ABPSY - PRELIM Lecture (2022-23)

Lesson 1 (Part 1): Abnormal Behavior in - But remember, by itself this criterion does
Historical Context not define problematic abnormal behavior.
Psychological Disorder - For some disorders, by definition, suffering

- The most widely accepted definition used in and distress are absent.
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; Extra Notes:
American Psychiatric Association, 2013) ➔ Presence or absence of distress or
impairment
- Describes behavioral, psychological, or
biological dysfunctions that are unexpected ➔ Client’s way of expressing distress or
in their cultural context and associated with impairment is beyond the norms (i.e. loss
present distress and impairment in of loved ones, then partying)
functioning, or increased risk of suffering,
death, pain, or impairment. 3. Atypical or not Culturally Expected
- The criterion that the response be atypical
Criteria for Psychological Disorder: or not culturally expected is important but
also insufficient to determine if a disorder is
1. Psychological dysfunction present by itself.
- refers to a breakdown in cognitive,
emotional, or behavioral functioning. - At times, something is considered abnormal
because it occurs infrequently; it deviates
Extra Notes: from the average.
➔ To know the presence of dysfunction, it can
be in the form of (1) interview, and (2) - The greater the deviation, the more
assessment procedures abnormal it is.
➔ Breakdown in Cognitive Functioning Extra Notes:

◆ thought process (i.e. “Word Salad” ➔ “Cultural Sensitivity” - considering client’s
is a confused or unintelligible cultural background
mixture of seemingly random
words and phrases ) Abnormal Psychology
- Area of scientific study aimed at describing,
➔ Breakdown in Emotional Functioning explaining, predicting, and modifying
◆ I.e. From being a cheerful person behaviors that are considered unusual or
to someone who always cries. strange.
➔ Breakdown in Behavioral Functioning - It uses psychodiagnosis: attempts to

◆ I.e. Client started to wear strange describe, assess, and systematically draw
clothes he doesn't usually wear. inferences about psychological disorders.
2. Distress or Impairment Psychopathology

- That the behavior must be associated with - is the scientific study of psychological
distress to be classified as a disorder adds disorders.
an important component and seems clear.
The Scientist-Practitioner
- The criterion is satisfied if the individual is - The most important development in the
extremely upset. recent history of psychopathology is the
adoption of scientific methods to learn more
This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

about the nature of psychological disorders, a clinic or hospital and to the activities
their causes, and their treatment. connected with assessment and treatment.
- Mental health practitioners may function as Common Clinical Terms:

scientist-practitioners in one or more of ● Prevalence
three ways: ● Incidence
● Sex ratio
1. They may keep up with the latest scientific ● Course
developments in their field and therefore use the ● Chronic Course
most current diagnostic and treatment procedures. ● Episodic Course
● Time limited course
2. Scientist-practitioners evaluate their own ● Acute onset
assessments or treatment procedures to see ● Insidious onset
whether they work. ● Prognosis
3. Scientist-practitioners might conduct research, Mentally ill are frequently stereotyped: Common
often in clinics or hospitals, that produces new Myths:
information about disorders or their treatment, ● Mentally disturbed people can always be
thus becoming immune to the fads that plague our recognized by their abnormal behavior
field, often at the expense of patients and their
families. ● Mentally disturbed have inherited their
disorder
Functioning as a scientist-practitioner
● Mental illness is incurable
Mental Health Professional
● People become mentally ill because they
1. Consumer of science - enhancing the practice are weak
2. Evaluator of science - determining the
effectiveness of the practice ● Mental illness is always a deficit Mentally ill
3. Creator of science - conducting research that are unstable and potentially dangerous
leads to new procedures useful in practice
Causation, Treatment, and Etiology outcomes
Three major categories make up the study and
discussion of psychological disorders: Etiology
- Or the study of origins
1. Clinical description - Has to do with why a disorder begins
2. Causation (etiology) (what causes it) and includes biological,
3. Treatment and outcome psychological, and social dimensions.
Clinical Description Treatment

- In hospitals and clinics, we often say that a - Is often important to the study of
patient “presents” with a specific problem. psychological disorders.
- "Presents" is a traditional shorthand way of - If a new drug or psychosocial treatment is

indicating why the person came to the clinic. successful in treating a disorder, it may give
us some hints about the nature of the
- The word clinical refers both to the types of disorder and its causes.
problems or disorders that you would find in

- Similarly, if a psychological treatment - Although many have thought that the mind
designed to help clients regain a sense of can influence the body and, in turn, the
control over their lives is effective with a body can influence the mind, most
certain disorder, a diminished sense of philosophers looked for causes of abnormal
control may be an important psychological behavior in one or the other.
component of the disorder itself.
- This split gave rise to two traditions of
Psychopathology thought about abnormal behavior,
- Is rarely simple because the effect does not summarized as the biological model and
necessarily imply the cause. the psychological model.
- To use a common example, you might take These three models—the supernatural, the
an aspirin to relieve a tension headache you biological, and the psychological—are very old
developed during a grueling day of taking but continue to be used today.
exams.
The Supernatural Tradition
- If you then feel better, that does not mean ● Demons and witches
that the headache was caused by a lack of ● Stress and melancholy
aspirin. ● Treatments for possession
● Mass hysteria
- Nevertheless, many people seek treatment ● Modern mass hysteria
for psychological disorders, and treatment ● The moon and the stars
can provide interesting hints about the
nature of the disorder. Supernatural treatments include exorcism to rid the
body of the supernatural spirits.
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior Extra Notes:
➔ Witches - women who are progressive and
Three major models that have guided us in intelligent
understanding abnormal behavior date back to ➔ Moon and stars - their movements have
the beginnings of civilization. interpretation
Supernatural Model The Biological Tradition

- Humans have always supposed that agents ● Hippocrates and Galen
outside our bodies and environment ● The 19th Century: Syphilis, John P. Gray
influence our behavior, thinking, and ● Development of Biological Treatments
emotions. ● Consequences of the Biological Tradition
- These agents—which might be divinities, Biological treatments typically emphasize physical

demons, spirits, or other phenomena such care and the search for medical cures, especially
as magnetic fields or the moon or the drugs.
stars— are the driving forces behind the
supernatural model. Extra Note:
➔ Hippocrates believe that physical and
Biological Model & Psychological Model mental illnesses need medicine.
- In addition, since the era of ancient Greece,
the mind has often been called the soul or
the psyche and considered separate from
the body.

Humoral Theory of Disorders by Hippocrates melancholer, which means "black bile," is still used
and Galen today in its derivative form melancholy to refer to
aspects of depression.
The four humors were related to the Greeks'
conception of the four basic qualities: heat, The humoral theory was, perhaps, the first example
dryness, moisture, and cold. of associating psychological disorders with a
"chemical imbalance," an approach that is
Each humor was associated with one of these widespread today.
qualities. Terms derived from the four humors are
still sometimes applied to personality traits. The Psychological Tradition
● Moral Therapy
For example: ● Asylum Reform and the Decline of Moral
● Sanguine (literal meaning "red, like blood") Therapy
describes someone who is ruddy in ● Psychoanalytic Theory
complexion, presumably from copious blood ● Humanistic Theory
flowing through the body, and cheerful and ● The Behavioral Model
optimistic, although insomnia and delirium
were thought to be caused by excessive Psychological approaches use psychosocial
blood in the brain. treatments, beginning with moral therapy and
including modern psychotherapy.
● Melancholic means depressive (depression
was thought to be caused by black bile The Present: the Scientific Method
flooding the brain).
With the increasing sophistication of our scientific
● A Phlegmatic personality (from the humor tools, and new knowledge from cognitive science,
phlegm) indicates apathy and sluggishness behavioral science, and neuroscience, we now
but can also mean being calm under stress. realize that no contribution to psychological
disorders ever occurs in isolation.
● A Choleric person (from yellow bile or
choler) is hot-tempered (Maher & Maher, Our behavior, both normal and abnormal, is a
1985a). product of a continual interaction of psychological,
biological, and social influences.
Excesses of one or more humors were treated by
regulating the environment to increase or decrease —-----------------------------------------------------------------
heat, dryness, moisture, or cold, depending on Timeline of Significant Events
which humor was out of balance. (400 B.C. - 1875)
Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning 400 B.C.

was related to four bodily fluids or - Hippocrates suggests that psychological
humors: disorders have both biological and
● Blood came from the heart psychological causes.
● Black bile from the spleen
● Phlegm from the brain, and 200 C.E.
● Choler or yellow bile from the liver - Galen suggests that normal and abnormal
behaviors are related to four bodily fluids, or
Physicians believed that disease resulted from too humors.
much or too little of one of the humors; for example,
too much black bile was thought to cause
melancholia (depression). In fact, the term

1300s 1938
- Superstition runs rampant, and mental - B.F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of
disorders are blamed on demons and Organisms, which describes the principles
witches; exorcisms are performed to rid of operant conditioning.
victims of evil spirits.
1943
1400s - The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
- Enlightened view that insanity is caused Inventory is published.
by mental or emotional stress gains
momentum, and depression and anxiety 1946
are again regarded by some as disorders. - Anna Freud published Ego and the
Mechanisms of Defense.
1400 – 1800
- Bloodletting and leeches are used to rid the 1950
body of unhealthy fluids and restore - The first effective drugs for severe psychotic
chemical balance. disorders are developed.
- Humanistic psychology (based on ideas of
1500s Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Carl Rogers)
- Paracelsus suggests that the moon and the gains some acceptance.
stars, not possession by the devil, affect
people’s psychological functioning. 1952
- The first edition of the Diagnostic and
1793 Statistical Manual (DSM - I) is published.
- Philippe Pinel introduces moral therapy and
makes French mental institutions more 1958
humane. - Joseph Wolpe effectively treats patients with
phobias using systematic desensitization
Extra Note: based on principles of behavioral science.
➔ 1793 - Beginning of movement and reform
on mental hospitals 1968
- DSM–II is published.
1825 – 1875
- Syphilis is differentiated from other types of Timeline of Significant Events
psychosis in that is caused by a specific (1848 - 1920)
bacterium; ultimately, penicillin is found to
cure syphilis 1848
- Dorothea Dix successfully campaigns for
more humane treatment in U.S. mental
Timeline of Significant Events institutions.
(1930 – 1968)
1854
1930 - John P. Grey, head of New York’s Utica
- Insulin shock therapy, electric shock Hospital, believes that insanity is the result
treatments, and brain surgery begin to be of physical causes, thus de-emphasizing
used to treat psychopathology. psychological treatments.

1870 1994
- Louis Pasteur develops his germ theory of - DSM-IV is published.
disease, which helps identify the bacterium
that causes syphilis. 2010
- DSM-IV-TR is published.
1895
- Josef Breuer treats the “hysterical” Anna O., 2013
leading to Freud’s development of - DSM-5 is published.
psychoanalytic theory.
_________________________________________
1900
- Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation Lesson 1 (Part 2): An Integrative
of Dreams. Approach to Psychopathology
1904 One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models

- Ivan Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for his
work on the psychology of digestion, which One-Dimensional
leads him to identify conditioned reflexes in - To say that psychopathology is caused by a
dogs. physical abnormality or by conditioning is to
accept a linear or one-dimensional model,
1913 which attempts to trace the origins of
- Emil Kraepelin classifies various behavior to a single cause.
psychological disorders from a biological
point of view and publishes work on Extra Note:
diagnosis. ➔ One condition (cause) that may be causing
the behavior (effect)
1920
- John B. Watson experiments with Multidimensional Model
conditioned fear in Little Albert, using a - But most scientists and clinicians believe
white rat. abnormal behavior results from multiple
influences.
Timeline of Significant Events - A system, or feedback loop, may have

(1980 - 2013) independent inputs at many different points,
but as each input becomes part of the
1980 whole, it can no longer be considered
- DSM-III is published. independent.
1987 - This perspective on causality is systemic,

- DSM-III-R is published. which derives from the word system; it
implies that any particular influence
1900s contributing to psychopathology cannot be
- Increasingly sophisticated research considered out of context.
methods are developed
- no one influence – biological or
environmental – is found to cause
psychological disorders in isolation from the
other.

