Magnets

D&D-Solenoid

Sep 2021
What are Magnets? • Why do like poles of a magnet repel
each other and unlike poles attract?

Magnetic flux lines

• Lines indicating magnetic field
• Direction from N to S
• Density indicates strength

Definition
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
This magnetic field is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet:
a force that pulls on other magnetic materials.

• Unlike electric charges, isolated magnetic north and south poles

known as magnetic monopoles do not exist.

Controlled document. Contents subject to change. Printed and other static representations of this 2
document are classified for reference only.
Magnet Types
A Naturally Occurring.

Occurrence
B Man-made.

A Permanent
Types Time
B Temporary

A NdFeB.
Material
B Alnico.

B SmCo.
• Another category of magnets
B Ferrite
include electromagnets

B Elastomer based/ Flexible

3
Characteristics of Magnetic Materials
Neodymium (NdFeB) Magnets

Most powerful magnets Can be made through a

per unit volume. variety of manufacturing
processes

Ultra high resistance NdFeB Used wherever small size

against demagnetization and high power is needed

Low operating Poor resistance to

temperatures. corrosion if plating
damaged

Controlled document. Contents subject to change. Printed and other static representations of this 4
document are classified for reference only.
Characteristics of Magnetic Materials
Ferrite (Fe3O4) Magnets

Mainly manufactured
Good magnetic stability
using sintering
technology.

Ferrite(Fe3O4)
Low level of Magnetism Lowest cost

Moderate operating
temperatures. Outstanding corrosion
resistance

Controlled document. Contents subject to change. Printed and other static representations of this 5
document are classified for reference only.
Characteristics of Magnetic Materials
Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)

Mainly manufactured
High resistance to being
using sintering
demagnetized
technology.

Samarium
Moderately high High production cost
Magnetism, second to
Cobalt(SmCo)
NdFeB

Moderate operating
temperatures. High corrosion resistance

6
• The biggest advantage of SmCo over NdFeB is that regarding temperature.
Characteristics of Magnetic Materials
Alnico

Manufactured using
Low resistance to
casting and sintering
demagnetization
technology.

Alnico
Low magnetism High production cost

High operating
temperatures. Good corrosion
resistance

Controlled document. Contents subject to change. Printed and other static representations of this 7
document are classified for reference only.
Comparison of Manufacturing Processes
Sintered (Fully Dense) Injection Molded Compression Bonded

• Maximum energy product for • Complex geometries • Low cost manufacturing

magnet size and weight • Variety of pole configurations are • Limited to simple geometries
• Limited to simple geometries possible • Brittle
• Brittle – requires careful handling • Tight geometric tolerancing • Complex magnetizing patterns
without finishing operations
• Greatest dilution effect

Parameter Sintered Injection Molded Compression Bonded

Shape Simple Complex Simple
BHMax High Low Moderate
Brittle Highly brittle Least brittle Brittle
Cost High Low Moderate
Controlled document. Contents subject to change. Printed and other static representations of this 8
document are classified for reference only.
Basic Science regarding magnetism
BH Curve

• Slope of the BH curve is known as the recoil

permeability
• The H axis represents the magnitude of an • Retentivity:
externally applied field to the magnet The amount of magnetization present when the external
material. magnetizing field is removed is known as retentivity.
• The B axis represents the magnetic output
either of the magnet or the combination of
• Coercivity:
the magnet and the applied field.
The amount of reverse(-ve H)external magnetizing field required to
completely demagnetize the substance is known as coercivity of
B= μ0 (H + M)
substance.
B= μ0(1+ c )H [since M = c H]
• Magnetomotive Force (F):
= μ0 μr H
F = Ø.R
B= μ H Just as voltage is responsible for current flow, MMF is
responsible for flux flow. The number of field turns per pole • Operation in area of knee can cause the
multiplied by the current in the winding equals the total mmf. magnet to lose some magnetisation
F=N.i 9
 Magnet Magnetization System
Fixture can be designed for many types of pole configuration

Fixture Outline Fixture for radial magnetization

• To reach the maximum energy output of a magnet, it

should be saturated, that is magnetized fully.

• The magnetizing force required to saturate a magnet

depends mainly on the coercivity of the magnetic
material. Fixture for Halbach magnetization

• The general rule is that to saturate a magnet, one

must apply a peak field of between 2 and 2.5 times
the intrinsic coercivity.

10
Magnet Selection Criteria
Maximum Energy product Material Cost Plating and coating
• Samarium cobalt, AlNiCo and Ferrite magnets are not
prone to corrosion. NdFeB magnets are prone to
corrosion and need plating/coating in most
conditions.
• Typical plating/coating for NdFeB magnets is nickel or
Ni-Cu-Ni.

