ics«

2009
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Volume-l
Electronics
Electrical Power
Information Technology
Engineering Physics

Organized by
Ministry of Science and Technology

DECEMBER 4-5, 2009

SEDONA HOTEL, YANGON, MYANMAR
ELECTRICAL POWER
ENGINEERING
 Power System Fault Analysis of Myanma Electric
Power System by MATLAB
Han Su Yin
Department a/Electrical Power Engineering,
Pyay Technological University, Bago Division,
Myanmar
h syin . y tu @gma il . c om

Abstract- This paper presents the maximum fault currents for For that reason, power system fault analysis is a vital
each system voltage level during balanced and unbalanced faults importance in power system protection. It consists of
(symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults) at various locations in determining line currents and bus voltages during
the national grid system. Myanma Electric Power Enterprise's
symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault conditions. Symmetrical
(MEPE's) power system adopts the solidly grounded system, in
which it is expected that ground fault currents increase as the three phase fault currents are performed to define the rated
power system grows large. Therefore, the appropriate breaking currents of circuit breakers. Most of the faults that
countermeasures are prepared for the anticipated future occur on power system are unsymmetrical, which include
problems in the power system To solve this problem, fault single line-to-ground fault, line-to-line fault, and double line-
currents, bus voltages and line currents are calculated by using to-ground fault Among them, ground faults are the most
MAT LAB and required impedances data are collected from
frequently occurring form of faults in power system including
MEPE. The results obtained from fault calculations serve to
determine relay settings and coordination, power system transmission and distribution lines. So, ground fault analysis
planning, stability and reliability of the power system operation. by MATLAB is required for all major buses in whole system
This research is intended to prevent and reduce system based on symmetrical impedances data such as positive
blackouts and also to improve protection schemes in present and sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence impedance.
future power system. The electromagnetic transient program (EMIP) has been used
to generate reliable fault data which can be used for
K eywords- maximum fault currents, system voltage,
evaluating fault location accuracy.
balanced and unbalanced faults, impedances data, protection
schemes
II. STUDY AREA
I. INTRODUCTION
This paper is concerned with a fault study on Myanma
electric power i~ g~nerated i~ the power plant and then
T HE
transmitted and distnbuted Via a large mterconnected
power system. The high voltage level is raised by the
Electric Power System which focuses on 84 buses system.
This system consists of 25 generators, 30 transmission lines
(230 kV), 28 transmission lines (132 kV), 17 transmission
transformer before the power is transmitted in order to reduce lines (66 kV), and 9 transmission lines (33 kV).
power transmission losses. The pivotal objective of all the The generating power stations are Lawpita, Hlawga,
power systems is to maintain a continuous power supply. Thaketa, Shwedaung, Thaton, Paunglaung, Shweli, Tikyit,
However, lightening or other accidental events, which is Kinda, BHP (I), Mane, Mann, Kyunchaung, Sedawgyi,
called a fault, can occur on the power system. In that case, Kenglaung, Myanaung, Zawgyi (I), Zawgyi (2), Zaungtu,
there can be severe damage to the equipments due to the fault Ahlone, Mawlamyaing, Ywama, Kapaung, Yenwe and
currents which are usually larger than normal operating Thapanseik
currents. This leads to long-term power loss. In order to Transmission lines (230 kV) are Taungoo, Tharyargone,
prevent such disturbances, it is necessary to disconnect the Kamanet, Myaungtagar, Taungdwingyi, Thephyu, Pyinmana,
faulty part from the healthy remaining power system by the Naypyitaw, Paunglaung, Hlaingtharyar, Baynitnaung, Athoke,
protective relaying system as soon as possible. If the fault is Shweli, Mansan, Shwemyo, Tharzi, Shwesaryan, Belin,
cleared in the power system, the relay system attempts to Meiktila and Steelmill, and three winding transformers (230
connect the remaining power system and so the lines can kV) Taungdwingyi, Thazi, Bayintnaung, Tharyargone,
work normally. That is why, the result of fault calculation is Hlawga, Thakela, Shwedaung, Lawpila, Thaton and
very important to determine circuit breakers capacity and Shwesaryan.
protective relays performance. As a result, the optimum Transmission lines (132 kV) are Lawpita, Tigyit, Kalaw,
protective relaying system avoids relay operations as well as Kinda, Yinmarbin, BHP (I), Chauk, Tanyaung, Magwe,
reduces losses and discontinuity in power supply. Mane, Naungbingyi, Monywa, Sedawgyi, Letpanhla,