Causes: Extra Notes:
➔ Another word for “Generic Vulnerability”
1. Biological Influences ➔ The greater the vulnerability of the person in
- Inherited overreactive sinoaortic baroreflex a disorder, the less stress is needed to
arc trigger a disorder
- Vasovagal syncope: heart rate and blood
pressure increase, body overcompensates b. The Gene-Environment Correlation Model
- Light-headedness and quesiness
- Judy faints
2. Behavioral Influences
- Conditioned response to sight of blood:
similar situations - even words - produce the
same reaction.
- Tendency to escape and avoid situations
involving blood. Extra Notes:
➔ Needs to be combined with environmental
3. Emotional and Cognitive Influences factors for it to be developed in a full-blown
- Fear of fainting, worrying about health disorder.
4. Social Influences Epigenetics and the Nongenomic “Inheritance” of

- Judy’s fainting causes disruptions in school Behavior
and home:
● Friends and family rush to help her In epigenetics, the immediate effects of the
● Principal suspends her environment (such as early stressful experiences)
● Doctors say nothing is physically influence cells that turn certain genes on or off.
wrong
This effect may be passed down through several
—----------------------------------------------------------------- generations.
Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology
Robert Sapolsky, a prominent neuroscientist,
- The nature of genes concluded, “genetic influences are often a lot less
- New developments in the study of genes powerful than is commonly believed. The
and behavior environment, even working subtly, can still
- The interactions of genes and the mold and hold its own in the biological
environment interactions that shape who we are” (Sapolsky,
2000, p. 15).
a. The Diathesis-Stress Model
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
Neuroscience and its Contributions to
Psychopathology
- The central nervous system

- The structure of the brain
- The peripheral nervous system
- Neurotransmitters
- Implications to Psychopathology
- Psychosocial influences to brain structure
and function

- Interactions of Psychosocial factors and —-----------------------------------------------------------------
neurotransmitter systems Behavioral and Cognitive Science
- Psychosocial effects on the development of
brain structure and function - Conditioning and cognitive processes
- Learned helplessness
Brain science and the field of neuroscience promise - Social learning
much as we try to unravel the mysteries of - Prepared learning
psychopathology. - Cognitive science and the unconscious
Within the nervous system, levels of The relatively new field of cognitive science
neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine activity provides a valuable perspective on how
interact in complex ways to modulate and regulate behavioral and cognitive influences affect the
emotions and behavior and contribute to learning and adaptation each of us experience
psychological disorders. throughout life.
Divisions of the nervous system Clearly, such influences not only contribute to
psychological disorders but also may directly
Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous modify brain functioning, brain structure, and even
System genetic expression.
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
Emotions
- The physiology and purpose of fear

- Emotional phenomena
- The component of emotion
- Anger and your heart
- Emotions and psychopathology
Emotions have a direct and dramatic impact on

our functioning and play a central role in many
mental disorders.
Mood, a persistent period of emotionality, is often

evident in psychological disorders.
Emotion has three important and overlapping

components: behavior, cognition, and physiology:
Reference: Divisions of the nervous system.

(Reprinted from Kalat, J. W. (2009). Biological
Psychology, 10th edition, 2009 Wadsworth.)

- How someone copes with impairment
resulting from physical causes may have a
profound effect on that person’s overall
functioning.
- In considering a multidimensional
integrative approach to psychopathology, it
is important to remember the principle of
equifinality, which reminds us that we must
consider the various paths to a particular
outcome, not just the result.
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
4P Factor Model and Biopsychosocial
Approach
With the increasing sophistication of our scientific

—----------------------------------------------------------------- tools, and new knowledge from cognitive science,
Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors behavioral science, and neuroscience, we now
realize that no contribution to psychological
- Voodoo, the evil eye and other fears disorders ever occur in isolation.
- Gender
- Social effects on health and behavior Our behavior, both normal and abnormal,
- Social and interpersonal influences on the is a product of a continual interaction of
elderly psychological, biological, and social influences.
- Social stigma
Extra Note:
Extra Notes: ➔ It is already a 5P Factor Model. The 5th P
➔ Evil Eye - “the glance” that may cause evil represents “Presenting Problem”. However,
thing to other people just by looking (i.e. 4P is used since there are still differences
reason maybe because of jealousy) between the 4Ps.
➔ Voodoo - sorcery and spirit possession

4P Factor Biopsychosocial Approach
Model
Social and interpersonal influences profoundly Biological Psychologi Social
affect both psychological disorders and biology. cal
—----------------------------------------------------------------- Genetic Attachment Domestic

vulnerabilit style, violence,
Lifespan Development
y, toxic personality poverty and
Predisposi exposure in traits, adversity,
The Principle of Equifinality ng utero, birth isolation, unstable
- According to his principle, we must consider complicatio insecurities, home life,
a number of paths to a given outcome ns, fear of divorce
(Cicchetti, 1991). traumatic abandonme
brain injury nt since
childhood
- Different paths can also result from the
interaction of psychological and biological Precipitati Iatrogenic Recent loss, School
factors during various stages of ng reaction, stress, stressors,
development. poor sleep, reexperienc loss of

2. Diagnosis
substance e significant
use/misuse abandonme relationship, - This is the process of determining whether
nt/ fears loss of the particular problem afflicting the
home individual meets all criteria for a
psychological disorder, as set forth in
Perpetuati Poor Personality Role of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and
ng response to traits, stigma to
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or
medication, coping access
chronic mechanism, treatment, DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association,
illness/pain beliefs of poor 2013).
self, others finance,
and the ongoing Key Concepts in Assessment
world transition
● The clinician begins by collecting a lot of
Protective Adequate Insightful Community,
diet, sleep, and family and information across a broad range of the
good cognitive faith individual's functioning to determine where
genes, behavior support, the source of the problem may lie.
physical strategies, financial or
exercise, coping disability ● After getting a preliminary sense of the
resilience, skills, support, GP
overall functioning of the person, the
intelligence psychologic support
ally minded clinician narrows the focus by ruling out
problems in some areas and concentrating
on areas that seem most relevant.
Extra Notes:
➔ Predisposing - already given to the client ● To understand the different ways clinicians
which is hard to change. Maybe because of assess psychological problems, we need to
(1) the event was done already, and (2) the understand three basic concepts that help
personality of the person. determine the value of our assessments:
reliability, validity, and standardization
➔ Precipitating - the event was done recently (Ayearst & Bagby, 2010)
that may have triggered the disorder
Reliability
➔ Perpetuating - happening in the present - is the degree to which a measurement is
consistent.
➔ Protective - approaches/dimensions used to
help the client cope Validity
_________________________________________ - is whether something measures what it is
designed to measure.
Lesson 2 (Part 1): Clinical Assessment and
Diagnosis Standardization
- is the process by which a certain set of
Assessing Psychological Disorders standards or norms is determined for a
technique to make its use consistent across
1. Clinical Assessment different measurements.
- This is the systematic evaluation and
measurement of psychological, biological, Extra Note:
and social factors in an individual presenting ➔ Standardization is the standard of norming
with a possible psychological disorder ➔ How the standards are set, the validity of
the scale, & the theoretical framework used

➔ The step-by-step process of administering, - This type of observation occurs when any
scoring, and interpreting a test one person interacts with another.
Procedures in Clinical Assessment - Mental status exams can be structured and

detailed (Wing, Cooper, & Sertorius, 1974:
Clinical assessment consists of a number of Wiger & Mooney. 2015), but mostly they are
strategies and procedures that help clinicians performed relatively quickly by experienced
acquire the information they need to understand clinicians in the course of interviewing or
their patients and assist them. observing a patient.
These procedures include: The exam covers five categories:

1. Appearance and behavior
1. a clinical interview and, within the context 2. Thought Processes
of the interview, a mental status exam that 3. Mood and Affect
can be administered either formally or 4. Intellectual Functioning
informally often a thorough physical 5. Sensorium
examination; —-----------------------------------------------------------------
II. Semi-structured Clinical Interviews
2. behavioral observation and assessment
Semistructured interviews
3. psychological tests (if needed) - are made up of questions that have been
carefully phrased and tested
Extra Note:
➔ Psychological Tests used when applying for - To elicit useful information in a consistent
an employee position in the government: manner so that clinicians can be sure they
◆ Test for intellectual functioning, have inquired about the most important
personality test, screening for aspects of particular disorders(Galletta,
psychopathology, and projective 2013; Summerfeldt, Kloosterman, & Antony,
technique 2010).
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
I. The Clinical Interview - Clinicians may also depart from set
questions to follow up on specific
The Mental Status Exam issues-thus the label "semistructured."
- The interview gathers information on —-----------------------------------------------------------------
current and past behavior, attitudes, and III. Physical Examination
emotions, as well as a detailed history of
the individual's life in general and of the If the patient presenting with psychological
presenting problem. problems has not had a physical exam in the
past year, a clinician might recommend one, with
- Clinicians determine when the specific particular attention to the medical conditions
problem started and identify other events sometimes associated with the specific
(for example, life stress, trauma, or physical psychological problem.
illness) that might have occurred about the —-----------------------------------------------------------------
same time. IV. Behavioral Assessment
- In essence, the mental status exam involves Behavioral assessment

the systematic observation of an individual's - uses the process of direct observation to
behavior. formally assess an individual's thoughts,

feelings, and behavior in specific situations VIII. Psychophysiological Assessment
or contexts.
- may be more appropriate than an interview Psychophysiology
in terms of assessing individuals who are - refers to measurable changes in the
not old enough or skilled enough to report nervous system that reflect emotional or
their problems and experiences. psychological events.
—----------------------------------------------------------------- - The measurements may be taken either
V. Psychological Tests directly from the brain or peripherally from
other parts of the body.
Psychological tests
- include specific tools to determine cognitive Examples:
emotional, or behavioral responses that ● Biofeedback Technique
might be associated with a specific disorder ● Electroencephalograph (EEG)
and more general tools that assess ● Electromyograph (EMG)
longstanding personality features, such as a ● Event-related Potential (ERP)
tendency to be suspicious. —-----------------------------------------------------------------
- For example, intelligence testing is Diagnosing Psychological Disorders
designed to determine the structure and
patterns of cognition. Idiographic Strategy
- If we want to determine what is unique
- Psychological Tests: Projective Testing, about an individual's personality, cultural
Personality Inventories, Intelligence Testing background, or circumstances, we use what
—----------------------------------------------------------------- is known as an idiographic strategy
VI. Neuropsychological Testing (Barlow&Nock, 2009).
- This information lets us tailor our treatment
Neuropsychological testing to the person.
- Determines the possible contribution of
brain damage or cognitive dysfunction to the Nomothetic Strategy
patient's condition. - To utilize the information already
- Neuroimaging uses sophisticated accumulated on a particular problem or
technology to assess brain structure and disorder, we must be able to determine a
function. general class of problems to which the
—----------------------------------------------------------------- presenting problem belongs.
VII. Neuroimaging: Images of the Brain - This is known as a nomothetic strategy.
- In other words, we are attempting to name
Neuroimaging can be divided into two categories: or classify the problem.
● One category includes procedures that - When we identify a specific psychological
examine the structure of the brain, disorder, such as a mood disorder, in the
○ such as the size of various parts and clinical setting, we are making a diagnosis.
whether there is any damage.
● In the second category are procedures that Taxonomy
examine the actual functioning of the brain - The classification of entities for scientific
by purposes, such as insects, rocks, or-if the
○ mapping blood flow and other subject is psychology-behaviors.
metabolic activity
—----------------------------------------------------------------- Nosology
- If you apply a taxonomic system to
psychological or medical phenomena or
other clinical areas.

