarE cadets perceived it to be self-related
motivational factor. It is recommended that the PE instructors should be encouraged to
develop a model of approval and positive reinforcement to develop self-reward system and
mastery goal orientation among the cadets.

Keywords: swimming, motivation, perception

14 | WAVES 2015
 Allapang Kevin Roy A.
Basila, Mark Rodolf E.
Bentrez, Mark Angelo L.
>>>> Swimming is one of the subjects that are required
Bente, JP B. when venturing into a maritime program. The maritime
curriculum includes two Physical Education courses
College of Marine Transportation namely Basic Swimming and Advanced Swimming
(CHED, memorandum order 20, 2015). These courses
are taken during their first year in the program. This
will help the cadets to acquire knowledge and skills in
swimming which is essential in keeping them safe at sea
PERCEPTION OF PMMA 4 CLASS
FACTORS IN SWIMMING
CADETS ON THE MOTIVATIONAL
and overcome fears.
However, in the process of learning, students
experience difficulties and problems. Some studies such
as Barniso et al (n.d.) agree that swimming is a difficult
subject. Most of the time, experiencing difficulties in a
particular area can demotivate a person and eventually
th

will lead to loss of interest. Motivation is a driving factor

for people to achieve goals, solve problems and vital in the
process of learning.
Motivations emanate from several factors: external
factors (extrinsic) and internal factors (intrinsic). Extrinsic
motivation is in a form of outside demand, obligation, or
reward that requires the achievement of a particular goal.
Intrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is striving towards
a goal for personal satisfaction or accomplishment (Frank,
2010).
In sports like swimming, one of the examples of
extrinsic motivations are the encouragements from
coaches/ trainers who play the biggest role in motivating
their students. They are responsible for imparting
necessary tips and skills for the learners. If the student
fails at first attempt, his improvement relies on the
encouragement of the coach. According to Black and
Weiss (1992) after experimenting on male and female
swimmer athletes, the study found out that young athletes’
self-perceptions and motivation are significantly related to
the quantity and quality of coaching feedback they receive
for performance successes and errors. Another form of
extrinsic motivation is the reward of achievement when
a goal is met or fear of consequences of failure. Vallerand
(2004) discussed that athletes are motivated to work hard
for their sport since they focus on the rewards they will
obtain or avoid constraints. This is also the same when a
student is pressured to maintain a grade in order to pass a
physical education subject. Hence, this motivates him to
strive to do good in order to attain this goal.
 Intrinsic motivation is also vital in achieving work hard to achieve a positive outcome or gain a
goals since this results to enjoyment while doing likeable feedback from others (Convington, 1997).
the task. Enjoyment is seen in different aspects. Lee
To aid in achieving goals, it is essential to identify
(2008) have identified that swimming enjoyment is
which factors affect the motivation of the students
composed of five aspects: environment and facility,
the most. Hence, the researchers embarked on this
learning results, administration service and quality,
study and attempted to analyze which motivational
interpersonal relationships and teacher-student
factor is strongest in order to improve cadet’s learning
attitude. Another example of
efficiency in swimming.
motivation is when a person
wants to protect his sense Statement of the Problem
of worth or self-value hence
The study aimed to determine the
motivational factors in swimming as
perceived by the Fourth class cadets of questionnaires were tabulated
Significance of the Study Philippine Merchant Marine Academy. and analyzed using frequency,
The following will benefit Specifically, it sought answers to the percentage, weighted mean and
from the results of the study: following questions: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
1. How are the motivational factors The Likert scale was used in order
PMMA Administration.
of the Fourth class cadets be to show the descriptive rating of the
The result of the study will
described as to: result of the survey.
serve as a guide or input to
the PMMA administration in 1.1. self-related factors
deciding whether equipment 1.2. subject/curriculum related
factors Results and Discussions
to be procured and/or facilities
to be improved can develop the 1.3. teacher-related factors
swimming learning efficiency of 1.4. self-worth factors Motivational factors of Fourth
the cadets. class cadets
2. Is there a significant difference
Instructors. The PE between perception of BSMT and Table 1 shows that the
Instructors will gain insight BSMarE cadets on the motivational respondents strongly agree that their
on their teaching strategy and factors in swimming? motivation in learning to swim is
instructions that will suit the 3. What are the implications of attributed to “teacher-related factor”
motivational needs of the cadets. the identified factors to swimming which ranked first in the list with
Cadets: They will be given teaching strategy and instruction? weighted mean of 4.607. Moreover,
the appropriate mentoring and they also strongly agree to factors
instructions that will increase their such as “self-related” (rank 2) with
swimming learning efficiency. weighted mean of 4.497; “subject/
motivational factors in swimming-
categorized into four (4) aspects curriculum related” (rank 3) with a
namely: self-related factors, subject/ weighted mean of 4.415 and finally,
Methods curriculum related factors, teacher- “self-worth related factor" ranked last
related factors and self-worth factors. with a weighted mean of 4.25.
In this study, the descriptive
method is utilized. A research-made The respondents were 55 male- TABLE 1
questionnaire was used to identify 4CL cadets randomly selected from Distribution of Cadets Perception
Mean
Descriptive
Rank
on the Motivational Factors in Rating
the factors that motivate the cadets to the College of Marine Transportation Swimming

learn how to swim. The questionnaire and College of Marine Engineering. Self-related 4.497
Strongly
2
Agree
consists of two parts: the first part Most of them are 17 years of age and Subject/curriculum Strongly
dealt with the profiles of the cadet’s all of them are males with fair level of related
4.415
Agree
3

age, gender, section, height, weight, swimming skills. Teacher-related 4.607

Strongly
1
Agree
and level of swimming skills prior to Strongly
their entry to PMMA. The second After retrieving all the Self-worth related 4.25
Agree
4

part contains questions regarding the questionnaires, data from the said

16 | WAVES 2015
 Cadets are motivated to learn The BSMT cadets perceived Recommendation
how to swim when the teacher teacher-related factors as the strongest
is knowledgeable in swimming, motivators while BSMarE perceived it Based on the findings and
skilled enough to teach swimming, to be self-related factors. conclusions, it is recommneded that
innovative and creative in teaching swimming instructors must continue
swimming lessons, approachable to motivate cadets for them to exhibit
Implications to swimming good swimming performance.
and open minded for consultation
teaching strategy and instruction
and inquiry, and provides sufficient Moreover, they are also encouraged
information in swimming and its The PMMA administration to attend training-workshops relative
importance. This agrees with Black should encourage mentoring, support to the use of diverse styles in teaching
and Weiss (1992) which states that and encouragement system in using creativity and strategies to
motivation is related to quantity and swimming classes. The PE Instructors influence motivation of the students.
quality of coaching feedback they are encouraged to develop a model of
receive for performance successes and approval and positive reinforcement References
errors. to improve the cadets’ learning
efficiency in swimming since they Barniso, J.D., Sudaria, M.A., Cabrias, F.,
Whereas, the cadets see the
can serve as the strongest extrinsic Balinas, H., Elamparo, H., Gelogo, R. ...
least motivating factors is the self- Songcuya, V. (n.d.) Problems of JBLFMU
motivation and can influence intrinsic
worth related factors such as: gaining Marine Engineering Students in Learning
motivation among the students. Swimming [Abstract]. Retrieved from
more friends, making swimming as http://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/node/512
part of their exercise, becoming the
Black, S.J., & Weiss, M.R. (1992). The
best swimmer in class, that they like Conclusion relationship among perceived coaching
the challenges and excitement that behaviors, perceptions of ability, and
swimming lessons has to offer and the The cadets strongly believes that motivation in competitive age-group
swimmers. Journal of Sport and Exercise
teacher-related factor influences their
fun that it brings them and that they Psychology, 14, 309-325.
motivation while self-worth factor
want to help and save others through Boyd, N. (n.d.) Intrinsic and extrinsic
was perceived as the least. When motivation in education: Definition and
their swimming skills.
grouped according to course, there examples [Lecture notes]. Available from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/
is significant difference between intrinsic-and-extrinsic-motivation-in-ed-
Difference between the the perception of the Bachelor of ucation-definition-examples.html
perception of BSMT and BSMarE Science in Marine Transportation
on the motivational factors in Commission on Higher Education.
swimming and Bachelor of Science in Marine (2015). Memorandum order no. 20.
Retrieved from https://www.ched.gov.ph
Engineering cadets. BSMT cadets
Table 2 shows the difference considered teacher-related factors to Covington, M. V. (1997). Self-worth and
motivation. New York: Cambridge
between the perception of the BSMT have strongly motivated them while University Press.
and BSMarE cadets on the motivating the BSMarE claimed that it was self- Frank, M. A. (2010) Motivation: Intrinsic
factors. The computed f-value of related factors. vs Extrinsic [Article]. Retrieved from
https://www.excelatlife.com/articles/
6.90 is greater than the f-critical The findings of the study also intrinsic_motivation.htm
value of 2.65. It implies that there implied that there is a need to develop Lee, Y.J. (2008). A study of the influence
is a significant difference between the methods of mentoring and provide of instructionalinnovation on learning
perception of the BSMT and BSMarE satisfaction and studyachievement. The
support and encouragement system Journal of Human Resource and Adult
cadets on the motivational factors in for the students in order to drive their Learning 2008 4(2): 43-54.
swimming. motivation to perform efficiently in Shields, T. (n.d.) Developing intrinsic mo-
swimming. tivation: The role of the coach. Retrieved
from http://believeperform.com/
performance/developing-intrinsic-moti-
TABLE 2 vation-the-role-of-the-coach/
Difference between BSMT and BSMarE cadets perception on the motivating factors

Source of Variation SS Df MS F p-value F-crit value Decision Interpretation

Vallerand, R. (2004). Intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation in sport. Retrieved
Between Groups 5.23 3 1.74 Reject Null Hypothesis Significant
6.90 0.187 2.65 from https://ess220.files.wordpress.
Within Groups 54.62 216 0.25 Reject Null Hypothesis Difference
com/2010/12/vallerand-2004-over-
Total 59.85 219 view.pdf

WAVES 2015 | 17
{ }
Abstrak
Ang pag-aral na ito ay ginawa para matanto kung ano ang buhay ng mga kadete sa labas ng akademya tuwing
labasan. Ang pamamaraang-paglalarawan ang disenyo ng pananaliksik. Ang mga datos ay nakalap gamit ang
mga talatanunang-sarbey at pakikipanayam . Binibigyan naman ng pagpapakahulugan sa pamamagitan ng
pagkuha ng bahagdan at dalas ng oras na inilalaan. Batay sa nakalap na datos, ang karaniwang ginagawa sa
panahong nasa labas ang mga kadete ay ang pagkain ng masasarap na putahe na hindi natitikman sa loob ng
akademya, ang paglalaan ng mahabang oras sa pagtulog at ang paglalaro ng kompyuter katulad ng DOTA.
Natanto pa na karamihan sa mga kadete ay nahuhumaling sa paginom ng alak bagamat ito ay ipinagbabawal
ng akademya. Iilan lamang ang naglalaan ng oras sa pagsisimba. Sa kabuuan, maipapalagay sa marami na
ang mga kadete ay naging malaya, nag-aasal sibilyan at hindi nauunawaan ang tunay na kahulugan ng isang
ganap na kadete dahil nakalimutan ang mga tuntunin ng akademya at nagging abusado sa layang ibinigay.
Sa kalahatang kinalabasan ng pag-aaral, inimumungkahi ng tagasaliksik ang isang panawagan sa pamunuan
ng PMMA na maging mapagmasid, maalam at magbigay ng mabigat na kaparusahan sa lahat ng kadete na
lalabag sa kautusan at mga tuntunin habang nasa labas ng akademya upang mapangalagaan ang pangalan
ng PMMA. Marapat lamang na baguhin o irebisa ang patakaran, ipaabot at masidhing ipatupad ito para sa
lahat ng kadete. Bahagi ito ng pagtatama at pagtuturo ng wastong pag-uugali sa loob o labas man ng PMMA.