160
Ngapyawding, Kyaukpahtoe, Mandalay, Aungpinle, Inngon, (I) Put in positive sequence and negative sequence data
Myanchan, Kengtong, Nansam, Pinpet and Pyinoolwin, and for generator, transfonner and transmission lines
three winding transformers (132 kV) are Kalaw, (2) Insert zero sequence data for generator, transformer
Ngapyawdine, Kyunchaung and Kamamat and transmission lines
Transmission lines (66 kV) are Thaketa, Shwedaung, (3) Input Zf data into the progam
Thaton, Kyunchaung, Pyay, Myanaung, Aungthabye, Zawgyi (4) Insert bus number
(I), Zawgyi (2), Zaungtu, Thida, Sinmalike, Pa-an and (5) Calculate fault current, bus voltages and line currents
Seinpamyaing, and three winding transformer (66 kV) are for three phase fault
Karnamet, Ahlone and Ywarna. (6) Type in "yes" for another fault location
Transmission lines (33 kV) are Hlawga, Mann, Ahlone, (7) Slot the another bus number and calculate fault
Mawlamying, Ywama, Kapaung, Yenwe, Thapanseik and current, line currents, bus voltages and then keep on
Kantbalu, computing until bus number 84
(8) Repeat the above strategy to work out single line-to-
III METHODOLOGY ground fault, line-to-line fault and double line-to-ground fault
(9) Illustrate the output curves for four types of fault in
This paper addresses fault calculation with the following each different voltage level
assumptions. (10) Find out the maximum fault current among 84 buses
(I) In the fault analysis of a large power system usually the for each voltage leveL
negative-sequence network impedances are assumed to be
identical to the positive-sequence values. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(2) The impedances to positive and negative-sequence
currents, ZI and Z2, are equal in any static circuit and may be The results are calculated for two fault impedances; Zf ~
considered approximately equal in synchronous machines and o and Zf ~ jO.I. For Zf ~ 0, or Zf ~ jO.1 , the maximum fault
subtransient conditions. current in 230kV bus is Pyinmana, the maximum fault current
(3) Zero-sequence impedance has slight difference to in 132 kV bus is Tigyit, the maximum fault current in 66kV is
leakage reactance. When the difference is ignored, it has the Thaketa, the maximum fault current in 33kV is Hlawga. The
same value as the positive-sequence value. data mention that Zf ~ 0 generates larger fault current than Zf
(4) All voltages sources assume a one per unit magnitude ~ jO.l. Fig. I shows fault currents for 84 buses due to three
and zero relative phase, which is equivalent to neglecting the phase fault, single line-to-ground fault, line-to-line fault and
prefault load current contribution. doulble line to ground fault with Zf ~ O. Fig. 2 represents all
(5) All shunt capacitances and loads are neglected. types of fault currents with Zf ~ jO.l. Fig. 3 illustrates fault
(6) Neglect the mutual coupling effects. currents for 230 kV lines with Zf ~ O. Fig. 4 establishes fault
In this paper, per unit quantities are used throughout fault currents for 132 kV lines with Zf ~ O. Fig. 5 illustrates fault
current calculation by MATLAB program. A fault represents currents for 66 kV lines with Zf ~ O. Fig. 6 demonstrates fault
currents for 33 kV lines with Zf ~ O. Fig. 7,8,9 & 10 show
a structural network which is caused by the additional
faults currents for each voltage level with Zf ~ jO.l.
impedance at the place of fault If the fault impedance is zero,
The fault calculation resulted by MATLAB provides the
the fault is referred to as the bolted fault or solid fault The
maximum fault current for each voltage level as shown in
results are calculated for bolted fault, Zf ~ 0, and are
Table I.
considered fault impedance, Zf ~ jO.l. The Electromagnetic
For 230 kV lines, bus number II is the maximum fault
Transient Program (EMIP) has been used to generate reliable current for three phase fault and line-to-line fault but the
fault data used for evaluation of fault location accuracy. The maximum fault current for single line-to-ground fault and
function sgmfaultm is executed using four MATLAB double line-to-ground fault is bus number 18. For 132 kV
functions, zbuild.m, lgfault.m, llfaultm and dlgfault.m. lines, bus number 26 is the maximum fault current for three
Zbus-zbuildrzdata) is developed for the formation of the phase fault and line-to-line fault but the maximun fault current
bus impedance matrix. A program symfault(zdata, bus,V) for single line-to-ground fault and double line-to-ground fault
is developed for systematic computation of three phase is bus num ber 1.
balanced faults for a large interconnected power system. For 66 kV lines, bus number 6 is the maximum fault
These functions named lgfauluzdatau, zbusO, zdatal, Zbusl, current for three phase fault, single line-to-ground fault, line-
zdata2, Zbus2,V), llfault(zdatal, Zbusl, zdata2, Zbus2,V) to-line fault and double line-to-ground fault. For 33 kV lines,
and dlgfault(zdataO, ZbusO,zdatal, Zbusl, zdata2, Zbus2,V) bus number 5 is the maximum fault current for three phase
are developed for the line-to-ground, line-to-line, and fault, single line-to-ground fault, line-to-line fault and double
double line-to-ground fault studies. line-to-ground fault. These results for maximum fault current
The following experimental procedures are performed to corresponding to the bus number is identical for Zf ~ 0 and Zf
~ ju.l .
compute the fault currents, line currents and bus voltages.