Nomenclature ➔ I.e. I always “ming” food to my co-workers.
- describes the names or labels of the The word “ming” should actually be “bring”
disorders that make up the nosology (for
example, anxiety or mood disorders). 3.Derailment
- A clinician refers to the DSM-5 to identify a - Synonymous with loose associations
specific psychological disorder in the - A breakdown in both the logical connection
process of making a diagnosis. between ideas and the overall sense of goal
—----------------------------------------------------------------- directedness.
- The words make sentences, but the
Classification Issues sentences do not make sense
● Categorical and Dimensional Approaches 4. Flight of ldeas

● Reliability - a succession of multiple associations so
● Validity that thoughts seem to move abruptly from
—----------------------------------------------------------------- idea to idea;
- often (but not invariably) expressed through
Classification of Psychopathology rapid, pressured speech
● Diagnosis before 1980 Extra Note:

● DSM-IIl and DSM-|ll-R ➔ Flight of Ideas is jumping from one topic to
● DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR another
● DSM-5
● Social and Cultural Considerations in 5. Neologism
DSM-5 - the invention of new words or phrases or
● Criticisms of DSM-5 the use of conventional words in
● A Caution about Labelling and Stigma idiosyncratic ways
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
6. Perseveration
Signs and Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders - repetition of out of context words, phrases
or ideas
I. Formal Thought Disorders
7. Tangentiality
1.Circumstantiality - in response to a question, the patient gives
- overinclusion of trivial or irrelevant details a reply that is appropriate to the general
that impede the sense of getting to the topic without actually answering the
point. question
Extra Note: 8. Thought Blocking

➔ The client add unnecessary information in - a sudden disruption of thought or a break in
answering to the question the flow of ideas
2.Clang Associations Reference: Sadock, B., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan

- thoughts are associated by the sound of &Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral
words rather than by their meaning Sciences. Walters Kluwer.
Extra Note:
➔ The client change the sound of words

II. Delusions being controlled by external forces (thought
withdrawal, thought insertion, thought
Delusion broadcasting, thought control)
- a disturbance in thought content, not a
solitary sign, but a part of psychotic illness. 9.Delusion of infidelity
- person's jealousy is morbid
It is a false belief with three characteristics:
1. False Presumption 10. Erotomania - another person, usually a
2. Not consistent with patient's intelligence and stranger, high status or famous person is in love
cultural background with her or him
3. Cannot be corrected by reasoning
III. Catatonia
Types of Delusions:
Catatonia
1. Delusion of persecution - is a psychomotor syndrome which has
- being harassed, cheated or persecuted historically been associated with
schizophrenia
2. Delusion of grandeur
- exaggerated conception of importance,
power or identity
Symptom Description of
pathology
3. Delusion of reference
- behavior of others refers to the patient Decreased response to
Stupor external stimuli,
Extra Note: hypoactive behavior
➔ The client feels the events happening Akinetic behavior,
around are connected to him/her. Immobility resistance to being
moved
4. Nihilistic delusion
- self, others, or the world is nonexistent Waxy flexibility Slight resistance to
being moved
5. Delusion of poverty Mutism Verbally unresponsive,
- to be bereft of material possessions refusal to speak
Extra Note: Purposely maintaining

Posturing a position for long
➔ They believed that they are poor
periods of time
6.Somatic delusion Excitement frantic , stereotyped or

- involving functioning of the body purposeless activity
Echolalia Senseless repetition of

Extra Note:
the words of others
➔ Believes that there is something wrong with
their body (i.e. internal organs) Echopraxia Mimicking the
movements of others
7. Delusion of self-accusation
- feeling of remorse or guilt Staring Eyes fixed and open for
long periods of time
8. Delusion of control Catalepsy The passive adoption
- person 's wil, thoughts, or feelings are of a posture

Extra Notes: Disturbances of Perception
➔ Can be one or combination of the symptoms
Hallucination
➔ Stupor - false sensory perception not associated with
◆ the individual is not responding well real external stimuli
to the external stimuli
➔ Posturing Types of Hallucinations:

◆ Most common
◆ usually strange bodily position, and 1. Hypnagogic Hallucination
for a longer period
- false sensory perception occurring while
falling asleep
➔ Waxy Flexibility
◆ a condition in which a patient's limbs 2. Hypnopompic Hallucination
retain any position into which they
are manipulated by another person - false perception occurring while awakening
and from sleep
◆ which occurs especially in catatonic 3. Auditory Hallucination
schizophrenia
- false perception of sound, usually voices but
➔ Immobility also other noises such as music
◆ Client is resistant
4. Visual Hallucination
➔ Mutism - false perception involving sight, consisting
◆ Mute of formed images and unformed images
➔ Excitement 5. Olfactory Hallucination

◆ pacing to and fro - false perception of smell
◆ (i.e. balik-balik sa loob ng kwarto) - Example: The scent of flower when
someone died
➔ Echolalia
◆ Copying the words of others without 6. Gustatory Hallucination
an obvious reason - false perception of taste
➔ Echopraxia 7. Tactile Hallucination

◆ Copying the movement of others
- false perception of touch or surface
sensation or under the skin
➔ Staring
◆ fixed eyes and usually don’t blink Extra Note:
➔ Catalepsy ➔ common to the substance related,

◆ i.e. kapag inupo siya, uupo lang siya especially to those with withdrawal
symptoms or if the effect of drugs is too
much in the body
8. Command Hallucination
- false perception or orders that a person may
feel obliged to obey or unable to resist
9. Somatic Hallucination
- false perception of things occurring in, or to
the body
--------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Mood Congruent Hallucination 4. Restricted or Constricted Affect
- content is consistent with either a - reduction of intensity of feeling tone less
depressed or manic mood (for example, a severe than blunted affect
manic patient hears voices saying that the
5. Flat Affect
patient is of inflated worth, power or
knowledge - absence or near absence of any signs of
affective expression, voice is monotonous,
Extra Notes:
face is immobile
➔ If the client is in depressed mood -> “wala
6. Labile Affect
kang kwenta”, “wala kang halaga”
➔ if the client is in manic mood -> “kakaiba ka - rapid and abrupt changes in emotional
talaga noh?”, “you’re one of a kind” feeling tone, unrelated to external stimuli
11. Mood Incongruent Hallucination Extra Note:
- content is not consistent with either ➔ has mood swings during evaluations
depressed or manic mood of the patient ◆ very happy and very down
—----------------------------------------------------------------- —-----------------------------------------------------------------
Disturbances of Affect Disturbances of Mood
Affect Mood
- refers to the behavioral expression of mood - a pervasive and sustained emotion
subjectively experienced and reported by a
patient and observed by others
Extra Note:
➔ Expression of moods, facial expression, and
way of speaking Types of Mood:
1. Dysphoric Mood
Types of Affect: - an unpleasant mood
1. Appropriate Affect 2.Euthymic Mood
- condition in which the emotional tone is in - normal range of mood implying absence or
harmony with the accompanying idea, depressed or elated mood
thought, or speech;
- also described as, Broad Full Affect 3. Irritable Mood
2. Inappropriate Affect - a state in which a person is easily annoyed

and provoked to anger
- disharmony between the emotional feeling
tone and the idea, thought or speech 4. Labile Mood (Mood Swings)
accompanying it - oscillation between euphoria and
- i.e. masaya siya pero umiiyak siya nang depression or anxiety
masakit
5. Elevated Mood
3. Blunted Affect
- air of confidence or enjoyment, a mood
- disturbance in affect manifested by a severe more cheerful than usual
reduction in the intensity of externalizing
feeling tone 6. Elation
- feeling of joy, euphoria, intense
self-satisfaction, or optimism

7. Euphoria The aspect
manipulated or
- intense elation with feelings of grandeur Independent Variable thought to influence the
8. Ecstasy change in the
dependent variable
- feeling of intense rapture
The extent to which the
9. Depression results of the study can
Internal Validity be attributed to the
- psychopathological feeling of sadness
independent variable.
10.Anhedonia
The extent to which the
- loss of interest in and withdrawal from all results of the study
regular and pleasurable activities, often External Validity can be generalized or
associated with depression applied outside the
immediate study.
11.Grief or Mourning
- feeling of sadness appropriate to real loss --------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Alexythymia Types of Research Methods
- inability or difficulty in describing or being ● Studying Individual Cases
aware of one's emotions or moods ● Research by Correlation
● Research by Experiment
● Single-Case Experimental Designs
Lesson 2 (Part 2): Research Methods in
Psychopathology —-----------------------------------------------------------------
Genetics and Behavior across Time and
Cultures
Basic Components of a Research Study
● Studying Genetics
Component Description Extra Note:
An educated guess or ➔ i.e. how could sibling be different and same
Hypothesis statement to be while growing up in different environment ->
supported by data. if may role ba ang genetics sa heritability
The plan for testing ● Studying Behavior over Time

the hypothesis.
● Studying Behavior across Cultures
Research Design Affected by the
Extra Note:
question addressed, by
➔ i.e. what are the cultural differences of the
the hypothesis, and by
practical people
considerations.
● Power of a Program of Research
Some aspect of the Extra Note:
phenomenon that is ➔ Has capacity to generate topics or subtopics
measured and is which can be studied by other researchers
Dependent Variable expected to be
changed or ● Replication
influenced by the Extra Note:
independent variable. ➔ “Replication crisis” -> same method but
different result

● Research Ethics response originating in the brain and
Extra Note: reflected in elevated heart rate and muscle
➔ Be sensitive in designing the research tension.
Extra Notes:
Lesson 3: Anxiety, Trauma, and ➔ Anxiety can’t be totally eliminated but we
Stressor-Related, and Obsessive-Compulsive could develop effective coping methods to
and Related Disorders live with anxiety.
➔ It is not healthy when anxiety was totally
eliminated -> there are types of anxiety
The Complexity of Anxiety Disorders which are helpful for survival
Anxiety
Fear
- is complex and mysterious, as Sigmund
Freud realized many years ago. - Is an immediate alarm reaction to danger.
- In some ways, the more we learn about it,
- Like anxiety, fear can be good for us.
the more baffling it seems
- Purpose: It protects us by activating a
- is a specific type of disorder, but it is more
massive response from the autonomic
than that.
nervous system (increased heart rate and
blood pressure, for example), which, along
- It is an emotion implicated so heavily
with our subjective sense of terror,
across the full range of psychopathology.
motivates us to escape (flee) or, possibly, to
attack (fight).
Fear
- a somewhat different but clearly related - As such, this emergency reaction is often
emotion called the flight or fight response.
- Related to fear is a panic attack, which we Extra Note:

propose is fear that occurs when there is ➔ The third one is “freeze”
nothing to be afraid of and, therefore, at an ◆ which is our tendency to freeze
inappropriate time. when scared (this is beyond our
control)
- With these important ideas clearly in mind,
we focus on specific anxiety and related
Panic
disorders
- Is sudden overwhelming reaction which
came to be known as panic, after the Greek
god Pan who terrified travelers with
Anxiety, Fear, and Panic: Some Definitions
bloodcurdling screams.
Anxiety
- In psychopathology, a panic attack is
- Is a negative mood state characterized by defined as an abrupt experience of intense
bodily symptoms of physical tension and fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by
by apprehension about the future physical symptoms that usually include
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013, heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of
Barlow, 2002) breath, and, possibly, dizziness.
- In humans, it can be a subjective sense of 2 Types:

unease, a set of behaviors (looking worried
● Expected (cued) panic attack
and anxious or fidgeting), or a physiological
● Unexpected (uncued) panic attack

The relationships among anxiety, fear and panic 11.Derealization (feelings of unreality) or
attack depersonalization (being detached from oneself)
12. Fear of losing control or going crazy
Emotional State 13. Fear of dying
1. Anxiety
- Negative affect
- Somatic symptoms of tension
- Future-oriented
- Feelings that one cannot predict or control
upcoming events
2. Fear
- Negative affect
- Strong sympathetic nervous system arousal
- Immediate alarm reaction characterized by
strong escapist tendencies in response to
present danger or life-threatening
emergencies
3. Panic Attack
- Fear occurring at an inappropriate time
- Two types: Expected and Unexpected
—----------------------------------------------------------------- —-----------------------------------------------------------------
Panic Attack Some Psychological Grounding Techniques
Table 5.1 Diagnostic Criteria for Panic Attack Grounding

