GSS130
GSS130
GSS130
Project Report
1
Group Members :
MUHAMMAD NAUFAL
BIN AHMAD FAUZI 2022467194
MUHAMMAD ZAIM
HAZIQ BIN MAT ZAHIR 2022829158
NUR FATIHATUL
HUSNA BINTI RAMLI 2022451564
2
CONTENTS PAGES
INTRODUCTIONS 4
OBJECTIVE 5
INSTRUMENTS 6
METHADOLOGY 7-8
RESULT 11-12
CONCLUSION 13
COMMENTS 14-16
REFERENCES 17
APPENDIX 18-19
3
INTRODUCTION
1. Basically, surveying is the process of measuring the relative positions of objects near the
earth’s surface. It involves making distance and angular measurements. Surveyors use these
measurements to calculate the position of objects in three-dimensional space relative to a known
point.
2. In order to measure the area which named traverse, it involves simple calculation like
midpoint ordinating rule and average ordinating rule.
4. Like others surveyors, we also have a report that we need to complete by the end of the
surveying.
5. In this report we were divided to a group of 6 people who is Nur Fatihatul husna, Aisyah
Rafaa, Muhammad Zaim Haziq, Muhammad Naufal, Adam Irsyaduddin and lastly our leader is
Muhammad Danish Danial.
6. We were given some basic instruments such as total station, pole, picket, mini prism and
tripod stand. From the instruments given, we were asked to solve a simple calculation to solve a
cyclic error.
7. Basically, cyclic error is caused by the non-linearity in amplitude modulation of the phase and
carrier wave measurement. So the main target of this report is to determine the differences
between the error and the actual measurement of the area.
4
OBJECTIVE AND INSTRUMENT
The objective of this practical are to know and learn the basic instrument that used for the
surveying. Beside that,to acquire a knowledge of measure bearing and distance using the
Electronic Device Measurement (EDM).Other than that, to calculate the mean bearing and find
the C correction of the data.Last but not least,we also calculate the cyclic error of data.
5
INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION
1. THEODOLITE
-Measurement instrument utilized in surveying to
determine horizontal and vertical angles with the tiny
low telescope that may move within the horizontal
and vertical planes.
2. TRIPOD STAND
- Tripod stand that have been designed to provide
maximum stability and strength. It can be used to
support surveying instruments such as theodolites,
total stations and prism.
3. PRISM
-Survey prisms are used by surveyors and engineers
to measure the change in position of a target that is
assumed to be moving.The prism is placed on a tripod.
4. MEASURING TAPE
-Measuring tape is use for measuring horizontal or
slope distance.
5. POLE
-Pole is use for spotting and marking the position of
survey stations.
6. MINI PRISM
-This mini prism function is same with the prism but
its placed on the pole.
6
METHADOLOGY
One of the methods that have been used in this fieldwork is the 3-peg test. This method is the
practice of performing function checks and adjusting equipment in the field and office to account
for the environmental and performance variables. There are two types of error which is cyclic
error and constant error. Cyclic error is caused by the non-linearity in amplitude modulation of
phase and carrier wave measurement, while constant error is an algebraic constant to be applied
directly to every measure distance.
1.Choose point from first temporary bench mark (TBM) and set up the tripodand the level
(setup 1)
2.Make sure that the bubble at the auto level is in the centre by adjusting the equipment.
3. A person must hold a staff at the temporary benchmark (TBM 1) and another person must read
the height of the benchmark (mark as back sight) using the auto level at the setup I and incasure
the distance
4. Then, move the staff to change point 1 (CP 1). Measure the distance from setup 1 to change
point 1 and get the height of setup 1 (fore sight).
5. Move the auto level to setup 2. Measure the distance from setup 2 to the change point 1 and
get the height of the change point 1 (back sight).
Hold the staff at temporary benchmark 2 (IBM 2). Measure and record the distance from TBM 2
to the setup 2 and read the height of TBM 2 (fore sight).
7. Move the auto level and make setup 3. Read the staft and get the height of TBM 2 (back sight)
and measure the distance.
8. Hold the staff at change point 2 (CP 2). Get the height of change point 2 (fore sight) using
setup 3 and measure the distance measurement from setup 3 to change point 2.
9. Make setup 4, get the height measurement of the change point 2 (back sight) using setup 4 and
get the distance.
10. Move the staff and hold it at the first temporary bench mark (first point). Read the height of
TBM 1 (fore sight) using setup 4 and measure the distance between them.Close the loop
7
Procedure of constant error:
i. Measure the whole line as 80 meter and mark the 40m distance.
ii. Place the EDM at the first station (A) and the reflector at second station (C) and third station
(B) respectively.
iii. Measure the distance using EDM and make sure the acceptable error must be within 10 mm.
iv. If the value is under the acceptable value, proceed to measure the distance for the second
reflector
at 80m.
v. If the value is under acceptable value, then continue to the second measurement.
vi. Repeat the same step as for the distance from station C to station B with 40m.
8
DATA PROCESSING
1.CONSTANT ERROR
The amount of uncertainity present in the measurement of physical quantities by any instrument
is called an error. With the result of a series of measurements are in error by the same amount,
such an error is called constant error (or) Systematic errors with a constant magnitude are called
constant errors.
-DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
In surveying, the distance between two points is understood to mean the horizontal distance,
regardless of the relative elevation of the two points. Frequently, the lay of the land between the
two points is not uniform, or the elevation of the two points is very different. Special equipment
and techniques may be needed to obtain an accurate determination of the distance. Various
methods of determining distance are available along with special and different types of
equipment. The degree of precision required is another factor which is required to be considered
before a measurement of distance is undertaken so that the correct type of equipment and method
of measurement may be done.
