UTILIZATION OF HUMAN HAIR WASTE AS AN ORGANIC-

BASED SOLUTION IN MAKING ALTERNATIVE INK FOR

NEEDLE-TIPPED PENS

Nicole Diaz
Lei Jio Floralde
Lamuel John Hadap
Carlos Miguel Mariano

A manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of Science and Technology,

General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the strand, Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics. Prepared under the supervision of Ma. Rowena S. Penafiel and Cherry
Rose S. Uminga

INTRODUCTION

Hair waste is one of the underappreciated issues in our society. Although it is a

waste that degrades slowly, it can also be used to craft different useful products. The

accumulation of hair waste in streams causes various environmental problems. In urban

areas or areas with high population density, it often accumulates in large amounts in the

solid waste streams and chokes the drainage systems, posing a multifaceted problem

(Gupta, 2014). Moreover, cleaning this mess requires effort other than the problem itself,

consuming more power than necessary. Preventing the occurrence of this issue and

utilization of the waste to become a useful product is an efficient point to study.

Many utilizations exist that can be sought through the use of human hair waste. It

can be in the field of fashion, agriculture, composite materials, pollution control and

remediation, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, food industry, scientific

 2

instrumentation, textiles, fiber stuffing, and other artifacts (Bolzonella, 2014). However,

the researchers prioritize to look in a perspective that includes commercial ink. Hair is

mostly composed of carbon and the said element is a main component in making ink of

pens for commercial use. If properly executed, it is indeed possible to create a hair-based

carbon ink for needle-tipped pens.

In today’s commerce, ink products stands atop of many other products in terms of

cost. According to www.cartridgeworld.com, a typical printer costs up to $120 (Php

6102.06) annually on an average usage of black ink. Although the researchers plan to take

their stepping stone from needle-tipped pens, it is within the vision to expand and keep up

with the printing industry. However, this information yields to a conclusion that hair-based

carbon ink could feasibly bring down a little the rising figures of current ink cost.

Statement of the Problem

The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using human hair waste

as an organic-based solution in making alternative ink for needle-tipped pens.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What are the compositions in making hair-based ink?

2. Is sulfuric acid an effective agent in making hair-based ink?

3. How effective is the hair-based ink in terms of:

a. Absorption

b. Stick Consistency
 3

c. Rate of Evaporation

d. Waterproofness

e. Color

Objectives of the Study

The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using human hair

waste as an organic-based solution in making alternative ink for needle-tipped pens.

Specifically, this study aimed to:

1. Identify the compositions in making hair-based ink;

2. Determine if sulfuric acid is an effective agent in making hair-based ink.

3. Ascertain the effectiveness of the hair-based ink in terms of:

a. Absorption

b. Stick Consistency

c. Rate of Evaporation

d. Waterproofness

e. Color

Hypotheses

Based on the preceding problem of the study, the researchers formulated the

hypothesis that since hair contains carbon, which is an element used in making ink, it is an
 4

effective substitute base for ink. Thus, it is possible to create an alternative ink for

commercial needle-tipped pens.

Ho Human hair waste cannot be used as an alternative organic-based ink for needle-

tipped pens.

Ha: Human hair waste can be used as an alternative organic-based ink for needle-

tipped pens.

Significance of the Study

The research work is deemed to be beneficial to the following:

This study aimed to benefit frequent users of needle-tipped pens such as teachers,

students and office workers. They can have alternative and affordable pens to use.

Garbage Collectors can benefit from this study because the researchers aim to

lessen the pile of garbage that degrades slowly and are supposed to be sorted.

Salons and Local barbershops can also be benefited in this study. A better waste

disposal system derived from this research will help the salon owners to handle their

wastes.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is focused on the effectivity of using hair waste and sulfuric acid in

producing an alternative ink for needle-tipped pens. For the observation, this study stated

its capability in terms of absorption, stick consistency, rate of evaporation, waterproofness

and color.
 5

The research used sulfuric acid – hair waste solution and Gum Arabic ratio as the

only variable to be studied. Other variables such as sulfuric acid and hair waste ratio, soak

duration, and needle-tipped pens’ structure are considered constants.