(DSM-5) - is a practice that can help you pull away
An abrupt surge of intense fear or intense from flashbacks, unwanted memories, and
discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and negative or challenging emotions.
during which time four (or more) of the following
symptoms occur:
- It may help distract you from what you're
1. Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated experiencing and refocus on what's
heart rate happening in the present moment.
2. Sweating
3. Trembling or shaking - Grounding yourself isn't always easy. It may
4. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering take some time before the techniques work
well for you. but don't give up on them.
5. Feeling of choking
1. Put your hands in water
6. Chest pain or discomfort
- Focus on the water's temperature and how
7. Nausea or abdominal distress it feels on your fingertips, palms and the
backs of your hands. Does it feel the same
8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady lightheaded, or faint
in each part of your hand?
9. Chills or heat sensations - Use warm water first. then cold. Next. try
cold water first, then warm. Does it feel
10. Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)

different to switch from cold to warm water
versus warm to cold?
2. Savor a food or drink

- Take small bites or sips of a food or
beverage you enjoy. letting yourself fully
taste each bite.
- Think about how it tastes and smells and
the flavors that linger on your tongue.
Figure 5.3 : Integrated Model or Triple Vulnerability
Theory
3. Savor a scent The three vulnerabilities that contribute to the

development of anxiety disorders. If individuals
- Is there a fragrance that appeals to you? possess all three, the odds are greatly increased
This might be a cup of tea, an herb or spice, that they will develop an anxiety disorder after
a favorite soap, or a scented candle. experiencing a stressful situation. (From Barlow, D.
- Inhale the fragrance slowly and deeply and H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature
try to note its qualities (sweet, spicy, sharp, and treetment of enxiety and penic (2nd ed.). New
citrusy, and so on) York: Guilford Press.
Extra Notes:
4. Touch something comforting ➔ Biological Vulnerability
- This could be your favorite blanket, a much ◆ Heritable contribution to negative
loved T-shirt. a smooth stone. a soft carpet, affect
or anything that feels good to touch. Think ◆ Genetics -> our way of thinking or
about how it feels under your fingers or in perceiving the world around us that
your hand. might have been inherited
- If you have a favorite sweater, scarf, or pair ◆ When we see something, we
of socks. put them on and spend a moment interpret it in a negative way
thinking about the sensation of the fabricon
your skin
➔ Specific Psychological Vulnerability
—----------------------------------------------------------------- ◆ How the person interpret their
Causes of Anxiety and Related Disorders physical sensations that are
happening in their body
1. Biological Contributions
2. Psychological Contributions
➔ Generalized Psychological Vulnerability
3. Social Contributions ◆ Feeling that the person cannot
control events
4. An Integrated Model – triple vulnerability theory
◆ Person who has social anxiety ->
feel that they’re being evaluated
negatively
—-----------------------------------------------------------------

Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety F. The disturbance is not better explained by
Disorder another mental disorder (eg anxiety or
worry about having panic attacks in panic
Table 5.2 Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized
disorder, negative evaluation in social
Anxiety Disorder
anxiety disorder)
A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive
expectation), occurring more days than not
for at least 6 months about a number of
events or activities (such as work or
school performance)
B. The individual finds it difficult to control

the worry
Extra Note:
➔ Free Floating Anxiety
◆ a general sense of uneasiness that
is not tied to any particular object or
specific situation
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with

at least three (or more) of the following
six symptoms (with at least some
symptoms present for more days than not
for the past 6 months)
[Note: Only one item is required in children];
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on
edge
2. Being easily fatigued
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
Extra Notes:
4. Irritability
5. Muscle tension ➔ Intense Cognitive Processing
6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or ◆ overthinking
staying asleep or restless, unsatisfying ➔ Avoidance of Imagery
sleep) ◆ pag-iwas sa pag-iisip sa bagay na
yun samantalang need siyang
D. The anxiety, worry or physical symptoms bigyan ng solution
cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social occupational, or other —-----------------------------------------------------------------
important areas of functioning Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder and
Extra Note: Agoraphobia
➔ Has an effect in daily living
Table 5.3 Diagnostic Criteria for Panic Disorder
E. The disturbance is not due to the direct
A. Recurrent unexpected panic attacks are
physiological effects of a substance (eg.
present.
a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general
medical condition (eg. hyperthyroidism)
B. At least one of the attacks has been
followed by 1 month or more of one or
both of the following:

(a) Persistent concern or worry about
additional panic attacks or their
consequences (eg. losing control. having a
heart attack, "going crazy"% or
(b) A significant maladaptive change in

behavior related to the attacks (eg.
behaviors designed to avoid having panic
attacks, such as avoidance of exercise or
unfamiliar situations)
C. The disturbance is not attributable to the

physiological effects of a substance (eg.
a drug of abuse, a medication) or another
medical condition (eg. hyperthyroidism,
cardiopulmonary disorders).
D. The disturbance is not better explained by

Extra Note:
another mental disorder (eg. the panic
attacks do not occur only in response to ➔ Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia is learned
feared social situations, as in social anxiety ◆ we can use behavioral techniques to
disorder). help a person overcome this
disorder
Extra Note:
Agoraphobia vs Panic Disorder
➔ Panic Disorder happens unexpectedly
➔ while in Agoraphobia, the person knows
the situation (may cue) which can trigger
his/her panic attacks kaya iniiwasan niya ito

C. The agoraphobic situations almost always
provoke fear or anxiety
D. The agoraphobic situations are actively

avoided, require the presence of a
companion, or are endured with intense
fear or anxiety
Extra Notes: E. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to

the actual danger posed by the agoraphobic
Panic Attack vs Panic Disorder situations, and to the sociocultural context
➔ Panic Attacks
◆ are sudden feeling of fear and
anxiety without knowing the reason F. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent,
◆ part sa Panic Disorder typically lasting for 6 months or more.
◆ possible na once lang
➔ Panic Disorder
◆ occurs repeatedly (unexpected) G. The fear, anxiety or avoidance causes
clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational or ocher
Generalized Anxiety Disorder vs Social Anxiety important areas of functioning
➔ Generalized
◆ there is apprehension with the future
H. If another medical condition (eg.
➔ Social Anxiety
inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's
◆ limited to social interaction and
disease) is present, the fear anxiety or
performance in public
avoidance is clearly excessive.
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder and
I. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is not better
Agoraphobia
explained by the symptoms of another
Table 5.4 Diagnostic Criteria for Agoraphobia mental disorder, eg, the symptoms are not
confined to specific phobia, situational type,
A. Marked fear or anxiety about two or more do not involve only social situations (as in
of the following five situations: Public social anxiety disorder) and are not related
transportation, open spaces, enclosed exclusively to obsessions (as in
places, standing in line or being in a crowd, obsessive-compulsive disorder), perceived
being outside the home alone deficits or flaws in physical appearance (as
in body dysmorphic disorder), reminders of
traumatic events (as in posttraumatic stress
B. The individual fears or avoids these disorder), or fear of separation (as in
situations due to thoughts that escape separation anxiety disorder)
might be difficult or help might not be
available in the event of developing —-----------------------------------------------------------------
panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating
or embarrassing symptoms (eg. fear of
falling in the elderly, fear of incontinence).

Anxiety Disorders: Specific Phobia 4. Situational (eg. Planes, elevators or
enclosed places)
Table 5.5 Diagnostic Criteria for Specific Phobia
5. Other (eg. phobic avoidance of situations
A. Marked fear or anxiety about a specific that may lead to choking vomiting or
object or situation (e.g. flying, heights, contracting an illness: or in children,
animals, receiving an injection, seeing avoidance of loud sounds, or costumed
blood) characters)
B. The phobic object or situation almost

always provokes immediate fear or
anxiety.
- Note in children, the anxiety may
be expressed by crying, tantrums,
freezing or clinging
C. The phobic object or situation is actively

avoided or endured with intense fear or
anxiety
D. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to

the actual danger posed by the specific
object or situation, and to the sociocultural
context
E. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent,

typically lasting for 6 months or more
F. The fear, anxiety or avoidance causes

clinically significant distress or
impairment in social occupational or other
important areas of functioning
G. The disturbance is not better explained by

the symptoms of another mental
disorders, including fear, anxiety and
avoidance of situations associated with
panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating
symptoms (as in agoraphobia); objects or
situations related to obsessions (as in
obsessive-compulsive disorder), reminders
of traumatic events (as in
posttraumatic-stress disorder); separation
from home or attachment figures (as in
separation anxiety disorder or social
situations (as in social anxiety disorder)
Specify type: Extra Notes:
1. Animal Integrated model for Generalized biological
2. Natural environment (eg. Heights, storms, vulnerability
and water)
3. Blood-injection-injury ➔ Has possibility that it is associated in
heritable tendency

➔ can be direct experience - Note: in children, the fear or anxiety
➔ “Learned Alarm” may be expressed by crying,
◆ treatment for phobia depends if it’s tantrums, freezing. clinging,
learned -> target is the behavior shrinking, or failing to speak in social
◆ behavioral intervention by situations (selective mutism)
exposing/educate the client to
challenge their thoughts and D. The social situations are avoided or
behaviors until there is no endured with intense fear or anxiety.
maladaptive response
E. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to
Treatment for Phobia:
the actual threat posed by the social
➔ Flooding situation, and to the sociocultural context.
◆ a technique in behavior therapy by
flooding or bibiglain ang person to F. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent,
the stimulus hanggang hindi na siya typically lasting for 6 months or more.
natatakot (i.e. sa aso)
➔ Systematic Desensitization G. The fear, anxiety or avoidance causes
◆ dahan-dahan ine-expose sa feared clinically significant distress or impairment in
object/situation social, occupational or other important
areas of functioning
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
Anxiety Disorders: Social Anxiety Disorder H. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is not
(Social Phobia) attributable to the effects of a substance
(eg. a drug of abuse, a medication) or
Table 5.6 Diagnostic Criteria for Social Anxiety another medical condition
Disorder
I. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is not better
Extra Note:
explained by the symptoms of another
➔ Another term for Social Anxiety Disorder is mental disorder, such as panic disorder
Negative Evaluatism (eg, anxiety about having a panic attack) or
separation anxiety disorder (eg., fear of
being away from home or a close relative)
A. Marked fear or anxiety about one or more
social situations in which the person is J. If another medical condition (eg. stuttering,
exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Parkinson’s disease, obesity, disfigurement
Examples include social interactions (eg. from burns or injury) is present, the fear,
having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar anxiety or avoidance is clearly unrelated or
people), being observed (eg. eating or is excessive.
drinking), or performing in front of others
(eg. giving a speech). Specify if:
- Note: In children, the anxiety must
● Performance only: If the fear is restricted
occur in peer settings and not just
to speaking or performing in public.
in interactions with adults.
B. The individual fears that he or she will act

in a way, or show anxiety symptoms, that
will be negatively evaluated (ie, will be
humiliating, embarrassing, lead to rejection,
or offend others).
C. The social situations almost always

provoke fear or anxiety.