Mga mahalagang salita: buhay ng kadete, labasan, PMMA

Abstract
(English translation)
The study aims to identify the life of cadets outside the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy during liberty. Using
descriptive method of research, survey questionnaire and interviews were conducted to identify the cadets’ activities
outside the academy. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage. Data show that during liberty, the cadets
love to eat foods not available in the academy, sleep and rest or go to computer shops. The 3CL and 1CL cadets
consume alcohol and only few go to mass on Sundays. It can be concluded that some cadets do not understand
the meaning of liberty and misuse their “freedom”. It is then recommended that the PMMA administration should
give an intensive lecture on the code of decorum and strictly impose sanctions to misbehaviors.

Keywords: life of cadets, liberty, PMMA

18 | WAVES 2015
 Rojo, Frederick

College of Marine Transportation

>>>> Ang mga kadete ng Philippine Merchant Marine
Academy (PMMA) ay hinuhubog na maging
disiplinado, maasahan, maalam at matagumpay sa
hinaharap. Marami ang naniniwala na magagaling

NG PMMA: ISANG PAGSUSURI"

(LIFE OF CADETS OUTSIDE PMMA: AN ANALYSIS)
"BUHAY NG MGA KADETE SA LABAS at mahuhusay ang mga kadete ng akademya, hindi
lamang sa aspeto ng pagmamarino kundi maging
sa kanilang pag-uugali at pagkatao. Ang mga kadete
ay sinanay at patuloy na hinuhubog sa masusing
pagsubok at sa mahigpit na pagsasanay na nagdulot
sa kanila ng pagbabago mula sa pagiging isang
karaniwang sibilyan tungo sa isang disiplinadong
kadete. Inaasahan ng mga taong nakapaligid sa
kanila na ang imahe ng isang ganap na kadeteng may
wastong pag-uugali at masasalamin sa kanila sa loob o
labas man ng PMMA.
Para sa kadete na may matataas na marka sa mga
asignatura at walang kaparusahan, ang Sabado at
Linggo ay mga araw ng pagpipili-an na mga gawain

}
at mga paglalakbay, kabilang na ang mga parke
dibersiyon, mga karaniwang na festival, sinehan,
paintball venues at mixers sa mga paaralan ng mga
batang babae. Pagliwaliw sa bayan at pamamahinga
sa araw na walang pasok ay magagamit din na may
pahintulot. (Fishburne, n.d.)
Ang mga kadete ay nakatira sa malaking
maaliwalas na bahay-pahingahan na may humigit-
kumulang 30 bunk-style na higaan. Ang bawat isa
ay itinalaga sa isang kama at binibigyan ng damit-
lagayn. Tuwing 4:30 ng umaga, ang mga kadete ay
gumigising at hinahainan ng almusal pagpatak ng
7:00. Nagsisimula naman sa pagsisiyasat ang mga
T.A.C. staff ng 8:00 sa kanilang mga barracks araw-
araw. Pagkakaiba sa kalinisan, kaayusan, kalinisan
ay nakatala at naitama. Ang mga klase naman ay
nagsisimula ng 8:00 at nagtatapos ng 5:00 ng hapon at
may pahinga ng isang oras na para sa tanghalian.
Tuwing linggo, ang mga kadete ay nilalaan ang
lahat ng kanilang mga oras sa labas ng akademya. Sila
ay binibigyan ng liberty na nagsisimula ng 5:00 ng
hapon ng Biyernes. Sila ay magpapatala at mag-ulat
upang pumasok muli sa akademya bago mag-7:00
ng gabi ng Linggo. Maihahantulad din ito sa uri ng
pamumuhay ng mga sumasali sa akademya sa ibang
bansa (Illinois State Police, n.d.)
 tulad ng dalas (frequency) at bahagdan
Pagpapahayag ng Suliranin (percentage) ang ginamit.
Upang bumuo ng mga
kanais-nais na pag-uugali Ang pag-aaral na ito ay may
na siyang, namumuhay at layunin na tukuyin ang buhay ng Resulta at Diskusyon
inimulat sila sa kapaligirang mga kadete ng PMMA tuwing
disiplinang pinapatupad ng labasan o liberty. Ang mga Kaibahan ng buhay sa loob at
suliranin ay ang mga sumusunod: labas ng akademya
patakaran at batas. Ang lahat ng
mga patakaran at regulasyon 1. Ano ang kaibahan ng buhay Ayon sa 122 na tumugon sa
ay nakasulat sa libro na kilala sa loob at labas ng akademya? pananaliksik, magkasalungat ang
bilang Graybook o "cadet 2. Ano buhay ng mga kadete pagkaka-iba ng buhay ng kadete sa
bible." Ang Graybook ang sa labas ng akademya tuwing loob at labas ng akademya. Ayon sa
naglalarawan, tumutukoy, at liberty ayon sa: kanila, ang buhay sa loob ng Akademya
sumasaklaw sa lahat ng dapat ay: may takdang gawain sa bawat oras,
at hindi dapat na mga pag- a. karaniwang ginagawa; at bawal ang cellphone, libre ang pagkain
uugali, mga gawain at mga kilos b. lugar na pinupuntahan at matutuluyan, walang pansariling
ng mga kadete (Philippine 3. Paano nailalarawan ang mga kalayaan o may batas na dapat sundin.
Military Academy, n.d.). kadete tuwing liberty? Kabaliktaran nito ang buhay sa labas
na inilarawan na: walang sinusunod
Ang pananaliksik na
na oras, kalayaang gumamit ng
ito ay ginawa para ilarawan
cellphone, sariling gastos sa pagkain at
at suriin ang buhay ng mga
matutuluyan, at kalayaang gawin ang
kadete sa labas ng akademya. Metodolohiya
anumang nais.
Ipapakita rito ang mga suliranin
Panlarawan o deskritibo ang
tungkol sa imahe ng kadete at
ginamit sa pananaliksik. Ayon kay Buhay ng kadete sa labas ng
makapagbigay ng mga hakbang
Ethridge (2004), ang mga kaganapan Akademya tuwing liberty ayon sa:
upang mapaganda ito.
sa pag-aaral na ginagamitan ng
panlarawang pananaliksik ay a. Mga bagay na ginagawa ng kadete sa
kinapapalooban ng pagtatala, labas ng Akademya tuwing liberty
paglalarawan, pagpapakahulugan,
Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral Ayon sa datos na nakalap tungkol
pagsusuri at paghahambing. Layunin sa mga bagay na ginagawa ng kadete
Mahalagang malaman ng ganitong disenyo na sistematikong sa labas ng akademya, pag-unang
ang buhay ng kadete sa labas mailarawan ang sitwasyon at kalagayan rango ang “kumakain ng masarap”
ng Akademya upang matanto nang makatotohanan at buong na may labing-siyam (19) tugon o
ng kadete and kanyang sarili at katiyakan.
pagkilala ng pagkatao sa labas ng Talahanayan 1 Porsyento
Ang mga datos ay kinalap mula sa Distribusyon ng ginagawa ng mga Dalas %
Rank
akademya nang sa gayon mabigyan Kadete
sarbey na sinagutan ng 122 piling 4Cl,
ng pagkakatong baguhin ang hindi Kumakain ng masarap/ hindi
3Cl at 1Cl na mga kadete ng Philippine hinahanda sa akademya 19 15.57 1
kaaya-ayang ugali o larawan na
Merchant Marine Academy. Mga may-
ipinamalas sa mamamayan ng San Mag-computer 17 13.93 3
ari ng bahay, kapit-bahay sa San Narciso,
Narciso, Zamabales. Makatulong Namamasyal 18 14.75 2
Zambales at mga magulang ng kadete
din ang pag-aaral na ito sa adhikain Natutulog 13 10.66 5
ay kinapanayam upang makuha ang
ng akademya na mapabuti ang Gumagamit ng cellphone 13 10.66 5
gawain ng mga kadete.
kalakaran para sa kadete upang Naglalaba 13 10.66 5
patuloy na maitaas ang dangal Ang pananaliksik na ito ay binubuo Nagpapahinga 9 7.38 7.5
patungo sa positibong antas ng ng pagmamasid, pagsasagawa ng sarbey Umiinom ng alak 9 7.38 7.5
isang maayos at organisadong at panayam. Sa pagsusuri ng pahayag ng Nag-aaral 8 6.55 9
institusyon. problema, palarawang buod istatistika Nagsisimba 3 2.46 10
Kabuuan 122 100%

