UNIT - IV Multiple Access Techniques Syllabus Introduction : Introduction To Multiple Access « Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA) + Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) Spread Spectrum Multiple Access - Code Divition Matiple Access(CDMA) = Space Desiion Multiple Access (SDMA) ~ Capacity Of Cellular Capacity Of Cellular CDMA, Capacity Of CDMA Rith Multiple Cells System Contents 41 Introduction fo Muttiple Access 142. Frequency Division Muttipla Access (FDMA) 4.3. Time Division Muttiple Access (TDMA) 44. Code Division Muttipie Access (COMA) 45. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 4.6 Space Division Muttiple Access (SDMA) 4.7 Capacity of Celiutar Systems 4.8 Multiple Choice Questions with Answers 4:9 Two Marks Cuuesiions wilt ANSTOWiretnas COI en — an een Introduction to Multiple Access Wireless communication channel specific resource in two steps : : 1. Finite reeource is allocated for the two ¢ mnultipie charmnel 2. Portion allocated for each direction is used to create direction a + These two steps of subdividing the finite rescurce are referred to as 1. Duplexing methods 2. Multiple access methods : 0 allow many mobile users share « Multiple access schemes are used # simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum * Multiple access system enable many mobile users to share simultaneously radiy spectrum. © Multiple access technique is used when high capacity is required The multiple access technique must be done without severe degradation in the performance © Duplexing is needed to allow subscribers send and receive information nimultancously. e.g, telephone systems EEEEE duplexing Methods © There are two types of duplexing methods 1. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) 2. Time Division Duplexing (TDD) EERE Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) * FDD is employed in radio systems to provide an uplink and downlink radio channel between the sender and the receiver. * When forward (base station to mobile station - downlink) and reverse (Mobile station to base station-uplink) use different carrier frequencies that are sufficiently separated, the duplexing system referred to as Frequency Division Duplexing (DD). * In FDD, the total available bandwidth is allocated separately for the forward and reverse directions of transmission. + FDD is used for large coverage areas. TECHNICAL PUBLUCATIONS® - an w-trun kr browye nicaion - yor Commas 4-3 Multiple Access Techniques wor 4 Frequency User 2 transmits (reverse direction) Time Fig. 4.1.1 Frequency division duplexing [GEM Time Division Duplexing (TDD) « When both forward and reverse channels use the same frequency band for communications but forward and reverse channels employ alternating time slots, the duplexing system referred to as Time Division Duplexing (TDD). TDD can share one RF circuitry between forward and reverse channel. The reciprocity of channels allow accurate open-loop power control. Two directions of the transmission are created by alternating the transmissi jon in time. «The maximum bit rate supportable for a given bandwidth W is allocated between the two directions. TDD is preferred usually for low-power local communications. Frequency User 4 User2 User 1 User 2 w transmits | Transmits | Transmits | Transmits (forward) | (reverse) | (forward) } (reverse) Poe Times Fig. 4.1.2 Time division multiplexing TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” = an up-thrust for knowledgea Wireless Communication _ z tet Multiple Accasy re ny, EEEEG muttipto Accoss Mothods * The multiple access methods refer to the method of creating multiple chy MINGe fo, each transmission direction, * There are three main types of multiple access methods | 1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Ey Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) * In FDMA, all users are separated by their frequency of operation, All use may transmit simultaneously using a distinet carrier channel * A basic of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) * A user is assigned a carrier f, for each direction (uplink and downlink). A user may employ continuous transmission, * Data (user's info) is modulated using the assigned carrier, Analog circuitry (VCO) is required to keep track of frequency shifts, Frequency f: [2 [Fay] a n T= Froquoncy 5 ' Total bandwith ' s Fig. 4.2.1 FDMA Fig. 4.2.2 FOMA bandwidth structure Design Issues of FOIA system : * Adjacent channel interference (specifically reverse channel), «RF spectrum mask. * Near-far problem is a concer specially on reverse link. Carriers belonging to one set are not adjacent. * Guard bands - reduces overall spectral efficiency. TECHMICAL PUBLICATIONS” - 9features of FDMA ere are many some of F 1 pannel bandwidth relatively ee are listed below : . systems (30 kHz), ie. usually narrowband simplest method Best suited for analog links . Requires tight filtering to minimize interference 2 3. 4, Continuous transmission implies no framing or synchronization bits needed 5. 4 Usually combined with FDD for duplexing a Nonlinear Effects In FDMA Many channels - Same antenna For maximum power efficiency operate near saturation . Near saturation power amplifiers are nonlinear Nonlinearities causes signal spreading Intermodulation frequencies . IM are undesired harmonics Interference with other channels in the FDMA system . Decreases user C/I - Decreases performance |. Interference outside the mobile radio band : Adjacent-channel interference 10. RF filters needed - Higher costs. FEE} Number of Channels in a FDMA System * The number of channels that can be simultaneously supported in a FDMA system is given by - _ Bri 2Bpuard By Where, N = Number of channels By = Total spectrum allocation Byuara = Guard band B, = Channel bandwidth TECHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS® - an uptrust fr knowiedge| Multiple Access Technig, Wireless Communication EER Advantages of FDMA FDMA technique does not need any base-control station 2. Data that transferred between each station to another during the transmissign Process will not be lost. 3. After the transmission of data, the effect of the delay distortion will be ,, small and it can be ignored. 4. There is no need for network timing. The channel operations in FDMA are simple. 6. In FDMA, the reduction of the information bit rate has a good effect on the capacity. 7. No need for any equalization. Because of the transmission is continuous, there is almost no need for bits that are responsible for synchronization. 9. Simplicity in FDMA algorithms. (E2221 Disadvantages of FOMA 1. In the FDMA technique, it is impossible for the stations to receive data from more than one transmission source. One of most important thing in communication systems is the maximum data rate which is small and fixed for every channel in FDMA. Because of the guard bands, the capacity of the FDMA decreased. FDMA requires special fillers to avoid any interference between the narow channels. Tess i} 1. Which are various multiple access schemes used in wireless communications ? Write short note on Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Describe non linear effects ™ FDMA. Also write equation for number of channels that can be simultaneously supported it 4 FDMA system. [EE] Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) * In TDMA system, a number of users share the same frequency band by takins assigned turns in using the channel. + A base station controller assigns time slots to users and slot released upon completion of call. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up.tnrust for knowledgenication 4-7 P Multiple Access Techniques pand is used by the user dur ing hi ire slot. Fixed ei nm mined order. Slot is wasted if there is no eee ee ' ye information for transmission. S| renal? [a a 2 - Time i Frame it ry ty Time Fig. 4.3.1 TDMA Fig. 4.3.2 TDMA frame structure antage ¢ Flexibility ~ Can provide different access rates at no cost. gévantages + 1, Requires accurate synchronization with BS and rest of users. 2. Guard times. Wi Features of TOMA + The features of TDMA includes the following : 1. TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users where each users makes use of non overlapping time slots. The number of time slots per frame depends on several factors such as modulation technique, available bandwidth ete, TDMA requires careful time synchronization since users share the bandwidth in the frequency domain. The number of channels are less, inter channel interference is almost negligible. Data transmission in TDMA is not continuous but occurs in bursts. This results ‘in low battery consumption since the subscriber transmitter can be turned OFF When not in use. Because of a discontinuous transmission in TDMA the handoff process is much simpler for a subscriber unit, since it is able to listen to other base stations during idle time slots. TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception thus duplexers te not required. TDMA has an advantage that is possible to allocate different numbers of time Slots per frame to different users. Thus bandwidth can be supplied on demand ‘0 different users by concatenating or reassigning time slot based on priority. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-hrust for knowledgeMultiple Access Tochnigy Wireless Communication sa) TDMA Frame Structure an int © The transmission from various users 1S interlaced int as shown in Fig. 4.3.3. ——— One TDMA fram Preamble | _ Information message 0 a repeating frame structyr, >"! Trail bits Trail bits | Sync. bits Information data Guard bits Large overhead Fig. 4.3.3 TDMA framo Efficiency of TDMA * The efficiency of a TDMA system is a measure of the percentage of transmitted data that contains information as compared to overhead for the access scheme. * The frame efficiency (nj)is the percentage of bits per frame which contain transmitted data. Note that the transmitted data may include source and channel coding bits, so the raw end-user efficiency of a system is generally less than ny. * The number of overhead bits per frame is computed by : boy = Nrb +Nibp +Niby +Nrbg Where, N, is the number of reference bursts per frame, N, is the number of traffic bursts per frame, b, is the number of overhead bits per reference burst, by is the number of overhead bits per preamble in each slot, and b, is the number of equivalent bits in each guard time interval © The total number of bits per frame (by) is given by : by = TR | TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-hnust for knowiodgoy communication A q 9 Multiple Accoss Techniques wherer 1, is the frame duration, and | R is the channel bit rate. The frame efficiency is calculated as - sot) = [1-724 |x100 % nN (1-24) 100 po Number of Channels in TDMA Systom + The number of TDMA channel slots that can be provided in a TDMA system is given by - Nc m(By — 2Byuara) Be Where, m is the number of TDMA slots per channel B, is the total spectrum allocation Bguara is the guard band allocated at the edge of the allocated spectrum B, is the channel bandwidth. If GSM uses a frame structure where each frame consists of 8 time slots and cach time slot contains 156.25 bits and data is transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel find : 4) The time duration of a vit. ii) The time duration of a slot. i) The time duration of a frame. iv) How long must a user occu transmissions, é Solution : ) pying a single time slot wait between two successive ‘The time duration of a bit is calculated as - = 3.692 ps Ty = 370833 kbps ii) The time duration of a slot is calculated as - Tyo = 156:25%Tp = 0577 ms TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge 3ee ee a Multiple Access Teer, hy Wireless Communication ee. ng ili) The time duration of a frame is calculated as - Ty = 8%T jg, = 4.615 ms ival ti a new frame, iv) A user has to wait 4.615 ms, the arrival time of ME, FOF its ney transmission GERBER) of 0 normal GSM time stot consists of 6 trailing bits, 8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits and two traffic bursts of 58 bits of data, Find the frame eficiency, Solution : A time slot has 6 + 8.25 + 26 + 2(58) = 156.25 bits. A frame has 8 x 156.25 = 1250 bits/frame. The number of overhead bits per frame is given by - bon = Nib; +N bp +N iby +N by bou = 866) + 8 (8.25) + 8(26) = 322 bits The frame efficiency is calculated as - Fett) 100 % by 322 oo 1 = [1-3] 100 = 74.24 % 1. Which are various multiple access schemes used in wireless communications ? 2. Describe : Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) in detail, Write the equation for eficiency of TDMA and The number of channels in TDMA system [EZ] code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) * CDMA system is implemented based on spread-spectrum technology. CDMA can. accommodate various wireless users with different bandwidth requirements, switching methods and technical ‘characteristics, User transmits all the time (not in a particular slot) and using all the frequency | bandwidth. * Every user is assigned a distinct code that acts as the key to identify that user. * A frequency reuse factor of one is potentially possible with CDMA, Multiple users use the same band at the same time. ee | .-.-6-6cdvHsre=F7..=—ClCCrrc suppression advantage. / TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeon pe Techniques Fig. 44.1 COMA 4 — ietorbion bts CT] ‘ cose at | transmitting end | | La somnans HLA El [es u Received signal UT Code at receiving end Decoded signal DMA system Fig, 4.4.2 Transmitted and received code in a C TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an uptinust fr knowedg®A — —“ Multiple Accass Wiroless Communication 4-12 Techni, * Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is also called 3S Sead spectrys, communication. The term “spread spectrum” refers to the ian een Of signa, bandwidth, by several orders of magnitude in some cases, which occurs whe, | key is attached to the communication channel. In CDMA, the transmitted signals are not discriminated by their frequency assignment (as in FDMA), nor by their time slot assignment (as in TDMA), byt by a characteristic code which is superposed on the information signal. This feature has allowed CDMA to gain attention in commercial satellite communication, * CDMA was adopted in cellular mobile telephone as an_interference-toleran communication technology that increases capacity above analog systems, * All concerned earth stations simultaneously share the same bandwidth ang recognize the signals by various processes such as code identification, * The two most common CDMA techniques are : 1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), also called Pseudo-Noise (PN) modulation, which is the dominant technique. 2. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) * Spread Spectrum signals use fast codes that run many times the information bandwidth or data rate. These special “Spreading” codes are called “Pseudo Random" or "Pseudo Noise” codes. They are called "Pseudo" because they are not real Gaussian noise. [EEE] Noar-far Problem * The near-far problem is a serious one in CDMA. If the power is not controlled, the CDMA signal of a user near to the base station will overshadow those signals originated from a distance away. . The near-far problem occurs when many mobile users share the same channel. Generally the strongest received mobile signal will capture the demodulator at a base station. { ; + In CDMA, stronger received signal levels raise the noise floor at the base station demodulators for the weaker signals, thereby decreasing the probability that weaker signals will be received. + The power of multiple users at a receiver determines the noise floor after decorrelation. £4 Power Control * Power control eliminates the problem of near-far Problem. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an upthrst for knowledgeMultiple Access Techniques is provided by bile ithin the Lan ase station in a cellular syst each : 'e base station coverage ar ee the base station receiver. ea provides the same wer 1 Pot se "eh evel earby subscriber is sol stem of am i solved by over ‘| oe a geowning out the signals of far away ae the base station Ma rl implemented at the base station by rapidl : idly sampli i «eI dicator (RSSI) levels of each mobile and then ‘ail ae d over the forward radio link, eee col pre or obiles provide interference which is not under the control of th e peel) MOP ith ase station. : cn 1 et TEESSTY for CDMA systems. pw iP ee of CDMA Systems sony 0528 of a CDMA system share the same frequency. Resulting in coexistence 1 ltiple users on the same frequency band. has a soft capacity limit. Increasing. the number of users in a CDMA oA : , in raises the noise floor. Thus, there is no absolute limit on the number of in CDMA- sre system performance gradually de : rs increased (decreased). rer of USE « [eherent frequency diversity (multi-path diversity) can be exploited to mitigate the verse eects of small-scale fading, «Adjacent cells can use the same frequency. A mobile station at the boundary of two adjacent cells can simultaneously receive signals from the two base stations. It ‘ca diversity effect and can be used to improve the performance for mobile cations at the boundary. The handoff process is called soft handoff. « Adjacent cells use different sets of spreading codes but can be operated at the same carrier frequency. The frequency reuse factor is therefor : + Multiple-access interference (MAI) is a problem in CDMA systems. MAI occurs tecause the spreading sequences of all users are not exactly orthogonal, leading to interference to other users’ signals. ' The near-far problem occurs at a CDMA receiv deected power as compared to the desired user. grades (improves) for all users as the re one. er if an undesired user has a high TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - en up-hrust for knowledgeWireless Communication 4 Multiple Access Tectniayy, EE] Problems Associated with TDMA, CDMA and FDMA i) At high data rate, the symbol duration T, becomes very small and the Tequireg system bandwidth becomes very large. ii) If the symbol duration becomes vary small in TDMA, then the impulse Tesponse becomes very long. Hence computational effort increases. iii) CDMA requires Rake receiver in addition to an equalizer, iv) In FDMA, there is large spacing between carriers. This is wastage of Precious spectrum, OFDM overcomes above problems : * OFDM increases the symbol duration and all its carriers are mutually orthogonal Above problems are almost removed by OFDM. EEG Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA Technique FDMA TDMA CDMA | | Concept Divide the frequency Divide the time into Spread the signal || band into disjoint non-overlapping time — with orthogonal | subbands slots codes ] Active terminals All terminals active Terminals are active All terminals a | on their specified in their specified slot on same frequency | frequencies fon same frequency | Signal separation Filtering in frequency Synchronization in Code separation | | time } | Handoff Hard handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff | Advantages Simple and robust Flexible Flexible i 4 | Disadvantages Inflexible, available Requires guard Complex receivers, |, frequencies are fixed, space, requires power | requires guard bands synchronization control to avoid | | problem near-far problem | j | Current applications Radio, TV and GSM and PDC 25G and 3G ia analog cellular Review Questions 1. Which are various multiple access schentes used in wireless commumications ? 2. Wnite short note on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgo«communication Multiple Avnoss Teohniques A orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) OFDM is a multi-carrier transmission scheme. transmission to low-speed paralle! robust to multipath interference OFDM. transforrn high-speed serial transmission. [t incr » symbol duration, Multiplexing is an important si signals are combined and trans; to avoid interference during p frequency and then the Multiplexing (FDM), ignal processing, operation in which a number of mitted parallelly over a common channel. In ore arallel transmission, the signals can be resulting technique is called Y parated jn Prequency Division In FDM, the adjacent bands are non overlapping but if overlap is allowed by transmitting signals that are mutually orthogonal (that is, there is a pr mathematical relationship between the frequencies of the transmitted signals) that one signal has zero effect on another, then the resulting transmis technique is known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), OFDM is a technique of transmitting high bit rate streams of low bit rate data. At any instant, each of these parallel data streams is. fre subcarriers) which are orthogonal to each of data into several paral) the data transmitted simultaneously in quency modulated by carriers (called her. Fig. 45.1 shows basic concept of OFDM. Ti Fr Data symbol | "Zn f1°8 T Oe ' a Filter at the receiver t+—rt tf AF> = 2T Better Spectrum Conventional Frequency Division Muttiptexing efficiency ene ' mt Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiptexing (OFDM Fig, 4.5.1 OFDM concoptwidth (which #8 Hentted) requires, vs or the symbol duration decreas. Jar number of symbols, nay P, jy» parallel with symbol duration ry, as was previously. © Por high data rate communication the bane oes On increasing av the data rate inc Thus in OFDM, instead of sending # particu neconds serially, the P symbols can be sent in increased to 'T seconds instead of T/? seconds data transmission through a wireless tig varying channel. ‘The primary advantage of increasing, the pene dues is that the channel experiences at fading instead of frequency selective Ing, since jt jy ensured that in the time domain the symbol duration is greater than the rms delay spread of the channel, Viewed in the frequency domain this implies that the bandwidth of the OFDM signal is less than coherent bandwidth of the channel, * This offers many advantages in digital Orthogonallty of Signals * Orthogonal signals can be viewed in the same perspective as we view vectors which are perpendicular/orthogonal to each other. The inner product of two mutually orthogonal vectors is equal to zero. Similarly the inner product of two orthogonal signals is also equal to zero: OFDM Transmitter and Recelver * The OFDM transmitter and receiver block diagram is shown in Fig, 4.5.2. Saat ee Porat Modutotor }—-} irr f—-| pret |—| . + | insertion soe 7 : $ |} converter Poratel | > to serial ‘converter Advantages of OFDM 1. ee mitigate the adverse effects of channel dispersion by the use of cyclic prefix. 2. Low-complexity implementation based on FFT/IFFT. Fig. 4.6.2 3, Support high-rate transmission at a low implementation cost,Muttiple Access Techniques gos of OFDM ja High P eaketo-average Power ratio, so that highly linear power amplifiers are ae oid intermodulation interference. ype use of cyclic prefix reduces transmission efficiency, Some power is wasted * ay transmitting cyclic prefix, which are redundant, red at the transmitters in order to av g sence Division Multiple Access (SDMA) gpMA, there is control for radiated energy for each user which are served «pot beam antennas. pot beams May use same frequency (as in TDMA or CDMA) or different “quencies (a8 in FDMA). Two types of antenna systems are employed. |, Sectorized antenna is one primitive form of SDMA, 2 Adaptive antenna array uses steer multiple beams (one for each user). It is best suited for TDMA or CDMA systems. | SDMA implementation is difficult for reverse link. It requires coordination of ower levels, Also, huge power required to form beams, Beam 2, Beam 3 Beam1 GA CB tS be MS, Bs Fig. 4.6.1 Basic structure of SDMA system Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and SDMA q a FDMA TDMA CDMA spMa | SQ Saari Divide the Divide the time Spread the Divide the space ency band into signal with into sectora into. disjoint non-overlapping orthogonal “—_L_subbands time slots __codes a TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowtedgeOe “™ Multiple Access Technigues Wireless Communication = ‘All terminals Number of Active terminals All terminals minals iy active on same terminals pet | ve ir active in their n | spestied their Specified slot on frequency — depends \ frequencies came frequency FDMA/TOMa, \ CDMA ‘sg, : separation Spatial | Signal Filtering in Synchronization Code sep Sarton ie | separation frequency in time smart antennas | Hard and | Handoff Hard handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff Hard | a Vey ad | Advantages, Simple and Flexible Flexible Nex simple, | | robust capacity | Disadvantages Inflexible, Requires guard Complex Inflextble, | available space, receivers, requires, | frequencies are synchronization requires power network | fixed, requires problem control to avoid monitoring to | guard bands near-far avoid intracell problem handoffs | | Current Radio, TV and GSMandPDC —-25G and 3G_—_— Satellite | applications analog cellular systems, others \ being explored _ Capacity of Cellular Systems * Capacity of cellular system is defined as number of simultaneous users cellular network can support. * The capacity of a system in an area is determined by the number of channels ina cell and the cell size. + The number of simultaneous users is given by expression : m(W/N) 3 Where, W is total available spectrum, B N is frequency reuse factor, is bandwidth needed per user, m is number of cell required to cover an * Above expression indicates the capacity of ne i) Increasing (m) area. work can be increased by : ii) Decreasing frequency reuse factor, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” - on updnrygy for knowledge knowledgecommunication 4-19 Multiplo Access Techniques ws : pol design techniques are needed to , cS Techniques such as cell splitting, area Provide more channels per unit coverage * ed in practice to expand the capacit se sectoring and coverage zone approaches are y of cellular systems. p capacity of CDMA with Multiple Cells qhe capacity of CDMA systems is considered sep: jinks due to the difference in the interference characteristics, yor cellular systems, arately for forward and reverse interference is divided into intercell and intracell interference, , The following assumptions are made throughout the analysis : 1. Users are power controlled by the Base Station (BS). 2, All base stations require the same SNR for adequate performance. 3, Power control is exercised by the BS corresponding to pilot with maximum power seen at the user, The admission policy is based on the interference level (SIR based admission policy) where users are admitted to the cell until a predetermined level of interference is reached. Users are uniformly distributed in each cell and the number of users in each cell are equal. WD Muttiple Choice Questions with Answers Q1 Cable television is an example of a) TDMA b) FDMA c CDM. d SDMA Q2 FDMA is the division of ______. fa) time b_ phase ¢ spectrum d_ amplitude Q3 Guard band Is the small unused bandwidth between the frequency channels to avoid interference )| the bandwidth allotted to the signal the channel spectrum d) the spectrum acquired by the noise between the signal Q.4 In FDMA,1. Each user is assigned unique frequency slots 2. Der Is possible 3. Fixed assignment Is possible 4. It is problems. mand assignment vulnerable to timing © TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS‘ up-thrust for knowled.Wireless Communicston i Oi yp and 2) are correct p 2) and 4) are correct —= a only = p,2) and 3) are corset all four are correct sat uses 1. single chanel er carrier 2 ne timo slot 4. Mutt! aan Chang, mand assign DMA de - fai carrier 3. Single transmission In ©! sc time slot. ~ ‘a. 1) and 2) are correct b 2,3), and 4) are correct 1), 2), and 3) are correct d All four are correct FDMA over Tl re eliminated 3. ¢ DMA Includes 4. Division is si a6 The advantages Of simp Propagation delays @ Cheaper filters with less compieics y= functions 4. Linearity: < a. 1), 2)and 3) are correct c 1)and 4) are correct 1) and 2) are correct @_All four are correct Q7 TOMAlsa multiple access technique that has a different users in different time slots each user is assigned unique frequency slots each user is assigned a unique code sequence is modulated with frequency modulation technique alle _d. each signal Q8 In TOMA, the user occuples the whole bandwidth during transmission. a True (b) False Q9 TDMA allows the user to have . | use of same frequency channel for same time slot use of same frequency channel for different time slot use of same time slot for different frequency channel use of different time slot for different frequency channels {allo jlo Answer Keys for Multiple Choice Questions :yr ae tnasnBIO Matin Aovess wes tiple Access (SDMA) is used for allocating separated spaces to “Recs in Wireless networks, “ ssmission tange of A ache raches B but not A.B reaches A and C « Acannet detect C and vie vera A this transmission. C also wants to send somethin + The madium appears to be free causing a collision at BB: with its transmission. A is ga00