actual or threatened death of a family
member or friend the event(s) must
have been violent or accidental
4. Experiencing repeated or extreme

exposure to aversive details of the
traumatic event(s) (eg. first responders
collecting human remains, police offices
repeatedly exposed to deals of child
abuse)
Note: Criterion A4 does not apply to exposure
through electronic media, television, movies. or
pictures, unless this exposure is work related
Extra Notes:
➔ Based on the figure above, nagsstart B. Presence of one (or more) of the following
maging vulnerable ang tao with stress, with intrusion symptoms associated with the
the combination of Generalized traumatic event(s), beginning after the
Psychological Vulnerability and traumatic event(s) occurred
Generalized Biological Vulnerability
either because of direct experience or with 1. Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive
the anxious apprehension distressing memories of the
traumatic event(s), Note. In young
children, repetitive play may occur in
➔ Possible treatment -> CBT (Cognitive which themes or aspects of the
Behavioral Treatment) which is kasama ang traumatic event(s) are expressed
mindfulness
2. Recurrent distressing dreams in
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
which the content and/or affect of the
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders: dream are related to the traumatic
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder events) Note: In children, there may be
frightening dreams without recognizable
Note: content.
➔ To determine the presence of PTSD -> look
at the history of client (traumatic 3. Dissociative reactions (eg flashbacks)
experience/s) in which the individual feels or acts as if
the traumatic event(s) were recurring
Table 5.7 Diagnostic Criteria for Posttraumatic - (Such reactions occur on a continuum,
Stress Disorder with the most extreme expression being
a complete loss of awareness of present
A. Exposure to actual or threatened death,
surroundings) Note: In young children,
serious injury or sexual violence in one
trauma specific reenactment may occur
(or more) at the following ways:
in a play
1. Directly experiencing the traumatic
4. Intense or prolonged psychological
event(s)
distress alt exposure to internal or
external cues that symbolize or
2. Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as
resemble an aspect of the traumatic
they occurred to others
event(s)
3. Learning that the event(s) occurred to a
5. Marked physiological reactions to
close relative or close friend. In cases of
internal or external cues that symbolize

or resemble an aspect of the traumatic 7. Persistent inability to experience
event(s) positive emotions (eg. inability to
experience happiness, satisfaction, or
C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated loving feelings)
with the traumatic event(s) beginning after
the traumatic event(s) occurred. as E. Marked alterations in arousal and
evidenced by one or both of the following: reactivity associated with the traumatic
1. Avoidance of or efforts to avoid event(s), beginning or worsening after the
distressing memories, thoughts, traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced
feelings, or conversations about or by two (or more) of the following:
closely associated with the traumatic 1. Irritable behavior and angry
events outbursts (with little or no
provocation) typically expressed as
2. Avoidance of or efforts to avoid verbal or physical aggression toward
external reminders (people, places, people or objects
conversations, activities. objects,
situations) that arouse distressing 2. Reckless or self-destructive
memories, thoughts or feelings behavior
about or closely associated with the
traumatic event(s) 3. Hypervigilance.
D. Negative alterations by two in cognitions 4. Exaggerated startle response

and mood associated with the traumatic
event(s) beginning or worsening after the 5. Problems with concentration
traumatic event(s) occurred as evidenced
by two (or more) of the following: F. Sleep disturbance (e.g. difficulty falling or
1. Inability to remember an important staying asleep or restless sleep). Duration
aspect of the traumatic event(s) of the disturbance (Criteria B&.C D and E) is
(typically due to dissociative amnesia more than one month.
and not to other factors such as head
injury, alcohol, or drugs G. The disturbance causes clinically significant
distress or impairment in social,
2. Persistent and exaggerated negative occupational, or other important areas of
beliefs or expectations about oneself, functioning
other or the world (eg. “I am bad”, “no
one can be trusted”, “the world is H. The disturbance is not attributable to the
completely dangerous", "My whole physiological effects of a substance (eg.
nervous system is permanently ruined”) medication, alcohol) or another medical
condition.
3. Persistent distorted cognitions about the
Specify if:
cause or consequences of the traumatic
event(s) thar lead the individual to blame ● With delayed expression: If the full
himself/herself or others diagnostic criteria are not met until at least
6 months after the event (although it is
4. Persistent negative emotional scare (eg. understood that onset and expression of
fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame) some symptoms may be immediate)
5. Markedly diminished interest or Specify whether:

participation in significant activities ● With Dissociative Symptoms: The
individual's symptoms meet the criteria for
6. Feelings of detachment or posttraumatic stress disorder, and in
estrangement from others addition, in response to the stressor the

individual experiences persistent or 2. The individual attempts to ignore or
recurrent symptoms of either suppress such thoughts impulses, or
depersonalization or derealization images, or to neutralize them with some
other thought or action
Compulsions are defined by 1 and 2:

1. Repetitive behaviors (eg. handwashing,
ordering, checking) or mental acts (eg.
praying counting, repeating words silently)
that the individual feels driven to perform
in response to an obsession, or according
to rules that must be applied rigidly
Extra Note:
➔ nagiging compulsion lang kapag in
response sa obsession
2. The behaviors or mental acts are
aimed at preventing or reducing distress
or preventing some dreaded event or
situation; however, these behaviors or
mental acts either are not connected in a
realistic way with what they are designed to
neutralize or prevent or are clearly
excessive
Extra Notes:
➔ Individuals who have experienced B. The obsessions or compulsions are
something life-threatening may not time-consuming (eg. Take more than 1
necessarily develop PTSD hour per day), or cause clinically significant
➔ Depends with the vulnerability of the person distress or impairment in social,
➔ Experience trauma result to “True Alarm” occupational or other important areas of
◆ Learned Alarm that could lead to functioning
“Anxious Apprehension”
C. The disturbance is not due to the direct
—----------------------------------------------------------------- physiological effects of a substance (eg.
a drug of abuse, a medication) or another
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders:
medical condition.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Table 5.8 Diagnostic Criteria for OCD D. The disturbance is not better explained by
the symptoms of another mental
A. Presence of obsessions, compulsions or disorder (eg. excessive worries, as in
both: generalized anxiety disorder, or
preoccupation with appearance, as in body
Obsessions are defined by 1 and 2: dysmorphic disorder)
1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, Specify if:

urges, or images that are experienced, at
● With good or fair insight: the individual
some time during the disturbance, as
recognizes that obsessive compulsive
intrusive and inappropriate and that in most
disorder beliefs are definitely or probably
individuals cause marked anxiety or distress

not true or that they may or may not be ● Becoming contaminated by shaking
true. hands with someone
● Intense distress when objects are
● With poor insight: The individual thinks disordered or asymmetric
obsessive-compulsive disorder beliefs are ● Wondering if a door was left
probably true unlocked
● With absent insight/delusional: the

person is completely convinced that Compulsions
obsessive-compulsive disorder beliefs
are true - Are behaviors to attempt to get rid of the
obsessions and/or decrease distress such
Specify if: as:
● Handwashing
● Tic-related: The individual has a current or
● Reordering objects to achieve
past history of a tic disorder
symmetry
● Repeatedly checking locks, alarms,
appliances
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders:
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Table 5.9 Diagnostic Criteria for Body Dysmorphic
Disorder
A. Preoccupation with one or more defects or
flaws in physical appearance that are not
observable or appear slight to others
B. At some point during the course of the

disorder, the individual has performed
repetitive behaviors (eg. mirror checking
excessive grooming skin picking,
reassurance seeking) or mental acts (eg.
comparing his or her appearance with that
of others) in response to the appearance
concerns
C. The preoccupation causes clinically

significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational or other important
areas of functioning
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Is a mental health disorder that occurs when D. The appearance preoccupation is not
a person gets caught in a cycle of better explained by concerns with body
obsessions and compulsions fat or weight in an individual whose
symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for an
Obsessions eating disorder
- Are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images or Specify if:
urges that trigger intensely distressing
feelings such as: ● With good or fair insight: The individual
recognizes that the body dysmorphic

disorder beliefs are definitely or probably ➔ Harm obsessions with checking
not true or that they may or may not be compulsions
true. ◆ hindi makalabas ng bahay dahil
nag-aalala na meron naiwang bagay
● With poor insight: The individual thinks na nakasaksak, or di nila na-lock
that the body dysmorphic disorder beliefs ang pinto, etc.
are probably true.
_________________________________________
● With absent insight/delusional beliefs: Lesson 4: Somatic Symptom and Related
the individual is completely convinced that Disorders and Dissociative Disorders
the body dysmorphic disorder beliefs are
true
Somatic symptom and dissociative disorders
● With muscle dysmorphia: The individual is
preoccupied with the idea that his or her - are strongly linked historically, and evidence
body build is too small or insufficiently indicates they share common features
muscular. This specifier is used even if the (Kihlstrom, Glisky, &Anguilo, 1994; Prelior,
individual is preoccupied with other body Yutzy, Dean, &Wetzel, 1993).
areas, which is often the case.
Extra Note:
Example:
➔ Under the category of Dissociative disorder:
- People with obsessive-compulsive hoarding ◆ Depersonalization
are so afraid they may throw something ◆ Derealization
important away that clutter piles up in their ◆ Dissociative identity or previously
homes known “multiple personality”
- They used to be categorized under one

Extra Notes: general heading, "hysterical neurosis."
➔ Contamination obsessions with cleaning

compulsions
- The tem hysteria - which dates back to the
◆ feel or believed they can easily get
Greek physician Hippocrates, and the
germs
Egyptians before him-suggests that the
➔ Hoarding
cause of these disorders, which were
◆ Collecting things that aren’t
thought to occur primarily in women, can be
necessary
traced to a "wandering uterus."
➔ Symmetry obsessions with ordering
compulsions Extra Note:
◆ Arranging things based on color,
size, etc. ➔ before, naniniwala sila na kapag unstable
yung babae emotionally, nagwwander ang
uterus sa buong katawan

➔ kaya ang ginagawa nila para bumalik ang - Somatic symptom disorders and
uterus is through pagpapausok -> making dissociative disorders are not well
a woman be stable again. understood, but they have intrigued
➔ But the term hysterical came to refer more psychopathologists and the public for
generally to physical symptoms without centuries.
known organic cause or to dramatic or
"histrionic" behavior thought to be
characteristic of women. - A fuller understanding provides a rich
perspective on the extent to which normal,
everyday traits found in all of us can evolve
- Sigmund Freud (1894-1962) suggested that into distorted, strange, and incapacitating
in a condition called conversion hysteria, disorders.
unexplained physical symptoms
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
indicated the conversion of unconscious
emotional conflicts into a more acceptable Somatic Symptom Disorder
form.
Extra Notes:
Extra Notes:
➔ may naffeel talagang pain sa katawan,
➔ Sigmund Freud developed his however, their anxiety is not proportionate
psychoanalysis theory ➔ nagccause ng difficulty sa buhay ng client
pero hindi naman ganoon katindi yung
nararamdaman niya physically to
➔ Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer did a case experience that level of anxiety.
analysis of Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim)
In 1859, Pierre Briquet, a French physician,
described patients who came to see him with
seemingly endless lists of somatic complaints
➔ Conversion Hysteria -> the unconscious
for which he could find no medical basis
emotional conflicts to be the cause of
(American Psychiatric Association, 1980)
physical symptoms
Despite his negative findings, patients returned
shortly with either the same complaints or new
- The term neurosis, as defined in lists containing slight variations.
psychoanalytic theory, suggested a specific
For many years, this disorder was called Briquet's
cause for certain disorders.
syndrome, but now would be considered somatic
symptom disorder.
- Specifically,
● neurotic disorders resulted from
Table 6.1 Diagnostic Criteria for Somatic Symptom
underlying unconscious conflicts,
Disorder
● Anxiety that resulted from those
conflicts, and A. One or more somatic symptoms that are
● The implementation of ego distressing and/or result in significant
defense mechanisms. disruption of daily life.
Extra Notes:
➔ There are defense mechanism which are B. Excessive thoughts, feelings and
healthy (do not result to neuroticism) behaviors related to the somatic
➔ while there are defense mechanism which symptoms or associated health concerns
result to neuroticism such as depression, as manifested by at least one of the
conversion following:

1. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts anxiety and distress, the diagnosis would
about the seriousness of one's symptoms be somatic symptom disorder.
2. High level of health-related anxiety
3. Excessive time and energy devoted to these
symptoms or health concerns Extra Notes:
C. Although any one symptom may not be ➔ Iba siya sa somatic symptom disorder kasi
continuously present, the state of being may mga physical symptom talaga na 1
symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 or 2 symptoms that are distressing or
months) result insignificant disruptions of daily
life
Specify if:
Table 6.2 Diagnostic Criteria for Illness Anxiety
With predominant pain (previously pain
Disorder
disorder): This specifier is for individuals whose
somatic complaints predominantly involve pain. A. Preoccupation with fears of having or
acquiring a serious illness
Specify current severity