As for the hair, the researchers accumulated hair in different local barbershops and

salons. The researchers only used natural colored and undamaged hair, and not compared

the said product on different commerce-ink pens inside from needle-tipped pens.

Lastly, this study does not support the identification of the possibility of product

competing in the market. The research solely focuses on the variables of the product’s

effectivity.

Conceptual Framework

The figure below shows how the concept of this research paper works. The

extraction of carbon present in the hair initiates the start of the process. Also, the first step

is the fundamental and body of this whole research. All the proceeding steps are focused

on developing its ink properties, such as: absorption, stick consistency, rate of evaporation,

waterproofness and color.

 6

Figure 1. Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

Definition of Terms

Needle tipped pens - instrument for writing or drawing with ink that are typically consists

of a metal nib.

Carbon ink - are inks that are commonly made from lampblack or soot and a binding agent

(keeps carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper) such as gum arabic or animal

glue and do not harm papers.

 7

Sulfuric acid - known as vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen

and hydrogen, with molecular formula H2SO4. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid

that is soluble in water and is synthesized in reactions that are highly exothermic.

Gum Arabic - also known as gum sudani, acacia gum, arabic gum, gum acacia, acacia,

Senegal gum and Indian gum, and by other names, is a natural gum consisting of the

hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree that is used in the food industry as a

stabilizer, emulsifier and thickening agent in icing, fillings, soft candy, chewing gum and

other confectionery and to bind the sweeteners and flavorings in soft drinks.

Dehydration - is a reaction that takes place even during the heating-up period, leading to

the formation of a highly cross-linked cellulose during the subsequent decomposition

brought about by high temperatures.

Oxidation - is any chemical reaction that involves the moving of electrons. Specifically, it

means the substance that gives away electrons is oxidized.

Absorption - describes the process of absorbing or soaking up something

Stick Consistency - the quality tending or designed to stick to things on contact or covered

with something that sticks.

Rate of Evaporation - is the rate at which a material will vaporize (change from liquid to

vapor) meaning it will change from liquid to vapor when compared to the rate of

vaporization of a specific known material.

Waterproofness - the state of being impervious to water.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Human hair is a material considered useless in most societies and therefore is found

in the municipal waste streams in large portions of cities and towns of the world. In rural

areas or areas with low population density, the hair is thrown away in nature where it slowly

decomposes over several years, eventually returning the constituent elements, namely,

carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and so forth, to their respective natural cycles. In urban areas or

areas with high population density, it often accumulates in large amounts in the solid waste

streams and chokes the drainage systems, posing a multifaceted problem. Due to slow

degradation, it stays in the dumps/waste streams for long occupying large volume of space.

Over time, leachate from these dumps increases the nitrogen concentration in the water

bodies, causing problems of eutrophication. Burning of human hair or the waste piles

containing them—a practice observed in many parts of the world—produces foul odor and

toxic gases such as ammonia, carbonyl sulphides, hydrogen sulphides, sulphur dioxide,

phenols, nitriles, pyrroles, and pyridines. Open dumps of hair generate hair dust which

causes discomfort to people near them and, if inhaled in large amounts, can result in several

respiratory problems. Oils, sweat, and other organic matter sticking to the hair rot over time

and become a source of foul odor and breeding ground for pathogens (Gupta, 2014).

The best way to address such problems is to develop systems which utilize the

waste material as a resource. In addition to reducing waste, it contributes to the economy.

As a potential material resource, human hair has the advantage that it is completely

biodegradable, renewable, and available in every locality.

An ink's color comes from either a dye, which can be dissolved in water, or a

pigment, which is water insoluble. The dye eosin lends red ink its color and is made by
 9

adding the element bromine to a fluorescent compound. Inks that employ pigments include

white ink (which contains titanium oxide) and metallic gold ink (which, surprisingly, uses

a copper-zinc alloy.) Carbon black, a pigment derived from coal and oil, is an essential part

of black ballpoint pen ink (Johnson, 2018).

Given that carbon is an essential component in making ink of pens for commercial

use, it is considerably ideal to use hair, which is carbon-rich substance, to produce a carbon-

based ink. With these information in hand, it is safe to conclude that if carbon can be

extracted from the hair-waste, the product can be further developed to be a usable

commercial ink.