161
 TABLEr . .... . n.' ,
:MAXIMUMFAULTS CURRENT FOR EACH VOLTAGE LEVEL

V~
Fault
Current Sub Station
Fault Tvoe (n.u
Z, 0 Z,
iO.1
Fig 2 F ault Current vs Bus number of Three Phase, Single Line-to-
230kV Ground fault, Line-to-Line F ault and Double Line-to-Ground F ault with
Three Phase Fault 24.8243 7.1333 Pvinmana 2, =]0 1 for 230 kV, 132 kV,66 kV and 33 kV
Single Line-to-Ground 25.1585 7.1567 Shweli
Line-to-Line 21.4985 9.6002 Pyinmana
Double Line-to-Ground
132kV
Three Phase Fault
26.4489

19.5708
4.2052

6.6395
Shweli

Tikyit
/ . ..:.:,.\'1'. \, D;;;l
• • • •. ... .'
.
\' ~=..

Single Line-to-Ground 17.2583 6.3382 Lawpita

Line-to-Line 16.9488 8.5969 Tikyit
Fig. 3 F ault Current VS. Bus Number of Three Phase Fault, Line-to-Line Fault
Double Line-to-Ground 16.1128 3.8175 Lawpita and Double Line-to-Line Ground Fault with 2, = 0 fcc 230 kV
66kV
Three Phase Fault
Single Line-to-Ground
19.7755
19.0627
6.6434
6.5608
Thaketa
Thaketa
... ....-- ... ... ". "
" , ~

Line-to-Line 17.1261 8.6141 Thaketa

,- " ; .
Double Line-to-Ground
33kV
18.3993 3.9322 Thaketa
: -, ,'0\..\ .", j :lV .i\ .. es ,\
...... • > • "
Three Phase Fault 17.4619 6.3597 Hlawga
Single Line-to-Ground 18.7368 6.5209 Hlawga Fig. 4 F ault Current VS. Bus Number of Three Phase Fault, Line-to-Line Fault
Line-to-Line 15.1225 8.0750 Hlawga and Double Line-to-Line Ground Fault with Z, = 0 fcc 132 kV

Double Line-to-Ground 20.2118 4.0086 Hlawga

, ••" .I .. "~ • • ,, • • .00" ....."