B. Somatic symptoms are not present or, if
Mild: Only one of the symptoms in Criterion B is
present are only mild in intensity. If
fulfilled.
another medical condition is present or
Moderate: Two or more of the symptoms there is a high risk for developing a medical
specified in Criterion B are fulfilled condition (eg strong family history is
present) the preoccupation is clearly
Severe: Two or more of the symptoms specified in
excessive or disproportionate
Criterion B are fulfilled, plus there are multiple
somatic complaints (or one very severe somatic
symptom).
C. There is a high level of anxiety about
—----------------------------------------------------------------- health, and the individual is easily
alarmed about personal health status
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Illness anxiety disorder
D. The individual performs excessive
- was formerly known as "hypochondriasis,"
health-related behaviors (eg. repeatedly
which is still the term widely used among
checks his or her body for signs of illness)
the public.
or exhibits maladaptive avoidance (eg.
avoids doctors' appointments and hospitals)
- physical symptoms are either not

experienced at the present time or are very
E. Illness preoccupation has been present for
mild,
at least 6 months but the specific illness
that is feared may change over that
period of time
- but severe anxiety is focused on the
possibility of having or developing a
serious disease.
F. The illness-related preoccupation is not
better explained by another mental disorder,
such as somatic symptom disorder,
- If one or more physical symptoms are generalized anxiety disorder, or
relatively severe and are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Specify whether: 2010). It is likely that the old term"conversion" will
be dropped in future editions of the DSM.
Care-seeking type: Medical care, including
physician visits or undergoing tests and
procedures is frequently used
Table 6.3 Diagnostic Criteria for Conversion
Care-avoidant type: Medical care is rarely used Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom
Disorder)
A. One or more symptoms of altered
voluntary motor or sensory function
Extra Note:
➔ Possible to experience paralysis,
loss of eyesight
B. Clinical findings provide evidence of

Extra Notes: incompatibility between the symptom and
recognized neurological or medical
➔ It starts with the trigger (information, event, conditions
illness, image)
➔ Because of the trigger, there is a threat Extra Note:
leading to apprehension
➔ the patient may report being
—----------------------------------------------------------------- paralyzed, but no clinical findings
Conversion Disorder
(Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) C. The symptom or deficit is not better
explained by another medical or mental
The term conversion has been used off and on disorder
since the Middle Ages (Mace, 1992) but was
popularized by Freud.
Freud believed the anxiety resulting from D. The symptom or deficit causes clinically
unconscious conflicts somehow was significant distress or impairment in
"converted' into physical symptoms to find social, occupational, or other important
expression areas of functioning or warrants medical
evaluation
This allowed the individual to discharge some
anxiety without actually experiencing it. —-----------------------------------------------------------------
As in phobic disorders, the anxiety resulting from Factitious Disorders

unconscious conflicts might be "displaced"
More puzzling is a set of conditions called
onto another object.
factitious disorders, which fall somewhere
In DSM-5. "functional neurological symptom between malingering and conversion disorders.
disorder" is a subtitle to conversion disorder
The symptoms are under voluntary control, as
because the term is more often used by
with malingering, but there is no obvious reason
neurologists who see the majority of patients
for voluntarily producing the symptoms except,
receiving a conversion disorder diagnosis, and
possibly, to assume the sick role and receive
because the term is more acceptable to patients.
increased attention
"Functional'' refers to a symptom without an organic
Tragically, this disorder may extend to other
cause (Stone, Lafrance, Levenson, & Sharpe,
members of the family. An adult, almost always a
mother, may purposely make her child sick

evidently for the attention and pity given to her as
the mother of a sick child.
When an individual deliberately makes someone
else sick, the condition is called factitious
disorder imposed on another.
It was also known previously as Munchausen
syndrome by proxy.
In any case, it is really an atypical form of child
abuse (Check, 1998).
Extra Notes:
Table 6.4 Diagnostic Criteria for Factitious
Disorders ➔ Usually starting with an adult
➔ Motivation to vicariously experience a “sick
A. Falsification of physical or psychological role” and imposed to another (i.e. a child, an
signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or aging family or a pet) who is falsely
disease, associated with identified presented as ill, impaired, or injured
deception.
Difference between Typical and Atypical Child

B. The individual presents himself or herself to Abuse
others as ill impaired or injured.
C. The deceptive behavior is evident even in

the absence of obvious external rewards
Extra Note:
➔ pwedeng internally motivated si
client
D. The behavior is not better accounted for

by another mental disorder such as
delusional belief system or acute psychosis.
Specify if:
Single episode
Recurrent episodes: Two or more events of
falsification of illness and/or induction of injury
—-----------------------------------------------------------------

Dissociative Disorders Things may seem to change shape or size;
people may seem dead or mechanical.
When individuals feel detached from themselves
or their surroundings, almost as if they are These sensations of unreality are characteristic of
dreaming or living in slow motion, they are dissociative disorders because, in a sense, they
having dissociative experiences. are a psychological mechanism whereby one
"dissociates" from reality.
Morton Prince, the founder of the Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, noted more than 100 years
ago that many people experience something like
Depersonalization
dissociation occasionally (Prince, 1906-1907)
- is often part of a serious set of conditions
Extra Notes:
in which reality, experience, and even
➔ When a person experience dissociation, it identity seem to disintegrate.
doesn’t automatically mean that he/she had
Extra Note:
a disorder
➔ When dissociative was experience, it is a ➔ Reality Testing
must to trace when it started ◆ still intact
◆ they still know where they are, and
It might be likely to happen áfter an extremely
know who they are
stressful event, such as an accident (Spiegel,
2010).
It also is more likely to happen when you're tired But what happens if we can't remember why we are
or sleep deprived from staying up all night in a certain place or even who we are? What
cramming for an exam (Giesbrecht, Smeets, happens if we lose our sense that our surroundings
Leppink, Jelicic, & Merckelbach, 2007) are real?
Translent experiences of dissociation will occur Finally, what happens if we not only forget who we
in about half of the general population at some are but also begin thinking we are somebody
point in their lives, and studies suggest that if a else-somebody who has a different personality,
person experiences a traumatic event, between different memories, and even different physical
3196 and 66 will have this feeling at that time reactions, such as allergies we never had?
(Hunter, Sierra, & David, 2004; Keane, Manx,
Sloan& DePrince, 201),. These are examples of disintegrated experience
(Dell &O'Nell, 2009, Spiegel, 2010, Spiegel et al,
Because it's hard to measure dissociation, the 2013;van der Hart & Nijenhuis, 2009).
connection between trauma and dissociation is
controversial (Giesbrecht, Lynn, Lillenfeld, & In each case, there are alterations in our
Merckelbach, 2008) relationship to the self, to the world, or to memory
processes.
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
2 types of dissociative
Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder
During an episode of (1) depersonalization
When feelings of unreality are so severe and
- your perception alters so that you frightening that they dominate an individual's life
temporarily lose the sense of your own and prevent normal functioning, clinicians may
reality, as if you were in a dream and you diagnose the rare depersonalization-derealization
were watching yourself. disorder.
During an episode of (2) derealization Extra Notes:
- your sense of the reality of the external ➔ The person is aware of the surroundings
world is lost (reality intact). However, vision and

perception of what is happening including Depersonalization:
themselves is distorted or strang
- feels like watching yourself from inside your
➔ Different from schizophrenia or panic
head
disorder
- sometimes from outside your body
- feeling really spaced out
-
Table 6.5 Diagnostic Criteria for Depersonalization -
Derealization Disorder Derealization
A. The presence of persistent or recurrent - Everything looks like a dream
experiences of depersonalization, - we often feel “alienated”
derealization, or both: - and others feel “robot-like”
Depersonalization: Experiences of
unreality, detachment, or being an outside
“I often feel disconnected from myself and the
observer with respect to one's thoughts
world, my vision is blurred as if there was a glass in
feelings sensations, body or actions (eg.
front of my face”
perceptual alterations distorted sense of
time, unreal or absent self, emotional and/or “Looking into a mirror is hard cause i have a hard
physical numbing) time to recognize myself… I know it’s me but
everything looks so unfamiliar”
Derealization: Experiences of unreality or
detachment with respect to surroundings “Sometimes even looking at my own hands is hard
(eg, individuals or objects are experienced because they don’t feel and look like mine”
as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or
visually distorted). “It’s horrible when people you love or surroundings
you know well are appearing strange and
unfamiliar.”
B. During the depersonalization or “I am sorry I can’t look at you your face is so
derealization experience, reality testing strange.”
remains intact.
“Personally, I always have a hard time when I talk
to people… I feel so “robot-like” that I don’t really
feel I’m the one talking”
C. The symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment in social “We have no loss of reality we know that all of
occupational, or other important areas of those symptoms are “not real” but it causes a lot of
functioning anxiety and fear”
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the Dissociative Amnesia
physiological effects of a substance (eg. a
drug of abuse, medication) or another People who are unable to remember anything,
medical condition (eg. seizures) including who they are, are said to suffer from
generalized amnesia.
Generalized amnesia may be lifelong or may
E. The disturbance is not better explained by extend from a period in the more recent past,
another mental disorder, such as such as 6 months or a year previously.
schizophrenia or panic disorder.
Far more common than general amnesia is
Extra Notes: localized or selective amnesia, a failure to recall
specific events, usually traumatic, that occur
➔ What it’s like to live with a depersonalization
during a specific period.
disorder for the last 3 years (Comic
Illustration)

Dissociative amnesia is common during war - In these curious cases, memory loss
(Cardeña & Gleaves, 2003; Spiegel et al., 2013) revolves around a specific incident-an
unexpected trip (or trips).
Table 6.5 Diagnostic Criteria for Depersonalization -

Derealization Disorder - Mostly, individuals just take off and later find
themselves in a new place, unable to
A. The presence of persistent or recurrent
remember why or how they got there
experiences of depersonalization,
derealization, or both:
Depersonalization: Experiences of - Usually they have left behind an intolerable
unreality, detachment, or being an outside situation. During these trips, a person
observer with respect to one's thoughts sometimes assumes a new identity or at
feelings, sensations, body or actions (eg. least becomes confused about the old
perceptual alterations distorted sense of identity.
time, unreal or absent self, emotional and/or
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
physical numbing)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Derealization: Experiences of unreality or
detachment with respect to surroundings People with dissociative identity disorder (DID) may
(eg. individuals or objects are experienced adopt as many as 100 new identities, all
as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or simultaneously coexisting although the average
visually distorted) number is closer to 15.
In some cases, the identities are complete, each
with its own behavior, tone of voice, and physical
B. During the depersonalization or
gestures.
derealization experience, reality testing
remains intact. But in many cases, only a few characteristics are
C. The symptoms cause clinically significant distinct, because the identities are only partially
distress or impairment in social independent, so it is not true that there are
occupational, or other important areas of "multiple" complete personalities.
functioning
Therefore, the name of the disorder was changed
in the last edition of the DSM, DSM-IV, from
multiple personality disorder to DID.
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the
physiological effects of a substance (eg. a Extra Notes:
drug of abuse, medication) or another
medical condition (eg. seizures). ➔ Multiple Personality Disorder
◆ passed name of DID
◆ Changed because the characters
that form/manifest to the client are
E. The disturbance is not better explained by
interlapping
another mental disorder, such as
◆ Thus, if multiple, they are totally
schizophrenia or panic disorder.
independent from one another
Dissociative fugue (Ross, 2009)

➔ Dissociative Identity Disorder
- is a sub-type of dissociative amnesia with ◆ In some cases, the character knows
fugue literally meaning "flight" (fugitive is each other while some don’t
from the same root). ◆ There is conflict/relationship
between the characters

◆ Not all clinicians are convinced or E. The symptoms are not attributable to the
believed in the disorder physiological effects of a substance (eg.
(skepticism) blackouts or chaotic behavior during alcohol
◆ Controversial link between trauma intoxication) or another medical condition
and DID: (eg. complex partial seizures)
● For many reported cases of
_________________________________________
DID, they have a history of
trauma (abuse) Lesson 5: Mood Disorders and Suicide
● The characters were
appeared as the client’s An Overview of Depression and Mania
way of coping in the
traumatic event The disorders described in this lesson used to be
categorized under several general labels, such as
“depressive disorders,” ”affective disorders,” or
Table 6.7 Diagnostic Criteria for Dissociative even “depressive neuroses.”
Identity Disorder
Beginning with the third edition of the
A. Disruption of identity characterized by two
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III),
or more distinct personality states, which
published by the American Psychiatric Association
may be described in some cultures as an
in 1980, these problems have been grouped under
experience of possession. The
disruption of marked discontinuity in the heading mood disorders because they are
sense of self and sense of agency, characterized by gross deviations in mood.
accompanied by related alterations in affect,
behavior, consciousness, memory, The fundamental experiences of depression and
perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor mania contribute, either singly or together, to all the
functioning. These signs and symptoms mood disorders.
may be observed by others or reported
by the individual Extra Notes:
➔ When a person has normal mood
◆ euthymic
B. Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday ➔ elevated mood
events, important personal information, ◆ possible mania/euphoria
and/or traumatic events that are ➔ low mood
inconsistent with ordinary forgetting ◆ depression/dysphoria
➔ Hedonism
◆ someone who seeks pleasure
C. The symptoms cause clinically significant ◆ associated to having lavish material
things or lifestyle
occupational or other important areas of
functioning
Anhedonia
- (loss of energy and inability to engage in
pleasurable activities or have any “fun”)
D. The disturbance is not a normal part of a
is more characteristic of severe episodes of
broadly accepted cultural or religious
practice. depression than are, for example, reports of
- Note: In children, the symptoms are sadness or distress (Pizzagalli, 2014).
not attributable to imaginary
playmates or other fantasy play. - This anhedonia reflects that these episodes
represent a state of low positive affect and
not just high negative affect.