20 | WAVES 2015
15.57 na bahagdan; pumangalawa Larawan ng kadete sa labas ng Mahalagang maunawaan ng
naman ang “pamamasyal” na may Akademya kadete ang pagpapahalaga sa pangalan
18 na tugon o 14.75 na bahagdan ng akademya bilang isang institusyon
Para sa mga may ari ng bahay
(14.75%); at pangatlo ang “paggamit kung kayat minumungkahi na ang
paupahan, inilarawan na ang mga
ng kompyuter na may 17 na tugon pamunuan ng akademya ay magbigay
kadete ay magagalang, masisinop sa
o 13.93 na bahagdan (13.93%). ng masidhing pagpapaliwanag tungkol
gamit, nagbabayad sa tamang oras at
Nasa ika-limang rango naman ang sa code of decurom at ipaintindi
nagpapaalam kung may kailangan.
“paggamit ng cellphone”, “pagtulog” at sa kadete ang nararapat na kilos
Sabi nila, hilig daw ng mga kadete ang
“paglalaba” na may magkakaparehas at ugali ng isang tunay na kadete.
manood ng telebesyon, magpahinga
na 13 na tugon o 10.66 na bahagdan Iminumungkahi rin na istriktong
at kung minsan ay nagliliwaliw kagaya
(10.66%) bawat isa. Nasa ika-anim at ipatupad ang parusa sa mga lumalabag
ng pag-inom ng alak kasama ng iba
kalahating rango (6.5) naman parehas dito.
pang mga kadete at kaibigan.
ang “nagpapahinga” at “umiinom
Ang mga kapitbahay ng Mahalagang maunawaan ng
ng alak” na may 9 na tugon o 7.3 na
mga kadete ay nagsabing sila ay kadete ang pagpapahalaga sa pangalan
bahagdan (7.3%); samantala, 8 na
mayayabang kaya madalas silang ng akademya bilang isang institusyon
tugon o 6.55 na bahagdan (6.55%)
napapaaway. Marami sa kadete ang kung kayat minumungkahi na ang
naman ang nagsabing “nag-aaral” na
nakikitang pagala-gala sa lansangan pamunuan ng akademya ay magbigay
bumilang sa pang-siyam na rango;
tuwing gabi na lasing at maingay. ng masidhing pagpapaliwanag tungkol
at ang panghuli ay “nagsisimba” na
Marami din ang reklamo tungkol sa sa code of decorum at ipaintindi
may 3 na tugon o 2.46 na bahagdan
babaeng niloko at pinaasa ng mga sa kadete ang nararapat na kilos
(2.46%).
kadete. at ugali ng isang tunay na kadete.
Iminumungkahi rin na istriktong
b. Mga lugar na punupuntahan Ayon naman sa mga magulang, ipatupad ang parusa sa mga lumalabag
kung minsan sumasama ang loob dito.
Ayon sa datos, mga 55
nila dahil ang kanilang anak ay mas
katao (45.08%) na tumugon na
higit na naglalaan ng panahon sa
pinakamadalas na puntahan ng mga Sanggunian
kasintahan. Sinasabi na mas may
kadete ay “palengke o bayan” ang
panahon sila na magtext at tumawag
pangalawang rango ay “computer
sa kanilang kasintahan higit sa
shops” na may 31 na tugon o 25.41 Ethridge, D.E. (2004). Research
kanilang mga magulang. Nais nila
na bahagdan (25.41%). Nasa ikatlong methodology in Applied
na kahit papano ay makatapos,
rango naman ang pagpunta sa Economics 2nd edition. New
makatulong sa pamilya, makaipon
“dagat” na may 12 na tugon o 9.84 na Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
at maging handa sa pag-aasawa ang
bahagdan (9.84%). Pang-apat naman
kanilang mga anak. Fishburne. (n.d.) Cadet life. Retrieved
ang pagpunta sa “resto bars” na may
from https://www.fishburne.org/
18 na tugon o 14.75 na bahagdan
cadet-life/
(14.75%) at panghuli ang pagpunta sa
Konklusyon at Rekomendasyon Illinois State Police. (n.d.) A day
“simbahan” na may 6 na tugon o 4.92
na bahagdan (4.92%). Marami sa kadete ang hindi in a life of a cadet. Retrieved
nakakaunawa sa tunay na kahulugan from http://www.isp.state.il.us/
ng liberty at nagiging mapagsamantala academy/cadetdaily.cfm
Talahanayan 2 Porsyento
Distribusyon ng mga lugar na Dalas Rank
pinupuntahan ng mga kadete
% sa pagkakataong makalabas. Ang Philippine Military Academy. (n.d.).
Computer shops 31 25.41 2 pagkasabik ng mga kadete sa ibat’ibang Cadet life inthe academy. Retrieved
Dagat 12 9.84 3
uri ng kasiyahan, bisyo at libangan from www.pma.ph/Cadetlife.php
Resto Bars 18 14.75 4
ang pangunahing sanhi ng hindi
magandang gawain ng kadete sa labas
Palengke/bayan 55 45.08 1
ng PMMA.
Simbahan 6 4.92 5
Kabuuan 122 100%

WAVES 2015 | 21
 FACULTY &
INSTITUTIONAL
 <<<<<
RESEARCH
{ }
Abstract

The objective of the study was to customize the PMMA Shipboard Training Monitoring System in
line with the DST requirements and determine its effectiveness through pilot testing. A descriptive-
quantitative design approach was used to measure the effectiveness of the system by conducting
document analyses and survey among the selected 1CL trainee/cadets and administrators. The
trainee/cadet-respondents tested the system by conducting a registration and profile, test on receipt
of notification, submission of reports, and reply to messages. On the part of the administrator-
respondents, checking of submitted report, receipt of notification, and posting and sending
announcement and message to cadets were conducted. The administrator-respondents also conducted
tests on all the functionalities of the system. After initial testing of the customized shipboard training
monitoring system, a survey was conducted to understand better and identify the effectiveness of the
system as to accuracy, security, functionality, user-friendliness and speed of processing. Survey revealed
that the administrator-respondents perceived the customized system in terms of accuracy, security,
and functionality as very effective. The trainee/cadet-respondents also perceived it as very effective
in terms of user-friendliness and speed of processing. Respondents’ position and course affect their
perception of the effectiveness of the customized PMMA Shipboard Training Monitoring System
in terms of speed of processing. The overall respondents’ perception on the customized PMMA
Shipboard Training Monitoring System is very effective. The researcher recommends the acceptance
of the customized PMMA Shipboard Training Monitoring System for the PMMA shipboard
trainees; and its immediate full implementation by the Department of Shipboard Training.

Keywords: performance, shipboard training , maritime, accidents

24 | WAVES 2015
Froilan D. Mobo, MBA, MSCs
Faculty Researcher
>>>>Shipboard Training is a mandatory requirement
and component of the Bachelor of Science in Marine
Transportation (BSMT) and Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering (BSMarE) programs that pertains
to the required seagoing service as provided under

MONITORING SYSTEM: A PILOT TEST

PMMA SHIPBOARD TRAINING Regulation II/I and Regulation III/I of the 1978
STCW Convention and Code as amended.
Commission on Higher Education Memorandum
Order (CMO) No 20 S 2014 requires that BSMT and
BSMarE cadets/students to complete the twelve(12)
months sea-going service with approved Training
Record Book (TRB) before embarkation. It also
requires Maritime Higher Education Institutions
(MHEIs) to establish a monitoring system for cadets
undergoing onboard training.
Nam (1995) found out that no sufficient time is
given to trainees/cadets in making a training report
and it is difficult to evaluate each trainee/cadet in all
training considering only the submitted assignments,
and impossible to give a grade if there is a mail delivery
accident.
Liong (2005) summarized the definition of
monitoring system as “a strategy used to periodically
track quality by recording inputs, processes, outputs
and outcomes for purposes of enhancing decisions and
diagnosis of strengths and weaknesses of instructional
or training programs. Results of the monitoring system
must be fed back to all to all concerned units within the
organization.
Velasco (2002) Study entitled “Maulawin
National High School Student Information System”
cited that maintaining students, records manually is
a very difficult task and time consuming. In that case,
computerization system that can help and handle this
data needed to speed up the process of student’s record
keeping and to promote and reliability.
The Department of Shipboard Training (DST) of
the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA)
uses a distributed-documentation partially manual
process in monitoring the performance of the cadets
that most likely causes the delay and inconsistency of
reports.

WAVES 2015 | 25
 The DST encodes, keeps, validates and receives a
summary of the report through e-mail. These documents
are required to be submitted during their shipboard training
but were received only after the cadets’ have finished their
training. Moreover, the performance evaluation of the
cadets given by the different shipping companies and the
submitted reports of the cadets are manually recorded in
a piece of paper and has to be encoded in Microsoft excel
to compute the weighted average grades. The process is
done repeatedly which consumes a lot of time and energy.
It causes inconsistencies because of the late submission of
reports.
In the study, the researcher
proposed a monitoring system which General Objectives and Problem
includes the summary of the report on
the performance of the cadets which The main objective of the study is to conduct a pilot test on
were directly encoded in the web- the customized-DST required PMMA Shipboard Training
based system by the training officers Monitoring System to determine the effectiveness of the
of the Department of Shipboard system.
Training (DST). At the same time, the
cadets can also receive the summary Specifically, the study seeks to find answers to the following
of their performance through online questions:
notification using the Android Applet.
It will enable both parties to send 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
reports real-time from their destination 1.1. position;
to the DST office. 1.2. age; and
The aforementioned web-based 1.3. course?
Applet Monitoring System via Cloud-
Based Application using Android 2. How do administrator-respondents perceive the
and Joomla Technology provides effectiveness of the customized PMMA Shipboard
efficient and accurate monitoring of Training Monitoring System in terms of:
performance reports of the 2nd class 2.1. accuracy;
cadets. This intends to perform the 2.2. security; and
following operations; analyze and 2.3. functionality?
transfer the gathered reports and
eliminate circumstances of causing the 3. How do the trainee/cadet-respondents perceive the
delay of releasing reports; minimize the effectiveness of the customized PMMA shipboard Training
time consumed in searching for the Monitoring System in terms of:
name of the cadets in the filing cabinet 3.1. user-friendliness; and
and in the spreadsheet program. It is 3.2. speed of processing?
expected that the computerization
or the application of the information 4. What is the overall perception of the respondents on
system provides the technical basis to the effectiveness of the customized PMMA Shipboard
develop sound managerial decisions. Training Monitoring System?

4. Is there a significant difference on the respondents’

perception on the effectiveness of the customized PMMA
Shipboard Training Monitoring System when grouped
according to profile variable?

26 | WAVES 2015
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Pilot Testing and

perception of PMMA
personnel on the
system’s accuracy,
Department of

▶ ▶
security and
Shipboard Training
functionality Full Implementation
requirements for the
of the PMMA Shipboard
customization of the
Training Monitoring
PMMA Shipboard
Pilot testing and System
Training Monitoring
perception of selected
System
1CL BSMT and BSMarE
cadets on the system’s
user-friendliness and
speed of processing

>>>> FIGURE 1 | PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

functionality, user-friendliness, and was customized according to the

Conceptual Framework
speed of processing. requirements of the DST and had its
Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual trial run. The system was redesigned
Lastly, the output box consists
paradigm of the study. The input box and was pilot-tested among the
of the objective of the study-
consist of the DST requirements for cadets and PMMA administrator-
the full implementation of the
the customization of the PMMA respondents. The respondents
customized PMMA Shipboard
Shipboard Training Monitoring assessed the systems effectiveness as
Training Monitoring System for
System. to its accuracy, security, functionality,
effective shipboard training program
The process box involves management. user-friendliness and speed of
the respondents’ perception on processing. The result of the pilot
A researcher-made cloud-based testing will prompt the researcher to
the effectiveness of the PMMA
shipboard monitoring system for recommend the full implementation
Shipboard Training Monitoring
the Department of Shipboard of the system.
System in terms of accuracy, security,
Training was prepared. The system