V. CONC LUSION :-
Fault current data of major points in power system from
:-,
this paper is most important for determining the optimum
relay setting values, selecting the appropriate relaying
-
scheme, analyzing the relay operation behavior and protecting
the electric equipments from the faults. As various power
system information and related data are accumulated, data Fig. 5 F ault Current VS. Bus Number of Three Phase Fault, Line-to-Line Fault
shall be used more efficiently in the power system for stable and Double Line-to-Line Grcund Fault with Z, = 0 fcc 66 kV
and reliable operation. The result of present and future power
system studies prevent and reduce system blackouts. The .....,_'._....h._"..
provision of proper power system operation and protection
schemes should go abreast of the power system construction
to ensure to provide stable and continuous power system as
well as safety and reliability in power system.

". ..11",...1, . .. ~ .'h b~ "

'- -
Fig. 6 Fault Current VS. Bus Number of Three Phase Fault, Line-to-Line Fault
and Double Line-to-Line Ground Fault with Z, = 0 fcc 33 kV

. . .. " ..ROO ' ,_ n ..

- . .. , .. ,.":/ -.:::.
V '..:;
, ['~I
- ~

Fig. 1 Fault Current VS. Bus number of Three Phase, Single Line-to-
Ground fault, Line-to-Line Fault and Double Line-to-Ground Fault with Fig. 7 Fault Current VS. Bus Number of Three Phase Fault, Line-to-Line Fault
2, = 0 foc 230 kV,13 2 kV,66 kV and 33 kV and Double Line-to-Line Ground Fault with 2, = ju. 1 fcc 230 kV

162
 •••"., _ " ... ~ ".h _ J'" ,_, " . ,
The authorwould like to express her heartfelt gratitude to
Dr. Ko Ko 00, Director General, Department of Atomic
Energy and Department of Advanced Science and
Technology , Naypyitaw and Dr. Theigi, Director General,
Department of Technical and Vocational Education, Yangon,
for their kind permission, support, and suggestions.
Fig. 8 Fault Current vs. Bus Nurrber of Three Ph ase Fault, Line-to-Line Fault The author is deeply grateful and respectful thanks to Dr.
and Double Line-to-Line Ground Fault with Zt = JO 1 for 132 kV Aung Kyaw Myat, Rector ofPyay Technological University,
Pyay, Bago Division, for giving enthusiasm, encouragement
and generous support. The author would like to express her
F."I! ",•• h·.. . . ·"b ZrojO.1f•• 0lJ ~ \
respectful gratitude to Dr. Htun Naing, Chief Engineer and
Deputy Director General, Ministry of Electric Power (2),
Naypyitaw, kindly for his permission, support and advice.
,
, - (J < , The author would also like to offer her heartfelt thanks to Dr.
' r:c::!
-, ~. '''-''/ \d--
Khin Aye Win, retired professor, Electrical Power
G Engineering Deparbnent, for her encouragement, support, and
helpful guidance. The author is greatly indebted to Daw Hnin
Hnin Aye Han, Executive Engineer, Ministry of Electric
Power (2), Yangon, for her valuable guidance, advice, and
Fig 9 F ault Current vs. Bus Nurrber of Three Ph ase Fault, Line-to-Line suggestions throughout the research, for her essential
Fault and Dcuble Line-to-Line Grcund Fau lt with Z, = JO 1 fcc 66 kV suggestions that are vitally important for this research. The
author is also sincerely thankful to U Than Zaw Htwe,
Lecturer, Pyay Technological University, Bago Division, for
his willingness to share ideas, creativity, valuable suggestion
in the preparation of this research. The author especially
- appreciates her colleagues who have assisted directly and

\l~j~'
,,
indirectly throughout the research. Last but not least, the
author would like to express her profound deepest gratitude to
, her parents for their sacrifices, moral support, and
encouragementthroughouther entire life.