does not contribute to the definition of
Mania several mood disorders.
- individuals find extreme pleasure in every
activity Extra Notes:
➔ milder form of mania
- some patients compare their daily ➔ hypomania is a criteria in other forms of
experience of mania with a continuous bipolar disorders
sexual orgasm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
- They become extraordinarily active Types of Mood Disorders
(hyperactive), require little sleep, and
may develop grandiose plans, believing 1. Depressive (Unipolar)
they can accomplish anything they desire. a.) Major Depressive Disorder
● Symptoms of major depressive
- DSM-5 highlights this feature by adding disorder:
criteria “persistently increased ● Begin suddenly, often triggered by
goal-directed activity or energy”. a crisis, change, or loss
● Are extremely severe, interfering
- Speech is typically rapid and may become with normal functioning
incoherent, because the individual is ● Can be long term, lasting months
attempting to express so many exciting or years if untreated
ideas at once; this feature is typically ● Some people have only one
referred to as flight of ideas. episode but the pattern usually
involves repeated episodes or
- DSM-5 criteria for a manic episode require lasting symptoms.
a duration of only 1 week, less if the
episode is severe enough to require b.) Persistent Depressive Disorder
hospitalization. (Dysthymia)
- Long-term unchanging symptoms
of mild depression, sometimes
- Irritability is often part of a manic episode,
lasting 20 to 30 years if untreated.
usually near the end.
- Daily functioning is not as severely
affected, but over time impairment
- Paradoxically, being anxious or depressed
is cumulative.
is also commonly part of mania.
Extra Note:
Hypomania
➔ long term and chronic (continuous)
- DSM-5 also defines a hypomanic episode, a
less severe version of a manic episode
that does not cause marked impairment
c.) Double Depression
in social occupational functioning and need
- Alternating periods of major
last only 4 days rather than a full week.
depression and dysthymia.
- (Hypo means “below”; thus the episode is

below the level of a manic episode.)
2. Bipolar
People who have a bipolar disorder live on an
- A hypomanic episode is not in itself
unending emotional roller coaster.
necessarily problematic, but its presence

◆ loss of interest and motivation
Types of Bipolar Disorders
a.) Bipolar I: major depression and full ➔ Anhedonia is a symptom of depression
mania
b.) Bipolar II: major depression and mild Table 7.1: Criteria for Major Depressive Episode
mania A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms
c.) Cyclothymia: mild depression with mild have been present during the same 2-week
mania, chronic and long term. period and represent a change from
previous functioning; at least one of the
Extra Note: symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or
➔ Cyclothymia: (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
◆ rarely diagnose disorder
◆ mild which may last Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly
chronically and long term due to a general medical condition or
mood-incongruent delusions or hallucinations.
During the Depressive Phase, the person may:
● Lose all interest in pleasurable activities and 1. Depressed mood most of the day,
friends nearly every day, as indicated by
● Feel worthless, helpless, and hopeless either subjective report (e.g.., feels
● Have trouble concentrating sad or empty) or observation made
● Lose or gain weight without trying by others (e.g., appears tearful).
● Have trouble sleeping or sleep more than - Note: in children and
usual adolescents can be irritable
● Feel tired all the time mood.
● Feel physical aches and pains that have no
medical cause 2. Markedly diminished interest or
● Think about death or attempt suicide pleasure in all, or almost all,
activities most of the day, nearly
During the Manic Phase, the person may: every day (as indicated by either
● Feel extreme pleasure and joy from every subjective account or observation
activity made by others) - or anhedonia
● Be extremely active, planning excessive
daily activities 3. Significant weight loss when not
● Sleep little without getting tired dieting or weight gain (e.g., a
● Develop grandiose plans leading to change of more than 5% of body
reckless behavior: unrestrained buying weight in a month), or decrease or
sprees, sexual indiscretions, foolish increase in appetite nearly every
business investments, etc. day.
● Have “racing thoughts” and talk on and on - Note: in children, consider
● Be easily irritated and distracted failure to make expected
weight gains.
—-----------------------------------------------------------------
Major Depressive Episode 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly
every day.
Extra Notes:
Anhedonia vs Depression 5. Psychomotor agitation or
➔ Depression retardation nearly every day
◆ combination of different behavior (observable by others, not merely
➔ Anhedonia

subjective feelings of restlessness or significant degree and represent a
being slowed down). noticeable change from usual behavior:
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly 1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

every day. 2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g.,
feels rested after only 3 hours of
7. Feelings of worthlessness or sleep)
excessive or inappropriate guilt 3. More talkative than usual or
(which may be delusional) nearly pressure to keep talking.
every day (not merely self-reproach 4. Flight of ideas or subjective
or guilt about being sick). experience that thoughts are racing
5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too
8. Diminished ability to think or easily drawn to unimportant or
concentrate, or indecisiveness, irrelevant external stimuli), as
nearly every day (either by reported or observed
subjective account or as observed 6. Increase in goal-directed activity
by others). (either socially, at work or school, or
sexually) or psychomotor agitation
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not (e.g., purposeless non-goal directed
just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal activity)
ideation without a specific plan, or a 7. Excessive involvement in activities
suicide attempt or a specific plan for that have a high potential for painful
committing suicide. consequences (e.g., engaging in
unrestrained buying sprees, sexual
B. The symptoms cause clinically indiscretions, or foolish business
significant distress or impairment in investments).
social, occupational, or other important
areas of functioning. C. The mood disturbance is sufficiently
severe to cause marked impairment in
C. The symptoms are not due to the direct social or occupational functioning or to
physiological effects of a substance necessitate hospitalization to prevent
(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a harm to self or others, or there are psychotic
general medical condition (e.g., features.
hypothyroidism).
—----------------------------------------------------------------- D. The episode is not attributable to the
Manic Episode physiological effects of a substance
Table 7.2: Criteria for Manic Episode (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, other
A. A distinct period of abnormally and treatment) or to another general medical
persistently elevated, expansive or irritable condition.
mood and abnormally and persistently
increased goal-directed activity or energy, Note: A full manic episode that emerges during
lasting at least 1 week and present most of antidepressant treatment (e.g., medication,
the day, nearly every day (or any duration electroconvulsive therapy) but persists at a fully
if hospitalization is necessary). syndromal level beyond the physiological effect of
that treatment is sufficient evidence of a manic
B. During the period of mood disturbance and episode and, therefore, a bipolar I diagnosis.
increased energy or activity, three (or more)
of the following symptoms (four if the mood —-----------------------------------------------------------------
is only irritable) are present to a

Major Depressive Disorder
Table 7.3: Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive
Disorder
A. At least one major depressive episode

(DSM-5 Table 7.2 Criteria A-C).
B. The occurrence of the major depressive

episode is not better explained by
schizoaffective disorder , schizophrenia,
schizophreniform disorder, delusional
disorder, or other specified and unspecified
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic
disorders.
C. There has never been a manic episode or

hypomanic episode.
- Note: This exclusion does not apply

if all of the manic-like or
hypomanic-like episodes are
substance-induced or are
attributable to the direct
physiological effects of another
medical condition.
Extra Notes:
Specify the clinical status and/or features of the
➔ In the image above, black flat line
current or most recent major depressive episode:
symbolizes normal mood
● Single episode or recurrent episode
➔ blue, represents depressed mood
● Mild, moderate, severe
➔ Since nasa baba lahat ng blue -> unipolar
● With anxious distress
mood/depression sila
● With mixed features
➔ Yung vertical line -> time (weeks, months,
● With melancholic features
or years)
● With atypical features
● With mood-congruent psychotic features
Some Examples:
● With mood-incongruent psychotic features
- panel a -> nonchronic major depressive
● With catatonia
disorder -> may times na walang depression
● With peripartum onset - symptoms that
- panel b & d -> chronic depression
begin during pregnancy or within four weeks
- panel b -> dysthymia na walang
of delivery
● With seasonal pattern (recurrent episode halong depression
only) - panel d -> chronic siya dahil
● In partial remission, in full remission naka-isang episode pero
nagtuloy-tuloy
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

drug of abuse, a medication) or another
Extra Note: medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism)
➔ Chronic type na mild depression pero may
have severity H. The symptoms cause clinically significant
Table 7.4: Diagnostic Criteria for Persistent occupational, or other important areas of
Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) functioning.
A. Depressed mood for most of the day, for Specify if:

more days than not, as indicated by either ● Current severity: Mild, moderate, severe
subjective account or observation by others, ● With anxious distress
for at least 2 years ● With mixed features
● With melancholic features
- Note: In children and adolescents, ● With atypical features
mood can be irritable and duration ● With mood-congruent psychotic features
must be at least 1 year. ● With mood-incongruent psychotic features
● With peripartum onset
B. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) ● Early onset: If onset is before age 21 years
of the following: ● Late onset: If onset is at age 21 years or
1. Poor appetite or overeating older
2. Insomnia or hypersomnia ● Specify (for most recent 2 years of
3. Low energy or fatigue dysthymic disorder)
4. Low self-esteem ● With pure dysthymic syndrome if full
5. Poor concentration or difficulty criteria for a major depressive episode
making decisions have been met throughout the preceding
6. Feelings of hopelessness 2-year period.
C. During the 2-year old period (1 year for ● With intermittent major depressive
children or adolescents) of the disturbance, episodes, with current episode, if full criteria
the person has never been without the for a major depressive episode are currently
symptoms in criteria A and B for more than met, but there have been periods of at least
2 months at a time. 8 weeks in at least the preceding 2 years
with symptoms below the threshold for a full
D. Criteria for major depressive disorder may major depressive episode.
be continuously present for 2 years.
● With intermittent major depressive
E. There has never been a manic episode or episodes, without current episode if full
a hypomanic episode, and criteria have criteria for a major depressive episode are
never been met for cyclothymic disorder. not currently met, but there has been one or
more major depressive episodes in at least
F. The disturbance is not better explained by a the preceding 2 years in full remission, in
persistent schizoaffective disorder, partial remission.
schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or other —-----------------------------------------------------------------
specified or unspecified schizophrenia
spectrum and other psychotic disorder.
G. The symptoms are not attributable to the

physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a

Grief - Feelings of sadness and longing tend to be
in the background but still present
TABLE 7.2: Normal and Complicated Grief - Thoughts and memories of the deceased
person accessible and bittersweet but no
Common symptoms of acute grief that are within longer dominate the mind
normal limits within the first 6-12 months after: - Occasional hallucinatory experiences of the
deceased may occur
- Recurrent, strong feelings of yearning, - Surges of grief in response to calendar days
wanting very much to be reunited with or other periodic reminders of the loss may
the person who died; possibly even a wish occur
to die In order to be with deceased loved
one Complicated grief
- Persistent intense symptoms of acute grief
- Pangs of deep sadness or remorse, - The presence of thoughts, feelings, or
episodes of crying or sobbing, typically behaviors reflecting excessive or
interspersed with periods of respite and distracting concerns about the
even positive emotions circumstances or consequences of the
death
- Steady stream of thoughts or images of —-----------------------------------------------------------------
deceased, may be vivid or even entail
hallucinatory experiences of seeing or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
hearing deceased person
Table 7.5 Diagnostic Criteria for Premenstrual
- Struggle to accept the reality of the Dysphoric Disorder
death, wishing to protest against it; there
may be some feelings of bitterness or anger A. In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least
about the death five symptoms must be present in the final
week before the onset of menses, start to
- Somatic distress, e.g., uncontrollable improve within a few days after the onset
sighing, digestive symptoms, loss of of menses, and become minimal or
appetite, dry mouth, feelings of hollowness, absent in the week postmenses.
sleep disturbance, fatigue, exhaustion or
weakness, restlessness, aimless activity, B. One (or more) of the following symptoms
difficulty initiating or maintaining organized must be present:
activities, and altered sensorium 1. Marked affective liability (e.g.,
mood swings, feeling suddenly sad
- Feeling disconnected from the world or or tearful, or increased sensitivity to
other people, indifferent, not interested, or rejection).
irritable with others 2. Marked irritability or anger or
increased interpersonal conflicts.
3. Marked depressed mood, feelings
Symptoms of integrated grief that are within of hopelessness, or self-depreciating
normal limits: thoughts.
- Sense of having adjusted to the loss 4. Marked anxiety, tension, and/or
- Interest and sense of purpose, ability to feelings of being keyed up or on
function, and capacity for joy and edge.
satisfaction are restored
- Feelings of emotional loneliness may persist C. One (or more) of the following symptoms
must additionally be present, to reach a