2.CYCLIC ERROR
Cyclic error is caused by the non-linearity in amplitude modulation of the carrier wave and phase
measurement. This cyclic error varies across the modulated wavelength. For an instrument in
good adjustment this error is normally small. However, its presence must be determined as an
indication of the instrument's adjustment. Cyclic error is usually sinusoidal in nature with a
wavelength equal to the unit length of the EDM.
The unit length is the scale on which the EDM measures the distance, and is derived from
the fine measuring frequency. Unit length is equal to one half of the modulation wavelength of
an EDM .
9
As cyclic error repeats itself for every unit length contained within a measured distance, its sign
and magnitude varies depending on the length measured. The magnitude of the error could be in
the order of 5-10 mm, however in modern EDM instruments it is usually less than 2 mm can be
negligible.
Cyclic error can increase in magnitude as an EDM’s components age. Cyclic error can be
derived by a series of check measurements made on EDM bases[1], [3], [5]. A series of
measurements is made from the first pillar and then a second series is made from second pillar,
which is at a distance from the first pillar.
D = (x + 0.5) U (1)
where: U = the instrument's unit length (m), x = lengths, then cyclic error cancels out due
to the errors affecting the distances being equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. The index
error and scale error can then be determined independent of the cyclic error[2], [4], [7], [8]. an
integer representing a whole number of
The practical is by measuring mid-point distance about 50m until 40m.The data which are
showns
After calculate the mean of distance 50m until 40m.The first data was from distance 50m-49m
by using total station is 49.769.After we moved the mini prism at the distance 49m the total
station reading is 48.876m.After that we followed the same steps until we we got the 40m
reading distance.The reading showed 47.991m at distance 48m,47.101m at distance 47m,46.719
at distance 46m,45.258 at distance 45m,44.356 at distance 44m,43.393 at distance 43m,42.479 at
distance 42m,41.583 at distance 41m and 40.687 at distance 40m.Its’s all of data practice that
has been shown
10
RESULT
11
CYCLIC ERROR GRAPH
ERORR
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
ERORR
12
CONCLUSIONS
Based on our finding during the making of our temporary bench mark there are many ways that
we can reduce our errors and how we can make our reading more accurate. Some of the ideas are
already been stated in the recommendations section, there are ways that we can improve our
skills in levelling and how we manage to overcome the problems that we face during the process.
EDM instrument calibration is very important for surveyors, and other users of land measuring
instruments conditions. This article aims to put it briefly users of these devices on some issues
that should take into account before making topographic measurements, and especially make a
contribution to the field calibration using a geodesic based on pilasters. This is useful because
you can calibrate the accuracy and distance measurement error with some popular benchmarks.
13
COMMENTS
6.1
• There are many tools that we just got to know and have many uses for example we can do
traverse.
• We learned how to set up a tripod dan place a total station and prism on it.
• We can do as many station as we want.
• We know how to use total station. This total station can obtain bearing and distance
measurements when targeted.
• We know how to move the bubble so its stays in place.
• We also use poles and mini prism to calibrate. This task must measure the length six
times and obtain its mean value
6.2
• The achievement of the project objectives is we gain new knowledge, we studies new
things and the important things is, we know how to use the instrument. We are very
proud of our achivements and we hope the things that we learn in this practical task will
be uses as goos as possible and will be benefit others in the future.
6.3
• Yes, our group manage to fulfill all the requirements and specifications. For example, we
have learn very important new things. In the future we can improve our skill and how we
manage to overcome the problemn that we face during the practical task
6.4
• We re-coreccted the way to calculate angle and distance in the field book.
• We have a problem with the battery total station and the way we solve it is to try before
going to the field
• We applied closure corecction for bearing observation in case there’s error in the bearing
observation (bearing misclose)
• The error occurs when there is uncertainties/differences in the mechanical, electrical and
optical centers of the EDM instrument & reflectors
14
• Usually, the manufacturer determines this constant and programs it in to the instrument.
However, this value can change with time, and if a different type of reflector is used, the
value will change.
• This value can sometimes be changed in the instrument, or can be applied in the office
computations. If a different type of reflector is used, and the distance is not corrected, a
significant error can result.
• The centering error is self explanatory. This error of course can be reduced by proper
adjustment of tribrachs
6.5
Commitments
15
6.6
6.7
• Planning and prioritizing work is probably the most important way to improve work.
• Dont leave thing unfinnished
• Do important task first
• Before the practical task start makesure read the instrcuction given by the lecturer and
understand what needs to be done
16
REFERENCES
i. THEODOLITE https://www.civilsimplified.com/resources/what-is-theodolite
ii. TRIPOD STAND https://www.surveyinstrument.net/tripod-stand-aluminium-for-survey-
instrument/
iii. PRISM https://www.spectotechnology.com/blog/what-is-an-optical-survey-
prism/#:~:text=Survey%20prisms%20are%20used%20by,Settlement%20Monitoring
iv. MEASURING TAPE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_measure#:~:text=Tapes%20are%20used%20in%20surve
ying,in%20a%20variety%20of%20ways
v. RANGING POLE
https://www.fao.org/3/r7021e/r7021e02.htm#:~:text=Ranging%20poles%20(see%20Fig.,an
d%20about%202%20m%20long.
vi. MINI PRISM https://www.sepltd.com/shop/product-category/survey-accessories/mini-
prisms/#:~:text=Mini%20prisms%20are%20an%20essential,for%20improved%20accuracy
%20during%20surveying.
vii. PEG
https://dreamcivil.com/peg-in-surveying/
17
APPENDIX
18
19