REFERENCES
Fig 10 F au lt Current vs. Bu s Number of Thre e Phase Fau lt Line-to-Line
Fault and Dcu ble Lin e-to-Lin e Grcund Fau lt with Z, = JO 1 fcc 33 kV [1] Haadat, Hadi 1990 Power System Analysis. International
Editions. Singapore McGraw-Hill Corrpanies, Inc. pp. 3534 42
[2] Grainger, JOOn J , stevensco, W illion D. Power System Analysis
A pPENDIX 1994. International Editions. Sin gapcre. pp 380-527
[3] Arrillaga. J . Arnold C P 1994. Cemputer Analysis of P ower
The national grid of Myanma Electric Power System System En gland. JOOn and Wiley Sons. pp. 135-154
[4] DasJ C. 2002. Power Syst em Analysis. Short-Circuit Load Flow
IS shown in appendix A, and flowchart of the :MATLAB
and Harmon ics. N ev-r York. Marcel Dekker In c. pp. 16-343
program"sgmfaultm" is shown in appendix B. [5] Zhu, Jun 2004. Analysis of Transmissi m System Faults in the pha se
Demain M E . Thesis. Electrical Engineering . Texas A&M University
ACKNOVlLEDG:MENT IEEE Transaction s of Power Systmes pp.5- 15
[6] Kezunovic', M Ri lalo, Igor, Sobajic', D.J7 Febru ary 1995, High
Speed Fault Detection and Classifica tion with Neural Net s
First of all, the author would like to express her
Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University
sincere appreciation to His Excellency U Thaung, Minister, College Stati m, TX 77 843-3128, USA Elediric P ower Research
Ministry of Science and Technology, his invaluable In stitude. 3412 Hillv iew AVEnu e, P alo Alto. CA 94304- 1395. USA
permission of a chance to do this research. Electric Pow er System Research 34. pp. 109-11 6

163
 APPENDIX A

- -- - -

T-h~~-

-
- '-
- --

Fig. 11 Tho N!tic."l G, id of My""... Eloctfic Pow" Syttern

''''
 APP END DC B

D, fin, F ~ u l t r,o '

I PHd ~nd p" nl I

m
l osl Titl, PH d> STOP I

PH d bus b "
1'°
d ~t~ ~nd <, I CUl M' b u,
~ drn ltt ~ n c< , ~ n d Inj, ct, d curr, nt ,

P"d b ro nch d , t ~ ~ n d c , l c ul ~t , bro nch

~ d m , tt , n c< > ~ n d b us shu nt , dm,tt,n " ,

for lin" ~nd tn n s forrn, ,,

6 , n" ,t , t h, h cto ri" d

i ,., p , d ~m , rnMr; '

I C~lcul ,t, p r <f~ult , o lt~~« I

I P , ~df~ultco od,ti o", ~ od
print opb on>for , ,, h f~ u l t I
m
-±-
Eod '

'0
I C~lcul ,t, th, f~ul t c u ",nt>
~o d D " n th u l t M VA
I
I C~lcul ot"hd~ul "o l '~c<' I
I Orti o o~lc ,l c u l atlonof b ronch I
cu rr m t ~ n d m ~ c h , o , cont" bub on,

Iloc" m, nthult
bu>b or ournb .. I
l ost 8u >bor' '0

V"
N, " h ult

Fig. 12 Fl owchartoft ho MATLAB p_ m "' gm&ult.m"

165