Summary
• Sintered magnets are generally capable of superior
performance at elevated temperatures
• Bonded magnets have greater shape flexibility and
can be made into complex structures

• NdFeB • SmCo • Ferrite • Alnico

Magnet Selection Procedure
Step 1: Air Gap Flux Density Step 3: Magnet material and Grade
According to requirement of the Select magnet material and grade
product, determine the required air according to required air gap flux density
gap flux density. and permeance coefficient.

Step 2: Permeance Coefficient Step 4: Detent torque and Demagnetization

Determine the permeance coefficient • Check detent torque of the product and magnet
using reluctance value of the product demagnetization characteristics.
• If detent torue higher, check magnetization
pattern. if demagnetization occurs, select
magnet with higher maximum operating
temperature.

Controlled document. Contents subject to change. Printed and other static representations of this
document are classified for reference only. 12
Magnet Nomenclature and Selection Criteria
XX is Max energy product number.
Grade Maximum Working
(Suffix) Temperature

Nxx 80°C

NxxM 100°C

NxxH 120°C

NxxSH 150°C

NxxUH 180°C

NxxEH 200°C

NxxVH 230°C

References:
-https://e-magnetsuk.com/introduction-to-neodymium-magnets/grades-of-neodymium/
http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Magnet-Selection-Constantinides-Gorham-2003-psn-hi-res.pdf
Cost Comparison of Magnets in Padmini
Magnets Data Bank

Volume Price Price/g

S.No Part Number Project Part Name Magnet Types Magnet Grade Weight (g) Price/mm3
(mm3) (USD/Pc) (USD)

Magnet
1 741600200 EGR Sintered N38SH 100 0.87 0.07 0.080 0.00070
(10*5*2)

Rotor Magnet
2 621600100 TMA Sintered N45SH 5900 40.278 3.8 0.094 0.00064
(ø50.9*2.9)

3 650990800 IACV Rotor Magnet Injection NfFeB+PA12 346 1.767 0.135 0.076 0.00039

Magnet
4 Acuva Quadsun Solar Sintered N52 51 0.7 0.037 0.053 0.00073
(ø6.35*1.6)

Magnet
5 E Compressor E Compressor Sintered N35 EH 1415 14.206 1.29 0.091 0.00091
(39.1*20*1.81)

6 816600100 Water Pump 40W Magnet Injection NfFeB+PPS 3456 24 1.1 0.046 0.00032

Magnet
7 805991000 Water Pump 30W Injection Sintered Ferrite 9105 36 0.398 0.011 0.00004
(ø18.2*35)
Magnet Properties
REV. TEMP. REV. TEMP.
PROPERTIES BR BR HCB HCB HCJ HCJ BHMAX BHMAX TEMP.
COEF. COEF.

Typical min min Typical Typical

Grade Typical mT min kA/m min kA/m Br %/°C HcJ %/°C max °C
gauss oersteds oersteds kJ/m3 MGOe

N38SH 1260 12,600 907 11,400 1592 20,000 307 39 -0.12 -0.535 150

N35EH 1200 12,000 836 10,500 2388 30,000 279 35 -0.12 -0.42 200

N40SH 1285 12,850 939 11,800 1592 20,000 322 40 -0.12 -0.535 150

N48 1400 14,000 836 10,500 955 12,000 390 49 -0.12 -0.75 80

N52 1450 14,500 836 10,500 876 11,000 406 51 -0.12 -0.75 60

15
Different Magnet Grades Costing Comparison
Magnet (39.1*20*1.81) Price @ Different Grades
RM Cost per kg
38SH 35EH 40SH N48 N52
(CNY)
PrNd
710000 29.50% 25.50% 27.00% 29.50% 30.00%
(Neodymium/Praseodymium)
Raw Material
Composition

BFe 25000 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Fe 7000 60.00% 60.00% 60.00% 60.00% 60.00%
DyFe (Dysprosium/Iron) 2520000 1.50% 8.13% 1.88% 0.00% 0.00%
Other elements 4.30% 1.38% 6.13% 5.50% 4.50%

Total (Including Raw Material Loss) 3.71 5.74 3.85 3.15 3.26

Manufacturing costs 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

Machining cost 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42

Electroplating fee 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

Costing

Packing and other expenses 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

Pass rate 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

Factory Profit 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Bulk Price(RMB) 5.45 7.71 5.61 4.83 4.95

CJ Magnet FOB Shanghai
0.91 1.29 0.94 0.81 0.83
Price(USD)

16
Testing Facility in PVNA
Testing Facility
Magnet Scanner Machine Magnet Analyzer:
Min Resolution : 0.01 Gs Min Resolution :0.01Gs
Accuracy :Superior to 0.5%

Magnet Scanner Machine Magnet Analyzer

(coming soon)

Flux meter Flux Meter:

Min Resolution :1 Gs
GET IN TOUCH WITH Plot No. 100-101, Sector 35,,
HSIIDC Udyog Vihar Phase VII,
Gurgaon - 122001,
US Haryana, India

[email protected]

www.padminivna.com
THANK
YOU