There exist number of methods in extracting carbon in organic materials, but having

hair as the main component of this research study, it should be given importance to put

value on the physical structure of hair. The basic physical structure of the hair: cortex,

cuticle and medulla. The cortex is the main component of the hair and consists of moisture,

melanin (pigment) and other elements. The cuticle is a chemically ‘resistant’ region

surrounding the cortex in hair fibers. It consists of flat overlapping cells (scales) that

surround the central fiber core. The cuticle cells are lined from the root to the ends pointing

towards the ends, and can be compared to shingles on a roof. They can be 5-12 layers

deep. One cuticle itself is made of several layers of cells. One can visualize the cross section

of a cuticle as a lasagna. The cystine-rich proteins of the cuticle belong to the group of

proteins called keratin-associated proteins. With this layers, and physical composition, hair

is deducted to be strong enough to survive all external physical contacts except for actions

that uses scissors, or anything alike, and heat (Lorna, 2015).

 10

Having said that hair is tough against physical, it is logical to use chemicals to break

down the composition of hair as much as possible. There are number of acids that can break

down hair’s composition but they differ on the effectiveness. One of the most common

chemicals that can be found on drain cleaning solutions is Sulfuric acid. This chemical is

an acid, oxidation and dehydrating agent which makes it a proper chemical to be used.

Also, this chemical is known on its ability to harness carbon from a substance. Other

chemicals may be effective in decomposing hair strands but are not successful in achieving

the ink-like properties of produced solution.

Sulfuric acid (CASRN 7664-93-9), also known as hydrogen sulfate, is a highly

corrosive, clear, colorless, odorless, strong mineral acid with the formula H2SO4. It is also

one of the top 10 chemicals released (by weight) by the paper industry (US EPA, 2009). In

modern industry, sulfuric acid is an important commodity chemical, and is used primarily

for the production of phosphoric acid. It is also good for removing oxidation from iron and

steel, so it is used in large quantities by metal manufacturers (Cheremisinoff and

Rosenfield, 2015).

Moreover, an experiment about concentrating cellulose carbon content with

sulfuric acid impregnation has been conducted. The mass yield of carbon after 800◦C

treatment in nitrogen increased to 2–3 times by addition of small amounts of sulfuric acid.

The sulfuric acid is considered to work as dehydration catalyst, thus suppressing the release

of volatile organic substances. The shrinkage of the sample during carbonization was also

significantly reduced by the addition of sulfuric acid.

Cellulosic materials such as wood, cotton and rayon are important starting materials

for the production of carbons, including charcoal and activated carbon. Graphite fibers
 11

were also produced from rayon in early days. Since cellulose has chemical formula of

(C6H10O5), the maximum carbon yield is 44.4% if hydrogen and oxygen are removed as

water. In reality, the mass yield of carbon from cellulose is some 15% at 400◦C (Ramiah,

1970; Shafizadeh & Bradbury, 1979; Fengel & Wegener, 1983; Hon, 1991; Williams &

Besler, 1996), because volatile compounds such as methanol, acetic acid, carbon dioxide

and tar substances will be released (Nikitin, 1966; Shafizadeh & Bradbury, 1979; Williams

& Besler, 1996). When we treated cellulose at above 800◦C, the weight loss was even

greater depending on the type of cellulose and heating conditions, giving final yields of as

low as 12%. An improvement in carbon yield is reported to be achieved by lower heating

rate as low as 1◦C/min (Mackay & Roberts, 1982), but still the yield does not exceed 30%

at 500◦C.

Since cellulose is the most abundant renewable material, improvement of its

carbonization yield can have impacts on practical carbon production. To achieve a high

yield, scientists need to enhance dehydration in the course of pyrolysis. Addition of

dehydrating agent, such as zinc chloride, seems to be adopted in industrial processes, but

detailed descriptions cannot be found in existing literatures. Therefore, they undertook

quantitative examination of the phenomenon, choosing sulfuric acid as an inexpensive,

nonvolatile dehydrating agent, and examined the influence of its addition on pyrolysis of

cellulose. (Nishimiya, Kim, Wada, and Kuga, 2001).

These studies serve as evidences that strengthens the founding concepts of the

research study. In total, various papers state that hair waste imposes possibilities of

efficient recycling methods. Moreover, the carbon content of hair has been proven to be
 12

feasible of producing carbon-based ink. Research papers also suggest that sulfuric acid is

an effective chemical to decompose hair’s structure that will result to a based ink solution.
 METHODOLOGY

This study determined the effectiveness of utilizing human hair waste and sulfuric

acid in making ink for needle-tipped pens. Experimental design was utilized in producing

carbon-based ink from human hair using sulfuric acid as a main component. The

researchers tested out several properties of the ink, namely; absorption, stick consistency,

rate of evaporation, waterproofness and color. Each ratio of initial solution and gum arabic

has their respective setup wherein data has been gathered.

Procedures

In making organic-based ink, the researchers followed six steps, Preparation, Mixing

I, Concentration, Mixing II, Packaging, and Quality Test (Figure 2).

Preparation
Washing, rinsing, and drying of collected
hair, and cutting.

Mixing I
Mix a 50mL of hair with 100mL of sulfuric
acid and store it in 20 days.

Concentration
After 20 days, boil the hair solution to
improve the color of the ink.
 14
Mixing II
Mix the current solution with Gum Arabic
in the ratio of 1:1.

Packaging
Inject the resulting ink in empty needle-
tipped pens.

Quality Test
Evaluate the product in terms of its:
absorption, stick consistency, rate of
evaporation, waterproofness and color.

Figure 2. Procedure followed in producing ink.

Four setups in different proportion have been made in this study. The first setup

contains 100 mL of initial solution and 0 mL of Gum Arabic. Second setup contains 100

mL of initial solution and 50 mL of Gum Arabic. Third setup contains 100 mL of initial

solution and 75 mL of Gum Arabic. The last setup contains 100 mL of initial solution and

100 mL of Gum Arabic (Table 1).

Table 1. Initial Solution content ratio (mL).

Resulting
Setup Hair Content Sulfuric Acid Solution Ratio Soak
Solution
No. (mL) Content (mL) (Hair : Sulfuric Acid) Duration
(mL)
1 50 100 1:2 20 days 100
2 50 100 1:2 20 days 100
3 50 100 1:2 20 days 100
4 50 100 1:2 20 days 100
 15

All the setups on the preparation of the solutions are formed the same. This is to

produce more precise results on the latter stage of the research. Moreover, this solution

stands as the base for the ink. In the moment the processed hair was soaked in sulfuric

acid, chemical reaction was directly observed. The mixture rose in the level of 200 mL

and produced bubbles. The temperature of the mixture also rose in an instant. After 2 days

from the start of the experiment, the bubbles disappeared and the mixture appeared more

flat while still maintaining its level to 150 mL. After 15 days, the mixture become more

stable and starts to reduce its volume. At the 18th day, the solution dropped down to 100

mL. In the 20th day, the solution reached its peak and produced ink-like properties.

After 20 days of soaking, the initial solution then need to be concentrated to

increase its color blackness. The solution was set to a medium fire for 2 sets of 3 minutes

each. In this part, the researchers needed to wear protective equipment such as gloves,

eye protector, and face masks because the solution produced a lot of fumes. Given that

sulfuric acid is present in the solution, it indeed requires a lot of safety.

Table 2 shows the changes in the dependent variable (Ratio of solution and Gum

Arabic). Gum Arabic content increases for every setup. From the first setup which contains

100 mL of initial solution and 0 mL of Gum Arabic (setup 1, pure solution) up to the last

setup which contains 100 mL of initial solution and 100 mL Gum Arabic (setup 4, 1:1).

Dong-A FineTech pens are used in the study together with pens without brands. However,

Dong-A pens are set to be constant.

 16

Table 2. Initial Solution and Gum Arabic ratio (mL).

Setup Solution Content Gum Arabic Ratio Needle-tipped

No. (mL) Content (mL) (Solution : Gum Arabic) pen brand

1 100 0 1:0 Dong-A

2 100 50 2:1 Dong-A
3 100 75 4:3 Dong-A
4 100 100 1:1 Dong-A

Table 3 shows the resulting ink’s volume after being mixed with gum arabic. This

process took time. First, the solution needs to be filtered first before proceeding to mixing

it with gum arabic. All the solution were filtered through the same sifter. Next, the filtered

solution was mixed with gum arabic. The researchers need to continuously stir the mixture

to prevent the gum arabic from coagulation. Only portions of gum arabic powder were

mixed with the solution over time and thoroughly mixed to produce a consistent ink.

However, in the first setup where no gum arabic takes part, the only procedure that the

researchers took is filtration.

Table 3. Volume of the Resulting Ink (mL).

Ratio
Setup No. Final Volume (mL)
(Solution : Gum Arabic)

1 1:0 100 mL
2 2:1 124 mL
3 4:3 136 mL
4 1:1 150 mL
 17

The next stage was focused on the packaging stage. The researchers first garnered

different brands of needle-tipped pens. 5 Dong-A FineTech and 2 unbranded pens are

collected and use as a container of the ink. First, the researchers cleanse the ink tube of all

the used pens. Using pliers, they remove the tip of the pen and remove all the ink residue

in the tube. The use of syringe was observed to reach the closest space in the tube.

Hereinafter, the researchers began to inject the resulting hair-based ink sets into the tubes.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Four sets of ink on Dong-A pens were created have different formulas of ink. All

the setups where measure in four aspects, namely; absorption, stick consistency, rate of

evaporation, and color. The researchers graded stick consistency and color of the setups

through visual examination. Moreover, the rate of evaporation of the inks were tested for

every 5 seconds.

This table shows that the ink absorbed by an ordinary 70 gsm bond paper regardless

of its gum arabic content. However, the quality of ink differs in every setup. Both setups 1

and 2 overflowed and produced watery ink. Setups 3 and 4 produced a fine quality ink in

terms of absorption (Table 4).

Absorption
Setup No.
(Paper Absorbs the ink)

1 Yes
2 Yes
3 Yes
4 Yes

Table 4. Ink quality in terms of Absorption.

This table shows that no setups were able to be consistent at 20 consecutive strokes.

In the first setup, the ink produced were not stable even in the first five strokes. For the 10

consecutive strokes, setups 1 and 2 did not produces stable writings. And on the last part,

setups 3 and 4 were able to be consistent at 18 and 14 strokes respectively. The writer’s
 19

stability in strokes maybe a deciding factor. However, researchers preferred to use this

method to test the quality of the ink (Table 5).

Setup Stick Consistency (yes or no)

No. 5 strokes 10 strokes 20 strokes
1 No No No
2 Yes No No
3 Yes Yes No
4 Yes Yes No

Table 5. Ink quality in terms of Stick Consistency.

This table shows that all the setups need time to completely sit into the paper. In

setups 1 and 2, the ink completely sit in the paper after 30 seconds, setup 3 need at least 20

seconds to dry, and setup 4 having the best quality in terms of evaporation rate having just

at most 15 seconds to completely sit unto a piece of paper. Also, this test was conducted to

a single piece of paper to have more precise results (Table 6).

Setup Rate of Evaporation (seconds)

No. 10 15 20 30

1 No No No Yes
2 No No No Yes
3 No No Yes Yes
4 No Yes Yes Yes

Table 6. Ink quality in terms of Rate of Evaporation.

 20

Tables 7 and 8 discussed inks waterproof property and color. Table 7 shows that all inks

in different formula are waterproof. The researchers derived from this results that the

initial solution is actually waterproof. As per the table 8, none of the setups achieve an

ink that is completely black in color. Only near black color was observed in setup 4.

Setups 1, 2 and 3 are undoubtedly brown in color. However, setup 3 is still near with the

setup 4 inks color. With these, the researchers derived that the concentration is still not

enough to blacken the ink.

Waterproof
Setup No.
(Yes or No)

1 Yes
2 Yes
3 Yes
4 Yes

Table 7. Ink quality in terms of Waterproofness.

Color
Setup No.