Significance of the Study

officers in updating the database of significant to the cadets’ life onboard.
The study will benefit the
the cadet on shipboard training. This PMMA Midshipmen. The
following entities:
system can easily identify the status implementation of the customized
Philippine Merchant Marine and performance of trainees. shipboard training monitoring system
Academy. The automation of the will provide a medium for the cadets
Training Officers. The
shipboard training monitoring onboard to communicate their status,
customized system will equip
system will make the transactions and submit reports and receive remarks/
them with additional channel of
reporting of the shipboard trainees’ evaluations with and from the DST
communication to better facilitate
status more efficient, reliable and training officers. This will also serve
the shipboard training efficiently.
updated. as their avenue to communicate
It will also provide an easier way to
Department of Shipboard reach out to the cadets on real time. with their co-trainees onboard other
Training. The system will play The information generated from the seagoing vessels.
significant advantage to the training system will help them make decisions

WAVES 2015 | 27
 Other Maritime Schools. It the behavior of a subject without the researcher during his master’s
may serve as background for the influencing it in any way. degree. Originally, the system features
establishment of their own online Frequency distribution, and focus were the performance of
shipboard monitoring system to percentage, weighted mean and the trainees during their shipboard
better facilitate their shipboard 5-point Likert scale were used training. The researcher presented
training program. to determine the profile and the FDM Cloud-based Performance
Future Researchers. It perception of the respondents on Monitoring system to the PMMA
encourages researchers to come up the effectiveness of the shipboard for approval of its implementation.
with related online system to properly, monitoring system. To determine the The PMMA expressed its willingness
effectively and efficiently monitor difference between the respondents’ to adopt the system, however, with
academic and/or training programs perception when grouped according minor revisions and changes. This
and performance of the students. to profile, the single factor Analysis of gave way to this study- the PMMA
Variance (ANOVA) was utilized. Shipboard Training Monitoring
System: A Pilot Test.
Methodology and Approach The researcher together with the
Customization of the System
The researcher used the DST staff/personnel was in charge
The customization of the PMMA with the customization of the old
descriptive-quantitative research
Shipboard Training Monitoring system. The use of ISF-TRB was
method. It involves the recording,
System has emerged from the observed and monitored during the
description and the presentation of
pilot testing of the developed customization process.However
the current system, composition and
FDM Cloud-based Performance during the process, the training book
phenomena.
Monitoring System of the researcher required by the Commission of
Descriptive research design in 2013. The system was part of the Audit was released, the Global Met
is a scientific method which developmental study conducted by Training Record Book. Thus, aside
involves observing and describing

28 | WAVES 2015
from ISF-TRB of the respondents, the Some revisions and changes were respondents were able to provide
researcher utilized and integrated the accompanied by the conducted pilot their perception on the effectiveness
use of the new record training book in testing. Issues and concerns raised by of the proposed customized
customizing the system. the students and academic officials shipboard training monitoring
The new PMMA Shipboard were noted, documented and applied system during the pilot testing.
Training Monitoring System offers with the customized system. Other Parameters of effectiveness include
more interactive and innovative way loopholes were answered during the security, accuracy, functionality, user-
of monitoring the shipboard status of adjustments of the system after the friendliness and speed of processing.
shipboard trainees. first phase of testing. Again, together
with the assistance of the DST and
selected respondents the researcher Description of the Respondents
Pilot Testing of the System adjusted the system to align with the There are more trainee-
The pilot test was conducted revisions suggested during the testing. respondents than administrator-
among the cadets of batch 2016. respondents. The respondents are
There were sixty (60) cadets selected in their younger age group with the
The Instrument
to participate. The testing was done in mean age of the respondents is 23.74.
the library and DMA gazebos where A survey-questionnaire has been There are more Bachelor of Science
internet connections were set-up. used as a research instrument in Marine Engineering (BSMarE)
Pilot testing was also conducted during the pilot testing of the than Bachelor of Science in Marine
among seven (7) academic customized PMMA shipboard Transportation (BSMT) cadets/
department officials as the system training monitoring system. The graduate-respondetns. Two of the
administrators. survey-questionnaire form is a respondents are graduates of IT
checklist type questionnaire where related courses.

Findings and Interpretation

TABLE 1 Standard Descriptive
Administrator-Respondents’ Perception in terms of N Mean Rank
Deviation Rating
Perception of the Accuracy

administrator- Documentation is correct and trustworthy 7 4.7313 .56628 Very Effective 1

respondents on the Conformity of data result 7 4.6269 .57303 Very Effective 3

effectiveness of the Comprehensive and clear 7 4.6269 .59888 Very Effective 3

PMMA Shipboard Relevance of information to make informed

7 4.6269 .67050 Very Effective 3
Training Monitoring
judgment

System in terms of
Monitoring of cadet's performance 7 4.6119 .67319 Very Effective 5

Accuracy, Security &

High level of data assurance 7 4.5672 .63303 Very Effective 6
Provides an opportunity to reduce or eliminate
Functionality errors to the data and information
7 4.5522 .65790 Very Effective 7

Integrity of data achieved 7 4.5373 .63552 Very Effective 8.5

Correctness of output provided by the system 7 4.5373 .61122 Very Effective 8.5

Overall Weighted Mean 4.6020 Very Effective

Accuracy
Valid N (listwise) 7
The over-all accuracy of the
shipboard training monitoring system result; comprehensive and clear; data and information; integrity of
was perceived by the administrator- relevance of information to make data achieved, correctness of output
respondents as very effective. All informed judgment; monitoring of provides by the system were also
areas: documentation correct and cadet’s performance; high level of perceived as very effective. Results are
trustworthy; conformity of data data assurance; provides opportunity shown in Table 1.
to reduce or eliminate errors to the

WAVES 2015 | 29
Security TABLE 2 Standard Descriptive
The over-all security of the Administrator-Respondents’ Perception in terms of N Mean Rank
Security Deviation Rating
shipboard training monitoring
User management of systems 7 4.6061 .65348 Very Effective 1
system was perceived by the access
administrator-respondents as very
Systems backup is provided 7 4.5970 .62909 Very Effective 2.5
effective. All areas: user management
of systems access; systems backup Protection from loss 7 4.5970 .60452 Very Effective 2.5
is provided; protection from loss; Individual user account and access 7 4.5821 .63124 Very Effective 4
individual user account and access code is provided
code is provided; high level of High level of security 7 4.5672 .72245 Very Effective 5.5
security; accessibility of the user
account management; protection Accessibility of the user account 7 4.5672 .67921 Very Effective 5.5
management
from systems damage; availability of
facilities that maintains the integrity Protection from systems damage 7 4.5522 .68054 Very Effective 7.5
of data and information; protection Availability of facilities that
against unauthorized access were maintains the integrity of data and 7 4.5522 .63445 Very Effective 7.5
information
also perceived as very effective.
Results are shown in Table 2. Protection against unauthorized 7 4.5373 .72464 Very Effective 9
access
Overall Weighted Mean 4.5731 Very Effective
Functionality 7
Valid N (listwise)
The over-all functionality of
the shipboard training monitoring TABLE 3
system was perceived by the Standard Descriptive
Administrator-Respondents’ Perception in terms of N Mean Rank
Functionality Deviation Rating
administrator-respondents as very
effective. All areas: adaptability of Adaptability of the system 7 4.6866 .58281 Very Effective 1.5
the system; flexible to meet user Flexible to meet user requirement 7 4.6866 .58281 Very Effective 1.5
requirements; technical reliability
Technical reliability of the service 7 4.5970 .62909 Very Effective 3.5
of service; allows expansion and
modification of the system; a certain Allows expansion and modification 7 4.5970 .62909 Very Effective 3.5
of the system
system level is maintained even when
trouble occurs; and modifications A certain system level is maintained 7 4.4776 .70406 Very Effective 5
even when trouble occurs
of the systems do not affect the
subsystem were perceived as very Modifications of the system do not 7 4.4627 .68154 Very Effective 6
affect the subsystem
effective.
Results are shown in Table 3. Overall Weighted Mean 4.5849 Very Effective

Valid N (listwise) 7

30 | WAVES 2015
 TABLE 4 Standard Descriptive
Trainee-Respondents’ Perception N Mean Rank
in terms of User-Friendliness Deviation Rating

Response time for reply to 60 4.6866 .60825 Very Effective 1.5

Perception of request

the trainee- System is easy to use 60 4.6866 .55620 Very Effective 1.5
respondents Always on time and can be
on the relied on 60 4.6269 .59888 Very Effective 3.5

effectiveness Normal operations are

of the PMMA
restored readily, when failure 60 4.6269 .54594 Very Effective 3.5
occur
Shipboard Easy to understand the 60 4.6119 .62656 Very Effective 6.5
Training functions/commands

Monitoring Integrity of system in terms 60 4.6119 .57617 Very Effective 6.5

System in
of performing its functions

terms of User- Ease of procedure 60 4.6119 .60190 Very Effective 6.5

friendliness Timeliness of information 60 4.6119 .67319 Very effective 6.5
and Speed of Allows easy operation
Processing management 60 4.5970 .62909 Very Effective 9

Overall Weighted Mean 4.6304 Very Effective

Valid N (listwise) 60

User-friendliness
All the sub areas: overall rating within the specified period of
The over-all user-friendliness of the systems responsiveness; time; provides good response high
of the systerm was perceived by level of responsiveness; provides throughout; network conditions
the trainee-respondents as very fast transaction; accessibility of and response time as very effective.
effective. All sub-areas: response information; frequency of customer Results are shown in Table 5.
time for reply to request; system request; availability of documents
is easy to use; always on time and
can be relied; normal operation are TABLE 5 Standard Descriptive
restored readily when failure occur; Trainee-Respondents’ Perception in terms of N Mean Rank
Speed of Processing Deviation Rating
easy to understand the functions/
commands; integrity of systems in Overall rating of the system 60 4.6716 .56106 Very Effective 1
responsiveness
terms of performing its functions;
Level or responsiveness 60 4.6567 .56548 Very Effective 2
ease of procedure; timeliness
Provides a fast transaction 60 4.6418 .56946 Very Effective 3.5
of information and allows easy
operation management were also Accessibility of information 60 4.6418 .59548 Very Effective 3.5
perceived as very effective. Results are Frequency of customer request 60 4.6269 .54594 Very Effective 5.5
shown in Table 4. Availability of documents within 60 4.6269 .57303 Very Effective 5.5
the specified period of time
Speed of Processing Provides good response high 60 4.6269 .57303 Very Effective 5.5
throughput
The speed of processing of
the shipboard training monitoring Network conditions 60 4.6269 .67050 Very Effective 5.5
system was perceived by the Response time 60 4.5970 .60452 Very Effective 9
trainee-respondents as very Overall quality of the process 60 4.4737 .68721 Very Effective 10
effective. Overall Weighted Mean 4.6190 Very Effective

Valid N (listwise) 60

WAVES 2015 | 31
 The respondents
TABLE 6
perceived the customized Summary of Respondents’
Perception in the Descriptive
PMMA Shipboard Mean Rank
Summary of the Training Monitoring
Effectiveness of the
PMMA Shipboard Training
Rating

Perception of the System as very effective

Monitoring System

respondents on the in all the areas: accuracy, Accuracy 4.67 Very Effective 3
effectiveness of the security, functionality, Security 4.66 Very Effective 4
PMMA Shipboard user-friendliness and Functionality 4.64 Very Effective 5
Training Monitoring speed of processing. User-friendliness 4.64 Very Effective 1
System Results are shown in Speed of 4.62 Very Effective 2
Table 6. Processing
Valid N (listwise) 67

Position accuracy, security, functionality,

The observed level of user-friendliness and speed of
significance shows that there processing when respondents are
is significant difference in the Significant grouped according to age.
respondents’ perception on the Difference in the
effectiveness of the customized Perception of the Course
PMMA Shipboard Training respondents on There is a significant difference
Monitoring System in terms
the effectiveness on the respondents’ perception
of speed of processing when
of the PMMA on the effectiveness of the
respondents are grouped according
Shipboard customized PMMA Shipboard
Training
to position. Training Monitoring System

Monitoring
in terms of speed of processing
Age when respondents are grouped
There is no significant difference System when according to course. As for the
on the respondents’ perception on grouped speed of processing, the BSMarE
the effectiveness of the customized according to respondents perceived it to be faster
PMMA Shipboard Training Profile Variable compared to what was perceived by
Monitoring System in terms of the BSMT respondents.