total of five symptoms when combined another medical condition (e.g.,
with symptoms from Criterion B above: hypothyroidism).
1. Decreased interest in usual activities --------------------------------------------------------------------
(e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies). Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
2. Subjective difficulty in concentration.
3. Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked Table 7.5 Diagnostic Criteria for Disruptive Mood
lack of energy. Dysregulation Disorder
4. Marked change in appetite;
overeating or specific food cravings. A. Severe recurrent temper outburst
5. Hypersomnia or insomnia. manifested verbally (e.g., verbal rages)
6. A sense of being overwhelmed or and/or behaviorally (e.g., physical
out of control. aggression toward people or property) that
7. Physical symptoms such as breast are grossly out of proportion in intensity or
tenderness or swelling, joint or duration to the situation or provocation.
muscle pain, a sensation of
“bloating” or weight gain. B. The temper outbursts are inconsistent
with developmental level.
Note: The symptoms in Criteria A-C must have
been met for most menstrual cycles that occurred C. The temper outbursts occur, on average,
in the preceding year. three or more times per week.
D. The symptoms are associated with D. The mood between temper outbursts is
clinically significant distress or persistently irritable or angry most of the
interference with work, school, usual day, nearly every day, and is observable by
social activities, or relationships with others (e.g.) parents, teachers, peers).
others (e.g., avoidance of social activities,
decreased productivity and efficiency at E. Criteria A-D have been present for 12 or
work, school, or home). more months. Throughout that time, the
individual has not had a period lasting 3 or
E. The disturbance is not merely an more consecutive months without all of the
exacerbation of the symptoms of another symptoms in Criteria A-D.
disorder, such as major depressive
disorder, panic disorder, persistent F. Criteria A and D are present in at least two
depressive disorder (dysthymia), or a or three settings (i.e., at home, at school,
personality disorder (although it may with peers) and are severe in at least one of
co-occur with any of these disorders). these.
F. Criterion A should be confirmed by G. The diagnosis should not be made for the
prospective daily ratings during at least two first time before age 6 years or after age
symptomatic cycles. 18 years.
Note: The diagnosis may be confirmed by H. By history or observation, the age at onset
prospective daily ratings during at least two of Criteria A-E is before 10 years.
symptomatic cycles.
I. There has never been a distinct period
G. The symptoms are not attributable to the lasting more than 1 day during which the
physiological effects of a substance full symptom criteria, except duration, for a
(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or manic or hypomanic episode have been
met.

D. The symptoms in criterion A are not better
Note: Developmentally appropriate mood elevation, explained by schizoaffective disorder,
such as occurs in the context of a highly positive schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder,
event or its anticipation, should not be considered delusional disorder or other specified or
as a symptom of mania or hypomania. unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and
other psychotic disorder.
J. The behaviors do not occur exclusively
during an episode of major depressive E. The symptoms are not attributable to the
disorder and are not better explained by physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a
another mental disorder (e.g. autism drug of abuse, a medication) or another
spectrum disorder, post-traumatic stress medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).
disorder (e.g., autism spectrum disorder,
post-traumatic stress disorder, separation F. The symptoms cause clinically significant
anxiety disorder, persistent depressive distress or impairment in social
disorder [dysthymia]). occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
K. The symptoms are not attributable to the
physiological effects of a substance or to Specify if:
another medical or neurological condition. With anxious distress
-------------------------------------------------------------------- —-----------------------------------------------------------------
Bipolar II Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
Table 7.8: Diagnostic Criteria for Bipolar II Disorder
Table 7.7: Diagnostic Criteria for Cyclothymic
Disorder A. Criteria have been met for at least one
hypomanic episode and at least one
Extra Note: major depressive episode. Criteria for a
➔ combination of mild depression and mild hypomanic episode are identical to those for
mania which is chronic and long term a manic episode (see DSM-5 Table 7.2),
with the following distinctions:
A. For at least 2 years (at least 1 year in 1) Minimum duration is 4 days;
children and adolescents) there have been
numerous periods with hypomanic 2) Although the episode represents
symptoms that do not meet criteria for a a definite change in functioning, it is
hypomanic episode and numerous periods not severe enough to cause marked
with depressive symptoms that do not meet social or occupational impairment or
criteria for a major depressive episode. hospitalization;
B. During the above 2-year period (1 year in 3) There are no psychotic features.
children and adolescents), the hypomanic
and depressive periods have been present B. There has never been a manic episode.
for at least half of the time and the individual
has not been without the symptoms for C. The occurrence of the hypomanic
more than 2 months at a time. episode(s) and major depressive episode(s)
is not better explained by schizoaffective
C. Criteria for a major depressive, manic, or disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform
hypomanic episode have never been met. disorder, delusional disorder or other

specified or unspecified schizophrenia
spectrum and other psychotic disorder.
D. The symptoms of depression or the

unpredictability caused by frequent
alternation between periods of depression
and hypomania causes clinically significant
distress or impairment in social
occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
Specify current or most recent episode:

● Hypomanic: If currently (or most recently)
in a hypomanic episode
● Depressed: if currently (or most recently)
in a major depressive episode
Specify if:
● With anxious distress
● With mixed features
● With rapid cycling
● With mood-congruent psychotic features
● With mood-incongruent psychotic features
● With catatonia
● With peripartum onset
● With seasonal pattern
Specify course if full criteria for a mood episode are

Integrative Model for Mood Disorders
not currently met: In full remission, in partial
remission
Specify severity if full criteria for a mood episode

are currently met: Mild, moderate, severe

- Lithium is the preferred drug for bipolar
Exploring Mood Disorders disorder; side effects can be serious; and
dosage must be carefully regulated
● Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Helps depressed people:

- leam to replace negative
depressive thoughts and
attributions with more
positive one’s
- develop more effective
coping behaviors and skills
Extra Note:
➔ Not that much advisable since it has
negative effect (may cause memory
loss, or memory loss functions)
● Interpersonal Psychotherapy
- Helps depressed people:
- focus on the social and
interpersonal triggers for their
depression (such as the loss
-------------------------------------------------------------------- of a loved one)
Treatment of Mood Disorders - develop skills to resolve
interpersonal conflicts and
Treatment build new relationships
● Medication
- Antidepressants can help to control ● Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
symptoms and restore - For severe depression, ECT is used
neurotransmitter functioning. when other treatments have been
Extra Note: ineffective.
➔ recommended to go to a psychiatrist for - It usually has temporary side effects,
proper medical treatment such as memory loss and lethargy.
- In some patients, certain intellectual
Common types of antidepressants: and/or memory functions may be
- Tricyclics (Tofranil, Elavil) permanently lost.
- Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO ● Light Therapy

inhibitors): (Nardil, Parmate); MAO inhibitors - For seasonal affective disorder
can have severe side effects, especially
when combined with certain foods or --------------------------------------------------------------------
over-the-counter medications Suicide
- Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors or Past Conceptions

SSRls (Prozac, Zoloft) are newer and cause - The great sociologist Emile Durkeim (1951)
fewer side effects than tricyclics or MAO defined a number of suicide types, based
inhibitors on the social and cultural conditions in
which they occurred.

- Durkheim’s work was important in alerting than outward to the person or situation
us to the social contribution of suicide. causing the anger.
- Indeed, suicide victims often seem to be
Suicide Types: psychologically “punishing” others who
a. Altruistic Suicide: may have been rejected them or caused
- One type is “formalized” suicides that were some other personal hurt.
approved of, such as the ancient custom of
hara-kiri in Japan
- in which an individual who brought

dishonor to himself or his family was
expected to impale himself on a sword.
Durkeim referred to this as altruistic suicide.
b. Egoistic Suicide:
- Durkheim also recognized the loss of
social supports as an important
provocation for suicide;
- he called this egoistic suicide.
- (Older adults who kill themselves after
losing touch with their friends or family fit
into this category).
- A recent study found that suicide attempters
perceived themselves to have lower social
support than did non-attempters
(Rihikami, Vuorilehto, Melartin, Haukka, &
Isometsa, 2013).
c. Anomic Suicide
- Anomic suicides are the result of marked
disruptions, such as the sudden loss of a
high-prestige job. (Anomie is feeling lost
and confused.)
d. Fatalistic Suicide
- Finally, fatalistic suicides result from a loss
of control over one’s own destiny.
- The mass suicide of 39 Heaven’s Gate cult
members in 1997 is an example of this type
because the lives of those people were
largely in the hands of Marshall
Applewhite, a supreme and charismatic
leader.
Sigmund Freud (1917/1957)

- believed that suicide (and depression, to
some extent) indicated unconcious
hostility directed inward to the self rather

ABPSY - PRELIM Lecture (2022-23)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ABPSY - PRELIM Lecture (2022-23)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ABPSY - PRELIM Lecture (2022-23)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 1 (Part 1): Abnormal Behavior in - But remember, by itself this criterion does

Historical Context not define problematic abnormal behavior.

Psychological Disorder - For some disorders, by definition, suffering

➔ Breakdown in Cognitive Functioning Extra Notes:

➔ Breakdown in Behavioral Functioning - It uses psychodiagnosis: attempts to

2. Distress or Impairment Psychopathology

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

- Mental health practitioners may function as Common Clinical Terms:

Clinical Description Treatment

- "Presents" is a traditional shorthand way of - If a new drug or psychosocial treatment is

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

Supernatural Model The Biological Tradition

- These agents—which might be divinities, Biological treatments typically emphasize physical

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning 400 B.C.

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

1904 One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models

Timeline of Significant Events - A system, or feedback loop, may have

1987 - This perspective on causality is systemic,

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

4. Social Influences Epigenetics and the Nongenomic “Inheritance” of

- The central nervous system

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

- The physiology and purpose of fear

Emotions have a direct and dramatic impact on

Mood, a persistent period of emotionality, is often

Emotion has three important and overlapping

Reference: Divisions of the nervous system.

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

With the increasing sophistication of our scientific

➔ Voodoo - sorcery and spirit possession

—----------------------------------------------------------------- Genetic Attachment Domestic

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

Procedures in Clinical Assessment - Mental status exams can be structured and

These procedures include: The exam covers five categories:

- In essence, the mental status exam involves Behavioral assessment

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

● Categorical and Dimensional Approaches 4. Flight of ldeas

● Diagnosis before 1980 Extra Note:

Extra Note: 8. Thought Blocking

2.Clang Associations Reference: Sadock, B., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

Extra Note: Purposely maintaining

6.Somatic delusion Excitement frantic , stereotyped or

Echolalia Senseless repetition of

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

➔ Posturing Types of Hallucinations:

➔ Excitement 5. Olfactory Hallucination

➔ Echopraxia 7. Tactile Hallucination

➔ Catalepsy ➔ common to the substance related,

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

2. Inappropriate Affect - a state in which a person is easily annoyed

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

The plan for testing ● Studying Behavior over Time

This reviewer is NOT FOR SALE.

- Related to fear is a panic attack, which we Extra Note:

- In humans, it can be a subjective sense of 2 Types: