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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
28K views208 pagesIndefinite Integration RD Sharma
Uploaded by
aritrariku0.2Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 208
he
L
+49.4 PRIMITIVE OR ANTIDERIVATIVE
“DEFNTION Let f(2) bea function. Then the family of all its primitives (or antiderivatives) is called the
or A function ¢ (x) is called a primitive (or an antiderivative or an integral) of afunction f(x) if
4
rorosample, is a primitive of, because e
Uatg(e) bea primitive of a function f(x) and let Cbe any constant. Then,
hr =e@)= fa) be ¥@)=f@)
(2) +C is also a primitive of f(x).
‘Thus, if ‘a function f(x) possesses a primitive, then it possesses infinitely many primitives which
‘aecontained in the expression $(2) +-C; where Cis a constant.
4 xf
forexample,-, + + 2, = -1 etc, are primitives of x°.
a4
"19.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
indefinite integral of f(x) and is denoted by f f(x) da:
The symbol | f (2) xis read as the indefinite integral off (2) with respect to.
tas, £(s#c)=f0) & J forde=ole) +e 0
here (3) is primitive of f(x) and Cis an arbitrary constant known a the constant ofintegration.
Here, isthe integral sgn, (2) sth integrand, xis the viable of integration and dis the
element of integration or differential of x.
DEFINITION The process of finding an indefinite
function.
It follows from the above discussion that integrating a function f(x) means finding a finction
He auch that 2 (4 @)= fla. :
integra of en anc ical integration of he
193 FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORM
_Weknow that
Lonase @ | sorar-9ere
Scanned with CamScanner 192
Based upon this and
ee formulae:
=a",a>0,az1
je
w) Et-cos3)=sinx
i) £ Goin x) =cosx
(vi 4 (an 3) 20? x
(vit) £ (~cot 2) eosse? x
(i) 4 (oor) 2seox tan x
&) S-cosee x) =cosee x cot x ”
(i) © (og sin x =cotx
(xii) Fog 00s 2) =tan x .
(xiii) 4 {log (see x + tan x)) =sce x
(2 4 tog cose x cots] cone x
af ax
wo f(a)
= fda”
MATHEMATICS-Xi1
various standard differentiation formulae, we obtain the following
ned
C,ne-1
nit
= f ddrelogelat+c
x
2 fetdree'4c
x
x @
=> fat de= +C
Tog, a
= f sinxdr=—cosx+C
= f cosxdr=sinx+C
= fsee? rdx=tan x +C
= J cosec? x dr ~cotx +
= fseoxtar dr=sex+C
=f cose cot x dx =-coseex+C
= J cot xdx=log| sin x] +
=> J tun xdz =~ log] cos x|+C
see x dx =log| sec x + tan x|+C
cosee x dx =log |cosee x ~ cot x] +C
=f wagleg tre
0s "(asc
Mi -x a
2Iz fae ,
Scanned with CamScanner ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
oR |
5 aoe 1 Boaluate the following integrals:
ofe* (i) J Jede i) fae
Ww [ae ) ole de
courion (J 2d {Using formula)
*
2° - 7
“amet He [Using formula (1
a
ates
@ [er feat pt —scar!P4e {Using formula ()]
-441
. 2
*" 1 ; ing formula (01
wis sax pe eg E [Using fc A
3+
(oy [ a2 19887 de = =f oe dr=f x? ar ecattec fr ae? =z]
. lose _otBe*
EXAMPLE? Boaluate: J Sarge Tenet
SOLUTION “since 980% ax? ;
siees chee 2 22 2D gy a fxPde = FHC
§ Sager Pee ex) 3
peMeLes Evaluate: 3 2
“dx © | Teme *
: 2
9S em
SOLUTION (i) ae oe = 2008".
‘dx = dx = tanx+C
Sra a
Stren“
(i) Cee 1-cos:
2 age
Sx cos 2x 1;
EXAMPLES — Eyaluate:
of
__ SOLUTION @ We know that 1-
cos2x+2sin? x ye
jcezeezsin tae
os 2e 4 2 sin x ay
cos? x
Neos? x
Scanned with CamScanner ™ MATHEMATICS-Xit
=f 1=2sin?x42sin?x eof 1
=f Losin’ xe2sin?s |
cos? x cos? x
dr = f sec? xdx = tanx+C
(8) We know that cos2x = 2¢0s? x1.
a 2cos” x~cos 2x
“ jE
sin? x
af 2cos* x~(2 cos? x~1)
1
sin? x de = f 5m dem J come? ede = cot x+C
EXAMPLES Ifa >Oand #1 evaluate the following integrals:
@ J eX P84 ae (iy fet PB* ae
Gi) feta dx iv) f 28% dx
SOLUTION (i) We know that ele 2g,
JetPBe* de =f ee ay = fat de =
Gi) We have, :
JetBe> dx = | elGe* ay of aka = +c
(iii) We have,
feat de = f (ae de = tee)” 46
Tog (ae)
(iv) We know that x!°8a¥ = y!96a*
Jae = f ted ge = Hee (20)
loge 21” ~ logy (Qe)
+C
ee _ EXERCISE 191
LEVELA
4, Evaluate each of the following integrals:
@ [tae i) [PO a ai) f 5e (w) {ye
x
1 of 2 logs x, aa
(v) f 3% ax (vi) ‘qa (wii) [37°83 *dx (vill) f logy x dx
y
: -
2, Evaluate: (i) f ee lie wf ae 7 i
Slogex _ Slogex s 2 souahe
é ser :
. Evaluate: { ates a ‘ § :
et BeF :
1
re
dx
. Evaluate: f
be fe
Scanned with CamScanner roere ws 340
2 i :
TBAT. Wy) 2g
sre ) yas fe ae
8 (vii) Wee (vit) x40
“20 sec Gy ~c05 x4.¢ a Exc Raph aby
i) -cotz+C ce
5. @) fanx4c 6% 2feac me
HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
(Slee _ Sloge x
eRe 2® loge aS
& - ie
3 | Tees, Sages a= f £ def ae a 2
ese® —Sloge ote gaa fa = te-f2de= ac
194 SOME STANDARD RESULTS ON WWrEGRATION
THEOREM () as Fe) «}-f0)
i, the differentiation of an integral i 4s the integrand itself or differentiation and i integration are inverse
cyeratons.
© [kM d= Kf fs) dewhere kis constant
ithe integra ofthe product of constant anda function = the constant x integral of the function.
J M8) Bt) def fis) def 6) dc
ie, the integral ofthe sum or difference ofa finite number of anctions sequal tothe sumo difeence of
the integrals of the various functions,
‘HROOF (i) Let f f(a) dx = (x). Then, by definition of an integral, we obtain
d
Elo) 0) = 3{tooe = 0)
| Gi) Let [ f(2) dx = (2). Then, by the definition of an integral, we get
6
Z(4a)= so "
a = kA =k . ee
Lain = & L600 = ky Pyiusiotm emg
> fk peyae = koe) 3
8 fk faydx = kf fey ae
{2 coment Ie f(z) =1, then fk
= Then, Se () =i») and A a *
= Rye wey fla) £ 30)
= Lippe wean = sores)
[By definition of an i)
inter
=f Yee guar = 0) V0)
Sf yep ganas = f pordrt [0 {Using cy
the form ;
GENERALIZATION ‘The above resus cn Be gentle 17 ;
Fy 0) yf 0) ala ee faethe fe) 8 af ly
ithe integration of the lnear combination of # Fle numberof functions is equal £0 the ting,
‘ ‘
combination of their integrals. eee ERD 3
kf flarde
ype PROBLEMS BASED ON | & f(x)dr=
EXAMPLE Enaluate:
@ f aPar (ii) f 2sin xd
(ii) [ 3**2 ax (iv) J fs? de
SOLUTION Using fk f(x) dz = kf fle) dx, we obtain
: 1
addr = 4 Pdr = oF i} = bifec = Baac
0 5+1
(i) [ 2sinxde = 2f sinxde = -2c0sx+C
i x42 2 x
(i) f 0? dx =f oP ax = 9) Fae = 9 OS +
log 3
1
Gu) f xe? rae ee? dy =F tan x +C
et
Type Il EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS BY USING f 3" xu ®--- Cand’ Jaeatogxsc
EXAMPLE? Evaluate:
3 3 gg?
@ esta Es Fed (iy [eee ae ‘
Ps 2
(ii) ee 9 {( 5) ik
) wi i
(wii)
7
SOLUTION (i) Let I = f° 4527-4425
z
with CamScanner a
4 ap at] 8 arf ateay 2 deol fete
aie tenaty art ails Wty
?
waste tea? ‘
ig 1 Jog | 42) Ho " 4
5
x 3
SSE Ae oplat ead ec
48x24 dead
wu rf dx. Then,
ref (ese ES [Dividing each term by 7}
4 1
efxdrsf Sacre f Lacey 1
a bef ates ses] Sane Joe
Sb tefedssfadess Lace ePar
2
3 1aipeseestent she ise
acy Jz]-Lac
2 “2 seal
lett =] 0-2) VF de. Then, :
= 3/2 ae OP. oT sired
Te f WE -x yi) dra] ede [97 de = Face grec
2
(iv) Let T= (# $e
=
I= {e+ s2)deef xarsf 2 1 geaa tds = Zs loglal +204
“yet r=f(2+3) dx. Then,
taf ste Jpeat 3)
= Taf xSdc+f Saxe 3f x? ave 3] ode
Y (x5) (8) of) 6 2 1p 8
> TH+ ela hts = |+C rapt an
pata?
(vi) Lett = § dx. Then,
Le deta?
if See
with CamScanner 198 2 MATHEMATICS,
Us f tea deast ae
s Def Marya f at aeaf xa
172 yr 5/2
> Tet. as 4 Sime 4 8 2s
7a t 2 ant ayn tC
3
(wi Let T= f eoweet dx. Then,
x2 (e=1) 4 (x-1) (22 41)(4-1) 2 2
Te f ERODE te = [SADE dew fst et dew Greec
4
EXAMPLES Evaluate: f 2 +1 +e +1 ay
voxel
xara
SOLUTION Let] Bee a
ref G2 ay 2?
xaxel
. (P4149 (7 41-9 2 x
=. ref SttaG 1-9 aL ae
J (aaxey) dx= [ (x +x 41) dx 3
“Type IIT INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLES ° Epaluate: .
@ J (Bsin x-2c0sx+ 4se0x—Seosee?x) dx (ji) [ JTF cos Ze de
(ii) | fT—cos te ax iv) J /T¥sin 2x dx
2% ggNCERT EXEMPLAR]
(w) f T= sin 2x dx
SOLUTION (i) Let I = f (3 sin x -2.c0s x + 4sec” x -5.cosee” x) dx. Then,
T= 34 sinxdx-2f cosxdx+ 4 se? xdx-5 f cose” x dx
> I = -3cosx-2sin x44 tan x+5cotx+C
(i) Let J =f /t¥cos2x dx. Then,
1 =f f2cos? xde= J2f cosxde=Jisin x+C
(ii) Let I = {fi = cos 2x dx. Then,
U's f asints de = JBf sin xdr = -fReosx+C
(iv) Let J =J fr + sin 2x dx. Then,
> 1=f Vein? + cos? + 2sinxcosx dx
> 1 = | (in x + cosx) de
Scanned with CamScanner |
epNITEINTESRALS,
9.9
wae es dx. Then, : 3
2
2 f Yon +8? Bein reoes ate
raf @aticalitiae
p= J GN = C08) dee fin
Gaetan ty J xde~[ consde = -cost-sin 246
py Wel] Tree Then,
po f ectewte=n,
1-cos x
tian
2 (cos? x~e08 x-1) 4,
2 1) Teen
of CESEED (cos x~1)
atc (cos x1) D ae = f (2cosz+ i) de = 2sin x4 2+C
csanrers, Eoahuate :
of wae (i) [co xer
1
«iy { —s>——a at cos 2x
@ | Ziyets fea
24+3c0sx
fa, * so (vi) f (tan x~ 3 cota)? dx
cos 2x -cos 2a .
i dx
7 (a) J cos x-COS & I{NCERT, CBSE 2013]
gown (i) Let I = { tan’? xdx. Then,
I=] (ec? x -1) de = f sec? xide—[ 1-de = tan x24
(i Let 1 = J cot? xx. Then,
T= | (cose? x1) de = f cosee* x dr—f Lode = -cotx-x+C
1
ii) Let I = —— dx. Then,
# | rete
2
ref Ma
sin? x cos" x
1 1 ges [sc xde + | coms? xdx = tan x—eatx+C
|= te=foptoe
| Jan sin? x
toy = f yg ae Ten
roo! x
p= j EH
sin? x cos? x
1 de feos x arf ae? ede = ~eokx tan x4
x cos" x,
Scanned with CamScanner EMATICS-Xn
1910 : MATH!
(oy Let 1 = f BASS Then,
x
1 =f 2 + SSO85 dem f (2come” x4 3 cot xcose x) dr
sin?x sin? x
= 2f cosee? dr +3 cosee x cot x dr =-2 cot x 3cosee x +C
(i) Let T= f tan e-3cot x)? dx, Then,
T= J tan? x49 col” x-12tan x cot a) dr
T= J tee? 2-1) +9 cose? x1) 12) dx
= T= f (Ase? x4 9cosee? x~25) dx = 4 tan x-9 cot x~25x+C
(vip Let T= f SS2E=8828 ay Then,
5 cos? x=1) -(2c0s" a1) 4,
cos X= C08 a
= Is] 2460s" x ~ co’? a) 4,
(05 x = C05 @
= T= 2f (cosx+ cosa) dr= 2) cosxdx+2{ cosa dz
b= 2f cosxde+2cosa f-tede =2sin x+2x cosa +C
EXAMPLE6 Epaluate:
ry 1 m 1
Ol aa : © | rez
yf 80 , seox
| ae | Sen”
| SOLUTION @ tet tf dx. Then,
1 sin
= Lf Spide~f SR ae = fcc? e def tan eseox de=tanx-seox+C
cox cost
. 1
i) Let 1 = Then,
® pert
1. 1-cosx 1 =c08 x 2
Ve pe Leo ee = ces 2D
I Teese” Teese 7) ae
cos x we ;
ieee! ae J eve? x dx -[ cot x cosecx di =~ cot x-+cosee x +C
sin x
(ii) Let 1 *) ke
Inf sin x(1-s
(+ sin 2)
Bo. ms
Scanned with CamScanner ANTEGRALS =
sin x-sin? x sin 2
pel ete “hare ar * .
pa f tnemex drafts de sf uns sees dem rabies : i
p= focextane deaf sec? deaf tide © seo atin e+ 240
Eooe seo
govt ©) gexvune -
see x (ee x tan x) wc! xomoeten
ref (sec x + tan a) (see x = tan 3) de = J Sa a a
[= J sc? x see x tan x dx = J sec? x def seox tan xde = tan x-seex+C
2
ante? Eoluate
pe ESS cose wf Stee
@ 2 x cos? x . cot x—tan x
ee ee
as aarti *
6
sowmioNn oo tett = f SEO a he
sin? x cos* x
ref x+cos* x)9 -3 sin? eon x (sin? x + cos* 2) gy| Using: +b?
3ab (a+b)
sin? x cos* x (24 8)9 -
ind 2
1-3sin? x cos? x 1
pe f 2S AOS Fee f {+ hae —
= J sin? x cos® x thors |
2 2
2 Jef Sin ZH COS 3} dx =f 0c? x + cosec” x-3) dr =tan x —cot x-32+C
sin? x cos’ x
Lec 4e a
oat =f 22S. ate,
1 a f REE ZESSESIS ge] costesin 2x
cos’ x-sin? x
Gi Let = f ___1_______dx. Then,
: tan x + cot x +secx + cosec x
sin 4x dx=—3 cos 4x +€
cosx sinx cosx sinx
sin x cosx
sin? x+ cos? x+sinx+cosx
i 2sin x cosx de
2! Tysinz+cosx
oo rey
> Ts
Scanned with CamScanner aeia MATHEMATICS xq,
1¢ (sinz+-cosa)? -1?
S kel as
al imraet
So Pad f Gntrews) sD Gites owea)
. 2 sinx+cosx+1
1
ey ite 3] (ins +cose=t) dx
T= Ee cmessinees) +c
Examrces Evaluate:
@ J sin (cosa) ae, Osxsn INCERT]
3) Ftancty {Laces 2e
wy tan’ | sS3)|« O taf tn fanl®s 2) ae [ 242 dee® Fedral Fe
J an {un(Eo3 de fpepeetfi drt of xdratx+ Sac
T+ sinx {CBSE 2003, 2006)
EXAMPLES Evaluate: { | Tame o-wcrenn
SOLUTION Let! = f tan“? |
Scanned with CamScanner 19.93
+ qype IV INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FuNeTiONS
EXAMPLE 10 Evaluate;
ip fete vO a (0 f (Zeta on!)
souTiOn (2) Let = J eFB%y cHlege , 21084 4s then,
T= J dR cea , loge ay
a bef @exteaar
a La fedrs] Saxe fatde be e8* =9y
ao 1S race wee ee
aitr={(2+2 +a at )as-Ten,
+1
re2fcaromf 4 Saeed de = Eambgis|+ 7+ Sica
ear en Batate
of ae @ ji
3
a+
sowuTion (i) Let = f = dx. Then,
3y py, _(3/5)"
i Fe -1{@y Sle Be 8” et *
(lett =f a then
Ce 4oy 5
aye
Ix pax XX
inset +2 ay
ah
eos, fie
> 1p Etaes |l
Type V MISCELLANEOUS PROBLE!
PampLet2 Evaluate:
@ f he? arya?)
* (by (aly, _(b/ay*
) ao) oe ing, 7) *ioge 078)”
Scanned with CamScanner 1814 MATHEMATICS-Ki,
SOLUTION (i) Let x? =. ‘hen;
Ts fete ana
> re fotsiehadliet see a Beteatee fee ey,
oR ac8 :
(i) Lete® =t. Then,
Vref sin (€*) d(e*)=f sin tdt == cost +C == cos (e*) +C
EXAMPLES ff" (x) = 3x? 2. and FQ) =0, find f (2).
r
SOLUTION We have,
f@=f fe a
: FG) =f fs 23) a
= i 3) ae
3 -2
5 fe (e}(S}<
=> fae Pepe . Ai)
> fQ) =1414+¢ [Replacing x by 1)
=>. 0=C+2 ba =o
> CH-2 ? .
f(s) = P4352 [Putting =-2in(@)
EXERCISE 19.2
Evaluate the following integrals (1-44):
1. f BxV¥+4J¥+5) de » I(r ss]
x
af {ter «tis a} de 4 J 2-393 +220 -2n de
2
5 (BeZem ox ma) 6. i(4-4] de INCERT]
7p ata?
-f a dx 8
9. J (xo +e™ +e) dx w.
1,1
ne =
J #3) dx
es
Bf
Scanned with CamScanner rn
‘i
erRTENTEGRALS ‘
wfFe-™) dr
fests
af dy
s] Fin
at e7st tox? re eit
sin?
SS ay
a T4ene
sin’ x ~c0s'
aoe
af z
sin? x cos* x
* dx INCERT
a5 J (tan 3+ cot a)? dx
cos x A
| ress I te
ta
1-cos x
tanx
— eae
secx + tan x
1 ix
T+ 00s 2x
-a(_sin 2x
: a
a J tan (235) J
-if_sin 2x
37. [cot (235
(2 +8@-1) poeR D ay
2 -2x+4
3-32" Bar THe a a
=|
“|
39.
1.
J
J
J a INCERT]
43.
6
5
M1 peter a
45. TF f(x) = x4, and f()=4
WB. f (Be 4)? ae
20. Sistas a72
eer
dy
22. | (600 x + cosec” 3) dt
36
1, Soe x+6sin x 4,
2sin* x cos” x
1-cos 2x
dx
1+ cos 2x
2 sin?
cos? x=sin? x 4
+008 4x
1
| aaa
28.
cose x
Tl ces= ‘cot x
“| ie
J cos (in a) de
38. f sn 22 |
L+tan’ x
40. f (atan x +b cot a)? de
af cos x
1+cosx
INCERT]
vast at de
‘find f (2).
46 IEF" (2)= 2h 70)= =5, f(2)=13, find f 2).
41 Ef" (a) = 8x° —2x, f(2) =8, find f(a).
_ #8 tf (a) =a sin x +b cos xandf
49. Write the primitive or
Scanned with CamScanner MATHEMATICS
So S
oe See
be 32 4c
1. $82 +8292 4524 he page blogs ates
. 72 ‘
Beye Zeric 4 sete Page oe
‘ “1
5 migl a+ 4 oa zt
a 2 1 ey
7 WEBRSS ZIM C 8 a4 Te (J ae
oo
C & casanled
3
md
ett
9 Tate aetxec to, 259/24 fz4c
. eal 9
3
nn. 2VE Bec 2 2-2 yee
. x
a3, 3243 48,.7/6 32/340 1a 2yR4204 22/2 46
: 7
2 5/2_2 an
16, 28/2 2 49/2 4 fe eC
16.5 3° ve
18. pera re
° 20. 834237 46
3. 72
22. tan x- cot x+C
24. ~Seowex+ 3me2+C
25, tan x-cotx+C 26. tan x-x+C
x
"7, = ~cotx—-x+C 28. +C
27, ~coseex~cot x= B
29, ~cot x -cosee x+C 30. tan x+secx+C
31. sox-tanx4x4C . 32. —cot x-cosec x +C
> tan -—
33, ptanx+C 34-5 cotx+C :
2
35. 36.277 4
2
37. 38.274
39. 40.0? tan x—b? cot x —(a? +b? ~20b) x4+C
7, 0
a1, sessiger Eo tl ce §2.—cosee x + cotx+x+C
43. 2 (cosec x -cot x)-x+C
1 P
8.5 oo
47, 2x42 19 48;f(2)
Scanned with CamScanner a
SRALS.
ad ene INTE! 19.17
a nits TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS.
e3) drs Mekal ot = Ft loge 2040
sinh gee
ys. | reoet otta, J -cos 2) de = 2-sin 24
gn En Nie wf
3 J tacos (tan x see x ~ cot xeosee x) dr = see x + cosee 2 +C
1p BE dx = J SO8x(1 C08 3) cos x= con? x
o | ioe J 1neots I sin? x «
= J (cot xcosee x ~. cot” x) dr =f cosec x cot x dxf (cosee” x—1) de
= ~eosee x (cots) +C
1-008% ay (1=cos x)? 1-2 cos x + cos” x dx
nes
«J Treosx™ S arenas ane | aate
~jt 2.c0s x + cos? x
z
x = § (cosec? x-2 cot xcosee x + cot” 2) dz
sin? x
= J (cose? x-2cosce x cot x1) dr =~2 cot x+ eosee x—2+C
‘98 GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
yrorder to understand the geometrical meaning ofan indefisit integral, let us considera
sain vent =
"peas = —x7 +C, whereC is the constant of integration.
Letus now consider the family of curves given by y=[ f(x) dror,y=-3" +C.
Clearly, y=- 2? +C represents a family of parabolas having their common axis of symmetry
along y-axis as shown in Fig. 19.1.
~ Scanned with CamScanner Inother words, each integral of f(x) = ~2x represents a parabola with its axis of symmetry along
xis. ‘
iBusnow consider the points of intersection of each of these parabolas with a line parallel to
‘yaxis (a line orthogonal to the axis representing the variable of integration). Let x =a bealline
parallel to y-axis which cuts the parabolas y= =a? y==12 44, y2-x" 42, y=-27+3ete,
respectively at points P, , Py , Py , Py ete, At each of these points, we have
tea
Thatis the slopes of the tangents to the parabolas at P,, P, , P3 , Py etc. ae same, Consequently,
tangents at P, ,P, , P3 , Py etc. are parallel.
‘Thus, the indefinite integral of a function may be interpreted geometrically as follows:
The indefinite integral ofa function represents geometrically a family of curves having parallel angents at
_ ther points of intersection with the ines orthogonal tothe axis representing the variable of integration.
19.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION.
Following points will help us to understand the difference between the differentiation and
() The operations of differentiation and integration are defined on functions.
(ii) The derivative of a function, when it exists is a. ‘unique function whereas the ‘integral of a
function is not unique. In fact there are infinitely many integrals of a function such that
any two integrals difer by a constant. :
(Gil) The derivative of a function at a point (if it exists) is meaningful but the integral of a”
function at a point does not have any sense.
(iv) Every function is not differentiable. Similarly, every function is not integrable,
(¥) The derivative of a function at a point determines, the slope of the tangent-to the
corresponding curve at that point. The integral of afunction represents family of curves
having parallel tangents at the points of intersection of the curves of the family with the
lines orthogonal to the axis representing the variable of integration.
(vi) The processes of differentiation and integration are inverse of each other.
__ (vil) The operations of differentiation and integration are operations on functions.
(vili) Both the operations are linear,
; d
ie. Heese) = Ly 0)+F
and, [EC +seyae =f foyar+f ganar
(Gs) The constant can be taken out side the differential as well a integral sign.
ie # d
ie, ahh = kee) and, fk f(a)dx = ki f@ dx
(%) Differentiation and integration both are processes involving limits,
19.7 METHODS OF INTEGRATION
We have the following methods of
() Integration by substitution
(ii) Integration by parts +
(ii) Integration of rational
We shall now discuss these metho
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woERNTENTEGRALS
gas INTEGRATION BY syne oe
‘i ain 194, weave conden UTM ae
+ and the problems involving goasy EP
be obtained directly
iF they are ny tions,
ot
wey may be rece fo standard ete ep fi
integral by reducing it to standard thai: an Substitution. The method of
oper
sabsttution. bY a proper substitution is
1¢4(2)isacontinuously differentiable called integration by
Jee ¢
function, then to eval Integrals
é (Ds, werbaite di -tend gn ones
Tris substitution reduces the above
integral to
gubstitute back the value of
1881 INTEGRALS OF THE Fony J shaes wae
THEOREM IF fC) da = (0) then far 4) dead
rg0OE Let =f f (arb) a, ‘
Letax +b =t.Then,
‘dax+b)
ax +b) adeadt = deal gy
a
* gubstituting ax +b=t and dx = i dt, we get
Tf flarstydr = LT pou : Ly =) gers8)
a
1 ED,
THEOREM 2 Prove that [ (ax + by" de (+O) a oan
a(n+1)
PROOF Letax +b =t.Then,
erst) =dt= adeedts dea! at
Fetingor +b =tand dr =* dt we get
“1 +
J x+y dx = Lyra = 1 ce (est
nal a(n+l)
THEOREMS Prove that { ip etetioglarstlec
+
QED.
t
FROOE Let ax +b =t.Then,d(ax +b) =dt = adr=dt = dx== dt.
Potingar +b =t,and dx =! dt, we get
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THEOREM 4 Prove that [ sin (ae +4) de==2 0s (ax +b) #C.
PROOF Let ax +b =t. Then, d (ax +b) its adi mds dx=2 dt
‘Pating x +b =tand de =? dt, we get
é 1 1 1
== = -=cost+C= == Cc
J sin (a+b) de J sintat qoute 008 (ax +b) + (QED.
(On comparing these three results with
net
Jdr=2— +0, ne-1,f Lx =logl x[+C and, f sin xde-=-cosx+C
nei x
respectively we find that if x is replaced by ax +8, then the same formula is applicable but we
must divide by the coefficient of x or derivative of (ax + b) with respect to xie,, a.
Thus, in any of the fundamental integration formulas given in section 19.3 fin place ofx we have ax +b,
then the same formula is applicable but we must divide by coeficient of x or derivative of ax +b) ie. a.
We give below a list of some of them which are frequently used.
(ar + byt?
© f @qx+by" ae = Teen
+Cme-1
wf 2 1
i) J yp ten bowlers ble
ii) J Pare beth ac
a
bx+e
Gv) Jatt dee? £4, a>0 and aed
bloga
ro) J sin (ex +) dx =~} cos(ax +b) +C
a
wi f cos (ax +B) dx =2 sin (ax +8) +
(vii) J se? (ax +0) de=* tan (ax +8) +
(itt) [ cosee? (ax + 8) dx =
cot (ax +) +C
(is) J s00 (ax +) tan (ax +b) drab seo(ax +8) +C
(9) J cose (ox +0) cot(ax +) de = cose (ax +8) +C
+ (i) f tan (ax +b) de =—1 log cos (ax +8) +
(xi) f cot(ax +) dx=} togl sin er +b)| +0
(ait) J so (0x +6) de = loge (ax +b) + tan (ax +b)|4C *
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welt)
S los pe—t,
1 1
of 2-55" Bera at psa a
3
@ fe wweern (ay fab? ade
1
50 | a
- -3 -5)3 eI 1
1of Qr-3) def 72-5) 9 tes | x4) Mac tft
‘2x - 3) 2 1/2 | 3/2
paGE=IP 8-97 Gao"? | «( & Jaa 223 ac
7 3x
2
d+ | [3242 de
ay 2x6 7x-2 3x of
7 et er-36-1 -2,2 1 2 3/2
ao [eye-9 aie +3 er ~Flogl2-Sal+ 5(ox+2)"” +c
ax-3 yy 1, 2-3
a fe wore +C
3x+2 grt?
i dx = ——_
o fe Tioga T= f ,fcos% 1=2sine 5a 2e085 Lec wala + cos sec
EXAMPLES Epaluate:
= 1 =~] cos2xdx
soe] cos 5 ar ¥[ sin 5 dr
OS FereapeT Aer dt J ERE ax
3x+4-/3x+1 2x4 [3-2e
SOLUTION (i) Let 1 |. =
: [344 - (3x41
=| Sx+4+ [3x41
————~ dx
( Sx+d +, ei ax+4 - aei7)
- [janes Bx+4+ [ax4+1 m
(Bx+4)-(3x+1)
‘Then,
> r= 3h Bx+44 (3x41) de.
i awl -
= res] Bea df Bx+i dx
3/2
ope b{ Ger)
3 2
3x5
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i
tl) Fs isa & Te,
. N= 2x
1-35 2x + [3=25)(,
Be ~ SBE
2 'S areca
i
|
|
|
| 5 reEL Rely poe a
1 Ja~29/?/ a | (3-292
2 TTR aE [a Uae t= gtiaantgee-anhtee
2
|
| try glex
| uate: f SE 4t*
| quarts Bote J ETS
| git, gles
| souumon Let T= | ax then,
|
|
greta 2x
ts { ———
. repens a2 ae etPeT Str Sire Dee tats a
2log 2 * (3) log2 Tog? Slog? “©
SS ee EXEnCee 184,
5
4, J Qx-3) + [3x42 ax a
| J law
| 1 x43
| let Tec ® Say
1 . 1
sf med 6 J Pava+ eas
nf ae af 7 dx
“f x41)? OF fatas fer
9, [ sin x I+ cos 2x dx wo. J FS ae {CBSE 20001
1-cosx
Se al
“loon
Tea
2
: wileesy dx
ae
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3, PEED 2 axa? 40
12 9
Flogla-ael+ 5 ax-2+C
2 fren? =a +c
1
= log| 2x+1|+
2 sl |
—1—s¢
2x41)
ste cos2x+C
242
n. atan(2)-2+¢
1 cos 32
, LESS BE Lc
= 3sin 3x
Lips
de -
15. 2 +2x
Fo
ALC
2
2 3/2 3/2)
ve. 2 fees) + (242) ec,
wv. dun (E +x}+c
1+ cos x
1-cosx
10. Let I =
dx. Then,
T=
pir | (oon?
MATHEMATICS-X11
____ ANSWERS:
2 Oa 45 PERE TC
,-— 2 ssc
2(e+1)" 3(x+1)°
“4
nl x4 9)9!? ~(2x- ghee
85 2 feet? ear? }ec
a~
_ S|-2+C
reat) 2+
x ek
Ease |+c
12, a(n +02)
3
wa FED +e
16, ~peosdx +C
=18, Fran Qx-3)-2+C
HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
x x
= _y hay = -2 cot2-
: a 2eot>—x+C
18, Let =f tan? (2x-3) dx =f {s"ax-s)-1} ae = Stan @r-a)-24C
w. I =f ———_,,
j cos? x (1 - tanx)*
r=f 2 = dx =
Ire Sys)
site Ja
2 4
S ercmat “linan*
5 .
i a(x
as) me (Fes)
Scanned with CamScanner | rea
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
1392 EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE Fonm._”'
(ar > by’
‘moreover lowe lowing len.
STEP — Check whether degree of P(x) > or 7 Eee
1 slog) x+2\ += we
) Letf gy ée-Then,
Ts j cena ik
(e+)?
&
CamScanner MATHEMATICS xy,
19.26
: 34, 4
= tel (xv yt ey (x98 x 2448 Cy (x4 x2? -4C5 (e+) 2" CHO gy
(x41)
= pap tent astesn? sateen? = 32(x41) +16 4
‘ . (x+1)*
ma :. 2
> I= 1-84. -—z+ dx
J x41 (41? (x41)? ra
= Lex-Blog]x+1}-24 416-6 +c
x41 (eat? 3(+1)°
FXAMTLE2 Epaluate:
ax+b x42 ay ¢ 2exea* Qx-1
i i a =e a
Ol 5 dr | ix iti) f arnaciie
SOLUTION Otara | Sa
+d)
Let axab = eo - On equating coefficients of ike powers of x, we get
a= de and b= Mtns haf and pM
7 [i
(a+ ay
=) raf Mardin gy
(exe
1
= r=.a dxtp f+ ax
[aa “Toe
Som! log |ex +d] ~ erate es lex+ dl -! +c
a+ -
1=f op dx. Then,
xo
Teal arae [Making coefficient of x unity in the numerator]
> ratf eee te ina
c! xsd? king c as the coefficient of xin the numerator]
a, xtd+t—d Lae
Pet epg ling and subtracting in the names
2 ttl arg Me | ope Bernie De
— 7 5 bog lex Ba, 16 { lod
(err ‘
Gi) Letx+2 = A(e+1)+ i
‘On equating the coefficients 5 of xon both sides, we get
Scanned with CamScanner r
oerMTEINTEGRALS 19.27
petand2= Rep sagen yey . |
x+2 A(x+1)+
Ie ar Oe ef {2 ohe
Tee? ac Vitel |
|
2 real 7 atu wee log|x #3] - 25 +C=log beet)
x+2 (x41) 41 1 1 ec ii
Te) —yar=] ake = jxet]-+ 1
ues T=] ap? pS ene =f elt aries tog zal I
|
oi Reet? 2x-1
. «i PQ) «x +1) en
1 [p22 fae
x (242)
2u+D=8 3
(x41)
1 3
= -t+h —
2 Lamy tlog|a+al+2log|r+1]+ 5 +C
EXAMPLE 3 cae
of—
x41 7
sii) { ——= dx [CBSE2005]
Sane :
ee : of (a+ bay?
dx.
SOLUTION (i) Let = f ov
division method, we obtain :
ae 3(x+1)-342
3r42 oy 7
(e+)? (x+#1)
oe
G+? xe1 oe
1] an? “ r —— oa “Ger
| aa
Using Long +C
set opie etl 5+ a
ax+b &
= +d
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we may use the following algorithm:
ALGORITHM
STEP! — Write (ax +b) in terms of (cx + d) as follows:
(a+b) = Mext dtp
“STEP Find X.and ys by equating coefficients of like powers of x on both sides,
STERIL Replace ax +b by & (cx + d) +p in the given integral to obtain © =
J+ ard dx =[ {rtecsaan} Jars Gi dx
= a (+a? deep Lae
1883 EVALUATION OF IITEGRALS OF THE FORM [ (ax +b) for +d dx AND |
Scanned with CamScanner INDEFINITEINTEGRALS 19031
bot Meatden
Sera I SO
RS fava dren f
(AFH aon | el
Berra 2s (xt da
- Fllowing examples will ast the above proeedue
FXAMPLE1 Evaluate:
() fx Jer? ae ii) [ 7x-2) [3x42 dx
SOLUTION (i) LetI = [x f¥+2 dx. Then,
T= fe+2-2 fer dx be x = (x+2)-J)
= =f 429/224 2) de
(i) Let I = J 7x-2) [3x¥2 ae
Let 7x-2 = A(3x+2) +0
On equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides, we get
Bh=7 and -2= +p oh = 7 andy = -2
=f (3x42) +n) (Bred ae
= 1 J A3r42)9/2 ey (3x42"7) dx
2 (evap? 4 (e423 40
5/2 3/2
= ran {Ge42) et bace axa 2? e499 4c
Lr 3x2 45 27
AUTER Let = [ (7x-2) 3x42 dx. Then,
ref
= ref 3
> aa
= rey {oxen 2 pare a
= TZ forsae?— Para} an
=
IN
+0 at # crsae? 2 py 8429740
3x3
(aengh 2 Ox)?
Gren"
2
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|
|
|
|
| sTHEMATCG
ix x
SINS oats | a ee
x
SOLUTION” Let I ee
af Fra - a= LE 9) ‘
{ere + feo} { re — 8] ae
ota {x fera-ajrrt} te
ao
a ay I {ere-a ra —(x+b-b) eB} ax
> 2 § {+a -« feva—(x+b)?/2 45 Fro} ax
2 a4 yS/? «2
= ; G (+a? 2 G49? Ear oi spel ce
EXAMPLES patuat: :
8x+13 a x+
oe a J
fea * Ol ye
8x+13
SOLUTION LetI = ev *
Let 8413 = A(4xt7) +p
(On equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both.
8 = 44, 13 = 7hty => 2 = 2 and p=-1
Replacing 8x + ISby (4x +7) +u in the given integral, we get
I =f A(4x47) +p
“Ger? a= | arr ca
T=nf faee7 teu | Tha ae
sides, we get
>
3/2 v2
> Tea ew" - Wea
#0 =F 479/22 aranltac
wt 3 2
j
AUTER Yop 7. [ 8+13 i
| Fasy & te, / f
13,
Jeas ize a
= 7.8 4r4 3B
4) Jes7 & 22]
rea {arr t,
(sns[(B-7) ein}
0 ea & 2 | eat
1
Fa .
“3.
Scanned with CamScanner PB ~jyDEFINITE INTEGRALS
(4r+7)9/2| 1 Jaxer)? 1 3/21 W4c
PED res 0 feores we ci an Se
2
muetl ene
Ly 2x+2
ea *
1
Pra e+ 3
J ‘laa
1y (2x- D*3 ae
‘ pat feeen??| (3 oen¥?| |
eR) aT 21 ox z
3 |.
x
ay lett =f Ty ee Then
pe f 432
“le
can ag [tT
> 1
3 5 2
EXERCISE 195
ve 2 f 2 fFrdae
4. (242) [3245 dx
es
2x+1 3x45
| ees * ee
2-3r
. J mai \ ive
9, | Gx+3) xT dx
“| Raa
ans
L $0r+9)°? Lore ay?ac 2 Beesay? 4 Asn ac
3. Fer 9°? -10(24 49"? + oe grsan(erss?? +c .
5 ye [aeeB+c ‘ Z freed Gesiac
7 c=t r-9? 42 (ax-1)? +
«1 hga| *
C= 2 (x+29/? -4(4)/2 46
19.33 |
weed [postage]
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19.34 MATHEMATICS-Xi,
-
2 50-8 frase 6 206-39 Te or+C
9 Feats ajar-1? +c
1 f2 2 . :
10. ay [Ferret era? 2esai2 2 eo} 2c
19.8.4 EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM { sin" xx, { cos!” x dx, WHERE ms 4,meN
To evaluate integrals of the form [ sin” x dx, [ cos! x dx wherem <4, we express sin” x and
cos” x in terms of sines and cosines of multiples of x by using the following trigonometrical
identities:
(i) sin? x= 12008 2 (i cos? x 1 582
ii) sin 3x = 3 sin x=4 sin? x (v) cos 3x =4 cos® x ~3 cos x,
Following examples will illustrate the procedure.
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
() f sin? xdx (NCERT]
(iit) J sin? veos* x dx
SOLUTION (i) Let = f sin? xde. Then,
1-cos 2x
r=f >
(i) Let F=f cos® xdx, Then,
dre i (10s 2) dr =
1 =f Bae = p]drenrgae = 1{s0B24} 4
(ii) Let = f sin® x cos? dt. Then,
J (2 sin x cos x)? dr
cos 4x 1
Z drm a) (1~cos 4x) de
= exaMput 2 Evaluate:
@ J sin? xax INCERTI
Gi) J cos? xdx
(iil) { sin? xeos? x de pNCERT)
SOLUTION (i):Let! = [ sin? x dx, Then,
3sin x-sin 3x 1 .
| Te Gf Gsinzesin ands = Ff Scone MH 4
Scanned with CamScanner INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
tet 1 =f 0s? xde. Then, |
; 605 3x +3 cos x
ref SS =ty coe Se Scone =F
pet Sana| oc
(i Let T= sin? 005° x ds Then,
1
T= 4) @sinxeoss)? drs
J sin? Qe deet 3) sin 6x 4.
8
5 t= Ef Bsinzx- tetoie« 1 SerarLonee] se
EXAMPLES Evaluate: . |
@ J sin‘ dy [NCERT, CBSE 2000, 2004) Wi f cost xdx — {CBSE2000,2003)
(ii) J sin x cos! x dx
SOLUTION (i) Let! = f sin‘ xde. Then,
: . |
= [ (Leos 2x ve gin? g 1-608 26 |
= [23] dx sin’ ote]
De bf 12008 2e+ cos! ar ar
2 aE fr 2easre elt Ost gp |
2 |
> rely 2-4 cos2x+14 cos 4x dx . Hl
3 \
ca
(i) Let 1 =
1 “egal
> T= 24 14200525 + c08? axde
= Ta Ef re 2eosa se gy
> rif Sedsonartcnstrds = E{re2ein 2s BA}
(ii) Let 1 = f sin x cos! x dx. Then,
1
xz! ain xcnsl deze | nan doors fn? ayPae
s 1 ¢ (1-cos 4x
at 4
x isd ( ; y Ix
“> T= 44 1-2 0542-4 c0s? Ax) de
i
188) ae .
=e as {1-2emar+
1 fxg !
> 1s gl (Stee teens) = 3 [sean trad nt] oc
Scanned with CamScanner PE MATHEMATICS) -
| 10.96
EXERCISE 19.6
ss
sin? (2x +1) dx INCERT]
a. sin? (@e+5) dr (NCERT] af 3 i
7 ‘a j sin’ b x dx
3. f cosfax de (NCERT] ak
cost =
5. J sin? Fae ofa ‘
: sin x [1—cos 2x
nf cos? nx de 8. J feos
. ANSWERS
3 1
3 cos(2x +1) + 5-608 (62 +3) +C
- 1. F-Esin xsi +c