32 | WAVES 2015
Conclusions Recommendations References
From the foregoing findings, The overall respondents’
Commission on Higher Education.
the following conclusion was perception on the customized (2014). CMO 20 s 2014: Revised
drawn: PMMA Shipboard Training implementing guidelines on the
1. The administrator- Monitoring System is very approved seagoing service require-
effective. Thus the researcher ment for the conferment of the
respondents perceived the degree in Bachelor of Science in
customized PMMA Shipboard would like to recommend the
Marine Transportation (BSMT)
Training Monitoring System in following: and Bachelor of Science in Marine
terms of accuracy, security, and 1. The approval of the use of Engineering (BSMarE) programs
functionality as very effective. the customized PMMA Shipboard [Memorandum]. Retrieved from
Retrieved from http://www.
2. The trainee-respondents Training Monitoring System for ched.gov.ph/wp content/up-
perceived the customized PMMA the cadet-trainees of the Philippine loads/2014/ temp/10-23/cmo/
shipboard Training Monitoring Merchant Marine Academy. cmo20s14.pdf.
System in terms user-friendliness 2. The immediate full Liong, L. P. (2005). Proposed Mon-
and speed of processing as very implementation of the PMMA itoring System for Trainings of
effective. Shipboard Training Monitoring the Philippine National Housing
System. Authority. Retrieved from http://
3. The respondents’ course essay.utwente.nl/55730/1/Scrip-
affects their perception on the 3. Further study must be tie_Liong.pdf.
effectiveness of the customized done to improve its features and
PMMA Shipboard training capabilities like locking of grading Nam, C. D.(1995), A Study on
Monitoring System in terms of sheet, notification code generated, the Efficient Improvement in the
Shipboard Training, Journal of
speed of processing. and summation of total months of the Korean Society of Marine
embarkation. Environment & Safety, Vol. 1, No.
4. Further monitoring of the 2, pp. 96-97.
system in its implementation.

RESEARCHER's profile

Mr. Froilan D. Mobo, MBA, MSCs

He is currently a member of the faculty of the College of Marine Transportation.

He is handling Computer and some Social Science subjects. He is a graduate
of Master of Science in Computer Science, Master in Business Administration
and currently taking up a Doctor's degree in Public Administration. Mr. Mobo
is multi-licensed professional. He has a CSC Data Enconding eligibility,
CSC Scientific and Technological Specialist license and a recently acquired
PHILNITS I.T. Passport. Moreover, he is also a passer of TESDA courses in Visual
Graphics NCIII and Computer System Servicing NCII.

WAVES 2015 | 33
{ }
Abstract

The ultimate goal of the study was to trace the employment, career path, professional growth
and development, and relevance of the curriculum and competencies learned in the academy
of the alumnae of the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy who graduated from 1997-
2012. The study also verified the role of gender in the employment and promotion of the
alumnae. The study utilized an online questionnaire to gather data. A snowball sampling
was employed to trace the thirty-three (33) alumnae. The study revealed that majority of the
alumnae are employed, got their first job 1-6 months after graduation in an international
shipping company as technical support; promoted 1-3 times because of their commitment
towards work, competencies and training; and found that the curriculum and competencies
offered in the academy are relevant to their present job. The alumnae also stressed the
usefulness of the leadership and discipline training inculcated among them. Moreover,
the general education curriculum also served its role in the alumnae career. Leadership,
interpersonal skill, and critical thinking learned from the academy also helped the alumnae
to succeed in their field. Finally, half of the alumnae experienced slight gender inequality in
participation in training and development during their academic years and in finding a job
after graduation.

Keywords: maritime, tracer, employment, gender, curriculum, competencies, women,

seafaring

34 | WAVES 2015
 >>>>
Paraggua, Victoria Q.
Alvarez, Myrna D.
Diviva, Rachelle C.
Millar, Jamila C.
Solas, Carolyn S. Since its inception, the maritime industry has
Naca, Vanessa Anne M. been considered as male dominated and seafaring
is always deemed to be a man’s job. Women were
Department of considered to be an intrusion to the industry. Sexism
Research and Development and gender stereotyping have discouraged women
to pursue this career since they are considered to be
of a weaker species (ITF Seafarers, 2012; Mukherjee,
2015). In 1988, the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) started its strategy of integrating
of women in the maritime sector. This started to open
PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE
ACADEMY ALUMNAE TRACER STUDY
up opportunities to fight gender inequality in the
maritime world (IMO, 1988).
However, the number of women in this type of
industry is a bit scarce. According to the International
Labour Organization (ILO), women only comprise
1-2 percent of the world’s 1.25 million seafarers
held on April 6-8, 2016 in at the Crown Regency Resort and Convention Center, Boracay, Aklan.
** This paper was originally published in the Alliance Research Publication Vol IV No. 1 s 2016
*This paper was presented in the 3rd International Resaerch Conference on Higher Education

and mostly in the cruise sector (ILO, 2003). The

Philippines, being known as the largest producer
of maritime workforce, reported that officers only
accounted between 0.4 and 1.8 percent of the total
number of Filipino women seafarers, while ratings
or non-officers accounted between 5 and 6.5
percent of the total number of women seafarers from
2006 to 2010 (Philippine Overseas Employment
Administration, 2015).
Albeit females still hold the smallest percentage
of the population, this did not stop maritime schools
from admitting women in their institutions all over the
world. This is significantly connected to the perceived
shortages of officers in the world fleet, thus, since the
late 1990s there has been a growing interest in training
and recruiting women seafarers (Magramo & Eler,
2012).
ISSN: 2408-3364

In the Philippines, Republic Act 7192 or the

Women in Development (WID) and Nation
Building Act was created in 1992 which mandated
the integration of women in different industries and
in the military. The government-funded Philippine
Merchant Marine Academy is one of the pioneer
institutions that opened its portals to females despite
the strong dominion of males in seafaring.
 This brought the entrance of Objectives of the Study
midshipwomen in 1993 after 173
years after its foundation (PMMA, The study identified and determined the employment status and career
n.d.; Tangi, 2016). The academy path of the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy alumnae from batch
produced it first batch of female 1997 to batch 2012. Specifically, the study answered the following
graduates in 1997. As of 2012, questions:
PMMA has a total of 60 cadettes.
(PMMA Office of the Registrar, 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
2012). 1.1. age;
For almost 20 years of offering 1.2. civil status;
this program to women, it was 1.3. place of origin or birthdate (province);
decided upon by the academy 1.4. present location;
to track the status of its alumnae. 1.5. reason/s for taking the course;
Tracing primarily involves finding 1.6. awards received;
and location a group of individuals
1.7. post-graduate studies/diploma courses;
to follow up what has happened in
1.8. license?
their lives after an event has taken
place (ILO, 2011). Moreover, tracer 2. What is the description of the respondents' first job in terms of:
studies in education are used not
2.1. duration of getting the first job/employment;
only to track the career path of their
2.2. nature of the industry of the first job/employment;
graduates but also to measure the
relevance of training and help inform 2.3. nature of the first job/employment;
changes that can be made to improve 2.4. resignation from the first job/employment (if applicable); and
programme implementation (UCS, 2.5. reason/s for resignation from the first job/employment (if
2012). applicable)?
Through a tracer study, 3. What is the description of the professional development of PMMA
the PMMA reached out to its alumnae in terms of:
alumnae using the latest social 3.1. promotion;
media platforms and other forms of 3.2. frequency of promotion; and
communication. It has tracked down
3.3. reasons for promotion?
the alumnae from batch 1997-2012
to seek information on their status 4. How can the present job/employment profile of the respondents be
after graduation. It has assessed the described in terms of:
quality of its female graduates and 4.1. present job/employment;
how they fared in the maritime
4.2. duration of getting the present job/employment;
industry. Moreover, the findings
reflected several factors that affected 4.3. status of present job/employment;
their career path and professional 4.4. nature of the industry of the present job/employment;
development. Through the findings, 4.5. nature of the present job/employment; and
PMMA has seen several areas that 4.6. reasons for staying on the present job/employment?
the will need enhancement and
opportunities for development of a 5. How do the respondents perceive the PMMA curriculum and
new programme that will increase competencies in terms of:
chances of employment among its 5.1. relevance of the curriculum in the present job;
female graduates. 5.2. usefulness of the curriculum;
5.3. relevance of competencies learned; and
5.4. particular competencies relevant to the present job?

6. How did the respondents experience issues on gender inequality ?

7. Did the respondents stop onboard employment? and why?

36 | WAVES 2015
Framework
addresses the same questions: Are to begin with. This includes the
Tracer studies are conducted
the PMMA alumnae employable? Is profile, details about their first job,
to obtain relevant data on the
the PMMA curriculum relevant to professional development, present
employment and career status of the
their job? What the perceptions are of job/employment, peception on the
alumni years after their graduation.
graduates about the graduates’ skills, relevance of the PMMA curriculum
Academic institutions conduct this
knowledge and education gained and competencies, details of their
type of study to find out whether
during their stay in the academy? experience of gender inequality, and
their former students fared well in the
While undergoing with the study, lastly, details on whether they pursued
employment industry; the challenges
the research used an Input-Process- onboard emplyoment or not.
they encountered; the effectiveness
and usefulness of the program to Output (IPO) model as conceptual Process is reflected in the second
the job; whether the careers the framework. The IPO paradigm box. This box reflects the data yielded
graduates have are aligned to the shown in Figure 1 illustrates how and from the raw data gathered from
degree acquired and so on. Academic which data were gathered and the the alumnae-respondents. These
institutions utilize this data as basis processes it underwent in order to data include: a comprehensive
for the improvement of the programs identify the answers to the problems data of the alumane; details of their
offered or of the instruction.Like postulated by this study. The first box first emloyment such as nature of
most tracer studies, this study contains all the data gathered industry and of their job, frequency

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Comprehensive data of the alumnae

• Data on their first employment which

includes the duration; nature of industry;
nature of the job; and frequency of
resignation and reasons concerning it
• Profile of the
Respondents • Data on the professional development of
the alumnae which will reflect instances of
• First Job promotion and frequency
Enhancement of
• Professional

▶ ▶
Development • Data on the present employment of the present education
alumnae which will state the duration of and training
• Present job/ getting the present job; employment status;
employment programs.
nature of the industry; nature of the present
• Perceived relevance of job and reasons for staying on the present
job Opportunities for
the PMMA curriculum
and competencies development of new
• Data on the perception of the alumnae programs for female
• Experience of gender towards relevance and usefulness of the graduates
inequality PMMA curriculum and competencies to their
• Status of onboard employment status and career path
employment
• Data on the experiences of gender
discrimination of the alumnae during their
training in the academy and seeking for
employment

• Data of the status of onboard employment

of the alumnae and their reasons behind
staying and leaving

>>>> FIGURE 1| PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

WAVES 2015 | 37
of resignation and the reasons; The Commission on Higher
Significance of the Study
professional development which Education (CHED). As the
reflects instances of promotion; The results of this study will be principal leader and capable partner
present employment which reflects immensely favorable to the following: in molding and transforming female
the duration in getting their present Philippine Merchant Marine college students towards becoming
job; their present employment Academy. The data collected will highly competitive and dynamic
status such as nature of industy and not only serve as an update on the professionals, the output of the
reasons for staying; their perception employment/career status of its study will verify if the mission and
towards relevance and usefulness graduates but most significantly will vision of the agency are sustained.
of the PMMA curriculum and serve as basis for improvement of Moreover, this study will also serve
competencies to their employment the academy that will maintain its as basis for curriculum and program
status and career path; their leading status in the maritime sector. development.
experiences of gender inequality of Specifically, the results gathered The Maritime Industry
the alumnae during their training have reflected several areas for Authority (MARINA). This study
in the academy and seeking for enhancement and opportunities may serve as basis for formulation
employment; and finally their status for development which are of policies that will benefit women
of onboard employment and their deemed necessary to continue the serving the maritime labor force.
reasons behind staying and leaving. empowerment of its midshipwomen
Data gathered were processed The Teaching staff. The study
and alumnae. Moreover, the study
through the use of various statistical will help the teachers, educators
will also be beneficial to the following
treatments. and mentors to continuously enrich
sectors and entities:
the cognitive ability of the female
The output of the study aims to The Department of Labor students by constantly upgrading
the come up with several initiatives and Employment (DOLE). The the standards of the academy in
that can enhance or develop study will give them an insight on academics, training and leadership,
programs that will be beneficial to the status of female seafarers in the which will enable them to excel and
females who plans to venture in the country. Results can be used to be competitive in the alumnae in the
maritime industry. promote employment opportunities, global maritime industry.
to develop human resources, and
The Parents. The positive
attainment of decent, and productive
results will encourage the parents to
jobs for every Filipina worker.
motivate their daughters to venture
into a maritime career.
The future cadettes. The study
will serve as their motivation that
despite hardship inside the academy,
numerous opportunities await them
after graduation.

38 | WAVES 2015
 Section 2 inquired for their
Methodology and Approach TABLE 1
Frequency and Percentage of Distribution of the employment experience such as how
The tracer study used descriptive- Alumnae in terms of Year Graduated and when they got their first job;
qualitative analysis of data. Cohen Year length of the stay in their first job;
(2004) defined a tracer study Frequency Percentage
Graduated nature of industry; nature of work;
as another name for a follow-up 1997 4 12.12 and reasons for resignation from their
study. The use of the term ‘tracer’ 1999 2 6.06 first job.
has evolved because the researcher
2000 4 12.12 Section 3 asked about their
usually traces the subject some years
2002 1 3.03 present employment profile such as
after participated in the program to
2003 1 3.03 present employer, status of present
find out how they are faring in their
employment, nature of industry and
careers. 2005 7 21.21
work; reasons for staying, promotion
The research design for this 2006 1 3.03 and reasons for promotion.
tracer study, which involved the 2008 1 3.03
Section 4 comprised the
collection of primary data among 2010 3 9.09 perception of the Alumnae
the PMMA alumnae, has used a 2011 5 15.15 towards PMMA curriculum and
quantitative cross-sectional survey.
2012 4 12.12 competencies. Specifically, it inquired
The quantitative approach, which
Total 33 100 about the relevance and usefulness
was mainly restricted to graduates
of the curriculum and competencies
provided data that enabled statistical The research was conducted learned to their present job.
inference. at the Philippine Merchant Marine Moreover, it also asked about other
With the availability and Academy located at San Narciso, particular competencies that are also
convenience of the technology, the Zambales and in some other parts significant to their present work.
study was done through an online of Metro Manila where partner
shipping and manning companies Sections 5 and 6 focused on the
survey form that was published in late
and benefactors are based. areas that identified whether or not
December of 2012. The proponents
the alumnae experienced gender
also sent the survey form links via The instrument used in this discrimination during their training at
email to the alumnae of the PMMA study was a multi-column layout the academy and during employment
that were identified by the Office of tracer form allowing 47 variables to (land-based or on-board).
the Registrar. The target respondents be captured in the most economical
are the alumnae who graduated and simplest way. The instrument After gathering the data, the
from 1997-2012. There are a total contained 21 open/closed ended proponents used PH stat software for
of sixty (60) graduates identified questions and 26 multiple-choice/ the descriptive statistics of the study
however, due to the unavailability multiple reply type of questions and that described the characteristics of
of other respondents to answer was grouped into 6 sections. the respondents using the variables
the survey, the study only utilized noted above. The variables were
Section 1 asked about their coded during the entry in the
a sample which comprised about
personal profile: Name, present software and to easily manage
55% of the total number. A snowball
address, e-mail address, phone large scale data and responses. The
sampling technique was employed
numbers, Facebook account, age, description of the characteristics of
to trace (33) alumnae. Table 1
civil status, year graduated, birthplace, the respondents was identified as to
shows the frequency and percentage
present location and present address. compare the demographic variables
distribution of the alumnae in terms
This section also determined their of the alumnae.
of year graduated.
reason/s for taking up the course,
awards received, their post graduate
studies, diploma courses (if any),
advanced training acquired after
graduation, license history and their
present employment.

WAVES 2015 | 39
Results and Discussions

Table 2 shows the frequency two (2) respondents or 6.06

and percentage distribution of the percent belong to 27-29 age
PMMA alumnae-respondents’ bracket. The median and modal age
profile. is 30 and 24 respectively.
Profile of the
alumnae-
Age. Seven (7) respondents Civil status.
Out of 33

respondents
or 21.20 percent belong to both respondents, nineteen (19)
age brackets 21 to 23 and 24 to 26; respondents or 58 percent are
six (6) or 18.20 percent belong married; thirteen (13) or 39
to age bracket from 30 to 32; five percent are single; and only one
(5) respondents or 15.20 percent (1) is separated.
belong to age bracket 36 to 38;
Origin/birthplace. Out of
three (3) twelve or 12.10 percent
33 respondents, six (6) or 18.19
belong to age bracket 39-41; and
percent are from the National
TABLE 2 Profile of the Respondents

Age civil status Origin/ Birthplace Present Location Awards Received

Age f % Status f % Region f % Location f % Awards f %

21-23 7 21.21 Married 19 58 NCR 6 18.19 On-board 5 15.15 Academic 8 20
24-26 7 21.21 Single 13 39 CAR 7 21.21 Land-based 16 48.49 Skill-related 7 17.5
27-29 2 6.06 Separated 1 3 Region 1 2 6.06 On vacation 12 36.36 Leadership 7 17.5
30-32 6 18.19 Region2 1 3.03 Others 1 2.5
33-35 2 6.06 Region3 5 15.15 None 17 42.5
36-38 5 15.15 Region4A 5 15.15
39-41 3 12.12 Region 5 2 6.06
Region 6 2 6.06
Region 8 1 3.03
Region 10 1 3.03
Region 11 1 3.03
Total 33 100 33 100 33 100 33 100 40

Graduate Studies License Reasons for taking the course

Capital Region (NCR); seven
(7) or 21.21 percent are from the
Course f % License f % Reasons f %
Cordillera Administrative Region
MAMET* 2 6 3/O or 4/E 23 70 Scholarship offer 7 21.21 (CAR). There are five (5) or 15
None 31 94 2/O or 3/E 6 18 Influence of parents/relatives 4 12.12 percent from both Regions 3
C/O or 2/E 4 12 Influence of friends 1 3.03 and 4A. There are two (2) each
Strong drive and passion 4 12.12 or 6.06 percent from regions 1,
Affordability 2 6.06 5 and 6. Finally, there is only one
Legend Legend

MAMET: Master of Arts in 3/O or 4/E: 3rd Officer or

Nearest avaible school 1 3.03 (1) respondent each coming from
Maritime Education and Training 4th Engineer Opportunityto work abroad 5 15.15 regions 2, 8, 10 and 11.
Good work compensation 8 24.25
2/O or 3/E: 2nd Officer or
3rd Engineer Location. Five (5) alumnae
Others 1 3.03
C/O or 2/E: Chief Officer or
or 15.15 percent were onboard;
2nd Engineer sixteen (16) or 48.49 percent
were land-based; and twelve
33 100 33 33 100

40 | WAVES 2015
(12) or 36.36 percent were on- aforementioned. respondents with Chief Officer or
vacation—may refer to either Chief Engineer license.
Graduate studies. Two
waiting for employment onboard
(2) respondents or six percent Reasons for taking the
or unemployed.
(6%) graduated from the World BSMT/BSMarE course. In
Awards received. Majority Maritime University in Malmö, descending order, eight (8) or
or seventeen (17) alumnae- Sweden and earned a Master 24.25 percent took the course
respondents indicated that they of Science degree in Maritime for good work compensation;
did not receive any award. They Education and Training. However, seven (7) or 21.21 percent for
comprise 42.5 percent of the 31 respondents or ninety four scholarship offer; five (5) or 15.15
distribution. However, those who percent (94%) have never enrolled percent for opportunity to work
have received awards said that to any graduate studies. abroad; four (4) or 12.12 percent
they were given awards that are: for both influence of parents and
License. There are twenty
"academic related" with eight (8) relatives and strong drive and
(23) respondents or seventy
responses or 20 percent; "skill- passion; two (2) or 6.06 percent
percent (70%) who have 3rd
related" with seven (7) responses for affordability; one (1) or 3.03
Officer or 4th Engineer licenses.
or 17.5 percent; "leadership" percent for both influence of
Eighteen percent (18%) or six (6)
with seven (7) responses or friends, nearest available school
respondents have 2nd Officer or
17.5 percent; and finally one (1) and other/s.
3rd Engineer license and twelve
award not related to any of the
percent (12%) or four (4)

a year; and finally only one (1) level; and ten (10) or 30 percent
replied that it took her more than indicated they did not belong to
First 2 years. either technical or managerial.

Employment Nature of industry. The Resignation. The majority of

of the
alumnae-respondents have been the alumnae or fifty-eight percent
distributed into several fields (58%) stayed in their first job and
alumnae- in the maritime industry. In while forty-two percent (42%) or

respondents
descending order, fourteen (14) fouteen (14) alumane resigned.
or 42.43 percent of the alumnae Reasons for resignation.
got employed in the international Those who decided to resign have
shipping industry; seven (7) or indicated several reasons why they
21.21 percent of the alumnae chose to leave their first jobs. In
worked in privately-owned descending order, they said that
agencies and maritime related it was due to "career challenge"
offices; another seven (7) or 21.21 with eight (8) responses or 24.24
Table 3 shows the frequency
percent pursued careers in the percent ; four (4) responses each
and percentage distribution
military service; three (3) or 9.09 for "salaries & benefits" , "not
of the description of the first
percent said that they ventured in related to course", "job-security
employment of the alumnae-
domestic shipping; and finally, two related" and "end of contract";
respondents.
(2) or 6.06 percent of the alumnae three (3) reponses or 9.09 percent
Duration. Twenty-two (22) worked in maritime education and for "family influence"; two (2)
respondents or 66.67 percent training institutions. responses each or 6.06 percent
indicated that it took them 1-6
Nature of first job. Twenty- for " not related to special skill"
months to find their first job; eight
one (21) or 64 percent of the and other reasons; and one (1)
(8) respondents or 24.24 percent
alumnae worked as technical response each or 3.03 percent for
said that it took them 6 months to
support; two (2) or 6 percent "proximity to residence" and "peer
one year; two (2) or 6.06 percent
belonged to the managerial influence".
said that it took them more than

WAVES 2015 | 41
 TABLE 3 Description of the Alumnae-respondents' First Employment

Duration before getting a job Nature of Industry Nature of First Job Resignation Reasons for Resignation

Duration f % Nature f % Nature f % f % Reasons f %

More than 1 3.03 International 14 42.43 Technical 21 64 Yes 14 42 Salary & 4 12.12
2 years shipping Support benefits
More than a 2 6.06 Domestic shipping 3 9.09 Managerial 2 6 No 19 58 Career 8 24.24
year challenge
6 months to 8 24.24 Maritime related 7 21.21 Others 10 30 Related to 2 6.06
1 year offices special skill
Less than 6 22 66.67 Military service 7 21.21 Related to 4 12.12
months course
Maritime Proximity to
Education & 2 6.06 residence 1 3.03
Training

Peer influence 1 3.03

Family 3 9.09
Influence

Secuirty-related 4 12.12

End of 4 12.12
Contract

Others 2 6.06
Total 33 100 33 100 33 100 33 100 33 100

TABLE 4 Professional Development of the Alumnae-respondents

Promotion

Nature f %

Professional
Were they promoted? Competence 10 24.39
Commitment to work 15 36.58
39% Training acquired 8 19.51
Development
of the
61% YES
NO Graduate studies acquired 4 9.76

alumnae-
4 or more Frequency of Promotion Others 4 9.76
6%

respondents
1-3 times
94%

Total 41 100

Table 4 shows the professional only six percent (6%) or 2 have they also indicated reasons such as
development of the respondents. been promoted four (4) times or "competence" with 10 responses
Promotion. Sixty-one percent more. or 24.39%; "training acquired" with
(61%) or 20 respondents have been Reasons for promotion. 8 responses or 19.51%; "graduate
promoted while thirty-nine percent There are various reasons indicated studies" and other unspecified
(39%) or 13 respondents have not by the alumnae-respondents as to reasons that gained 4 responses each
experienced to be promoted. how they have been promoted. They or 9.76%.
Frequency of promotion. claimed that "commitment to work"
Ninety-four percent (94%) or 31 was the most frequent reason with
have been promoted 1-3 times while 12 responses or 36.58 percent. Then,

42 | WAVES 2015
 TABLE 5 Description of the Alumnae-respondents' Present Job

Status of Employment Time lapsed before getting present job Type of Employment Nature of Industry

Status f % Duration f % Type f % Industry f %

Employed 26 78.79 More than 2 years 8 30.77 Regular/Permanent 18 69.23 Military service 7 26.92
Unemployed 7 21.21 More than a year 3 11.54 Temporary 2 7.69 International shipping 10 38.46
6 months to 1 6 23.08 Contractual 5 19.23 Maritime-related offices 4 15.39
year
Reasons for Unemployment: 1 to 6 months 9 34.61 Casual/Job order 1 3.85 Maritime Education & 5 19.23
Training
Advanced study
Family concern
No job opportunity
Lack of work experience
Total 33 100 26 100 26 100 26 100

cont. Table 5

Nature of Job Reasons for Staying Employed

Present Ashore f % Reasons f Rank

Job of the
alumnae-
Managerial 5 31.25 Salary & benefits 20 1

respondents
Technical Support 4 25 Career challenge 16 3

Others 7 43.75 Related to special skill 14 4

Total 16 100 Related to course 19 2

Table 5 shows the frequency Onboard Proximity to residence 7 6

and percentage/rank distribution Management level 1 10 Peer influence 3 8
of the description of the present Operational level 7 70 Family influence 5 7
job/employment of the alumnae- Others 2 20 Job security-related 10 5
respondents Total 10 100
Present job or employment. Overall 26 94
Seventy-nine percent (79%) or 26
respondents are presently employed more than a year for them. (4) or 15.39% are in privately
while twenty-one percent (21%) or Status. Among the owned manning agencies and
seven are not. These seven respondents employed alumnae, eighteen maritime related offshore offices.
do not have a job because they have an (18) respondents or 69.23 Nature of job ashore.
on-going advance study, have family percent have a regular/ Five (5) or 31.25% are holding
concern, no job opportunity and lack permanent status; 19.23% managerial level positions; Five
work experience. percent or six (6) alumane are on (5) or 25% are on technical level
Duration in getting the job. contractual status; three (3) or and the rest or 43.75% belong to
In this particular area, out of the 9.09 percent are the temporary other levels or positions in their
26 respondents who are currently status; and one (1) is on a job respective institutions/offices.
employed, nine (9) or 34.61 percent said order or casual status. Nature of job onboard.
that it took them only 1-6 months for Nature of industry. Ten Seven (7) are working on
them to get their present job. However, (10) alumane or 38.46 % have operational level positions
eight (8) alumnae or 30.77 percent took remained in the international while only one (1) is holding a
more than 2 years for them to acquire shipping; seven (7) or 26.92% management level position. The
it. Moreover, six (6) or 23.08 percent are in the military service; five (5) remaining two (2) positions
indicated that it took them 6 months to or 19.23% are related to maritime belong to neither managerial nor
1 year while three (3) said it was only education and training and four operational.

WAVES 2015 | 43
 Reason/s for staying.
TABLE 6
The following are the reasons that Distribution of Frequency and Relevance of the
encouraged the respondents for
Experiences
Maritime Curriculum
staying employed: salary and benefits
of Gender
f %
which ranked first having twenty
Inequality
Relevance to the Present Job
(20) responses; having to have a
Relevant 31 94
job related to the course is rank 2
Not relevant 2 6
with nineteen (19) responses; career
challenge is rank 3 with sixteen (16) Usefulness of General Education Courses

responses; a job that is related to Very Useful 24 73

learned skills is rank 4 with fourteen Useful 9 27 Table 7 shows the distribution
(14) responses; job security-related Usefulness of Technical Courses of frequency and percentage of
reasons is rank 5 with ten (10) Very Useful 23 70 gender inequality experienced by the
responses; proximity to residence Useful 9 27 alumnae-respondents.
ranked 6 with seven (7) responses; Not Useful 1 3 Experience. Fifty-two percent
rank 7 with five (5) responses is Usefulness of Leadership & Training (52%) or seventeen (17) respondents
because of family influence; and lastly Very Useful 32 97 experienced gender inequality while
peer influence has three (3) responses forty-eight percent (48%) or sixteen
Useful 1 3
which is rank 8. (16 ) respondents did not experience .
Usefulness of Particular Competence
Technical skills 7 21.21 Situations. The alumnae-
Critical thinking 8 24.24 respondents who experienced
Leadership 9 27.28 gender inequality have encountered
Relevance Human and 8 24.24 it during these following situations:
of the PMMA
interpersonal skill
"finding a job" with six (6)

Curriculum &
Others 1 3.03
responses or 35.29%; "training

Competencies
and development in the academy"
with four (4) responses or 23.53%;
nine respondents confirmed that "onboard promotion" and "training
they were useful and three percent and development in the job" with
Table 6 shows the frequency (3%) or 1 respondent said that three (3) responses each or 17.65%;
and percentage distribution of the technical courses are not useful. and finally "job promotion" with two
relevance of the maritime curriculum. Usefulness of leadership and (2) responses or 6.06%.
discipline training. Ninety-seven
Relevance to the present job.
percent (97%) or 32 respondents
Ninety-four percent (94%) or 31 confirmed that the leadership and TABLE 7
respondents said that the curriculum Distribution of Frequency and Percentage of Gender
discipline training is very useful while Inequality Experienced by the Alumnae
was relevant to their job while only six three percent (3) or 1 respondent f %
percent (6%) or 2 respondents said said it was only useful.
that it was not relevant. Experience of Gender Inequality
Usefulness of particular Have experience 17 52
Usefulness of General competence. Nine (9) respondents Have no experience 16 48
Education courses. Seventy-three or 27.28 percent (27.28%) agreed Total 33 100
percent (73%) or 24 respondents that "leadership" is the main
Situations
confirmed the curriculum is very useful competency useful to their job;
Finding a job 6 35.29
while twenty-seven percent (27%) or followed by "critical thinking skills"
9 respondents confirmed that is useful. Onboard promotion 3 17.65
and "human interpersonal skill"
Training & Dev't in the 4 23.53
Usefulness of Technical with eight (8) responses each or academy
courses. Seventy percent (70%) or 24.24 percent; then "technical skills" Training & Dev't in 3 17.65
with seven (7) responses or 21.2 the job
23 respondents confirmed that the
percent; and only one (1) response Job promotion 2 6.06
technical subjects curriculum is very
for other type of competence. Total 17 100
useful, twenty-seven percent (27%) or

44 | WAVES 2015
 (11) responses or 31.58%; "job- the female graduates are employed

Onboard
security-related" and "career onboard vessels run by international
challenge" have three (3) responses
Employment
shipping companies. However, the
each or 9.09%; two (2) responses regular/permanent status is mostly
of the for other reasons; and one (1) attributed to those who are based in
alumnae- response each for "salaries and maritime related offices ashore which
respondents benefits" , "job not related to the
course", "proximity to residence",
comprise the majority of the working
alumnae when combined. Alumnae
"job not related to special skill" and working onboard are serving at the
"peer influence". operational level. Most of those who
Table 8 shows the description are land-based serve in other levels,
of the status of onboard Conclusions however, the study still reflected a
employment of the alumnae and notable number of alumnae who are
their reasons for leaving. The analysis of data and findings
also working in managerial level.
revealed that a typical participant is
Status of onboard a 29-year old alumna, married and Moreover, alumnae stressed
employment. Majority or presently works onboard. Attractive that the PMMA curriculum and
eighteen (18) respondents compensation and scholarship competencies were relevant to
(54.55%) indicated that they grant were the main reasons that their present job. The usefulness of
stopped onboard employment made them venture into this field. leadership and discipline, followed by
while 45.45 percent or fifteen (15) The alumnae who participated in the relevance of competencies and
respondents did not stop onboard the study do not usually receive any the curriculum were emphasized in
employment. awards. Majority of the alumnae this tracer study. The alumnae showed
Reasons for leaving. The are licensed Third Mate or Fourth their high regard on the usefulness of
eighteen (18) alumnae who Engineer. both general and technical education
left onboard employment were curriculum to their present job. Also,
The alumnae got their first job in
influenced by the following leadership, human interpersonal skills
an international shipping company as
reasons: In descending order, and critical thinking skills acquired
technical support personnel within
"family influence" had eleven from the academy were also useful to
1-6 months after graduation. The
their present employment.
study also found a significant number
TABLE 8 of alumnae working ashore like Finally, half of the PMMA
Distribution of responses pertaining onboard alumnae-respondents of this study
employment working in private shipping company
offices and in the military service. A experienced gender inequality in
f % finding a job and in training and
little more than half of the alumnae-
Onboard Employment Status respondents stayed on their first jobs development at the academy. Most
Stopped onboard 18 54.55 and while the rest resigned mostly due of them also stopped onboard
employment
to career challenge. employment mostly due to family
Did not stop onboard
employment 15 45.45 related issues.
In terms of professional
Total 33 100
development, majority of the alumnae
Reasons for Leaving Onboard Employment have been promoted 1-3 times for Recommendations
Salaries and benefits 1 5.26 their commitment towards work,
The findings and conclusions
Career challenge 3 15.79 competencies and trainings acquired
strongly recommend to continuously
Job not related to 1 5.26 as based on their perception. This
special skill monitor, reinforce and update
was reflected in the selected alumnae
Job not related to leadership and discipline training,
course 1 5.26 who were able to acquire a license of
general education and technical
Proximity to residence 1 5.26 Second Mate/Third Engineer and
education curriculum to benefit and
Peer influence 1 5.26 Chief Mate/Second Engineer.
prepare the cadettes professionally
Family influence 6 31.58 Majority of the alumnae are and competitively. Although the
Security-related 3 15.79 presently employed. It took them study did not totally prove gender as
Others 2 10.53 6 months to 1 year to get their a strong discriminating factor among
Total 19 100 present job. A significant number of PMMA alumnae’s professional

WAVES 2015 | 45
development, employment and training, analysis and study on the areas that may
the study still strongly recommends to explain immobility in a particular rank International Transport Workers' Federation. (29
June 2012). Women seafarers in the spotlight at
strengthen and monitor gender equality (license), reasons behind quitting on- Jakarta meeting. Retrieved from http://www.
in areas that directly affect the alumnae's board employment and why alumnae itfseafarers.org/maritime_news.cfm/newsde-
tail/7583/region/6/section/0/order/1
career growth. Most particularly, the ended up unemployed to understand
Magramo, M., & Eler, G. (2012). Women seafar-
academy should encourage praticing it the employment and professional ers: Solution to shortage of competent officers.
during training in the academy. development track of the PMMA International Journal on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation, 6(3), 397-
alumnae. 400. Retrieved from http://www.transnav.eu/
Similarly, the conduct of an in-depth Article_Women_Seafarers:_Solution_Ma-
study on the nature of the employment gramo,23,377.html
References Mukherjee, P. (2015). 7 main reasons there are
of the PMMA alumnae, specifically fewer women seafarers in the maritime indus-
those who are working at the operational Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2009).
try. Retrieved from http://www.marineinsight.
com/marine/life-at-sea/7-fewer-women-sea-
level on-board and technical support Research methods in education. London:
farers-in-the-maritime-industry/
Routledge.
ashore is imperative. A conduct of further Philippine Merchant Marine Academy. (n.d.).
International Labour Organization. (2003, Decem-
study on other discriminants or factors ber 01). Women seafarers: Fighting against the
Destination: Beyond Boundaries [Prospectus].
San Narciso, Zambales.
which may affect hiring and retention, tide? World of Work (The Magazine If the ILO),
49, 14-16. Retrieved December 2, 2015, from Philippine Overseas Employment Administra-
promotion and professional development http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--- tion (POEA). (2015). Deployment Statistics:
dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/ OFW Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.
of the PMMA alumnae is also necessary. dwcms_080606.pdf poea.gov.ph/stats/statistics.html
Likewise, a feasibility study on the International Labour Organization (ILO). (2011). Tangi, L. (2016, March 14). Women sea officers
possible course/s or program/s which Definition of a tracer study. Child labour impact challenge sexism, gender stereotypes on board.
assessment toolkit: Tracer study manual. Retrieved from http://verafiles.org/wom-
may be offered among future cadettes Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Infor- en-sea-officers-challenge-sexism-gender-ste-
should also be conducted to address the mationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_8990/ reotypes-on-board/.
lang--en/index.htm Underhill Corporate Solutions (UCS). (2012).
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Women in the maritime industry. Retrieved from Retrieved from www.lmip.org.za/document/
Finally, consider an in-depth http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTop- aatp-post-trade-test-tracer-study-final-report
ics/women/Pages/default.aspx

RESEARCHERS' profile

Cdr Victoria Q Paraggua PMMA

She is currently the Dean of the PMMA Graduate School. She earned a Master of Science degree in Maritime Affairs
major in Shipping Management at the World Maritime University in Malmö, Sweden. She is also a holder of Master
of Arts in Education major in Instructional Supervision. Cdr Paraggua has spearheaded various research projects as
former Director of the Dept. of Research and Development.

LCdr Myrna D Alvarez PMMA

She is the current Director of the Training Center and Assessment Center of the Philippine Merchant Merchant Marine
Academy. She earned a Master of Science degree in Maritime Affairs major in Maritime Education and Training at the
World Maritime University in Malmö, Sweden. She is one of the pioneering female graduates of the PMMA in 1997.

Rachelle C. Diviva, MAEd Jamila M. Millar

Rachelle is the Research Analyst and Statistician of Jamila is inclined in journalism and creative writing,
DRD. She is a graduate of Master of Arts in Education She is a graduate of Bachelor of Arts in Mass
major in Mathematics at RMTU, Iba Zambales. She Communications major in Broadcasting at Bulacan,
serves as an avid proponent of various research State University. She is a former junior researcher and
projects spearheaded by the PMMA. Publication Specialist of the DRD.

Vanessa Anne M. Naca

Carolyn S. Solas
Carolyn is currently the Publication Specialist Vanessa is the s the Research Assistant of DRD. She is a
of the DRD. She holds a Bachelor's degree in graduate of an Associate degree in Computer Science at
Broadcasting and pursuing a Master's degree in Mass Ramon Magsaysay Technological University, Zambales
Communication. She serves as Associate Editor and (Castillejos Campus).
Layout artist of the Waves Journal and Academy
Frontier.

46 | WAVES 2015
 The Editor-in-Chief Contributors:
Ana Liza Gruspe-Taberdo, PhD,
MNSA is the Director of Department Undergraduate Researchers
of Research and Development.
She is a graduate Master's degree College of Marine Engineering
in Education major in Educational Ronquillo, Ruselle B.
Administration and Social Studies.
She also took up a Doctor of Callangan, Van Joseph G.
Philosophy degree in Educational Administration. In Plandito, Londren L.
2015, she earned a Master's degree in National Security Aklin, Marvin N.
Administration from the National Defense College of the Madeo, Joshua P.
Philippines. She is responsible in spearheading all the
operations, research activities and publications of the
Sy, Anthony John M.
Department. She is a veteran research fellow and author of Landas, Josvic Nicole S.
various Social Sciences publications. Nisperos III, Rodolfo Carl C.
Asst. Editor-in-Chief
Sarnicula, Ryan Cristie L.
Ms. Ma. Janda Ira Terazona, Irvin Jan H.
Felina M. Benedictos
is the Assistant
College of Marine Transportation
the
Research Director of

Editorial
DRD. She finished her Azul, John Matthew A.
Bachelor's degree Amar, Jan Rosston C.
in Economics in the University of the
Bulatao, Raunyl D.
Philippines Los Baños. As the Assistant
Research Director, she is in-charge of Cabugon, Franz Czar S.

Board
reviewing researches before forwarding Del Rosario, Weslie A.
them to the Director for proper Allapang Kevin Roy A.
endorsement to the Research Council. Basila, Mark Rodolf E.
Bentrez, Mark Angelo L.
Managing Editor Bente, JP B.
Rojo, Frederick
Ms. Rachelle Associate Editor / Layout Artist
C. Diviva is the
Research Analyst Ms. Carolyn S. Solas is
and Statistician of PMMA Faculty and Staff Researchers
the Publication Specialist
the department. of DRD. She is currently Froilan D. Mobo, MBA, MSCS
She is a graduate taking up a Master's degree Cdr Victoria Q Paraggua PMMA
of Master of Arts in Education major in in Mass Communications. Rachelle C. Diviva, MAEd
Mathematics at RMTU, Iba Zambales. She finished her Bachelor's LCdr Myrna D Alvarez PMMA
She served as consultant and degree in Broadcasting at West Visayas State Jamilla M. Millar
statistician to various research projects University in Iloilo City. She is in-charge of collating
and has been a consistent proponent of Vanessa Anne M. Naca
all the write-ups, copy-editing, proofreading and
research activities commissioned by the layout and design.
academy.
Photo Credits:
C/E Mark Philip E. Laurilla
Circulation Manager 3/O Janine R. Jamo
2Cl Stefan Aaron U Acierda
Ms. Vanessa Anne M. Naca
is the Research Assistant Pixabay.com
of DRD. She is a graduate
of an Associate degree in
Computer Science at Ramon
Magsaysay Technological
University, Zambales (Castillejos Campus). She is
in-charge of maintaining the photo pool needed All Rights Reserved
for publication and for the circulation of the all
in-house publications of the DRD. 2015
<<<<<
waves
a journal of maritime research

2015 |
A N AN N UAL P UBL I CAT I ON OF TH E DEPA RTM ENT OF R ESEA RC H & DEVELOPMENT
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