1 Brown
2 Brown
3 Dark Brown
4 Darker Brown

Table 8. Ink quality in terms of Color.

 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Students from Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics from General

Mariano Alvarez Technical High School researched the utilization of human hair waste as

an organic based solution for ink making.

Human hair wastes are collected and soaked in sulfuric acid for 20 days, then the

mixture was added with gum arabic using variations ratios of set up 1 which is pure hair

and sulfuric acid solution without gum arabic, while in set up 2 which is pure hair and

sulfuric acid which is the initial solution combined with 50 mL gum Arabic. In set up 3,

the same initial solution but mixed with 75 mL of gum Arabic while in set up 4 researchers

used 100 mL of gum Arabic.

To identify the quality of the inks researchers used five aspects namely; absorption,

stick consistency, rate of evaporation, waterproofness and color. The study used 70 gsm

bond paper in testing the absorption property and visual examination like number of strokes

for the stick consistency and color. The rate of evaporation in each set up was tested every

5 seconds.

Overall, the four set ups have passed the waterproof test but set up 4 which has 1:1

ratio possessed the good quality of ink.

 22

Conclusion

Upon completion of the study the researchers were able to identify the following:

1. Setup 1 which is pure hair and sulfuric acid solution without gum arabic tends

to have the lowest quality of ink.

2. Setup 2 also did not pass the qualities researchers set to be achieved.

3. Setups 3 and 4 passed the indicators of the potential of being a great ink

substitute for needle-tipped pens. Both of the setups are quick evaporating

(setup 4 dominates this quality), constant (setup 3 dominates this quality), dark

in color, waterproof, and easily absorbed by the paper.

With these results in hand, the researchers confirm that human hair waste is an

effective component on making alternative ink for needle-tipped pens.

Recommendation

The hair waste ink can be more efficient if added these following recommendations:

1. Improve the flow of the ink by adding oleic acid, a major component of soap as

an emulsifying agent.

2. Add odor-correcting substance that will provide a better product odor to the
23
product making it more user-friendly.

3. Indicated the different results based on the duration of hair soaked in sulfuric

acid. With this, the researchers could have discovered better composition of the

initial mixture.
 23

4. Providing multiple colors available is a factor to be considered.

5. Create a product that is available for different media such as inkjet printers that

are commonly used by everyone that will create more opportunities for the ink.
 REFERENCES

• Pak, Seo-Hyun & Jeon, Mi-Jin & Jeon, Yong-Woo. (2016). Study of sulfuric acid

treatment of activated carbon used to enhance mixed VOC removal.

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 113.

10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.04.019, Retrieved August, 2019, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301757626_Study_of_sulfuric_aci

d_treatment_of_activated_carbon_used_to_enhance_mixed_VOC_removal

• Cheremisinoff, N., & Rosenfeld, P. (2010). Handbook of Pollution Prevention and

Cleaner Production: Best Practices in the Wood and Paper Industries.

Retrieved August, 2019, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-

sciences/sulphuric-acid

• Kim D., Nishimiya, Y. & Wada, M., (2001). High-yield Carbonization of Cellulose

by Sulfuric Acid Impregnation. Retrieved August, 2019, from

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1016621103245

• CesareRagazzi Lab. (n.d.). Structure and Chemical Composition of Hair. Retrieved

August, 2019, from

https://www.cesareragazzi.com/en/structure-and-chemical-composition-of-

hair

• Gupta, A. (2014), “Human Hair “Waste” and Its Utilization: Gaps and Possibilities,”

Journal of Waste Management. Retrieved August, 2019, from

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jwm/2014/498018
 25

• Johnson, S. (n.d.), What Is the Chemical Composition of Pen Ink? Retrieved August,

2019, from https://sciencing.com/chemical-composition-pen-ink-17194.html

 APPENDICES
Appendix 1

Photo Documentation of the Procedures in Making Ink

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

Figure 3. Materials procurement.

 27

Figure 4. Hair cutting.

Figure 5. Adding sulfuric acid in the

processed hair.
 28

Figure 6. 20th day of soaked hair in sulfuric acid.

Figure 7. Boiling of the mixture.

 29

Figure 8. Mixing of the initial solution with gum arabic.