Irricad Help

IRRICAD
User Guide
Developed By
AEI Software
Lincoln Agritech Ltd

PO Box 69133
Lincoln
Christchurch 7640
Canterbury
New Zealand
Tel: (64) 3 325 3718

(64) 3 325 3723
Fax: (64) 3 325 3725
© AEI Software 2018. All Rights Reserved

® IRRICAD is a registered trademark of Lincoln Agritech Ltd
This manual was produced using ComponentOne Doc-To-Help.™
Contents
1 Overview & Installation 1
1.1 Important Information 3
1.1.1 Insurance for your IRRICAD 3
1.2 How to use the Manual 5
1.3 Installation 7
1.3.1 Before Installation 7
1.3.2 Software Installation 9
1.3.2.1 Language Versions 10
1.4 How to Use Help 11
1.4.1.1 HTML Help 11
1.5 Some Comments for New Users 14
2 User Manual 15
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 Glossary - Design Terminology 17
2.1.2 Nomenclature 18
2.2 Before Starting a Design 19
2.2.1 Setting Up Defaults 19
2.2.2 Loading and Setting Up Working Databases 19
2.2.3 Saving and Backing Up Designs 20
2.2.4 Using AutoCAD Colors 21
2.2.4.1 Mapping AutoCAD Colors 21
2.2.5 Usability Features 22
2.2.5.1 Mouse 22
2.2.5.2 Mouse Wheel 22
2.2.5.3 Mouse Settings 23
2.2.5.4 Grouping Items to Display – Using Layers 23
2.2.5.5 Placement Aids 24
2.2.5.6 How to Find Lengths and Distances 30
2.2.5.7 Speeding Up Copy Tools 30
2.2.5.8 Quick Tips 31
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  iii

2.3 The Design Process 32
2.3.1 The Basic Design Process 32
2.3.2 Details of the Design Process 33
2.3.2.1 Design Details 33
2.3.2.2 Background Information 34
2.3.2.3 Irrigation System Layout 35
2.3.2.4 Zone Design 36
2.3.2.5 Management 37
2.3.2.6 Mainline Design 40
2.3.2.7 Fitting Selection and System Costing 40
2.3.2.8 Printing and Plotting 41
2.4 Entering Information into IRRICAD 42
2.4.1 Entering a Scale Plan 42
2.4.1.1 Importing a DXF, VCD, DWG, GCD, SHP,
MIF, CSV or KML File 42
2.4.1.2 GIS Options 47
2.4.1.3 Importing Elevation Data 48
2.4.1.4 Calculating Contours From Spot Heights 49
2.4.1.5 Importing from Google Earth 50
2.4.1.6 Importing an Image 51
2.4.1.7 Using the Mouse and Keyboard 52
2.4.1.8 Summary 53
2.4.2 Entering Hydraulic Items 54
2.4.2.1 Item Selection 55
2.4.2.2 Connecting and Placing Hydraulic Items 56
2.4.2.3 Entering Items at Different Levels 58
2.4.2.4 Summary 61
2.4.3 Converting Drawing Items into Hydraulic Entities 61
2.4.3.1 Converting Lines and Points to Pipe and
Outlets 62
2.4.4 Making Changes to the Design or Drawing 63
2.4.4.1 Specifying Groups of Items to Change or
Delete 65
2.4.4.2 Selecting Specific Items – Filtering The
Selection 68
2.4.4.3 Changing Layers 70
2.4.4.4 Creating Staged Developments - Globally
Changing the Scope 71
2.4.4.5 Summary 72
2.4.5 Allowing For Elevation Changes 72
2.4.5.1 Getting Elevation Changes into IRRICAD 73
2.4.5.2 Elevations Along Pipes or Laterals (Uneven
Contours) 73
iv  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

2.4.5.3 Summary 74
2.4.6 Outlets & Risers (Outlet Connectors) 74
2.4.6.1 Arc Types and Nozzle Properties 76
2.4.6.2 Risers (Outlet Connectors) 78
2.4.6.3 Summary 79
2.4.7 Pipes & Pipe Sizing 79
2.4.7.1 Computer Sizing 79
2.4.7.2 Using Cut Pipe 80
2.4.7.3 Summary 82
2.4.8 Entering Control Valves 82
2.4.9 Using Misc. Hydraulic Items 83
2.4.10 Working with Uniformly Spaced Outlets on a Pipe84
2.4.11 Entering Driplines in a Design 86
2.4.12 Using Water Supplies 88
2.4.13 Using Pumps in Design 90
2.4.14 Working with Junctions 92
2.4.15 Defining Areas with Water Requirements 93
2.5 Helping with Design Layout 95
2.5.1 Analyzing Existing Systems 95
2.5.2 Aligning Arcs with Boundaries 97
2.5.2.1 Outlet and Wetted Radii Arc Orientation 98
2.5.3 Using Show Area Tool to Manually Subdivide a
Region 99
2.5.4 Blocks with Automatic Submains and Valve
Placements 100
2.5.4.1 Laterals Tab 101
2.5.4.2 Block Tab 102
2.5.4.3 Flushing Tab 108
2.5.4.4 Interaction with other Tools 109
2.5.4.5 Designing with Block Entities 110
2.5.5 Subdividing Block Entities 110
2.5.5.1 Combining Sub-Areas 112
2.5.5.2 Subdivision Tool Notes 113
2.5.6 How To Position Block Outlets Using Trees 114
2.5.7 How to Layout a Design with Blocks of Laterals
(without using Block Entities) 118
2.5.7.1 Block Properties 119
2.5.7.2 Connecting a Submain (Manifold) 119
2.5.7.3 Tools to Aid in Placing Laterals 120
2.5.7.4 Spray Block Tool 120
2.5.7.5 Tape Block Tool 122
2.5.7.6 Turf 123
2.5.7.7 Horticultural Systems 124
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  v

2.5.7.8 Summary 124
2.5.8 Laying Out Sports Fields or Other Solid Set
Systems 124
2.5.8.1 For rectangular field 125
2.5.8.2 For an oval field 125
2.5.8.3 For an irregularly shaped field: 126
2.5.8.4 Summary 127
2.5.9 Automatically Placing Sprinklers for Small Park or
Residential Design 127
2.5.10 Sprinklers in Odd-Shaped Areas 129
2.5.11 Using Mainline Outlets 129
2.5.11.1 Valve-In-Head Sprinkler Systems 130
2.5.11.2 Stock Water Systems 131
2.5.11.3 Simple Mainline Design - Using Demand
Points 132
2.5.11.4 Summary 132
2.5.12 Wheel Line (Side Roll) Systems 133
2.5.13 Travelling Irrigator Systems 134
2.5.13.1 Placing Each Item 134
2.5.13.2 Combining Hydraulic Properties 136
2.5.13.3 Using Demand Points 136
2.6 Management & Designing the System 137
2.6.1 Selecting a Management Practice 137
2.6.1.1 Assign Zones to System Flows Management137
2.6.1.2 Assign All Zones to One System Flow
Management 142
2.6.1.3 Assign Each Zone to A Unique System Flow
Management 142
2.6.1.4 Other Management Options 143
2.6.1.5 Default Run Times 144
2.6.2 Partial Management 144
2.6.3 Design 145
2.6.3.1 Nominal Pressures 146
2.6.3.2 Analyze (Existing Sizes) 146
2.6.3.3 Pipe Sizing - LP Design Option 147
2.6.3.4 Pipe Sizing - Velocity Design Option 148
2.6.3.5 Detailed Analysis 148
2.6.3.6 Summary 149
2.6.4 LP Design Limits 150
2.6.5 Flushing Calculations 151
2.6.5.1 Virtual Manifolds 151
2.6.5.2 Manifold Numbering 151
2.6.5.3 Manifold ID Keyword for Labeling Laterals 152
vi  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

2.6.5.4 How to Use Tape Irrigation Block Flushing
Calculations 152
2.6.5.5 Minimum PC Pressure Tape Database Field154
2.6.6 Calculation of Travel Times 154
2.6.7 Graphical Reporting Tools 155
2.6.7.1 Graphical Management Symbol 155
2.6.7.2 Graphical Flow or Pressure Maps and
Min/Max Pressure Indicators 156
2.6.7.3 Graphical Elevation Map 157
2.6.7.4 Graphical Hydraulic Gradeline 157
2.6.7.5 Mainline Gradelines 158
2.6.8 IRRICAD Selecting Fittings for the Design 160
2.6.8.1 Manually Adjusting Fittings 160
2.6.8.2 Changing and Fixing Many Fittings Errors in
One Go 162
2.7 Enhancing the Presentation of Plans 163
2.7.1 Placing Symbols on the Plan 163
2.7.1.1 Maintain Shape 163
2.7.1.2 Dynamically Size 163
2.7.2 Making the Database Symbols Larger for Large
Designs or Smaller for Small Designs 164
2.7.3 Using Hatches and Fills 165
2.7.4 Using Dimensions 165
2.7.4.1 Dimension Tab 166
2.7.4.2 Dimension Text Tab 171
2.7.4.3 How to use Linear, Angular, Radial, Diameter
and Ordinate Dimensions 175
2.7.4.4 Datum / Leader Settings 178
2.7.4.5 Using Leader and Datum Dimensions 180
2.7.5 Inserting OLE Data 181
2.7.5.1 OLE Example 182
2.7.6 Automatic Labeling 184
2.7.6.1 Maximum Label Length 186
2.7.6.2 Labels for Multiple Pipes 187
2.7.6.3 Block Labels 187
2.7.6.4 Using Label Sets 188
2.7.6.5 Label Operations 189
2.7.6.6 Database Editor Label Field 189
2.7.6.7 Use Crop Widths 189
2.7.6.8 Label Rounding & Roll Lengths 190
2.7.6.9 Label Alignment 190
2.7.6.10 Design Based Label Settings 190
2.7.7 Symbols 191
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  vii

2.8 Printing Reports and Plans 192
2.8.1 Producing Reports 192
2.8.1.1 Saving or Exporting Reports 192
2.8.1.2 Placing a Report on the Plan 193
2.8.2 How to Print a Plan 193
2.8.2.1 Using Plot Layouts 194
2.8.2.2 Plan Printing 195
2.8.2.3 Exporting to PDF 196
2.9 Advanced Topics 197
2.9.1 Spraylines, Tapes and Minor Losses 197
2.9.1.1 When to Use Connected or Unconnected
Spraylines 197
2.9.1.2 Analysis of Tapes 197
2.9.1.3 Minor Losses Explained 197
2.9.2 How To Simulate Tapes Using Spraylines 198
2.9.2.1 Summary 198
2.9.2.2 Setting up Databases 199
2.9.2.3 Creating the Simulated Design 199
2.9.2.4 Sizing / Analysis 200
2.9.3 Detailed Analysis of Tapes Under Flushing 201
2.9.3.1 Summary 201
2.9.3.2 Setting up Databases 201
2.9.3.3 Creating a Flushing Design 202
2.9.3.4 Flushing Valves 202
2.9.3.5 Sizing Manifolds 203
2.9.3.6 Analysis 203
2.9.4 Modeling Multiple Driplines as a Single Line 204
2.9.4.1 Summary 205
2.9.5 Factors Affecting LP Pipe Sizing 206
2.9.5.1 Drip Tape Design Notes 208
2.9.5.2 Pressure Compensating Design Notes 209
2.9.6 Using a Pump in a Design 210
2.9.6.1 Using Pumps in Parallel 211
2.9.6.2 Pumps in Series 212
2.9.6.3 Miscellaneous Hydraulic Items in The System212
2.9.7 Multiple Water Supplies 214
2.9.7.1 PRVs with Multiple Water Supplies 215
2.9.8 Editing Plot Templates 215
2.9.8.1 Overview 215
2.9.8.2 Creating a New Plot Template 216
2.9.8.3 Creating Legends 217
2.9.8.4 Fills 218
2.9.8.5 Moving Fills to Back 219
viii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

2.9.8.6 Using Keywords 219
2.9.8.7 Paper Sizes 220
2.9.8.8 How to Edit a Plot Template 221
2.9.9 Advanced Labeling 223
2.9.9.1 User Attributes and User Keyword 223
2.9.9.2 Creating Alternative Labels from Existing
Keywords 226
2.9.10 Economic Reporting 226
2.9.10.1 Calculate Running Costs 229
2.10 Trouble Shooting Problems 230
2.10.1 Design Recovery Options 230
2.10.1.1 Send a Problem Design 230
2.10.1.2 Recovery Options 230
2.10.1.3 How to Recover a Back-up Design 232
2.10.2 Fittings Selection Errors 233
2.10.2.1 General Fittings Selection Errors 233
2.10.2.2 Fittings for Valve-Under-Head Systems 235
2.10.3 LP Design Errors 235
2.10.3.1 Common Error Messages Relating to LP 236
2.10.4 Detailed Analysis Errors 237
2.10.5 Database Issues 238
2.10.5.1 Opening Databases in Microsoft Access 238
2.10.5.2 Updating Pricing / Database Reports 238
2.10.5.3 Read Only files 239
2.10.5.4 Skeleton.mdb 239
2.10.5.5 Merging Databases 239
2.10.5.6 Getting Designs from Someone 240
2.10.5.7 Changing Hydraulic Item Drawing Properties240
2.10.5.8 Updating Internal Database 240
2.10.6 Management Issues 241
2.10.6.1 What Can I Do If Management Has Become
Confused? 241
2.10.7 Connectivity Problems 241
2.10.7.1 Mainline or Zone Items 241
2.10.7.2 The Default Snap Mode 242
2.10.7.3 Limit of Four Items Connecting at a Junction242
2.10.7.4 Snap Tolerance 243
3 IRRICAD Database Editor Manual 245

3.1 Using the Database Editor 247
3.2 Database Structure 249
3.3 File Menu (Database) 251
3.3.1 New 251
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  ix
3.3.2 Open 252
3.3.3 Close 252
3.3.4 Save Copy As 252
3.3.5 Merge (Databases) 253
3.3.6 Recent File List 253
3.3.7 Exit 253
3.3.8 X 254
3.4 Edit Menu (Database) 255
3.4.1 Undo 255
3.4.2 Redo 255
3.4.3 Undo Record 255
3.4.4 Cut 256
3.4.5 Copy 256
3.4.6 Paste 256
3.4.7 Copy Component and Paste Component 256
3.4.8 Find 257
3.4.9 Replace 257
3.4.10 Find Next 258
3.4.11 Find Previous 258
3.5 View Menu (Database) 259
3.5.1 Curve Fit 259
3.5.2 Status Bar 262
3.6 Component Menu 263
3.6.1 Add Item 263
3.6.2 Edit Item 264
3.6.3 Delete Item 264
3.6.4 New Assembly 264
3.6.5 Edit Assembly 265
3.6.6 Add to Assembly 265
3.6.7 Remove From Assembly 266
3.6.8 Finish Assembly 266
3.6.9 Edit Nozzles 266
3.6.10 Add Nozzles 267
3.6.11 Remove Nozzles 267
3.7 Database Details 268
3.7.1 Data Common to all Component Groups 268
3.7.1.1 Item Description 268
3.7.1.2 Warehouse Code 268
3.7.1.3 Supplier Code 269
3.7.1.4 Label 270
3.7.1.5 Usage code 270
3.7.1.6 Wholesale Cost 270
3.7.1.7 Retail Price 271
x  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

3.7.2 Database Codes, Symbols & Line Types 271
3.7.2.1 Pipe Types 271
3.7.2.2 Connection Codes 272
3.7.2.3 Gender Codes 272
3.7.2.4 Connection Types 272
3.7.2.5 Database Symbols 273
3.7.2.6 Symbol and Pipe Colors 273
3.7.2.7 Line Types 274
3.7.3 Assemblies 275
3.7.3.1 About Assemblies 275
3.7.3.2 Creating Assemblies 276
3.7.3.3 Example of Assembly Construction 276
3.8 Irrigation Components – Details of Individual Groups 279
3.8.1 Pipes 279
3.8.1.1 Pipe Usage codes 279
3.8.2 Tapes 281
3.8.3 Valves 284
3.8.4 Other Hydraulics 286
3.8.5 Lateral Take Offs 288
3.8.6 Couplers 289
3.8.6.1 End Caps 290
3.8.7 Elbows / Bends 291
3.8.8 Tees 292
3.8.9 Crosses 293
3.8.10 Pumps 294
3.8.11 Outlets 296
3.8.11.1 Demand Points 299
3.8.11.2 Linking Nozzles to Outlets 299
3.8.12 Nozzles 300
3.8.13 Outlet Connections 303
3.8.14 Wires 305
3.8.15 Controllers 306
3.8.16 Lights 307
3.8.17 Other Electrics 308
3.8.18 Miscellaneous 309
3.9 Query Menu 311
3.9.1 Execute Query 312
3.9.2 Save Query 312
3.9.3 Delete Query 312
3.9.4 Reload Query 312
3.10 Window Menu 313
3.10.1 Cascade 313
3.10.2 Tile 313
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xi

3.10.3 Arrange Icons 313
3.10.4 Open Databases List 313
3.11 Tools Menu (Database) 314
3.11.1 Clean Fields 314
3.11.2 Delete Orphan Nozzles 314
3.11.3 Units 314
3.11.4 Options 315
3.11.4.1 Warnings and Errors 315
3.11.4.2 Application 315
3.11.5 Customize 316
3.11.5.1 Toolbars Tab 316
3.11.5.2 Commands Tab 317
3.11.5.3 Winicad.ini and Irribase.ini 317
3.11.6 Language 317
3.12 Help Menu (Database) 318
3.12.1 Contents 318
3.12.1.1 HTML Help 318
3.12.2 About Irribase 319
3.13 Advanced Knowledge 320
3.13.1 Default Database Order 320
3.13.2 Globally Updating Prices in the Database 321
3.13.2.1 Fields: 322
4 Tutorials 325
4.1 Introduction to Design Tutorials 327
4.1.1 Helpful Hints 328
4.1.1.1 Terminology 328
4.1.1.2 On-Line Help 329
4.1.1.3 Mouse Operation 329
4.1.2 The First Steps 330
4.1.3 Important Rules to Remember 331
4.2 Basic Start 333
4.2.1 Very Basic Design 333
4.2.1.1 Starting the Tutorial 333
4.2.1.2 Drawing the Layout of the System 334
4.2.1.3 Checking Connections 335
4.2.1.5 Entering Management Requirements 336
4.2.1.7 Reporting 336
4.2.2 A Simple Turf Design 338
4.2.2.1 Getting Started 338
4.2.2.2 Laying Out the System 340
xii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide
4.2.3 Methods to Lay Out Sprinklers 343
4.2.3.2 Placing Sprinklers at a Fixed Spacing – 1st
Method of Placing Sprinklers at a Fixed
Spacing 344
4.2.3.3 Even Spacing Along a Pipe Length – 2nd
Method of Placing Sprinklers at a Fixed
Spacing 346
4.2.3.4 Automatically Placing Sprinklers in Irregular
Areas 349
4.2.4 Applying a Specific Amount of Water to an Area 352
4.2.4.1 The Area Dialog 353
4.2.4.2 Calculating Zone Run Times 354
4.3 Design Tutorials 355
4.3.1 Simple Drip Tape Design 355
4.3.1.1 Tapes - An Overview 355
4.3.2 Simple Drip Tape Design Using Block Entities 361
4.3.2.1 Block Entities 361
4.3.2.7 Automatic Labeling 367
4.3.3 A Simple Orchard Design 370
4.3.3.1 Block Entities 370
4.3.3.3 Enter Background Information 371
4.3.3.4 Placing the Block 372
4.3.3.5 The Design Process 375
4.3.3.6 Display Reports 377
4.3.4 Working with Multi-Valve Designs 378
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xiii

4.3.4.2 Valves Operating Together 382
4.3.5 Micro Irrigation Design 383
4.3.5.2 Entering Background Information 384
4.3.5.3 More Background Information 385
4.3.5.4 Creating the Laterals 386
4.3.5.5 Creating the Automatic Submain and Valve388
4.3.5.6 Connecting to the Mainline 390
4.3.5.8 Making Changes after Initial Designing 395
4.3.5.9 Display Reports 396
4.3.6 Solid Set Sprinkler Design 397
4.3.6.1 Introduction 397
4.3.6.4 Entering Background Information 398
4.3.6.5 Laying Out Fixed Spaced Outlets 400
4.3.6.6 Designing 403
4.3.7 Residential Design 406
4.3.7.2 Background Information 407
4.3.7.3 Placing Sprinklers and Dividing into Zones
within the Available Water Range 412
4.3.7.4 Connecting the System 419
4.3.8 Wheel Line Design 422
4.3.8.3 Placing the Wheel Line 425
4.3.8.4 Placing the Hydrants 427
4.3.8.5 Placing the Mainline and Water Supply 428
4.3.8.7 Computer Selection of Fittings 430
4.3.8.8 Database Items 431
4.4 Mainline Designs 435
4.4.1 Using Demand Points 435
4.4.2 A Rural Water Supply 436
4.4.2.1 Drawing the Layout of the System 436
4.4.2.2 Design 437
4.4.2.3 Variations 438
4.5 Database and Fitting Selection 439
4.5.1 Customizing Your Database 439
xiv  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

4.5.1.1 Entering New Pipes in to the Database 440
4.5.1.2 Entering a New Outlet Into the Database 441
4.5.2 How IRRICAD Selects Fittings and Understanding
the Fitting Selection Rules 444
4.5.2.1 Quick Notes on Making IRRICAD Select the
Fittings You Want 444
4.5.2.2 Using Riser Rules 444
4.5.2.3 Using Pipe Fitting Matching Settings 446
4.5.2.4 Explaining Supplier Codes and Multipliers 447
4.5.3 Correcting Fittings Errors 447
4.5.4 Creating and Modifying Assemblies 449
4.5.4.1 Using Assemblies 449
4.5.4.2 Creating an Assembly 450
4.5.4.3 Modifying an Assembly 452
4.6 Creating and Modifying Symbols 453
4.6.1 Creating New Symbols 453
4.6.2 Modifying an Existing Symbol 455
4.6.3 Setting Up a Block of Symbols 457
4.7 Printing Using Plot Layouts 458
4.8 Digitizing Plans 462
4.8.1 Using the Scale Method 463
4.8.2 The Reference Method 464
4.9 Plot Templates 466
4.9.1 Edit an Existing Plot Template 466
4.9.2 Creating a New Plot Template 467
4.9.2.1 Creating Legends 471
4.9.2.2 Fills 474
4.9.2.3 Moving Fills to Back 475
4.10 Tips for Advanced Users 477
4.10.1 Using a Pump in a Design 477
4.10.1.1 Entering Pumps in to the Database 478
4.10.1.2 Miscellaneous Hydraulic Items in Your
System. 479
4.10.1.3 Draw a Design with a Pump and All
Components 482
4.10.2 Multiple Water Supplies 483
4.10.2.1 PRVs with Multiple Water Supplies on a
System 484
4.10.3 Using Pumps in Parallel 484
4.10.4 Pumps in Series 485
5 Tool and Command Reference 487

5.1 Right-click menus 489
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xv
5.1.1 Done 490
5.1.2 Restart 491
5.1.3 Snaps 491
5.1.3.1 Place 492
5.1.3.2 Midpoint 492
5.1.3.3 Endpoint 493
5.1.3.4 Perpendicular 493
5.1.3.5 Percent 494
5.1.3.6 Object 495
5.1.3.7 Intersection 495
5.1.3.8 Tangent 495
5.1.3.9 Closest 497
5.1.3.10 Center 497
5.1.3.11 Quadrant 497
5.1.3.12 Parallel 498
5.1.4 Zooms 498
5.1.5 Default Name 499
5.1.6 Object Info 499
5.1.6.1 Hydraulic Object Info 499
5.1.7 Undo Vertex 500
5.1.8 Modify 500
5.1.9 Close 500
5.1.10 Layers 500
5.1.11 Stop 501
5.2 Keyboard Commands 502
5.3 File 505
5.3.1 New 506
5.3.2 Open… 506
5.3.3 Save 507
5.3.4 Save As… 508
5.3.5 Import… 509
5.3.6 Import Contours 510
5.3.6.1 To Import Elevations from a DXF File: 511
5.3.6.2 To Import Elevations from a SHP File: 512
5.3.6.3 To Import Elevations from a CSV, TXT or
XYZ File: 512
5.3.7 Import Image 513
5.3.7.1 Show Preview 515
5.3.7.2 Save Current Path 515
5.3.7.3 Image Settings 515
5.3.7.4 Changing Settings After Placement 517
5.3.8 Import from Google Earth 518
5.3.8.1 Import From Google Earth Dialog 520
xvi  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

5.3.8.2 Setting up the Importing from Google Earth
Utility 521
5.3.9 Export… 521
5.3.9.1 Export to Google Earth File Format (KML) 522
5.3.10 Export PDF File 526
5.3.10.1 Export PDF Dialog 527
5.3.10.2 Properties Dialog 529
5.3.10.3 Security Dialog 530
5.3.11 Export Image File 530
5.3.11.1 Image Type 531
5.3.11.2 Settings Dialog: 533
5.3.12 Repair 535
5.3.13 Compress 535
5.3.14 Convert 536
5.3.14.1 Convert Database 536
5.3.14.2 Convert Designs 537
5.3.14.3 Convert Symbols 538
5.3.14.4 Convert Plot Layouts 539
5.3.15 Merge 540
5.3.16 Print… 541
5.3.16.1 Print Dialog 542
5.3.17 Direct Plot 545
5.3.17.1 Plotter Settings 547
5.3.17.2 Pen Map 548
5.3.17.3 Language 549
5.3.18 Reports Print Setup 550
5.3.19 Recent File List 550
5.3.20 Exit 550
5.4 Edit 551
5.4.1 Undo 551
5.4.2 Redo 552
5.4.3 Clear Undo 552
5.4.4 Paste 553
5.4.5 Open OLE Item 554
5.5 View 555
5.5.1 Redraw 555
5.5.2 Zoom All 555
5.5.3 Zoom In 556
5.5.4 Zoom Out 556
5.5.5 Zoom Previous 557
5.5.6 Zoom Window 557
5.5.7 Zoom Selected 558
5.5.8 Pan 558
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xvii

5.5.9 Dynamic Pan 559
5.5.10 Goto Coords 559
5.5.11 Birds Eye View 560
5.5.12 Toolbars 561
5.5.12.1 Toolbar Location and Shape 561
5.5.12.2 Customizing Toolbars 562
5.5.12.3 Current Drawing Properties Toolbar 563
5.5.13 Status Bar 564
5.5.13.1 Info Panel 564
5.5.13.2 Snap Panel 565
5.5.13.3 Selection Filter Panel 565
5.5.14 Layer Bar 566
5.5.14.1 Layers Tab 567
5.5.14.2 Groups Tab 568
5.5.14.3 Views Tab 569
5.5.15 Wetted Radii 571
5.5.16 Sprayline Outlets 571
5.5.17 View in Google Earth 571
5.6 Draw 572
5.6.1 Point 572
5.6.2 Line 573
5.6.2.1 Single Line 574
5.6.2.2 Double Line 574
5.6.2.3 Continuous Line 575
5.6.3 Polyline 576
5.6.4 Rectangle 576
5.6.4.1 2 Point Rectangle 577
5.6.4.2 3 Point Rectangle 578
5.6.5 Polygon 579
5.6.5.1 Polygon Dialog 579
5.6.5.2 Center Polygon 580
5.6.5.3 Side Polygon 580
5.6.5.4 Irregular Polygon 581
5.6.5.5 Seed Polygon 581
5.6.6 Circle 582
5.6.6.1 3 Point Circle 583
5.6.6.2 Diameter Circle 584
5.6.6.3 Center Radius Circle 584
5.6.6.4 Ellipse Circle 585
5.6.7 Curve 586
5.6.7.1 Single Bezier Curve 586
5.6.7.2 Continuous Bezier Curve 587
5.6.7.3 Spline Curve 588
xviii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

5.6.8 Arc 588
5.6.8.1 Start Mid End Arc 589
5.6.8.2 Center Start End Arc 590
5.6.8.3 Elliptical Arc 590
5.6.9 Hatch 591
5.6.9.1 Hatch Dialog 591
5.6.9.2 Hatch Selection 592
5.6.9.3 Hatch Boundary 592
5.6.9.4 Hatch Seed 593
5.6.10 Fill 594
5.6.10.1 Fill Selection 595
5.6.10.2 Fill Boundary 595
5.6.10.3 Fill Seed 596
5.6.11 Dimension 596
5.6.11.1 Dimension Settings - Dimension 597
5.6.11.2 Dimension Settings - Dimension Text 600
5.6.11.3 Leader / Datum Settings 604
5.6.11.4 Linear Dimension 606
5.6.11.5 Angular Dimension 607
5.6.11.6 Radial Dimension 608
5.6.11.7 Diameter Dimension 609
5.6.11.8 Ordinate Dimension 609
5.6.11.9 Leader Dimension 610
5.6.11.10 Datum Dimension 611
5.6.12 Symbol 611
5.6.12.1 Symbol Dialog 612
5.6.12.2 Load Symbol 613
5.6.12.3 Unload Symbol 614
5.6.13 Text 614
5.6.13.1 Text Dialog 615
5.6.14 Plot Layout 617
5.6.14.1 Plot Layout Dialog 618
5.6.15 Management Symbol 619
5.6.16 Pipe Reductions 620
5.6.17 Tree Block 622
5.6.17.1 To Create a Tree Block 622
5.6.17.2 To Modify a Tree Block 623
5.6.17.3 To Create a Tree Block from an Existing
Array of Symbols/Items 623
5.6.17.4 Tree Block Dialog 624
5.6.18 Contour 626
5.6.18.1 Contour Dialog 627
5.6.19 Spot Height 628
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xix

5.6.19.1 Spot Heights Dialog 629
5.7 Zone 630
5.7.1 Pipe 630
5.7.1.1 Pipe Dialog 631
5.7.2 Sprayline 632
5.7.2.1 Sprayline Dialog 632
5.7.3 Tape 635
5.7.3.1 Tape Dialog 636
5.7.4 Cut Pipe 637
5.7.4.1 Cut Pipe Dialog 638
5.7.5 Spray Block 639
5.7.5.1 Block Dialog 639
5.7.6 Tape Block 643
5.7.6.1 Tape Block Dialog 643
5.7.7 Area 646
5.7.7.1 Area Dialog 646
5.7.8 Spray Irrigation Block 648
5.7.8.1 Drawing Properties 648
5.7.8.2 Laterals tab 649
5.7.8.3 Options 651
5.7.8.4 Block Tab 653
5.7.8.6 Area Tab 659
5.7.9 Tape Irrigation Block 660
5.7.9.1 Drawing Properties 660
5.7.9.2 Laterals tab 661
5.7.9.3 Block Tab 663
5.7.9.5 Area Tab 668
5.7.10 Autohead 669
5.7.11 Junction (Hydraulic) 670
5.7.11.1 Junction Dialog 670
5.7.12 Outlet 671
5.7.12.1 Outlet Dialog 672
5.7.13 Misc. Hydraulic 674
5.7.13.1 Misc. Hydraulic Dialog 675
5.7.14 Control Valve 676
5.7.14.1 Control Valve Dialog 677
5.8 Mainline 679
5.8.1 Water Supply 679
5.8.1.1 Water Supply Dialog 680
5.8.2 Pipe (Mainline) 682
5.8.3 Cut Pipe (Mainline) 682
xx  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

5.8.3.1 Mainline Cut Pipe Dialog 683
5.8.4 Sprayline (Mainline) 684
5.8.5 Pump 685
5.8.5.1 Pump Dialog 685
5.8.6 Junction (Mainline) 686
5.8.7 Outlet (Mainline) 686
5.8.7.1 Outlet Dialog 687
5.8.8 Misc. Hydraulic (Mainline) 689
5.8.9 Control Valve 689
5.8.10 Mainline Sprayline Block 690
5.9 Electrical 691
5.9.1 Light 691
5.9.1.1 Light Dialog 691
5.9.2 Wire 692
5.9.2.1 Wire Dialog 693
5.9.3 Controller 694
5.9.3.1 Controller Dialog 694
5.9.4 Misc. Electrical 695
5.9.4.1 Misc. Electrical Dialog 695
5.9.5 Junction (electrical) 696
5.9.5.1 Junction Dialog 696
5.10 Settings 698
5.10.1 Client 699
5.10.1.1 Client 700
5.10.2 Company 700
5.10.2.1 Company 701
5.10.2.2 Branch 701
5.10.3 Cursor 701
5.10.3.1 Cursor Settings: 702
5.10.3.2 Circular Cursor 702
5.10.4 Design Details 703
5.10.4.1 Headings 704
5.10.4.2 Miscellaneous 704
5.10.5 Drawing Items 704
5.10.5.1 Geometric Properties 705
5.10.5.2 Colors 706
5.10.5.3 Cursor Settings 707
5.10.5.4 Miscellaneous Settings 707
5.10.5.5 Display Settings 708
5.10.5.6 Ortho Settings 708
5.10.6 Grid / Origin / GIS 708
5.10.6.1 Grid 708
5.10.6.2 Origin 709
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xxi

5.10.6.3 GIS Options 711
5.10.7 Import/Export Settings 712
5.10.7.1 DWG Settings Tab 713
5.10.7.2 DWG Font Import Tab 714
5.10.7.3 DWG Font Export Tab 715
5.10.7.4 Color Mapping 716
5.10.8 Irrigation – Design Specific 718
5.10.8.1 Component Database 719
5.10.8.2 Spraylines 720
5.10.8.3 Lines 720
5.10.9 Irrigation Items 721
5.10.9.1 Autohead Spacing Limits (%) 722
5.10.9.2 Flow Check 722
5.10.9.3 Simplify Contours 722
5.10.9.4 Contour Simplification Tolerance 723
5.10.9.5 Database Symbols Path 723
5.10.9.6 Update Entities from Database 723
5.10.9.7 Lines 724
5.10.9.8 Symbols 724
5.10.10 Labels 725
5.10.10.1 Properties 725
5.10.10.2 Labels Text Dialog Properties 728
5.10.11 Layers 729
5.10.11.1 Current Layers 729
5.10.11.2 Layer Manager 730
5.10.12 Miscellaneous 732
5.10.12.1 Misc. Company 733
5.10.12.2 Designer 733
5.10.12.3 Design Size 733
5.10.12.4 Undo 734
5.10.12.5 Miscellaneous 734
5.10.13 Mouse 735
5.10.14 Moving Grid 738
5.10.15 Names 738
5.10.15.1 Automatic Numbering 738
5.10.16 Snap 740
5.10.16.1 Default Snap Mode 740
5.10.16.2 Running Snaps 741
5.10.16.3 Tolerances 742
5.10.17 Units 743
5.10.17.1 Number Decimal Places 744
5.10.17.2 Reset to Defaults 744
5.10.18 Digitizer 745
xxii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

5.10.18.1 Tablet Mode 745
5.10.18.2 Scale 746
5.10.18.3 Reference 746
5.10.19 Language 748
5.11 Modify 749
5.11.1 Select Object 750
5.11.2 Clear Selection 751
5.11.3 Invert Selection 751
5.11.4 Selection Filter 751
5.11.4.1 Selection Filter Dialog: 752
5.11.5 Select 753
5.11.5.1 Select Window 753
5.11.5.2 Select Crossing 754
5.11.5.3 SelectLasso 754
5.11.5.4 Select Last Object 755
5.11.5.5 Select Adjoining 755
5.11.5.6 Select Connected 755
5.11.5.7 Select Screen 756
5.11.5.8 Select All 756
5.11.6 Delete 756
5.11.7 Delete Type 757
5.11.8 Change 758
5.11.8.1 Show Fittings 758
5.11.9 Change Type 759
5.11.10 Move 760
5.11.11 Move Point 761
5.11.12 Copy 762
5.11.12.1 Linear Copy 762
5.11.12.2 Radial Copy 763
5.11.12.3 Array Copy 765
5.11.12.4 Multiple Copy 766
5.11.12.5 Mirror Copy 766
5.11.12.6 Offset Copy 767
5.11.13 Rotate 768
5.11.14 Explode 769
5.11.15 Resize 770
5.11.16 Break 771
5.11.17 Scale Image 771
5.11.18 Z-Order 772
5.11.19 Trim 773
5.11.20 Extend 773
5.12 Tools 774
5.12.1 Cut Lasso 774
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xxiii

5.12.2 Trim Spraylines 776
5.12.3 Move Sizes 776
5.12.4 Create Wetted Radii 777
5.12.5 Create Sprayline Outlets 778
5.12.6 Create Symbol 778
5.12.7 Calculate Contours 779
5.12.7.1 Calculate Contours Dialog 780
5.12.8 Convert to Elevations 781
5.12.9 Highlight Elevations 782
5.12.10 Trim Elevations 784
5.12.11 Create Labels 784
5.12.12 Update Labels 785
5.12.13 Multi-labels 785
5.12.14 Spraylines to Tapes 786
5.12.15 Tapes to Spraylines 786
5.12.16 Subdivision Tool 787
5.12.16.1 Slices 788
5.12.16.2 Cuts 789
5.12.16.3 Tool Operation 790
5.12.16.4 Combining Sub-Areas 791
5.12.16.5 Subdivision Tool Notes 793
5.12.17 Object Info 793
5.12.17.1 Hydraulic Object Info 794
5.12.17.2 Debug Object Info 795
5.12.18 Insert OLE 795
5.12.19 Connect Valves 796
5.12.19.1 Connection Properties 796
5.12.20 Connect Outlets 797
5.12.20.1 Connection Properties 797
5.12.21 Show Area 798
5.13 Design 799
5.13.1 Design Parameters 799
5.13.1.1 Hydraulic Parameters 800
5.13.1.2 Economic Parameters: 803
5.13.1.3 Analysis Parameters 805
5.13.2 Check Outlet Connectivity 809
5.13.3 Clear Connectivity Marks 809
5.13.4 Interpolate Elevations 810
5.13.5 Calculate Elevation Errors 810
5.13.6 Zone Design 811
5.13.7 Zone Design Configuration 812
5.13.7.1 Edit Operations 813
5.13.8 Valve Specification Summary 815
xxiv  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

5.13.9 Assign Zones to System Flows 816
5.13.10 Assign All Zones to One System Flow 818
5.13.11 Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow 819
5.13.12 Clear Management 820
5.13.13 Other Management Options 820
5.13.13.1 Water Supply Times 820
5.13.13.2 Zone Operating Times 821
5.13.13.3 Assign System Flows to Zones 822
5.13.14 Mainline Design 823
5.13.15 Computer Selection of Fittings 824
5.13.16 Miscellaneous Costs 824
5.13.17 Riser Selection Rules 825
5.13.18 Pipe Fitting Matching Table 826
5.14 Reports 829
5.14.1.1 Viewing and Printing Reports 829
5.14.1.2 Setting the Default Printer 830
5.14.1.3 Customizing Reports 831
5.14.1.4 Version 7 Reports 832
5.14.2 Reports Settings 832
5.14.2.1 Text Reports 832
5.14.2.2 Min / Max Pressure Indicators 833
5.14.3 Show Flow 834
5.14.4 View Errors 834
5.14.5 3D DEM View 835
5.14.5.1 Operation 835
5.14.6 Show Zone Pressure Limits 836
5.14.6.1 All Valves 837
5.14.6.2 Selected Valves 837
5.14.6.3 Clear Markers 837
5.14.7 Show Zone Pressure Map 837
5.14.7.1 Selected Valves 837
5.14.8 Show Zone Flow Map 840
5.14.8.1 Selected Valve 841
5.14.9 Show Allowable Submain Position 843
5.14.9.1 Deciding on Suitable Submain Locations 844
5.14.9.2 How to Operate the Tool 845
5.14.9.3 Allowable Submain Position Dialog 845
5.14.9.4 Notes 846
5.14.10 Hydraulic Gradeline 847
5.14.10.1 Gradeline Toolbar 847
5.14.11 Elevation Profile 848
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xxv

5.14.12 Management Reports 850
5.14.12.1 Water Requirements 850
5.14.12.2 System Flow Report 851
5.14.12.3 Zone Flow Report 852
5.14.13 Zone Design Reports 853
5.14.13.1 Zone Flushing 854
5.14.13.2 Zone Design Summary 855
5.14.13.3 Zone Design Sum. (Uniformity Multi Emit)855
5.14.13.4 Zone Design Summary (Uniformity1 Emit)857
5.14.13.5 Zone Design Pipe Report 858
5.14.13.6 Zone CV Table 859
5.14.13.7 Zone Control Valve Summary 859
5.14.13.8 Zone Design Full 859
5.14.14 Mainline Design Reports 863
5.14.14.1 Mainline Summary Report 863
5.14.14.2 System Duty Report 863
5.14.14.3 Mainline Design Full 864
5.14.14.4 ML Design Pipe Report – Nodes 865
5.14.14.5 Mainline Design Pipe Report 865
5.14.15 Costing/BOM Reports 866
5.14.15.1 Zone / Mainline Summary 869
5.14.15.2 Zone Summary / Mainline BOM 870
5.14.15.3 Zone / Mainline BOM 870
5.14.15.4 Zone / Mainline Detailed Costing 871
5.14.15.5 Inventory by W / H Code 872
5.14.15.6 Junction BOM 872
5.14.15.7 Inventory by Description 873
5.14.15.8 Design Detailed Costing 873
5.14.15.9 Inventory 874
5.14.15.10 BOM with Costs 874
5.14.15.11 Costing Report By Supplier 875
5.14.15.12 Unconnected Items 876
5.14.15.13 Design Summary Costing 876
5.14.15.14 BOM by Supplier 877
5.14.15.15 BOM 878
5.14.16 Miscellaneous Costs 878
5.14.17 Supplier Code Multipliers 878
5.14.18 Costing Reports Options 880
5.14.19 Zone Design Reports Configuration 881
5.14.20 Mainline Design Reports Configuration 882
5.15 Plot Template 883
5.15.1 Edit Template 883
5.15.1.1 Keywords 883
xxvi  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

5.15.2 Make Active Area 884
5.15.3 Make Legend 884
5.15.3.1 Legend Dialog 884
5.15.4 Move Fills to Back 885
5.15.5 Save Template 885
5.16 User Tools 887
5.16.1 Customize 887
5.17 Help 889
5.17.1 Release Notes 889
5.17.2 Help Topics 889
5.17.2.1 HTML Help 889
5.17.2.2 WinHelp 892
5.17.3 IRRICAD On The Web 892
5.17.4 Support Forum 892
5.17.5 Send Problem Report 893
5.17.6 About IRRICAD 895
6 Technical Reference 897

6.1 Technical Support, Sales and Training Services 899
6.1.1 Contact Details 899
6.1.1.1 USA, Canada, Central & South America: 899
6.1.1.2 Australia: 899
6.1.1.3 Middle East: 900
6.1.1.4 Europe, North Africa, Turkey and Israel 900
6.1.1.5 Southern Africa 900
6.1.1.6 New Zealand & the rest of the world: 901
6.2 Appendix A: IRRICAD Limits 902
6.3 Appendix B: Design Generated Files 903
6.4 Appendix C: Hazen-Williams C Values 904
6.5 Appendix D: Default Database Order 905
6.6 Appendix E: Available Line Types 909
6.7 Appendix F: Design Technical Information 911
6.7.1 Use of Elevations in Design 911
6.7.2 Zero Flow Pipes 912
6.7.3 Valve Pressure Calculation 913
6.7.4 Pipe Diameter Selection 913
6.7.5 Highly Looped Mainlines 914
6.8 Appendix G: Fitting Selection Details 916
6.8.1 Two Pipe Junctions 916
6.8.1.1 Straight Connections 916
6.8.1.2 Bent Connections 917
6.8.2 Three-Pipe Junctions 918
6.8.2.1 Tee Orientation 918
IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xxvii
6.8.2.2 Diameter Selection 919
6.8.2.3 Additional Bends 920
6.8.2.4 Straight Connections 920
6.8.3 Four-Pipe Junctions 920
6.8.3.1 Crosses 921
6.8.3.2 Two Tees 921
6.8.4 Five-Pipe Junction 923
6.8.5 Angle Tolerance 924
6.8.6 Fittings for Valve-Under-Head Systems 924
6.9 Appendix H: Form of the Equations 925
6.10 Appendix I: Keywords for Labels and Plot Templates926
6.10.1 Label Keywords 926
6.10.2 Plot Template 937
6.11 Appendix J: Installation procedure for network
operation 939
6.12 Appendix K: ABOS Method Settings 943
6.13 Screen Messages 950
6.13.1 Introduction 950
6.13.2 IRRICAD File Handling Messages 951
6.13.2.1 Difficulty Opening…File 952
6.13.2.2 Difficulty Reading…File 953
6.13.2.3 Difficulty Writing to…File 954
6.13.3 Error Messages 954
7 Index 7-1
xxviii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

1 Overview & Installation
IRRICAD User Guide Overview & Installation  1

2  Overview & Installation IRRICAD User Guide
1.1 IMPORTANT INFORMATION
Congratulations on purchasing IRRICAD Pro. We offer upgrades from
time to time that will be downloadable from our website,
www.IRRICAD.com as they come available. We also have a Frequently
Asked Questions section that may help to solve a problem or question
you may have. However, we are always happy to hear from you.
You are also able to download manufacturer's databases from our

website and merge them with your current database or default database.
If you wish a database to be customised specifically for your use,
contact us and we will inform you of the pricing and time frame.
If you have any requests of what you would like to see in IRRICAD in the
future, please let us know. Development for IRRICAD is always on-going
and we will be pleased to be able to meet your needs. Every request is
prioritised according to ease of programming and benefit to the most
users.
Do you know about the IRRICAD Users Forum?

You can…
 Receive up to date announcements from us

 Post questions
 Help answer other people’s questions
 Have your say, by making suggestions for future IRRICAD
features
 Receive the “Support FAQs” and “Tips” email notifications as
well as other forums of interest to you.
 Register for the forum at http://www.irricad.com/irricad-
support/irricad-forum.
 Subscribe to each forum by clicking the “Subscribe Forum” link
at the bottom of each forum.
1.1.1 INSURANCE FOR YOUR IRRICAD

The hardware key is an integral part of the IRRICAD program and care
should be taken to ensure that it is protected from loss or damage. If the
key is lost as a result of theft, fire or natural disaster it may be replaced
at cost (plus a handling fee) on receipt of an acceptable police or fire
department report. Damaged keys may also be replaced for a similar fee
upon return to your IRRICAD distributor.
If the key is simply “lost” it does not qualify to be replaced at cost, as this
is in effect the same as the IRRICAD licence being lost which could
subsequently be used by another party. In this case a new licence would
need to purchased and consequently, for your own protection, please
consider insuring the key against accidental loss.

1.2 HOW TO USE THE MANUAL
The manual is divided into several sections: Overview & Installation,
User Manual, Database Editor Manual, Tutorials, Tool & Command
Reference and Technical Reference. The Help can be opened
electronically by selecting Help|Help Topics.
The Overview & Installation section (this section) explains how to install
the program, describes how to use the online help and has comments
for new users.
The User Manual describes how to use the various tools, available in
IRRICAD, to design irrigation systems. It explains how to layout different
system types and includes tips on efficient ways of drawing or changing
items.
The Database Editor Manual explains the use of the database editor,
how to enter and modify items, merge databases and setup databases
so that IRRICAD designs may be completed including the selection of
fittings.
The Tutorials section includes tutorials illustrating the design of several

types of irrigation system. The aim is to give step-by-step instructions to
help to become familiar with IRRICAD. Tutorials are also included to
describe the entry of items in to the database, creating custom symbols
and printing designs. These tutorials are also available in video format
located on the Installation CD. (See Some Comments for New Users,
Section 1.4.1.1).
The Tool & Command Reference outlines the function of each menu
item and dialog field. It also shows the steps required for the mechanical
operation of the tool or command.
The Technical Reference includes information to aid in understanding

how IRRICAD works. Information is included about Hazen-Williams C
Values (used in pipe friction loss calculations), rules used to select
fittings for junctions, IRRICAD program limits, keywords for labels and
plot templates, warning messages and technical descriptions of the
design methods used in IRRICAD.
The Release Notes can be access by selecting Help|Release Notes.

This section will describe each new feature in the current release.

How to Use Help, Section 1.4 will give some tips on using the On-line
Help.

1.3 INSTALLATION
This chapter contains installation instructions and information about
setting up accompanying hardware.
1.3.1 BEFORE INSTALLATION

Before installing and running IRRICAD, please carefully read the
following.
Package Contents
The IRRICAD package supplied should contain:
 CD-ROM or flash drive – conatining the IRRICAD program and

setup files required to install and use IRRICAD. Electronic
versions of the manual are included with the software:
 User Guide including Overview & Installation, User
Manual,Database Editor Manual and Tutorials.
 Reference Manual including Tool & Command Reference
and Technical Reference.
 Hardware Key - for new users only.
Protection System
Please read carefully:
IRRICAD software is supplied with a hardware protection device (HPD

or dongle) which should be inserted in the USB port of the computer.
The HPD should not interfere with the running of other packages.
This form of protection has been chosen to provide the user with
maximum flexibility in program use. It permits the user to transport the
package to another machine in the office or to another geographic
location. It does, however, make the HPD an integral part of the
IRRICAD package and accidental loss or theft of the HPD will mean that
IRRICAD cannot be operated.
If the HPD is damaged, return to us an identifiable portion of the HPD

and a replacement will be supplied at cost. Accidental loss or theft of the
HPD may require the purchase of a replacement at the appropriate
discount rate for the total number of IRRICAD programs owned.

Copy and Use Restrictions
Copyright laws protect the software. It is illegal to make copies of the
software except for backups. It is illegal to give copies to another
person, or to duplicate the software by any other means, including
electronic transmission. The software contains trade secrets and the
user may not recompile, reverse engineer, disassemble, or otherwise
reduce the software to human perceivable form. The user may not
modify, adapt, translate, rent, lease, or create derivative works based
upon the software or any part of it.
Hardware and Memory Requirements

The following hardware is the minimum recommended for IRRICAD,
although less powerful system configurations may be used for smaller
jobs.
Computer: Intel i5 or i7 or equivalent processor, minimum

8GB RAM recommended, and 250+ GB hard
disk, monitor and video card capable of 512MB
video or better, CD/DVD-ROM drive (optional),
USB port.
Operating System: Windows 8/8.1 or Windows 10.
Printers: IRRICAD can print plans and reports on any
Windows compatible printer.
Color is recommended for plans, although black and white plans can be
produced. At least an ANSI B or A3 printer / plotter is desirable, although
for small plans an ANSI A / A4 printer may be sufficient.
The printer size required will depend on the size of schemes designed
and the size of plan preferred. Large printers have the ability to plot
small plans if required.
A scanner is optional. This can be used to scan in scale plans or

photographs as required.

1.3.2 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
Figure 1-1
1. Log in as an Administrator and open an internet browser (for

example Internet Explorer or FireFox) and browse to an external
website. This step is required for successful registration of the
CAD Engine.
2. Place the CD in the CD-ROM drive. An Autorun executable
should automatically show a dialog containing icons, as seen in
Figure 1.1. If not, browse the CD using My Computer or
Windows Explorer for the “Autorun.exe” located in the Autorun
folder. Alternatively download the required installation file from
the IRRICAD website and save to your hard-drive..
3. Close all applications that may be running before installing
IRRICAD.
4. To begin the installation process double-click on the “Install
IRRICAD” icon or downloaded executable. Follow the
instructions on the screen to install IRRICAD on the hard drive.
5. The installation procedure can be cancelled at any time, if so it
will be necessary to double-click on the “Install IRRICAD” icon or
executable file to repeat the installation.
6. Once the installation is complete run IRRICAD by selecting
Start|All Programs|IRRICAD Pro or by double-clicking on the
desktop icon
1.3.2.1 LANGUAGE VERSIONS
IRRICAD can be installed in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese or
Hebrew. Select the correct installation file for your required language.
Once installed, the language option may be changed in the

Settings|Language dialog, in the Report Editor or in the error viewer
(Report|View Errors).
The User Interface Language can be independently specified in the

Tools|Language option in the Database Editor.
Plot layouts and report templates are available in English, French,

Spanish, Portuguese or Hebrew and are located in appropriate sub-
folders of the standard locations (e.g., IRRICAD Pro
16\Symbols\Templates\Spanish, IRRICAD Pro 16\Reports\Spanish).
To enable the use of different layouts or reports (if the language choice
was not selected at installation) the path settings can be found in
Settings|Drawing Items - Miscellaneous. Alternatively the preferred
templates and reports can be copied into the standard locations.
If you have installed IRRICAD without selecting your preferred language

the steps to change the language are:
In IRRICAD:
1. Select the required language in Settings|Language.
2. Set the plot layout path in Settings|Drawing Items -
Miscellaneous “Plot Layout Path” to point to the required
language sub-folder of layouts by clicking the button.
3. Set the report template path in Settings|Drawing Items
Miscellaneous “Reports Path” to point to the required language
sub-folder of reports by clicking the button.
In The Database Editor:

1. Select Tools|Language to change the language as required.

1.4 HOW TO USE HELP
Electronic help is a convenient and quick way to look up information
whilst using IRRICAD. Help can be viewed on-line in the following ways:
 In any IRRICAD window, press F1 to open the Help Topics

 The Help Topics can also be accessed by selecting Help Topics
from the Help menu in the main IRRICAD screen
Information can then be displayed for performing tasks within IRRICAD,

advice on troubleshooting common problems, and technical information
about IRRICAD.
The help file can be loaded as WinHelp or HTML Help. For HTML Help,
Internet Explorer is required.
1.4.1.1 HTML HELP

This window can be resized as required. Click the maximize button
(middle button at the top right of the dialog window) or move the cursor
to any edge until the cursor becomes a two-headed arrow and drag the
dialog to the required size. The right hand side of the dialog adjusts the
text to fit the right hand window.
At the top of the help dialog are icons: Hide, Back, Print, Options.
HIDE / SHOW
If the left hand side of the help dialog, containing the contents, index and
search option is visible, clicking Hide will hide the left hand side. If the
left hand side is hidden, clicking Show will show the left hand side of the
dialog.
There are three ways in which a topic in the On-line Help may be found:
 Contents
 Index
 Search / Find

Contents
If this tab is selected, the manual's content page is displayed. Each
heading with a ‘+’ sign can be opened to reveal its sub-headings. The
sub-headings can be hidden by clicking on the ‘-‘ sign.
Clicking any heading will take the user directly to that section of the
manual. The text is displayed on the right hand side of the help window.
Index
Use the Index tab to select an indexed keyword. These words have
been selected to aid the user in finding topics. Select a topic and click
the Display button.
Search
Use Search to find a topic. Search lists all the places the word is found
in the on-line help.
To use Search:
1. Type in the word the user wishes to find. Make the word as
specific as possible e.g., type X to find the meaning of this
usage code for assemblies.
2. Click List Topics.
3. Select a topic from those listed.
4. Click [Display]. The selected topic will be displayed on the right
hand side.
BACK
Back takes the user back to the last topic accessed, whether the user
has selected the topic by using Contents, Index or Search or used the
yellow arrows at the end of each topic to navigate.
Click Back as many times as required - this function will move back
through all the previous selections.
PRINT
Select Print to print any part of the on-line help. A print dialog will
appear. Fill in the print dialog accordingly.

OPTIONS
Options include:
 Hide Tabs / Show Tabs (See above)

 Back (See above)
 Forward
 Home
 Stop
 Refresh
 Internet Options
 Print (See above)
 Search Highlight On / Off
Forward
Select Options|Forward if have used Options|Back and wish to return to
the previous document.
Home
Select Options|Home if require to connect to our website
www.IRRICAD.com
Stop
Select Options|Stop to stop searching for topics or loading a page.
Refresh
Select Refresh to reload the current HTML help page
Internet Options
Select Options|Internet Options to change the internet options.
Search Highlight On / Off

Toggle the search highlight on or off to highlight the keyword found in
the text.

1.5 SOME COMMENTS FOR NEW USERS
All documentation is available in both electronic (on-line) and hard copy
manuals.
Overview
It is strongly recommended that the User Manual is read before any
designs are attempted. Doing this will provide the user with an overview
of how to produce a design using IRRICAD.
Tutorials
Tutorials are intended to guide a new user through the process of
designing irrigation systems, and accomplishing other tasks, with
IRRICAD. We recommend that the tutorials are completed as a way of
becoming familiar with the design process. The tutorials may also be
available as a video which can be downloaded from the Irricad website
or run directly from the installation CD. To run a video from the CD
select the appropriate tutorial video from the Autorun menu (which will
appear after the CD is placed in the CD-ROM drive) or alternatively
open the “Movie” folder on the CD using Windows Explorer and double
click on the required video file.

2 User Manual
Welcome to the User Manual. This manual is designed to help you

accomplish many tasks common to the design process. Instead of
simply explaining how to use the tools, this manual is intended to help
with understanding the design tasks required and which tools should be
used to complete them.
IRRICAD User Guide User Manual  15

16  User Manual IRRICAD User Guide
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes information about design terminology and how to
follow the nomenclature used in this manual.
2.1.1 GLOSSARY - DESIGN TERMINOLOGY

Because IRRICAD can be used for the design of any pressurized
irrigation system, the following terminology is used:
Block: An option for laying out an area of equally

spaced spraylines (Spray Block / Sprayline
Block) or tapes (Tape Block). The spraylines
may be connected or unconnected (see
below). Immediately after entry, each sprayline
or tape becomes an independent item.
Control Valve: Any device which can be used to control the
flow of water to an outlet or group of outlets.
Irrigation Block An option for laying out an area of equally
Entity: spaced spraylines or tapes, with automatic
placement of submains, flushing manifolds and
control valves. The spraylines may be
connected or unconnected (see below). Each
block entity is defined as an irrigation zone.
Mainline Pipes: Pipes used to connect zone control valves to
water supplies.
Mainline Outlets: Outlets on a mainline. Each outlet is treated as
a zone and is assumed to also perform the
function of a zone control valve. Valve-in-head
sprinklers are mainline outlets.
Misc. Hydraulic Items such as isolating valves, back flow
Items (mainline): preventors, air release valves that are
connected into or onto a mainline pipe.
Misc. Hydraulic Items such as isolating valves, backflow
Items (zones): preventors, air release valves that are
connected into or onto a Zone pipe.
Outlet: Any device that discharges water from an
irrigation system.
Sprayline A zone pipeline containing equally spaced
(connected): outlets, also known as a lateral. A connected

sprayline is maintained as a single unit.
Sprayline A method of spacing outlets uniformly along a
(unconnected): Zone or Mainline pipe. As soon as the
sprayline has been entered it is converted into
individual pipes and outlets, i.e., it is not
maintained as a single unit.
System Duty: A situation in the mainline (resulting from the
turning on or off of control valves) in which the
flows are fixed for a particular time interval.
Also known as stations, sets or groups.
Tapes: A lateral with internal emitters (drippers),
commonly called dripline.
Water Supply: A point of supply for the irrigation system.
Zone: Items downstream of control valves (including
the valves themselves). A zone becomes
defined when control valves are entered, and
zone pipes or spraylines connected to it,
regardless of how or when those spraylines,
pipes and outlets were entered.
Zone Outlets: Outlets within a zone.
Zone Pipes: Pipes used to connect zone outlets to zone
control valves. Also known as submains.
2.1.2 NOMENCLATURE
The following conventions are used in this manual:
 When directed to select a command from a menu, the menu

name, menu option and sub menu option (if applicable) will be
listed. For example, Settings|Digitizer|Scale. This refers to
selecting the Scale option from the Digitizer submenu that is
found in the Settings menu. The Settings menu is found on the
menu bar at the top of the IRRICAD window.
 When directed to click on a button in a dialog or message on the
screen, the button will be displayed in square brackets; e.g.,
[Save as Defaults].
 When directed to press a key on the keyboard, the key will be
displayed in angle brackets; e.g., <Shift> key
 Any measurements will be given in US units first and the metric
unit will be supplied in brackets e.g., 300ft (91.5m).

2.2 BEFORE STARTING A DESIGN
2.2.1 SETTING UP DEFAULTS

Before attempting your own designs, check that the defaults are correct.
The Settings menu allows specification of personal preferences for:
 Snaps
 Grids
 Layers
 Drawing values
 Units
 Design Details
 Names
 Miscellaneous
 Irrigation Items
 Irrigation - Design Specific
 Company Details
 Client Details
When first starting IRRICAD, select Settings|Irrigation Items to change

the default values to those that will apply to all designs. These tend to be
items that once set up are rarely changed.
Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific can be used to set default values for

each design individually. These settings are saved with the design. If
these settings are to be the same for all designs, click the [Save As
Defaults] button.
Hydraulic, economic and other design parameters can be altered in the

Design|Design Parameters dialog. These parameters are design
specific, but can also be saved as the default for all future designs.
2.2.2 LOADING AND SETTING UP WORKING DATABASES

For each design, IRRICAD requires a database, which contains all the
hydraulic items and their hydraulic properties.
The database loaded during a new installation by default is the working

(external) database.
Before starting the tutorials the tutorial database (provided with the
program) must be selected as the working database. To do this use the
[Browse] button in Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific and locate
Tutorial.mdb in the IRRICAD\database folder. The IRRICAD\database
folder should be opened by default. Click on the Tutorial.mdb file and
click the [Open] button.
To use any other database for a design, select the database in the same
fashion. If the selected database is to be retained as the default
database, click the [Save As Defaults] button.
2.2.3 SAVING AND BACKING UP DESIGNS

It is very important to backup a design regularly both during the design
process and when a design is complete. IRRICAD, like other Windows
programs, keeps the design in memory until File|Save or File|Save As is
selected to save the design to disk.
In Version 13+ the Save option for new designs creates a compressed
archive file (.dez) containing all the constituent design files except the
external database file. To save a design as an older version select
File|Export and select the appropriate file type. Save the file with an
identifying name.
It is a good idea to save the component (external) database with the

design files.
Copies of designs can also be backed up using Windows Explorer or My

Computer by selecting the dez files and copying them to another folder,
a disk, or to a network drive. Repeat to copy the component database,
typically located in the Irricad Pro\database folder, to the disk or network
drive. Alternatively to save the design directly to a disk as a backup
select File|Save As, open the drive and folder, then type in a file name
and click [Save].
If the system crashes (e.g., a power failure) any changes made to the
design since the last File|Save will be lost unless “AutoSave” is enabled.
This is a setting that, if enabled, causes the design to be periodically
saved to the specified folder (see Settings|Miscellaneous - the backup
folder defaults to IRRICAD\Backup). Note the backup files will be in
compressed format. See How to Recover a Back-up Design, Section
2.10.1.3.

2.2.4 USING AUTOCAD COLORS
IRRICAD loads the colors from the file vga.vcpal (located in the
IRRICAD folder) or, if no file is found, sets up a default palette of colors.
To use an AutoCAD palette instead of the default palette, the following
steps should be followed:
1. Find the file vga.vcpal in the IRRICAD folder using Windows

Explorer.
2. Rename it to Vcadd.vcpal, for example.
3. In the same folder, find either acadwindows.vcpal or
acaddos.vcpal, depending on whether Windows or DOS
AutoCAD colors are required, take a copy and rename it to
vga.vcpal.
Note that changing the palette will affect all designs; even those created
with the old palette will have their colors changed.
2.2.4.1 MAPPING AUTOCAD COLORS

When importing files IRRICAD maps the color from the DWG/DXF file to
the IRRICAD screen colors, based upon the mapping selected in the
Import/Export Settings under the Settings menu. When using the default
import color map settings this is not necessarily an exact conversion as
it maps to the nearest color however, in the majority of circumstances
this is fine.
If an AutoCAD palette is in use to preserve the color numbers then

‘Custom’ mappings should be setup as follows:
1. In the Color Import tab of Import/Export Settings select the “Use

Custom Map” radio button.
2. Select One to One from the “Map” dropdown box.
3. Repeat this process on the Color Export tab.
For more information see Import/Export Settings, Section 5.10.7.

2.2.5 USABILITY FEATURES
2.2.5.1 MOUSE
IRRICAD uses the mouse installed with Windows operating systems.
Clicking the right mouse button will bring up additional menus of choices
for aiding or finishing tasks when using tools.
2.2.5.2 MOUSE WHEEL

IRRICAD Pro supports the use of ‘wheel mouse’ devices to both zoom
and pan. Three specific functions are allowed, zoom, pan vertically and
pan horizontally. Each of these functions can be applied to one of three
mouse wheel actions which are: mouse wheel only; mouse wheel with
the shift key pressed; and mouse wheel with the control key pressed. In
addition dragging with the mouse wheel depressed allows ‘dynamic’
panning.
Zoom
By default this function is attached to the Mouse Wheel action. Rotating
the mouse wheel forwards will zoom out while rotating it backwards will
zoom in.
Pan Vertically
By default this function is attached to the Shift + Mouse Wheel action -
mouse wheel with the <Shift> key pressed. Rotating the mouse wheel
forwards will move the view of the design up while rotating it backwards
will move it down.
Pan Horizontally
By default this function is attached to the Control + Mouse Wheel
action - mouse wheel with the <Ctrl> key pressed. Rotating the mouse
wheel forwards will move the view of the design to the left while rotating
it backwards will move it to the right.
Note that if the cursor is on a scroll bar then rotating the mouse wheel
pans by moving the scroll bar slider appropriately regardless of whether
the shift or control keys are pressed.

2.2.5.3 MOUSE SETTINGS
This section under the Settings menu allows the configuration of the
wheel mouse and scroll functions.
Zoom
The required mouse wheel action may be selected from the dropdown
menu on the right. If the “Reverse” checkbox is enabled then the effect
of rotating the mouse wheel is reversed relative to the default effect. The
amount of zoom that each mouse wheel ‘click’ represents is controlled
by the “Zoom Factor”. This number is the ratio of the new to the old
zoom state and must be greater than 1 and less than 10. For example
1.5 will give an increase of 50% when zooming out for each wheel click
and a decrease of 1.0/1.5 when zooming in.
Vertical
of rotating the mouse wheel is reversed relative to the default effect.
Horizontal
of rotating the mouse wheel is reversed relative to the default effect.
Show Scroll Bars

When enabled the scroll bars will be visible.
2.2.5.4 GROUPING ITEMS TO DISPLAY – USING LAYERS

IRRICAD automatically groups items in what are called Layers. When
selecting items to place on the screen the resulting dialog will normally
have the layer as <DEFAULT>. This means that all drawing items will be
put into the DRAWING layer, all text is put in the TEXT layer, all pipes
are put in the relevant PIPES layer and all outlets in the OUTLETS layer
unless specified otherwise.
Everything can be placed on one layer or can be stored in related

groups of information on different layers. This is similar to manually
drawing different types of information on the overlay sheets commonly
used in conventional drafting that can be viewed independently or

stacked on top of one another to compose a complete drawing. For
example, place a basic plan on layer 1, mainline on layer 2, the electrical
system on layer 3, the control valves on layer 4, and so on.
You can create, edit, view, and print any combination of layers together.
Objects can be moved from one layer to another. An object can be
drawn on any layer and with any properties, or can be set to use
properties from the layer itself.
In Settings|Layers a series of larger groups with the <DEFAULT> layer

specified at the top of the dialog can be seen. Notice that the Zone
group is also <DEFAULT>. This means that depending on the item
drawn e.g., an outlet, the item will be put in the correct layer e.g.,
OUTLETS layer. A layer can be selected e.g., TEMPORARY from the
dropdown list so that all zone items will be placed in the TEMPORARY
layer.
New layers can be created and any created layers can be deleted. The
default layers cannot be deleted.
Layers can be turned off (uncheck the check box for that layer in the
“Show” column) to hide the items in them. Items can have their drawing
properties selected as “By Layer”, which means that the item will display
the color, line type and line widths as per the layer defined properties.
These layer properties can be changed by clicking on the “Color” column
to change the color or selecting a new line type and width from the
dropdown lists when clicking in the “Line Type” or “Line Width” column.
Items can also be moved from one layer into another. The main reason
for doing this would be to turn off some items but have other items
remain visible. All visible items are printable. See Changing Layers,
Section 2.4.4.3 to see how to do this.
2.2.5.5 PLACEMENT AIDS

The following placement aids are provided to simplify and speed up
some tasks.
 Circular Cursor: Settings|Drawing Items – “Circular Cursor”

 Direct Entry: Keyboard
 Connecting Hydraulic Items: Settings|Snap
 Grid: Settings|Grid / Origin
 Snap to Grid: Settings|Snap
 Ortho Mode: Settings|Drawing Items – “Ortho”
 Snaps: Right-click|Snaps
 Running Snaps: Settings|Snap
Circular Cursor Aid

The circular cursor is a tool that can be used to position items a
particular distance from an existing item. A radius is specified, at the
required distance, and the cursor is used as a visual locator to place the
next item.
This tool can be used for all geometric and hydraulic tools.
An example of the use of this tool would be drawing in a block of tapes a

set distance from the fence line.
Sizing and Placing Objects Accurately Using Direct Entry

Distances, angles and co-ordinates can be entered directly by using the
keyboard. As the characters are typed they are displayed on the left-
hand side of the status bar. Pressing the <Enter> key executes the
command.
A single number is always a distance; angles require a distance, and co-

ordinates are two numbers divided by a comma. E.g.:
Distance 34 <Enter>
Distance & angle 34,<90 <Enter>
Co-ordinates 0,0 <Enter>
This feature can be used for all geometric objects.
To specify a length of a line, radius, side of a rectangle, etc., select the

tool and place the first click, using the mouse, on the screen (drawing
objects only). Type the length, e.g., 98ft (30m), and press the <Enter>
key. Note prior to pressing the <Enter> key the value typed appears in
the left-hand corner of the status bar.
To specify the angle of a line, radius, side of a rectangle, etc. the length
must be specified. Type in the length, then < and then the angle (e.g.,
50,<90 for a line the length of 50ft (m) long at an angle of 90 o from the
starting point).
To use co-ordinates to place the start and end points of a line, radius,
side of a rectangle, etc. , type in the required X and Y co-ordinates for

the starting point (e.g., 0,0) and press the <Enter> key. Once again, note
the values typed will appear in the left-hand corner of the status bar.
Now type the X and Y co-ordinates of the end point, (e.g., 50,30) and
press the <Enter> key.
Note: <Num. Lock> may need to be turned off on the keyboard in

order to use the decimal point for metric measurements in the
direct distance entry.
Connecting Hydraulic Items

During the management, design, analysis, and fittings selection
processes IRRICAD needs to “know” how hydraulic items in the system
are connected to each other and subsequently back to control valves or
Water supplies. This list of connections is referred to as the
“Connectivity” and gives rise to a number of rules and mechanisms that
help ensure the correct arrangement of a system.
Pipes, spraylines, and tapes must always directly connect to a point

hydraulic item and not another pipe, sprayline or tape. In the cases
where a water supply, control valve, outlet or miscellaneous hydraulic
item is not present the connection is denoted by a “Junction”, which is
typically displayed as a black square symbol. For example, when a pipe
line changes direction a junction will exist between the two pipes. Free
ends of pipes, spraylines, and tapes are also required to connect to a
junction or a point hydraulic item. Junctions are normally inserted
automatically by the IRRICAD tools and simply serve as internal nodes
for the design process, placeholders for fittings selection, and a location
to display information.
Some consequences of this system are:-
 Junctions cannot be deleted individually unless unattached.

They will be removed automatically when all connected items
are removed.
 Junctions will be removed when point hydraulic objects are

connected to them.
 When a point hydraulic item is deleted from a pipe, sprayline, or

tape it will be replaced by a junction.
Hydraulic items can only connect to items of the same class (Zone or
Mainline). The exception is Control Valves which may connect to both
Zone and Mainline pipes.
To assist the user and ensure the correct connectivity the hydraulic
entity creation tools, by default, employ a visually based “connect mode”
(snap). This method uses a user-defined (in Settings|Snap) screen
distance to determine how connections are made to items near the point
clicked. If the screen distance (i.e. in screen millimeters or inches)
between the point clicked, and the nearest hydraulic item, is less than
the setting a connection will be made. Additionally clicking on a pipe,
sprayline or tape, within the setting distance from the end of the item,
will result in the connection being made at the end exactly.
Using this method helps to avoid unwanted small pieces of pipe being
created beyond connections and situations where pipes are not quite
connected to items that they were intended to be. Note that zooming in
before clicking will allow closer (in real terms) connections to be made.
Grid
A grid can be set up to be any spacing desired along the X and Y-axis.
Enter a value for the spacing along the “X”-axis (horizontal) and the “Y”-
axis (vertical). Enable the “Display Grid Points” if you wish to see the
grid points on the screen. If you have an existing item on the screen and
you wish grid points to be positioned on this item (or corner of the item)
enter the co-ordinates of the item (or corner) into the X and Y fields for
“Grid Origin”.
Snap to Grid
Once a grid has been established you have the option to use
Settings|Snap - “Snap to Grid”. Once “Snap to Grid” is enabled, the
cursor is restricted to only moving between grid points.
This is a very useful tool for drawing straight pipelines, positioning

sprinklers at a specific spacing (without using the Sprayline tool) and for
positioning and drawing geometric objects.
Ortho Mode
Often the work in IRRICAD consists of drawing or editing along
horizontal and vertical axes. This can be achieved by manually entering
coordinates, but it's much quicker to work in “Ortho” mode (see
Settings|Drawing Items Section 5.10.5.6). “Ortho” settings can be used
to constrain point placement so that each point placed is in perfect
horizontal or vertical alignment with the previous point. If only a few
points are going to be entered orthogonally, hold down the <Ctrl> key
while entering the points (if already in “Ortho” mode, using the <Ctrl>
key temporarily turns off “Ortho” mode).
Although the default orientation of the orthogonal axes is 0o / 90o, these
axes can be rotated to any angle required. This allows you to draw or
edit by placing points that are in 90-degree alignment to one another but
not on the horizontal and vertical axes. To change the angle of the
orthogonal axes, use the “Ortho Angle” setting.
“Ortho Mode” works for both geometric and hydraulic items.
Holding the <Ctrl> key down when in “Ortho Mode” will disengage
“Ortho Mode”. Holding the <Ctrl> key down when not in “Ortho Mode”
will engage “Ortho Mode” using the angle set in the “Ortho Angle” dialog
field.
See also:
Draw Section 5.6
Accurately Placing Items (Using Snaps)

Perhaps the most important feature of a CAD program is the ability to
place or constrain points in relationship to other elements in the drawing.
IRRICAD offers a complete set of referencing options called snaps.
When a snap option is used while locating a point, the point snaps into
position.
Snaps are tools that allow connecting to existing objects on the screen.
By right-clicking the mouse after having selected a drawing tool the
following snaps are accessed:
 Midpoint
 Endpoint
 Perpendicular
 Percent
 Object
 Intersection
 Tangent
 Closest
 Center
 Quadrant
 Parallel
The ones most likely to be used on a regular basis are Midpoint,

Endpoint and Perpendicular. By using the Endpoint snap, lines and
geometric objects will connect to the endpoint of an existing object. This
means that the drawing will be tidy. If trying to connect to the end point
of an object by eye, then zoom into this connection it is obvious that the
two objects are quite distant. If the Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint is used,
the two objects are connected. Right-click|Snaps|Midpoint allows
connecting to the middle of an object. Right-click|Snaps|Perpendicular
allows connecting to an object at 90o.
For all the snaps, the click must be within a tolerance distance to the
object required to snap to.
When one of the snap tools has been invoked, it will only affect the next
click placed on the screen. If using the same snap for the subsequent
click, it must be selected again, or Running Snaps enabled
(Settings|Snap – [Running Snaps] Section 5.10.16.2).
When drawing hydraulic items on the screen (including Contours and

Spot Heights), the Right-click|Snap|Place tool is the same as setting the
default snap mode to “Place” (rather than “Connect”) but is only active
for the next mouse click. Very useful if placing hydraulic items close the
existing hydraulic items and not wishing them to connect. Note if Place
is selected, hydraulic objects will not be connected together. If a
hydraulic object is not connected, a warning message will be given
during Design.
Snaps selected from the Right-click menu are one-action only. Enabling
Settings|Snap - [Running Snaps] (Section 5.10.16.2 will allow selected
Snaps to be on indefinitely.
For further information about each of the above snaps, see Snaps,
Section 5.1.3.
Running Snaps
Snap tools that are used frequently can be set as running snaps so that
they don't have to be selected repeatedly. Running snaps remain
activated until turned off in the Running Snaps dialog. If the "Show
Preview" option is selected, then when the cursor moves within range of
a point for which a running snap is set, an icon for that snap is displayed
beside the cursor. Running snaps is available for drawing and hydraulic
items. Go to Settings|Snap and click the [Running Snaps] button. You
can select any or all to be on. Remember to check the “RN Snaps On”
check box.
The Snap tools work in much the same way as Connect does. IRRICAD
uses a tolerance range. If an item is within this range then IRRICAD
assumes you wish to snap / connect to this item. The tolerance range is
determined by zoom factor, distance on the screen and world distance.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

Running Snaps Section
5.10.16.2
2.2.5.6 HOW TO FIND LENGTHS AND DISTANCES

On the Status bar right click on the Info Panel (see Section 5.5.13.1) and
select Length. If an item was already highlighted, the length will be
displayed. Any extra items highlighted will show the cumulative length of
all selected items.
Figure 2-1
Use <F9> to measure the length of an object or the distance between

two objects. Hold the cursor over the point to start from and press the
<F9> key. Move the cursor to the point to finish at and read the status
bar. The distance and angle the cursor has moved since pressing <F9>
is displayed.
2.2.5.7 SPEEDING UP COPY TOOLS

When preparing a design it is sometimes necessary to replicate existing
items on a plan. Copy tools allow this to be accomplished and
depending on the tool used, can align and space items as required.

All Copy tools have a 'no dialog' shortcut, which repeats the last copy
without showing the dialog each time.
For example to speed up Offset copy:
1. Draw an arc (for example).

2. Select Offset copy, click the arc and enter a fixed offset distance.
3. Copy the arc to the inside.
4. Offset copy is still selected so, HOLD SHIFT and click the new
arc.
5. Copy the new arc at the same offset, to the inside.
6. HOLDING SHIFT, keep clicking the new arcs to repeat the copy
as many times as required.
Tip: Be sure to select the Copy tool before clicking on the object. If
the object is selected before the Copy tool is invoked, the tool
will only be active for one action.
2.2.5.8 QUICK TIPS

Default Names
Holding the <Shift> key down when placing a zone valve, mainline outlet
or mainline spraylines doesn't show the “Name” dialog but accepts the
default name.
Saving To Previous Versions of IRRICAD

Designs can be saved in the format of all previous versions of IRRICAD
(to Version 7). See File|Export – “Save as type”.
Toolbars
Any toolbar docking area can be customized by right-clicking on any
icon or toolbar. This is simply a short cut to the View|Toolbars option
and allows immediate customization.
Symbol Colors
Multiple colored symbols can be used in the databases e.g., for Valves.
If a symbol is specified with the "Use symbol color(s)” in the database
editor then the symbol will be displayed in IRRICAD using the colors
contained in the symbol definition.

2.3 THE DESIGN PROCESS
This chapter looks at the basic design process and the details of the
design process.
2.3.1 THE BASIC DESIGN PROCESS

To begin using IRRICAD it is helpful to know the steps that are
necessary to produce a design. Although there is no rigidly prescribed
way of producing designs (this is a major strength of the program), the
following procedure is recommended as a starting point. A basic outline
of the design procedure is:
1. Enter design details.
2. Enter background information - place property boundaries,

buildings and elevation data on the design.
3. Layout the Irrigation System - position water supplies, outlets,

control valves and connect with pipes.
4. Zone Design - hydraulically design and / or analyze from the

control valves to the zone outlets.
5. Management - the operating arrangement, specify which control

valves run together or individually.
6. Mainline Design - hydraulically design and / or analyze the

system from the water supply to the control valves.
7. Costing - select fittings and generate a Bill of Materials and

Costs for clients.
8. Printing - print or plot plans and reports.

2.3.2 DETAILS OF THE DESIGN PROCESS
2.3.2.1 DESIGN DETAILS
Select Settings|Design Headings and enter the design details as
required to specify the design – see Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-2 - Settings Dialog

2.3.2.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Draw in any property boundaries, buildings present on the site, roads
and other topographical features required by using the tools from the
Draw menu. Use the mouse to draw objects or digitize them from a
scaled plan (see Digitizing Plans, Section 4.8). There are many other
drawing aids that can be used to assist with this process, for example,
Snaps, Snap to Grid, Grid, Circular Cursor, etc.
Elevation data, if applicable, needs to be drawn on or imported into the

design. An existing DXF, SHP, CSV or KML/KMZ file containing
elevation data can be imported into IRRICAD as can background
information in (see Importing a DXF, VCD, DWG, GCD, SHP, MIF, CSV
or KML File, Section 2.4.1.1). Some drawing objects can also be
converted to elevations at a later stage (see Convert to Elevations,
Section 5.12.8). Figure 2-3 shows the contours from an imported DXF
file.
Figure 2-3 - Elevation Data

2.3.2.3 IRRIGATION SYSTEM LAYOUT
The irrigation system can be drawn in any order. However to follow the
progression in the explanation below, we have started with the water
supply end.
Place a water supply (Mainline|Water Supply). Enter any pressures or

flows as provided by the water supply. Note that the flows are for your
reference only as the outlet demand determines the design flow for any
system flow). Select Mainline|Pipe and connect it to the water supply.
For IRRICAD to size pipes for the system, leave the pipe type as
Computer Selected. For manual sizing, select specific pipes from the
dropdown list and then IRRICAD will analyze the system and report
back on system performance. A combination of computer sized and
manually entered pipes can be used. Pipe sizes can also be selected
with the “Computer Sized” check box enabled so that if the analysis
shows a problem then pipe sizes can be computer sized automatically.
Pipe ends will be automatically connected to other hydraulic items,

providing that they are within the set snap distance and the default snap
mode is “Connect” rather than “Place” (see Default Snap Mode, Section
5.10.16.1).
Figure 2-4 - Irrigation System

A control valve is always used to separate a zone from the mainline.
Select Zone|Control Valve and connect it to the mainline pipe where it
will be connecting to a zone pipe. Outlets can be placed individually
using Zone|Outlet. Connect outlets using Zone|Pipe. Add any additional
components required (such as backflow preventors, pressure regulating
valves, etc.) as Misc. Hydraulic items. See Using Misc. Hydraulic Items,
Section 2.4.9. Figure 2-4 shows an irrigation system layout.
Pipes and outlets can be treated as a single object using Zone|Sprayline

or Zone|Tape. Multiple spraylines or tapes can be laid out using
Zone|Spray Block or Zone|Tape Block. Blocks can be laid out with
automatic placement of submains, valves, flushing manifolds and
flushing valve assemblies by using the Block Entities of Zone|Spray
Irrigation Block and Zone|Tape Irrigation Block.
2.3.2.4 ZONE DESIGN

First the zones must be designed. There are four design options
available in the Design|Zone Design command:-
These options are split into two groups – sizing and designing the pipes
or analyzing existing pipe sizes.
Zone Pipe Sizing Options:-

For Computer Selected or “Computer Sized” pipes in the design run
Design|Zone Design|LP Design. If a system contains loops (closed
systems), use the Design|Zone Design|Velocity Design option.
Zone Analysis Options:-

If you have selected your own pipe sizes, or made any manual changes,
run Design|Zone Design|Analyze. Once you have initially sized or
analysed the system set the valve pressures via Design|Zone Design
Configuration and run Zone Design|Detailed Analayis to finalise the
design and report the actual flows based on the actual pressures at
each emitter.

Take note of any warning messages that may occur. Some messages
are simply warnings to draw your attention, while others terminate the
design process and the reported problem must be rectified before
proceeding. Check the Error Messages, Section 6.13.3 to help pinpoint
the reason for the warning messages.
After successfully running Zone Design access the Zone Design reports
in Reports|Zone Design Reports. Note that any headloss through the
valve is reported in the Zone Design Summary report and the Zone
Design Full report.
2.3.2.5 MANAGEMENT
Management is the process of specifying how the system will operate –
that is, which control valves will be running at any one time. Before
designing or analyzing the mainline IRRICAD needs to know how many
valves will be operating at any one time as this will affect the mainline
pipe sizes or analysis of the flow in specified pipe sizes.
There are two ways to enter management data for the system:
 Graphically by selecting zones on the design to run at any one

time
 By filling in a table
Specify the control valve operating arrangement (management) via the

Management options in the Design menu – there are four options:-
 Design|Assign Zones to System Flows – used to graphically

assign the zones that will be operating at the same time.
 Design|Assign All Zones to One System Flow – used to
populate the management table with all valves on at the same
time and thereby giving one system flow.
 Design|Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow – used to
populate the management table with each valve running
separately and thereby giving as many system flows as control
valves.
 Design|Other Management Options|Assign System Flows to
Zones – used to manually assign system flows to zones in a
tabular format.
The Assign Zones to System Flows option enables you to easily and
graphically click on the zones that are to run on a given system flow. It
works by displaying symbols of all zones and water supplies (when there
is more than one) on screen, these symbols can then be selected
individually, or in groups, and assigned to a particular system flow. See
Assign Zones to System Flows, Section 5.13.9.
Figure 2-5 - Graphical Management
The Assign All Zones to One System Flow and Assign Each Zone to a
Unique System Flow options are an automated function to fill in the
Management table for you. See Assign All Zones to One System Flow,
Section 5.13.10 and Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow
Management reports can be viewed in the Reports|Management

Reports menu.
The Design|Other Management Options|Zone Operating Times option

requires entering operating times for each individual zone in the system.
This is best used for small irrigation systems where actual start and stop
times for valves are important and need to be reported. Based on the
operating times entered, IRRICAD will calculate the resulting flows in the
mainline. This option cannot be used for multiple water supplies. See
Figure 2-6. See Zone Operating Times Section 5.13.13.2.

Figure 2-6 - Zone Operating Times
The Design|Other Management Options|Assign System Flows to Zones

option allows you to choose the number of system flows and their
operating times and then to select which of the system flows each zone
will operate on. See Figure 2-7. Opening this table will not change any
previously set management. See Assign System Flows to Zones Section
5.13.13.3.
Figure 2-7 - Assign System Flows To Zones

Check all outlets are connected to a valve and all valves are connected
to a water supply (Design|Check Outlet Connectivity).
2.3.2.6 MAINLINE DESIGN

The mainline can now be designed or analyzed.
There are four design options available in the Design|Mainline Design:-
These options are split into two groups – sizing and designing the pipes
or analyzing existing pipe sizes.
Mainline Pipe Sizing Options:-

For Computer Selected or “Computer Sized” pipes in the design run
Design|Mainline Design|LP Design unless the design is a looped system
or has more than one water supply. In this case use the Design|Mainline
Design|Mainline Velocity Design option.
Mainline Analysis Options:-

If pipe sizes have been allocated run the Design|Mainline
Design|Analyze option. Once you have initially sized or analyzed the
system if the system contains mainline outlets set the water pressures
on the water supply symbol and run the Design|Mainline Design|Detailed
Analayis option. This will finalise the design and report the actual flows
based on the actual pressures at each mainline emitter.
After successfully running Mainline Design access the reports in the

Reports|Mainline Design Reports menu.
2.3.2.7 FITTING SELECTION AND SYSTEM COSTING

After successfully designing the system IRRICAD can automatically
select fittings for the design by selecting Design|Computer Selection of
Fittings. IRRICAD will look at each pipe or component junction in the
design and select suitable fittings from the database.
The Bill of Materials (BOM) or Costing reports, accessed via the
Reports|Costing/BOM Reports menu, can be viewed to determine if
IRRICAD was able to successfully select all the fittings required. If any
problems are found, these can be corrected by adjusting the database
and re-running Computer Selection of Fittings or manually by double-
clicking on the junction or hydraulic point object and clicking the [Show
Fittings] button to access the Add, Replace or Delete options.
2.3.2.8 PRINTING AND PLOTTING

To print a report first display the report in a viewer window. Click the
print icon, or select File|Print in this window.
Predefined plotting layouts can be placed on the plan by selecting

Draw|Plot Layout. These layouts can be moved or altered. Then the final
plan can be printed by selecting File|Print.
See also:
Enhancing the Presentation of Plans Section 2.7

Producing Reports Section 2.8.1
How to Print a Plan Section 2.8.2

2.4 ENTERING INFORMATION INTO IRRICAD
This chapter looks at entering a scale plan, entering hydraulic items,
changing items on the screen, allowing for elevation changes and using
the different types of hydraulic objects in the design.
2.4.1 ENTERING A SCALE PLAN

There are four ways to enter information from a scale plan into
IRRICAD:
 By importing a DXF, VCD, DWG, GCD, SHP, MIF, CSV or

KML/KMZ file.
 By importing an image file.
 By using the mouse or keyboard.
 By using a digitizer.
2.4.1.1 IMPORTING A DXF, VCD, DWG, GCD, SHP, MIF, CSV OR

KML FILE
Plans that have been created in other CAD packages can be exported
as a file type that IRRICAD can read (up to Autocad 2013). IRRICAD is
able to import DXF, VCD, DWG, GCD, SHP, MIF, CSV, and KML/KMZ
files. Note that to import contours complete with height data a DXF file,
SHP file, or CSV, TXT, XYZ file that contains Z values (vertex - not
attributes) will be required. The contour layers will need to be specified.
(See Import Contours, Section 5.3.6. Use File|Import Contours and
select the name(s) of the contour layer(s). If a file is imported without
elevations, the Change tool can be used on contours with incorrect
height data or the Convert to Elevations tool can be used on points,
lines, polylines and curves (see Section 5.12.8).
If a file has been acquired in archived form (.zip file), the file will need to
be unzipped before IRRICAD can import it. Files can be extracted from
archives using a utility program (e.g., WinZip, PkZip or 7zip). Windows
XP and higher have inbuilt access to zip archives.
In many cases a DXF or DWG file will be supplied without knowing the
units used when the file was exported (note this does not apply to VCD
or GCD files). Settings|Units has a field labeled “Importing”. Select the

units in which the file was exported as (e.g., m or ft). If this selection is
incorrect, the scale of the imported items will also be incorrect.
To check the scale, find an object in the design of known length in world
units (e.g., ft, m). Place the cursor at one end of the object. Press the
<F9> key to zero the distance on the status bar. Move the cursor to the
other end of the object and look at the ‘d =’ value on the status bar. If the
length of the line is incorrect, start a new design and change the
importing units accordingly. If the file was originally imported in m, and
the length of the object is 3.28 times too long, select ft. Start a new
design and select File|Import or File|Import Contours to re-import the file.
Fonts have been mapped so that most fonts can be displayed in a like
font or mapped to something sensible when a DWG file is imported.
Notes on Internal Offset/Scale
Figure 5-8
When very large coordinates exist in an imported plan IRRICAD attemps

to set an internal origin (viewed in the “Internal Offset” in
Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS) to reduce the magnitude of internal
coordinates. This ensures that the seed tools operate correctly, items
are selected accurately and accurate flows are reported for all tapes.
Addtionally the internal resolution may be set (“Scale” in

Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS) depending on the range of coordinates
spanned by the items on the plan. If the range is large the scale will be
set to 20. Note that running Compress will recalculate the required
scale.
When importing files via File|Import or File|Import Contours the below

message will appear if the span of coordinates is too large to be
accommodated by altering the scale:-
Figure 5-9
In this case:-
1. Turn on all imported layers.

2. Zoom into the plan and using Modify|Select|Window draw a
window around the plan.
3. Use Modify|Invert Selection to de-select the plan and select the
far-off items.
4. Press the [Delete] key or use Modify|Delete.
5. Run File|Compress.
NOTES ON IMPORTING SHP FILES

ESRI SHP files can now be imported directly into IRRICAD. This facility
works for both normal Import and Import Contours.
Figure 2-10

Text labels are created from the SHP file fields selected in the import
dialog list box. If more than one field is selected, the text is ‘stacked’ in
the label. If the “Import text only” box is checked, only the selected fields
will be imported as text (use this feature if multiple fields are required as
separate labels).
When importing contour / elevation information from an SHP file, you

must select the field which contains the elevation data from the import
dialog list box (see example below).
Figure 2-11
In both SHP importation modes, projected data (latitudes and

longitudes) is accepted if the “UTM WGS84 Projection” has been used.

SHP File Layer Attribute Naming
ESRI Shape files typically contain information which specifies the layer
an object is contained in. In order for IRRICAD to assign objects to the
correct layer the 'attribute', or field name, containing this information
must be specified. Typically the attribute containing the layers is “Layer”,
however in the event this is not the case you can specify the fieldname
containing the layers as shown below.
Figure 2-12

NOTES ON IMPORTING CSV FILES
Drawing and Contour data from CSV files can be imported into
IRRICAD.
Figure 2-13
The data columns in the file must be arranged in one of the supported
orders (see above). An ID column allows CSV data to be interpreted as
polylines (all points with the same ID form part of the same polyline).
You may uncheck “Import as polylines” to import polyline data as
individual points.
Again, latitudes and longitudes are supported using the “UTM WGS84
Projection” only.
To import elevation data as contours an ID column must be included.

The correct option is solely determined by the field order in each
individual file. If receiving files from the same surveyor, once the correct
field order is found, it should not change.
See also:
Import Section 5.3.5

Import Contours Section 5.3.6
2.4.1.2 GIS OPTIONS

In order to perform geo-referencing and geo-locating functions IRRICAD
must be able to translate between geographical (latitudes / longitudes)
and planar (X, Y) coordinates. There are many ways to represent both
types of coordinates and IRRICAD uses two of the most common. When
representing geographic coordinates internally IRRICAD uses the
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system. When interpreting
latitudes and longitudes, IRRICAD assumes that they use the World
Geodetic System (1984) (WGS84) reference frame.
UTM divides the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth into 60
zones and uses a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system within
each zone. This means that a UTM coordinate pair is NOT a unique
position on the globe, unlike a latitude and longitude. To fully specify a
UTM position on the globe, one must know to which UTM zone it refers.
Conversion Utility - Why you would convert from WGS84 coordinates to

UTM:-
This option located in Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS is useful if adding a small

amount of information in to the IRRICAD design. For example a feature
was not previously located on the GPS survey and now you wish to add
it.
From the hand-help GPS unit enter the latitude and longitude in decimal
degrees under WGS84. Click the bottom arrow:
IRRICAD converts the latitudes and longitudes to a coordinate position

on the plan. Using Go To Coords you can now place the feature at the
correct location.
Note: Larger amounts of data can be converted from WGS84 to UTM

by using the existing Import option to import data from a text file
(e.g., CSV).
2.4.1.3 IMPORTING ELEVATION DATA

To import contours and/or spot heights complete with elevation data a
DXF, SHP, CSV/TXT/XYZ, or KML/KMZ file that contains Z values
(vertex - not attribute) will be required. The elevation layers will need to
be specified. (See Import Contours, Section 5.3.6. Use File|Import
Contours and select the name(s) of the elevation layer(s).
If a file is imported without elevations (they are set to 0) the Change tool
can be used to correct the height data or the Tools|Convert to
Elevations) command can be used to create elevations from points,
lines, polylines and curves (see Section 5.12.8).
Contours and Spot Heights can be labeled via Settings|Labels tab and
the Tools|Create Labels command.
2.4.1.4 CALCULATING CONTOURS FROM SPOT HEIGHTS

To create contours from spot heights use Tools|Calculate Contours.
Notes on Calculated Contours

Calculated contours (secondary elevations) are simply a visual
representation of the underlying primary elevation data (for example
imported spot heights and contours). If for some reason the spot heights
have been removed (this is not recommended), and only the calculated
contours remain, it is not possible to recalculate the DEM if design
changes are required. In this situation in order to assign an elevation to
newly added hydraulic items, or include additional elevation data,
primary elevations are required.
To Change Calculated Contours in to Primary Elevations:-
1. Draw a contour on the plan using Draw|Contour.

2. Select (highlight) all contours.
3. Select Modify|Change Type and click on the contour just drawn.
Click [OK].
4. In the Change/Match dialog uncheck all items in the "Match"
column and enable "Change" Primary / Secondary Elevation.
Click [OK].
Figure 2-14
2.4.1.5 IMPORTING FROM GOOGLE EARTH
Images and elevation data may be imported directly from Google Earth
by selecting Import from Google Earth from the File menu (see Section
5.3.8). The image and elevation data will be automatically geo-located in
the IRRICAD design.
System requirements for the Google Earth feature are:-
- Microsoft .NET framework Version 4.5 installed (if this is already

installed it will be visible in Control Panel - Programs and Features).
Figure 2-15
To update .NET go to http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=324519
Notes:
By default the resulting image will appear to be slightly rotated.
This is because a rectangle defined by latitude and longitude is
not rectangular in UTM and therefore for accuracy it needs to be
rectified. This is especially necessary if data placed in relation to
the image in IRRICAD is then exported back to Google Earth.
There is an option in the utility to turn off the rectification, but it
has little to recommend it other than 'looking nicer'.
Each spot height is determined at a latitude/longitude point, and
is subsequently converted to UTM. As such, they are all spatially
independent and don’t require rectification. Note that they come
from an interpolation in the Google Earth Plugin, known to be of
low accuracy, and elevations generated from these will be
subject to further interpolation/smoothing by IRRICAD, so they
should not be used as the basis of any rigorous solutions.
Always double-check dimensions using known world lengths of

existing objects, for example, fence lines. Satellite imagery may
overlap photos and cause quoting or installation inaccuracies.
2.4.1.6 IMPORTING AN IMAGE

Aerial photographs of an area can be scanned and saved in one of
several image file formats (BMP, JPG, GIF, TIF, WMF, PCX or PNG -
for an explanation of the merits and features of the various image
formats see the Export Images – Image Types, Section 5.3.11.1).
Images may also be acquired from online mapping sources, such as
Google Earth. These images can be imported directly in to IRRICAD via
File|Import from Google Earth. See Section 5.3.8.
There are three check boxes along the bottom of the dialog whose
functions are described below:
Image Path
If this box is enabled then the current folder is retained and the next time
Import Image is selected the folder will default to this location.
Use Relative Path

When an Image is imported into IRRICAD a link to the image file is
inserted into the design rather than embedding the entire image. When
“Use Relative Path” is checked the link (i.e., folder path) will be relative
to the location of the IRRICAD design. This feature is very useful if the
design is shifted to another computer, drive or folder. As long as the
image file is located in the same place relative to the design then the link
will be intact and the image will be displayed. Note “Use Relative Path”
cannot be used for an ‘Untitled’ design, if it is, a warning message will be
displayed.

Embed
Images may be embedded in the design. This means that if the design is
sent to another computer, the separate image does not have to be sent
with it – the image is saved in the design itself.
Lock Ratio
If this item is checked, the bitmap rectangle will be constrained to the
aspect ratio (height/width) of the original image during placement. If
unchecked then the image can be drawn so that it may be distorted
compared to the original.
Once the Image file has been selected (by clicking the [Open] button)
the image can be placed on the screen using the mouse or keyboard
entry. The lower-left corner is located first (with a left mouse click or
keyboard coordinates), a rectangle is then drawn out (when using the
mouse the left button should NOT be depressed during this stage) and
then the upper-right corner is placed (note, if the corners are not
specified in lower-left – upper-right order, the image will be flipped
horizontally and/or vertically).
Before importing, the world size of the photograph needs to be known

e.g., the image is 1.5 x 2ft (m) and correlates to a world distance of 3500
x 6000ft (m). Modify|Scale Image can be used to resize the image after
importing. Direct distance entry can also be used to specify the
coordinates of the top left corner and bottom right corner of the image
when importing (see Using the Mouse and Keyboard, Section 2.4.1.7).
2.4.1.7 USING THE MOUSE AND KEYBOARD

The mouse can be used to draw lines or other drawing objects on the
screen. The status bar will display the length of the line before the
second click. The status bar value d = measures from each click used to
place each point of a drawing and hydraulic tool. To measure a distance
or length of an object already on the screen right-click on the Info Panel
of the Status Bar (Section 5.5.13.1) and select Length and then select
any existing item on the screen. Or place the cursor at one end of the
object. Press the <F9> key to zero the distance on the status bar. Move
the cursor to the other end of the object and look at the d = value on the
status bar (note this method is less accurate as it relies on the
placement of the cursor).

Direct Distance Entry
The keyboard can be used to specify lengths, coordinates and angles of
drawing tools. To specify a length of a line, radius, side of a rectangle,
etc., select the tool and place the first click, using the mouse, on the
screen (drawing objects only). Type the length, e.g., 30 (ft, m) and press
the <Enter> key. Note prior to pressing the <Enter> key the value type
appears in the left-hand corner of the status bar.
To specify the angle of a line, radius, side of a rectangle, etc. a length

must also be specified. Type in the length, then <, then the angle (e.g.,
50,<90 for a line the length of 50ft (m) long at an angle of 90 o from the
starting point).
To use coordinates to place the start and end points of a line, radius,
side of a rectangle, etc., type in the required X and Y coordinates for the
starting point (e.g., 0,0) and press the <Enter> key. Once again, note the
values type will appear in the left-hand corner of the status bar. Now
type the X and Y coordinates of the end point (e.g., 50,30) and press the
<Enter> key.
See also:
Draw Section 5.6
2.4.1.8 SUMMARY
 If importing a file:
 Select the “Importing” units for the file
 Check the scale once the file is imported.
 If importing an image:
 Coordinates can be used to specify the world size of the
image
 Scale the image after importing.
 If using the mouse or keyboard
 Use lengths, coordinates and angles to enter data
 Direct distance entry cannot be used for entering hydraulic
items.
 If Scale is to be used, ensure the whole plan fits within the
tablet's active area and the scale is known.

2.4.2 ENTERING HYDRAULIC ITEMS
Hydraulic items are those which have hydraulic or irrigation significance
in the design. These items are required for any design and analysis to
take place.
Hydraulic items in IRRICAD are divided into two types - those upstream
of a control valve, named Mainline items, and those downstream of a
control valve, named Zone items.
Select the database to use for the design in Settings|Irrigation - Design

Specific. Click the [Browse] button if you wish to change the currently
selected database. If you wish to have a database for a specific
manufacturer, please visit our website www.IRRICAD.com. Databases
are downloadable and can be merged with existing databases if
required. (See Merge (Databases), Section 3.3.5).
Hydraulic items can be either connected to existing items, or placed

near existing items without connecting. Zone and mainline items can
only be connected via a control valve. Select “Connect” or “Place” in
Settings|Snap. If are in “Connect” mode, but would like to place one or
two objects without them connecting to existing items, select Right-
click|Snaps|Place for a single action only or right-click on the Snap
Panel on the Status Bar (see Section 5.5.13.2) and select Place (see
Figure 2-16). See Connecting and Placing Hydraulic Items, Section
2.4.2.2 for more information.
Figure 2-16 - Default Snap Settings
Any items not connected to a control valve will not be included in the
design and analysis process. Note that if a control valve or mainline

outlet is not connected to the water supply, Mainline Design will
terminate.
Pipes require a junction at points where they connect to other pipes.

However, where pipes connect to point objects such as valves, outlets
and water supplies the junction symbol will disappear when connected.
If a junction symbol is visible in this situation, the item is not connected
to the pipe.
Electrical items, though having no hydraulic significance, can be placed

in the design from the Electrical menu. Electrical items cannot be
designed to a specification. IRRICAD will not size the wire. Any electrical
items entered are for reporting (quantities required) and visual purposes
only.
See also:
IRRICAD Database Editor Manual Section 3

Pipes & Pipe Sizing Section 2.4.7
2.4.2.1 ITEM SELECTION

In order to select a hydraulic item for use in a design, it must first have
been entered into the component database using the Database Editor.
Select the required tool from the Zone or Mainline menu, e.g., Outlet,
Pipe, etc. Select the component to use from the dropdown list. For items
to be present in the list, they must first be entered in the database and
enabled for use (have a usage code entered into the “Usage” field for
the item). The items in the selection list are ordered according to the
order specified for the type of item (see Default Database Order, Section
3.13.1).
When the tool is selected, a dialog box appears. Select the item you
wish to use in the design. Pipes can be Computer Selected which
allows IRRICAD to size pipes according to the system requirements. For
other items, e.g., outlets, tapes and spraylines, a summary of the
hydraulic data is present in the dialog to help select the correct item.
The characteristics of each hydraulic item are found in the database.
If an operating pressure is entered for an outlet which is outside the

operating range of the item, a warning message will be given before
closing the dialog. There are recommended and absolute limits in

IRRICAD. Exceeding a recommended limit will give a warning message,
but this can be over-ridden by clicking the [Continue] or [Yes] button.
Absolute limits cannot be broken and data exceeding these limits must
be changed before the dialog may be closed.
Items can be placed at a depth to indicate they are installed below

ground and will require fittings to account for the change in depth. See
Entering Items at Different Levels, Section 2.4.2.3.
An orientation can be specified to rotate the symbol of the item as

required. The orientation does not have any hydraulic significance and is
visual only.
Highlighted items can be changed individually or globally (many like

items at one time) if required, by using Modify|Change for an individual
item or Modify|Change Type for more than one item. See Making
Changes to the Design or Drawing, Section 2.4.4.
See also:

Making Changes to the Design or Drawing Section 2.4.4
2.4.2.2 CONNECTING AND PLACING HYDRAULIC ITEMS

In order for a system to be designed and analyzed, hydraulic items must
be connected in some way to a control valve (Zone) or water supply
(Mainline). Items can either be connected to other hydraulic items, or
placed on the screen. Note that even though it may be visually in the
same position, an item placed on the screen is not considered to be
physically connected to other hydraulic items. Such items will therefore
not be included in any analysis process.
In Settings|Snap, the default snap mode options are:

 Connect
 Place
 Snap to Grid
There are two ways to check if all hydraulic items have been connected:
1. Design|Check Outlet Connectivity - Checks to make sure all

outlets are connected to a control valve (if a control valve is
present) and that all control valves are connected to a water
supply (Mainline Outlets must be connected to a water supply).
2. Modify|Move - If Modify|Move is used on an object, the
connecting rubberbands will be seen. A rubberband will appear
to all items connected to the selected object as well as a
rubberband to show the movement of the selected object.
(Select Right-click|Restart to disengage Move or press the
<Esc> key).
Junctions will be seen where pipes end and are joined together.
However, if a junction is visible where an outlet, control valve,
miscellaneous hydraulic item or water supply is connected to a pipe,
then the item is NOT connected to the system. If the point item is
correctly connected, the junction will be invisible.
Connect
To enable items to be connected to each other the cursor must be in
“Connect” mode (Settings|Snap). When “Connect” has been selected all
hydraulic items will be connected together, providing that the mouse
click on the screen is within the “Tolerance” range. If the mouse click is
outside this range then the item will be simply placed, as when in “Place”
mode, as IRRICAD assumes that you do not wish to connect to an
existing item.
The tolerance range is indicated by a “Snap Tolerance” in inches or mm

(or the specified “Paper” units selected in Settings|Units) on the screen,
and the “Min Tolerance” and “Max Tolerance” as world units (the
specified “Distance” units selected in Settings|Units). If a point is clicked
on the screen when the zoom is a long way out, 2mm on the screen can
cover quite a large distance in world units. If the zoom is a long way in,
2mm on the screen covers a very small world distance and care may
need to be taken to click as close as possible to the existing item so the
items are connected. The “Max Tolerance” is the maximum distance that
you can click and have IRRICAD connect this item to an existing item. If
the click is outside this maximum distance, the item will be placed.
Select Right-click|Snaps|Place to place the next point when in “Connect”

mode. The next point will be placed but not connected to any nearby
items.
Place
When “Place” has been selected in Settings|Snap, no items will be
connected, they will just be placed on the screen where you click the
mouse, even if the mouse is clicked over an existing item. Zone|Cut
Pipe will work as when in “Connect”.
Snap to Grid
“Snap to Grid” is an option to have the cursor move only between grid
points on the screen. These grid points can be visible or invisible. The
size of the grid can be altered in Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS.
When “Snap to Grid” mode is selected in Settings|Snap, hydraulic items

will not always connect. This may is due to an item not being precisely
on a grid point. Zone|Cut Pipe will work as when in “Connect”.
Rules for Connecting Items

IRRICAD uses these rules for placing and connecting various hydraulic
items in a design:
 Mainline pipes and mainline spraylines will not directly connect

to zone pipes or zone spraylines. Only control valves can
connect to both mainline and zone pipes.
 Zone items can only connect to other zone items.
 Mainline items can only connect to other mainline items
 Be careful when in “Snap to Grid” mode that outlets connect to
pipes and pipe ends.
 If a junction can be seen where point objects such as water
supply, control valves or outlets connect to pipes or pipe ends,
they are not connected. Move the item until the junction
disappears upon connection.
See also:
Snap Panel Section 5.5.13.2

Default Snap Mode Section
5.10.16.1
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.10.16.2
2.4.2.3 ENTERING ITEMS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

During installation, pipes and valves may be placed at different levels in
the ground or above ground. With items at different levels, fittings and
risers are required to resolve the differences in depths. If these depths
are entered for each item in the design, IRRICAD can select the fittings
required between the levels and add these fittings to the bill of materials
for the design.
“Depths” allow applying specific depths to items in IRRICAD. Entering

depths is optional; they can be left at 0 in the dialog if you do not wish to
use this utility. All depths entered are measured from ground level. If the
item is under the ground e.g., 24” (600mm), type in 24 (600). If the item
is 24” (600mm) above the ground, type in -24 (-600).
If a depth is specified for an item, IRRICAD uses this depth to calculate

pressure differences resulting from the depths and the required fittings
to connect items at different depths.
Where pipes are specified at different depths, IRRICAD will

automatically select a riser pipe during Design|Computer Selection of
Fittings. The type of pipe and size can be controlled by the settings in
the riser table (see Riser Selection Rules, Section 5.13.16). These rules
apply to all hydraulic items (except outlets) at different depths.
Riser Selection Rules

Where pipes, valves or miscellaneous hydraulic items with different
depths meet at a junction, IRRICAD will assume that the diameter of the
vertical riser pipe is equal to the diameter of the largest pipe or valve at
the higher of the two depths being connected. IRRICAD will also
assume that the type of material for the riser pipe is the same as the
largest item at the lower of the two depths.
In Design|Riser Selection Rules the table provides the means to specify

a diameter or pipe type other than that assumed by IRRICAD.
For each combination of two depths in the design, “Depth 1” is the

higher depth and “Depth 2” is the lower of the two depths relative to
ground level. For example, if mainline pipes are at a 2 foot depth and
zone pipes at a 20” depth, enter “Depth 1” as 20 and “Depth 2” as 24
(check the units you have specified for depths and enter accordingly). If
a valve is at 18” height above ground level and the mainline is at 2 foot
depth, enter “Depth 1” as -18 and “Depth 2” as 24. Repeat entries can
be entered for all combinations of depths where components join at
different levels.
Note: If two depths are identified by IRRICAD as requiring a riser

connection and that depth combination is not specified in the

Riser Selection Rule table, the default rules for riser size and
type will be used.
In the “Riser” column, select Rule or User.
Rule: Gives the choice of specifying the size and type

of riser to be the same as the larger pipe or
valve at the higher or at the lower of the depths.
User: Allows selection of a pipe to be used for risers
between the two depths. The list of pipes is
found in the “Riser Description” column.
If Rule has been selected:

In the “Size” column, select Top or Bottom.
Top: Sets the pipe diameter to the largest pipe or

valve at the higher level (“Depth 1”).
Bottom: Sets the pipe diameter to the same as the
largest pipe or valve at the lower level (“Depth
2”).
In the “Type” column select Top or Bottom.
Top: Sets the pipe type to the largest pipe or valve at

the higher level (“Depth 1”).
Bottom: Sets the pipe type to the same as the largest
pipe or valve at the lower level (“Depth 2”).
If User has been selected:

Choose the riser from the dropdown list in the “Riser Description”
column. Note that it may be necessary to click on this column in order
for the list to appear.
Notes:
Where a “Type” is specified for a pipe that is not in the pipe
database and able to be selected, IRRICAD will be unable to
find a riser and will report this in the list of fittings for the
junction.

Where Top is selected for the “Type” and the object of largest
size is a valve (which does not have a pipe type), it
automatically changes to Bottom for that connection.
2.4.2.4 SUMMARY
 Items to be used must first be in the current working database
and enabled.
 Pipes can be Computer Selected.
 Use “Connect” mode to physically connect items to the system.
 Depths are measured from ground level.
 A depth above ground (e.g., for a valve) is given as a negative (-
) value.
2.4.3 CONVERTING DRAWING ITEMS INTO HYDRAULIC

ENTITIES
All hydraulic and electrical items can be created from relevant drawing
items. Table 1-1 describes this behaviour. The first column indicates the
type of hydraulic or electrical item, the second the type of drawing item
that maybe be used as a source, and the third indicates whether the
original item is converted or copied during the process.
Table 2-1 - Item Conversion
Item Type Create From Convert Or Copy

Control Valve Point, Symbol, Circle Convert
Outlet Point, Symbol, Circle Convert
Misc. Hydraulic Point, Symbol, Circle Convert
Pump Point, Symbol, Circle Convert
Light Point, Symbol, Circle Convert
Electrical Controller Point, Symbol, Circle Convert
Misc. Electrical Point, Symbol, Circle Convert
Pipe Line, Polyline Convert
Sprayline Line, Polyline Convert
Wire Line, Polyline Convert
Line, Polyline, Bezier,
Tape Continuous Bezier, Convert
Spline
Rectangle, Polyline,
Irrigated Area Copy
Polygon, Bezier,
Continuous Bezier,
Spline
Polygon, Bezier,
Tape Irrigation Block Copy
Continuous Bezier,
Spline
Spray Irrigation Polygon, Bezier,
Copy
Block Continuous Bezier,
Spline
To convert geometric items into hydraulic items:
1. Select the geometric item to convert i.e., the block boundary,

using Select Object or similar.
2. Now select the relevant hydraulic tool i.e., Zone|Spray Irrigation
Block.
3. Click [OK] on the message asking to convert the selected item.
The selected item will be converted into the actioned hydraulic entity.
Note: Water supplies cannot be converted from existing geometric

items.
2.4.3.1 CONVERTING LINES AND POINTS TO PIPE AND OUTLETS

For the pipe, outlets, or control valves to be connected after converting,
convert the pipe first and then the point objects. In this way the system
will connect as required, unless the point objects are not close enough
to the line being converted into pipe.
1. Select the point objects to convert i.e. into outlets, control

valves, misc. hydraulic items or water supplies, using Select
Object or similar
2. Now select the relevant hydraulic tool i.e. Zone|Outlet
3. Click [OK] on the message asking to convert the selected item
4. Now select the line objects to convert into pipes, using Select
Object or similar
5. Now select the relevant hydraulic tool i.e Zone|Cut Pipe
6. Click [OK] on the message asking to convert the selected item.

Note: If the point objects are not connected to the pipe after
conversion, use the tools Connect Outlets for zone and mainline
pipes or Connect Valves to connect valves to mainline pipes.
Tip: Convert symbols into outlets before converting lines into pipes
and use the Cut Pipe tools, which will assist in connecting to
outlets not quite directly in-line with the pipe.
2.4.4 MAKING CHANGES TO THE DESIGN OR DRAWING

Once items have been entered into the design, it may be necessary to
change one or more properties of single or multiple items. To change
one item, select Modify|Change. To edit several items at once, select
Modify|Change Type. Use the Selection Filter, available in the Modify
menu to aid in selecting the correct item(s) prior to selecting the Change
tools.
Changing Individual Items

To change a single object use Modify|Change. The dialog for that item
will allow the editing of any available characteristic. It may be helpful to
zoom in to the object you wish to change before clicking on it, to avoid
selecting the wrong item.
The Change tool is also available in Right-click|Modify.
When in Select Object mode, double clicking on an item will also bring
up the Change dialog.
Drawing Objects and Elevations

For drawing objects the common drawing properties are:
 Layer
 Color
 Line type
 Line width
These properties can be edited by selecting from a dropdown list. In the

case of editing the color, select from the resulting palette dialog. The
item can also be specified “By Layer” meaning the item will have the
color, line width and line type as specified for the layer the item is on, in
Settings|Layers.

Other object properties are specific to the item. For example the radius
of a circle may be edited by over-typing the current radius of the circle,
likewise the length of a line.
Hydraulic Items
The drawing properties available for editing in the hydraulic dialogs are:
 Layer
 Line width (pipes, tapes and wires)
 Color, symbol (water supplies and junctions)
 Color, line type, line width (areas)
 Scope
The initial values of the drawing properties in the dialogs are based on
the defaults specified in Settings|Irrigation Items and Settings|Irrigation -
Design Specific, which are editable.
The line width determines how thick or thin the line appears on the
screen and printed plan. Line widths on the screen may differ from those
on the plan depending on the screen resolution. Line widths for specific
objects e.g., mainline pipes, zone pipes, can be set and saved as
defaults in Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific. For example, zone pipes
may be changed to a default “Line Width” of 2.
Other properties such as orientation and depth may be edited by over-

typing the existing value. The “Computer Sized” option for pipes and
spraylines can be checked or unchecked to turn computer sizing on or
off respectively. Fittings can be edited by clicking the [Show Fittings]
button on the dialog.
All other drawing properties for hydraulic items, e.g., color, symbol and
line type, are specified in the database, as outlined in the IRRICAD
Database Editor Manual, Section 3. These properties can only be edited
in the database.
Note: If multiple items are selected and the Change tool is invoked,
the hydraulic items cannot be changed to another of its kind
e.g., will not be able to change a 3” (80mm) pipe for a 2” (50mm)
pipe as this field will not be present in the dialog. Use Change
Type for multiple selections.

2.4.4.1 SPECIFYING GROUPS OF ITEMS TO CHANGE OR DELETE
It is often necessary to change or delete a group of objects. To be able
to specify what characteristics the objects must possess in order to
belong to the group is important. The way in which IRRICAD allows this
is using the Selection Filter (see Selecting Specific Items – Filtering The
Selection, Section 2.4.4.2), or the “Match / Change” dialog present in
Change Type and Delete Type commands.
To use Change Type, click on an object representative of those you

wish to change. Only those selected will be eligible for the change. Edit
the object properties in the dialog as described above in Making
Changes to The Design or Drawing, Section 2.4.4. When the [OK]
button is clicked a “Match / Change” dialog appears. This dialog allows
you to specify match characteristics, which must be the same in the
objects being changed, and also allows the specification of which
properties are to be changed.
Figure 2-17 - Change/Match Outlet
If an item in the “Match” column is enabled, then all items to be changed

must have this characteristic matched e.g., line width. If an item in the

“Change” column is enabled, then all selected items which match on the
match criteria (e.g., layer) will have the change imposed.
If the representative item has a new pipe or sprinkler selected during this
function then all the selected items that match the criteria can be
globally changed to the pipe or sprinkler chosen. See Figure 2-17 for an
example of changing existing sprinklers to a different sprinkler.
The representative item had a new sprinkler selected and therefore a

new nozzle selected. To apply these changes to all sprinklers selected,
regardless of their current sprinkler or nozzle uncheck Sprinkler and
Nozzle in the left-hand “Match” column. Items that have different
sprinklers or nozzles than the representative item will still change. If the
arc has changed and you wish all items to conform to the new criteria,
uncheck Arc in the left-hand “Match” column. When all criteria for
changing and matching have been entered, upon clicking [OK],
IRRICAD will proceed to find all selected items which match the “Match”
criteria and change these items to the criteria specified in the “Change”
column. IRRICAD will display the number of items matched (i.e., the
number of items changed) on the status bar. This also provides a means
of checking that the expected number of items have been changed.
The Change Type tool is also available from Right-click|Modify.
When using Change Type the process is:
1. Select all the objects to be changed or select the whole design.

2. Select Modify|Change Type.
3. Click on one item that is representative of the items to be
changed.
4. Edit the dialog for the changes. The dialog that appears will
differ depending on the type of object selected. Click [OK].
5. The “Match / Change” dialog appears. It displays a default
based on the changes made in the previous dialog. Make
changes to the “Match / Change” dialog. If unsure, accept the
default. Click [OK].
The number of items that matched the “Match” criteria and were
therefore changed will be displayed in the status bar.
Note: Only those items that are selected (highlighted) are eligible for
the change.

Remember that the initial dialog that appears will depend on the type of
representative object selected. For example, if an outlet has been
selected as the representative object, the Outlet dialog will appear.
When using Delete Type the process is:
1. Select all the objects to be deleted or select the whole design.

2. Select Modify|Delete Type.
3. Click on one item that is representative of the items to be
deleted.
4. The “Match / Change” dialog appears. It displays a default
based on the type of the representative object. Make changes to
the “Match / Change” dialog. If unsure, accept the default. Click
[OK].
The number of items that matched the “Match” criteria and were
therefore deleted will be displayed in the status bar.
Note: Only those items that are selected (highlighted) are eligible for
the deletion.
The principles behind the “Match / Change” dialog are:
 Select the criteria the objects must match on e.g., all pipes or
the pipe selected (a 2" pipe for example).
 Select the characteristics to change, based on the changes
made to the representative item.
 Only the objects that match on all selected criteria can make the
changes specified.
Example:
If it is required to make all pipes non-computer sized i.e., to uncheck the
“Computer Sized” check box so that IRRICAD cannot reselect a new
pipe size during the design process, do the following:
1. Select all pipes or select the whole design using

Modify|Select|All or Modify|Select|Window.
3. Click on a representative pipe.
4. Edit the pipe properties - in this case uncheck the “Computer
Sized” check box. Click [OK].
5. Check the “Match / Change” dialog. Since all pipes, regardless
of the size, must be changed, uncheck the “Match” Pipe.. Make
sure the “Change” Computer Sized is checked. Click [OK].
All pipes (except Computer Selected, i.e., have no current size) will
have the “Computer Sized” check box unchecked and will retain their
size during the design process.
When changing items like text it is important to know what the “Match”
column implies. If it is required to change all text to a new font
regardless of the current size of the font make sure “Match” Text is
unchecked so that all text, regardless of what the text says, will be
changed. Uncheck “Match” Height so that all sized text will change to
the new font. If there is more than one current font in the design and you
require all text to change to the new font uncheck “Match” Font.
The section Changing and Fixing Many Fittings Errors in One Go,
Section 2.6.8.2 has an example of how to fix a common fittings error at
many places in the design in one action. The principles to remember
here are issues involving All Fittings and Exact Errors in the “Match /
Change” dialog. If All Fittings are checked in the “Match” column, then
only those items that are the same item and have exactly the same
fittings, no more and no less, as the representative item selected, will be
eligible for the change. If Exact Errors is checked in the “Match”
column, then only those items that are the same item and have exactly
the same errors (as seen in the [Show Fittings] dialog), no more and no
less, as the representative item selected, will be eligible for the change.
The Bend Angle Range will broaden the Exact Errors option. If the
Exact Errors and All Fittings are different then the change will not
apply.
See also:
Selecting Specific Items – Filtering The Selection Section 2.4.4.2

Changing Layers Section 2.4.4.3
Changing and Fixing Many Fittings Errors in One Go Section
2.6.8.2
2.4.4.2 SELECTING SPECIFIC ITEMS – FILTERING THE SELECTION

The Selection Filter makes it easier to select a specific item or type of
item. This tool is particularly useful if the item has many close neighbors
on the plan. Selection Filter is found in the Modify menu.
“Layer”, “Color”, “Line Type” and “Line Width” can be chosen from the
drop down lists or left as <ALL>. “Type” describes the type of item
selection should be limited to e.g., Rectangle, Water Supply, Wetted
Radii, etc. “Group” is specified as Drawing, Electrical or Hydraulic.
Select the combination that best suits the filtering required.
Note: If the Selection Filter is set to exclude Zone Pipes, then the
Zone|Cut Pipe tool will not connect to any zone pipes.
Figure 2-18 - Selection Filter
Return to Modify|Selection Filter and uncheck the “Filter” box when the
action is completed.
Tips: When the Filter is turned on, subsequent selection operations

capture only those objects meeting all of the filter criteria. For
example, set the filter to screen for Red Circles of “Line Type”
3, “Line Width” 4, and “Layer” DRAWING. If you turn the Filter
off, then use the window selection tool, all objects completely
enclosed within the window are selected. However, if you turn
the Filter on, then only red circles of line type 3, width 4, and
layer DRAWING are selected, even though other objects were
completely enclosed within the selection window.

The set of criteria defined by a filter can include only one entry
for each property or entity type. For example, you cannot select
for red and green circles at the same time. However, you can
build the selection set by making multiple passes with the
selection tools, and changing the filter criteria between each
pass.
Changing the filter does not alter any previous selections.

However, the filter can be used to selectively remove objects
from the selection set if pressing <Ctrl> as the desired selection
tool is used. If <Ctrl> is pressed and the filter is on, then only
objects meeting the filter criteria are de-selected.
A short cut to Modify|Selection Filter is on the Status bar in the

Selection Filter Panel:
Figure 2-19 - Selection Filter Status
Note: Until turned on, the filter will have no effect on selection or de-
selection operations. It can be turned on or off, or re-configured
as often as needed during a selection operation to build up the
selection set before performing an editing function.
2.4.4.3 CHANGING LAYERS

Layers can be used to differentiate objects or to specify the drawing
properties for a group of items. Turn layers off or on to display different
sets of items as required. When an item is selected for input the layer is
<DEFAULT> - meaning the item will be put into its default layer for its
type. For example, a rectangle's default layer is DRAWING. A zone
pipe's layer is ZONE_PIPES. A different layer can be selected when
creating or editing the item.

Items can be moved from one layer to another by using Change or
Change Type.
If a large group of items is to be moved, for example, moving all spot

heights from the ELEVATIONS layer in order to be able to turn off the
display of spot heights and still retain the display of contours, the
selection filter can be used. In Figure 2-19 ELEVATIONS has been
selected as the “Layer”, Spot Height as the “Type”. Using a selection
tool, all spot heights are selected. Use Change Type to change the layer
to one other than ELEVATIONS. The “Change” Layer check box in the
“Match / Change” dialog needs to be checked in order for the change in
layer to apply to all spot heights. Both the “Change” and “Match” check
boxes for Height should be unchecked, as the elevation data of any of
the existing spot heights is not to be changed. Now all selected spot
heights will be present on the new layer. This layer can be turned off or
on (Settings|Layers) or modified as required.
See also:
Layer Bar Section 5.5.14
2.4.4.4 CREATING STAGED DEVELOPMENTS - GLOBALLY CHANGING

THE SCOPE
A "Scope" flag is available in the hydraulic item dialogs. This allows for
'BOM only' items which are included in BOM / Costing reports but not
included in hydraulic design. You may also specify 'Design Only' items,
which are treated normally in the design process but do not feature in
the BOM / Costing reports (can be used to specify existing irrigation
equipment). Hydraulic items can be set to:
 Design + BOM
 Design Only
 BOM Only
This is a very useful tool for staged developments. The existing stage
can be set to Design Only – meaning those materials will not appear in
the BOM/Costing reports.
Changing the “Scope” for all selected hydraulic items can be achieved in
one step:
1. Select all hydraulic items to be changed e.g., by using a

Modify|Select option.
2. Select Modify|Change – DO NOT use Change Type.
3. Change the “Scope” to that which is required.
4. Click [OK].
2.4.4.5 SUMMARY
 For a single item use Change.
 For more than one item use Change Type, except when editing
the drawing properties or scope of hydraulic objects, in which
case use Change.
 To delete a group of items in one action, use Delete Type.
 Change Type and Delete Type only work on selected items.
 Selection Filter is an aid to help select the correct item(s).
See also:
Irrigation Items Section 5.10.9

Irrigation - Design Specific Section 5.10.8
Drawing Items Section 5.10.5
2.4.5 ALLOWING FOR ELEVATION CHANGES

Elevation data describes the topography of the area for which an
irrigation system is being designed. Elevation data differs from other
background data, in that it has hydraulic significance. It is therefore
important to include all relevant elevation data in the design. IRRICAD
uses this data to calculate the correct pressure losses and gains due to
elevation changes. To include these changes in IRRICAD Design and
Analysis, elevation changes need to be entered manually (i.e., drawn on
the screen) or imported from a file. Elevations can be defined as
contours - lines of elevation, or spot heights - points of elevation.
It is important to make sure that the elevation data spans the whole
hydraulic design. If hydraulic items are outside the contours or spot
heights, IRRICAD will issue a warning and assume a height for these
items, based on the closest data. Both contours and spot heights can be
used together in a design. If available, place spot heights on items that
are known to be at a specific elevation to ensure the correct elevation is
given to that point. IRRICAD interpolates between the closest points of
data to determine the elevation of an item in the design.
The Change tool (Modify|Change) can be used to change any contour or

spot height's elevation data. After adding or making changes to contours

or spot heights select Interpolate Elevations, Section 5.13.4 to ensure
that the changes are used. Interpolate Elevations after adding additional
hydraulic items to the design, if it has been previously analyzed.
IRRICAD uses 3-D lengths for the bill of materials for a design, using the
elevation changes to calculate the additional length of pipe or wire.
2.4.5.1 GETTING ELEVATION CHANGES INTO IRRICAD

Contours and spot heights may be placed on the screen by the mouse
using Draw|Contour or Draw|Spot Height. Geometric items can also be
converted to elevations at a later date (Convert to Elevations, Section
5.12.8).
Elevations may be imported from a DXF, SHP or KML/KMZ file (see

Importing a DXF, VCD, DWG, GCD, SHP, MIF, CSV or KML File,
Section 2.4.1.1). Initially the full file may be imported so as to determine
the name of the layer or layers that any elevation data may be on.
Import the file using File|Import. Using the Change tool or a Selection
tool together with Object Info, click on any objects that look like contour
lines or spot heights. Once the name of the layer or layers is
determined, select File|Import Contours to import these lines or points
as elevation data. Select the layers that contain the elevation data -
more than one can be selected by holding down the <Ctrl> key. All items
in these layers will be placed on the ELEVATIONS layer in IRRICAD. All
items imported in to the ELEVATIONS layer will be visually displayed as
the color, line type and line width designated for contours and spot
heights in Settings|Irrigation Items.
See also:
Contour Section 5.6.18

Entering a Scale Plan Section 2.4.1
Spot Height Section 5.6.19
2.4.5.2 ELEVATIONS ALONG PIPES OR LATERALS (UNEVEN

CONTOURS)
IRRICAD assumes a constant slope between pipe junctions when
selecting pipe sizes. However during the analysis stage, after sizes have
been selected, the elevation at individual emitters is taken into account.
See also:
Hydraulic Gradeline Section 5.14.10
2.4.5.3 SUMMARY
 Draw, digitize or import elevation data.
 Interpolate Elevations if re-designing after inserting new
hydraulic items or elevations.
2.4.6 OUTLETS & RISERS (OUTLET CONNECTORS)

An outlet can be any type of device that discharges water under
pressure. Examples include pop-up sprinklers, drip emitters, big guns,
travelling irrigators, micro-sprinklers or mini-sprinklers or simple demand
points. All outlets must have been previously entered in the Outlet group
of the database and enabled for use (see Irrigation Components -
Details of Individual Groups, Section 3.8) before they can be selected for
use in a design.
Outlets can be entered into a design as Zone or Mainline outlets by

selecting Zone|Outlet or Mainline|Outlet and connecting them
downstream or upstream of a control valve, respectively. Outlets can be
spaced at regular intervals by entering them as spraylines, where pipes
and outlets are selected at the same time, or as blocks. Blocks are a tool
to enter evenly spaced spraylines of pipes and sprinklers.
Zone outlets must be connected to zone pipes, and mainline outlets

(valve-in-head outlets) to mainline pipes. Attempting to connect a zone
outlet to a mainline pipe or vice versa will result in the outlet being
placed on the pipe and not connected to it.
By default, outlets (excluding connected spraylines) are created with

wetted radii. There are a number of outlet types such as drippers where
wetted radii may not be appropriate. In this case, select
Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific and uncheck the “Create Wetted
Radii” box before selecting and placing the outlet(s). If the wetted radii
are created, the wetted radii layer can be toggled on and off by selecting
View|Wetted Radii.
Placing Evenly Spaced Outlets Using Spraylines

Connected spraylines (where the pipe and outlets are treated as a single
entity) may be created with or without outlet symbols. Often, it is not
appropriate to create symbols for items such as drippers due to the large
number required. If you wish to see the outlets (and wetted radii), select

Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific and check the “Create Sprayline
Outlets” box before placing the sprayline(s). If the spraylines have
already been placed without outlet symbols, select Tools|Create
Sprayline Outlets and click on the sprayline. Alternatively, select
Tools|Create Wetted Radii and click on the sprayline. This will create
both outlet symbols and wetted radii in one action. Note that the
SL_WETTED_RADII layer must be on (Settings|Layers) for the wetted
radii to be visible on connected spraylines. A shortcut is available to
toggle sprayline outlets on and off in View|Sprayline Outlets. If
Unconnected spraylines are used, the outlets are treated as when an
outlet is placed using Zone|Outlet or Mainline|Outlet.
If created, sprayline outlets or sprayline wetted radii may be turned off.

The SL_WETTED_RADII layer can be turned on or off in
Settings|Layers. The SPRAYLINE_OUTLETS layer can be turned on or
off by selecting View|Sprayline Outlets, or in Settings|Layers.
Note: The Wetted Radii option in the View menu will turn on and off
the wetted radii on outlets that are not in connected spraylines.
The Right-click menu has a Layers option for quick access to

turn a layer on or off.
If the “Connected” check box is unchecked then once placed the pipes
and sprinklers become individual entities.
The spacing between sprinklers can be set in the Zone|Sprayline dialog.

In the [Options] dialog the spacing can be Fixed (“Fixed” check box
enabled) for the spacing of the outlets to be exactly as specified along
the length of pipe of drawn. If the “Fixed” check box is unchecked, the
spacing of the outlets will be such that outlets are placed at the start and
end of the pipe and the spacing of outlets adjusted between with the
spacing entered as a guide.
See also:
Create Wetted Radii Section 5.12.4

Create Sprayline Outlets Section 5.12.5
Arc Types and Nozzle Properties Section 2.4.6.1
Create Sprayline Outlets Setting Section 5.10.8.2
Create Wetted Radii Setting Section 5.10.8.2
Working with Uniformly Spaced Outlets on a Pipe Section 2.4.10

2.4.6.1 ARC TYPES AND NOZZLE PROPERTIES
In IRRICAD, any type of sprinkler, big gun, travelling irrigator or dripper
is given an outlet body and a nozzle, even if the outlet does not
physically have nozzles e.g., a dripper, or if the outlet has many nozzles
e.g., a travelling irrigator. The outlet body contains the description of the
outlet, the arc type, price and some default values - those most
commonly used when the outlet is selected. When an outlet is selected
from the dropdown list, the default nozzle for that sprinkler (as specified
in the database, normally the most commonly used) is initially selected.
The required nozzle can be selected from the dropdown list. Other
default values can also be changed depending on the arc type of the
outlet.
The nozzle part of an outlet can be the actual nozzles supplied with an
outlet body, or simply hold the technical data for the outlet, such as a
dripper's hydraulic characteristics. Nozzles contain the minimum and
maximum recommended pressures from the manufacturer, and
parameters to calculate the flow and radius at a given pressure.
Outlets are specified as having one of four different nozzle types:

Demand Point, fixed arc with fixed flow (Fixed), variable arc with
constant flow (Variable), or variable arc with matched flow (Matched).
The type of outlet and the technical data in the Nozzle component group
of the database determines how a nozzle's flow and radius responds to
pressure and arc changes.
Pressure, flow, radius and intensity change when one of these fields is
changed, e.g.,
For any sprinkler type (excluding demand points):

 If the pressure is changed, the flow, radius and intensity are
recalculated.
 If the flow is changed, the pressure, radius and intensity are
recalculated.
 If the radius is changed, only the intensity will be recalculated.
For variable sprinklers:

 If the arc is changed the intensity will be re-calculated.
 The arc can be changed to the required angle, e.g., 180 o, 90o,
etc. Changing the arc of a variable sprinkler maintains the flow
and therefore will increase the intensity as the arc decreases.

For matched sprinklers:
 If the arc is changed, the flow is re-calculated.
 Any changes made in data fields regarding nozzle pressure,
flow rate or arc will produce the appropriate wetted radius. A
radius can also be entered manually when it is to be manually
set at installation. It will remain at the user-defined value until
further changes are made to one of the other fields; the radius
will then revert to the value predicted by the manufacturer's
data.
 For variable or matched sprinklers, the arc can be changed to
the required angle, e.g., 180o, 90o, etc. Changing the arc of a
matched sprinkler will maintain the same intensity by altering the
flow.
Note: When entering outlet and nozzle data in the database it is

necessary to know whether an outlet is Fixed, Matched or
Variable. If the outlet is Fixed the arc cannot be changed. If the
outlet is Variable, then the flow does not change as the arc
changes i.e., the same flow is emitted regardless of the arc
selected upon placement. However, for Matched outlets,
IRRICAD assumes that the data input is for 360o. If the arc is
changed, the flow is matched and is decreased accordingly.
Therefore if 180o is entered as the arc, the outlet will output half
the flow. If the said outlet is indeed Matched, then when
inputting the data into the database enter the data for 360 o so
that when the arc is changed it will achieve the correct flow
according to the manufacturers data.
Demand Points, where pressures and flows are manually specified, and
therefore do not have a pressure vs flow relationship, are particularly
useful for quick mainline or large turf designs. Where the flow and
pressure requirements at a point are known but a specific type of outlet
is not wanted, or you wish to replace a large group of outlets with one
item, use a demand point. These are useful when used as a hydrant
with a required pressure and flow at the hydrant, or at a control valve to
replace all items downstream from the valve. Demand points do not
contain an associated nozzle.
See also:
Entering Hydraulic Items Section 2.4.2

Nominal Pressures Section 2.6.3.1
Using Mainline Outlets Section 2.5.11

2.4.6.2 RISERS (OUTLET CONNECTORS)
Outlet connectors (risers, stake and tube assemblies, etc.) are used to
connect outlets to pipes. An outlet connector does not need to be
selected, but if there are differences in height between the pipes and
outlets or significant pressure loss in the connector, or there is a
requirement to include a specific riser in the bill of materials, an outlet
connector should be selected.
Select the required outlet connector from the dropdown list. Risers are
selected in the Outlet, Block or Sprayline dialogs.
Sprinklers are always assumed to be at ground level. If they are not at

ground level, an outlet connector must be selected - with the appropriate
height previously entered in the “Height” field (in the database) to ensure
that IRRICAD uses that height in the pressure calculations at the
sprinkler. Note the height entered into the database is the height above
ground, not the length of the outlet connector from a buried submain to
the height of the outlet. For subsurface outlets (e.g., subsurface dripline)
the height above ground will be negative (-ve).
A riser may not be required in the field, e.g., a wheel line system where
the sprinklers are connected straight into the sprayline, or sprinklers on
an above-ground lateral. However, an outlet connector is still required
with the correct height gain, but no pressure loss and no cost. The
connector and corresponding fittings can also be edited out of the
reports if required. The alternative is to ignore selecting the riser if the
height difference is small.
Another option for compensating for the height gain is to allow for it in
the sprinkler hydraulic characteristics. When using the Curve Fit utility to
calculate the constant and index values before inserting a sprinkler into
the database, decrease the pressure by an amount equivalent to the
height of the sprinkler. For example, if the sprinkler is 1ft (1m) above the
ground decrease the pressures inserted into the Curve Fit utility by
0.434 psi (1m). Label this sprinkler carefully, so it is not mistaken for a
normal sprinkler that has not had compensation for a height difference.
Note that for every foot above the ground, the pressure needs to
decrease by 0.434 psi if using US units. If using metric units, the
pressure decreases by 1m for every meter above the ground.

2.4.6.3 SUMMARY
 Connect zone outlets to zone pipes and mainline outlets to
mainline pipes.
 Use spraylines for placing evenly spaced outlets.
 Outlets consist of an outlet body and an associated nozzle or
nozzles.
 Select an outlet connector to raise the outlet above the ground if
required.
2.4.7 PIPES & PIPE SIZING

Pipes in IRRICAD are any Zone or Mainline pipes used in a design,
excluding tapes (driplines) and connected spraylines (laterals). Pipes
can be selected from the Zone or Mainline menu. A control valve must
be placed at the connecting junction between zone and mainline pipes,
and can be selected from both the Zone and Mainline menu.
Pipes are represented as lines with designated properties of color, width

and type. Pipe colors and line types are specified in the database for
each individual pipe. Pipe widths can be specified in Settings|Irrigation -
Design Specific and saved as the default setting for pipe widths if you
wish to continue to use these settings for each design.
Note: If pipes are already placed on the design and the pipe width
setting in Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific is then changed,
the pipe widths on the screen do not change for existing pipes.
Use Change or Change Type to modify existing pipes.
If you are unsure whether pipes are connected to each other, or to

another hydraulic item, select the junction and then Modify|Move. If
connected, everything will move with the junction. Selecting Right-
click|Restart or pressing the <Esc> key will return the junction to its
original placement.
2.4.7.1 COMPUTER SIZING

If you require IRRICAD to size a pipe or sprayline, then ensure that
Computer Selected is chosen in the “Item” field. Even if a pipe size has
been specified, if the “Computer Sized” check box in the dialog is
enabled, the pipes will be resized by IRRICAD when running LP Design
or Velocity Design. If IRRICAD is not allowed to change the sizes, turn
off “Computer Sized” by leaving the box unchecked when selecting pipe
sizes, or unchecking the box at a later date. This can be achieved
globally over all existing pipes if required by using Change Type.
Highlight all the pipes for which you wish to have “Computer Sized”
switched off, and select Modify|Change Type. Click on a representative
pipe and uncheck the “Computer Sized” box. Click [OK]. In the “Match /
Change” dialog uncheck all “Match” check boxes as we want all selected
pipes to change regardless of other properties, and check the
Computer Sized in the “Change” column.
When running Design options (such as LP Design or Velocity Design)

any pipes that have the “Computer Sized” box checked will be re-sized
regardless of whether or not they have been previously sized.
If Analyse or Detailed Analysis is selected and the design contains pipes

that have not been sized either manually or by IRRICAD an error
message will be issued.
All pipes (other than connected laterals) are given one size between
junctions. In a long straight mainline, for example, add extra permanent
junctions to the mainline if you require LP sizing to consider using
different sizes. Velocity Design will retain the same size wherever the
flow in the pipes is the same. Elevations are only interpolated at pipe
junctions. To increase the number of interpolations, place permanent
junctions on the pipeline.
See also:
Connecting and Placing Hydraulic Items Section 2.4.2.2
Design Section 2.6.3
Item Selection Section 2.4.2.1
Outlets & Risers (Outlet Connectors) Section 2.4.6
2.4.7.2 USING CUT PIPE

Cut Pipe is a useful tool for connecting a pipe to many existing pipes
(Zone|Cut Pipe). It can be computer sized or manually selected. It is
primarily used to enter a submain pipe for connecting a block of laterals
to a control valve or to connect a row of outlets without clicking to
connect to each one. Zone|Cut Pipe connects to all zone items it
crosses and Mainline|Cut Pipe connects to all mainline items it crosses.
When placed near to the end of a pipe or a series of pipes it will connect
to the ends.

In some cases Cut Pipe may connect to an item you do not wish it to
connect to or it may not connect to items it is placed close to. To help
Cut Pipe in connecting to items it crosses or comes within a small
distance of an item tolerances are specified in Settings|Snap.
Cut Pipe Tolerance: The distance, in mm or inches on the screen,

over which Cut Pipe will connect to the pipes or
zone items it crosses, or to the end of pipes /
laterals. In this case, if the “Cut Pipe Tolerance”
is 2mm, but in the design have laterals 1mm
apart, then only every second lateral will be
connected to the submain.
Cut Pipe Length Factor: This factor is used along with the “Cut Pipe
Tolerance” to determine if the cut pipe is close
enough to the ends of laterals to be connected
to them. This factor is used as a proportion of
the total length of the cut pipe and is not related
to the Zoom State. The greater of the “Cut Pipe
Length Factor” multiplied by the total length of
the Cut Pipe or the world value (meters or feet
on the ground) of the “Cut Pipe Tolerance” is
used to determine if the ends of laterals are
close enough to snap to.
When using Cut Pipe to connect to many laterals laid out on a design, or
for connecting outlets, a utility called “Flow Check” can be used to
ensure that a specified maximum zone flow will not be exceeded. In
Settings|Irrigation Items the maximum zone flow can be specified. When
connecting the Cut Pipe the status bar will display the flow currently
connected and the Maximum flow. If the Maximum flow is exceeded, a
warning message displays the amount of flow connected if accepted. If
the last connection is not accepted, Cut Pipe rubberbands back to the
last click placed.
If the submain is moved after inserting the Cut Pipe, the quick way is to
use Modify|Select|Lasso to select all the sections of the submain. Move
the submain where required and the connected pipes and outlets will
move also. Select Lasso can also be used and to delete the submain
and re-enter it where required. Junctions created by Cut Pipe previously
will not be deleted but will be removed during the design process.
See also:
Entering Items at Different Levels Section 2.4.2.3
Working with Junctions Section 2.4.14
Cut Pipe Section 5.7.4
2.4.7.3 SUMMARY
 Pipes are given a color and line type in the database.
 Use the Computer Selected option to have IRRICAD size pipes
or use a combination of “Computer Sized” and manually
selected pipes.
 A control valve must be placed between zone and mainline
pipes.
 Use “Flow Check” to help with breaking a layout into groups of
outlets for a control valve.
 Draw Cut Pipe across all laterals, zone pipes or zone outlets as
required.
2.4.8 ENTERING CONTROL VALVES

Control Valves define groups of outlets running at the same time. Items
downstream from the control valve are Zone items, items upstream from
the control valve are Mainline items. Consequently control valves are the
only items that can be placed between mainline and zone pipes. When a
control valve is required in the design, select Control Valve from the
Zone or Mainline menu. IRRICAD checks if the chosen valve is within
the manufacturer specifications during Zone Design but does not make
the choice of valve. As with any hydraulic item, the hydraulic
characteristics of control valves are stored in the Database.
When placing a control valve, a unique zone name is required to be able

to identify each valve and zone and to avoid confusion in the design
process. The default naming of zone names is specified in
Settings|Names. The default name and numbering system can be
changed if required. The zone name can be entered each time the zone
name dialog appears after connecting a valve. Alternatively, after
selecting a Control Valve to use in the design, select Right-click|Default
Name before placing any control valves. The zone name can be edited
for the following control valves until another tool is selected. The Change
tool can also be used to change the zone name and numbering for
individual control valves once they are placed.
Specify a pressure at the control valve if required in Design|Zone Design

Configuration. If a pressure is not entered, IRRICAD calculates the
pressure at the control valve. Note that a pressure needs to be specified
to use Detailed Analysis.
See also:
Zone Design Summary Report Section
5.14.12.2
Names Section 5.10.15
2.4.9 USING MISC. HYDRAULIC ITEMS

Misc. Hydraulic items can be valves, pressure regulating valves, air
release valves, headwork losses, rising column losses, well drawdown
losses or any item that needs to be included in the design due to their
hydraulic character and performance or for fittings selection. These
characteristics are stored in the Other Hydraulics component group of
the database. They can be selected from the Zone or Mainline menu.
Misc. Hydraulic items must not be connected to a 3-pipe junction as
IRRICAD needs to know which two pipes it physically spans, enabling it
to know which way the water is flowing through the item. This also aids
in solving fitting selection.
Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) are unique in that they require a

threshold of pressure before they can regulate or burn up pressure. If
the actual pressure is below this threshold, the PRV will not work as
designed. This threshold is determined by the headloss equation in the
database. PRVs can be placed on Zone or Mainline pipes but must not
be placed in looped sections, although they can be used in designs
containing loops. PRVs should always be in branched sections of
pipeline to avoid IRRICAD becoming confused as to which way the
water is going through them. As with Misc. Hydraulic items in general,
PRVs should be placed in-line, not at 3-way pipe junctions.
When using a PRV in a design select Misc. Hydraulic from the Zone or
Mainline menu. The dialog that appears is similar to that for other Misc.
Hydraulic items with the exception that a downstream pressure is
required. This pressure will be maintained (provided the upstream
pressure is enough for the PRV to work) during pipe sizing (LP or
Velocity Design) and hydraulic analysis of the system.
See also:

Other Hydraulics Section 3.8.4
Using Pumps in Design Section 2.4.13
2.4.10 WORKING WITH UNIFORMLY SPACED OUTLETS ON

A PIPE
Spraylines are used to place pipe and outlets at a defined spacing in
one action. Spraylines can be defined as “Connected” or “Unconnected”.
Connected - This indicates that the sprayline will be treated as a single

item with emitters on it. Connected spraylines should only be used in
situations where there is more than 10 emitters per lateral due to the
high number of emitters and pipe segments. This method is very
accurate if there are over 30 emitters present. These may sound like
tapes (driplines) but there are some major differences between tapes
and connected spraylines. Tapes have many emitters at a low flow, the
flow is not constant during analysis, and the small emitters are
embedded in the internal wall of the tape. Connected spraylines tend to
have higher flows than tapes and the flow remains relatively constant
during analysis.
Unconnected - This indicates that once placed the sprayline will be

individual pipes and outlets. If non-pressure-compensating emitters are
used, then this method is more accurate than the “Connected” option as
elevation data is calculated for each segment between emitters,
depending on what sort of system is being designed.
Spraylines are selected from the Zone or Mainline menu, depending on

what sort of system is being designed. A Mainline Sprayline is always
unconnected - separate pipes and outlets once placed with each outlet
being treated as a separate zone. Spraylines can be computer sized.
When connected spraylines are specified as “Computer Sized”, the

maximum number of sizes for each sprayline segment can be specified
in Zone Design Configuration. The number can be between 1 and 3 with
the default as one size per lateral.
The spacing can be specified between outlets. If the lateral (Block tools
only) or outlet spacing entered is greater than 120% of the radius value
a warning message will appear in the case of having entered a wrong
number. This is a warning only and can be ignored.

The “Offset” in Block tools only is a percentage of the outlet spacing. If
the “Offset” is entered as 50% the first outlet is placed at the start of the
first sprayline and the first outlet on the second lateral is placed at half
the outlet spacing down the lateral, giving a triangular outlet spacing
within the block. For single spraylines, the “Offset” is specified in the
distance units (ft, m, etc.) from the start of the sprayline.
The “Fixed Spacing” option indicates whether the outlet spacing is fixed
as determined by the “Outlet Spacing” field, or adjusted to fit between
the start and end of the sprayline segment (see Figure 2-20). If the
check box is enabled, the outlet spacing will be maintained along the
pipe. If the box is unchecked, the outlet spacing will be adjusted by
IRRICAD to ensure that an outlet is placed at each end of the sprayline
and that those between will be equally spaced. IRRICAD will space the
outlets as near as possible to the value entered in the spacing field.
Figure 2-20 - Fixed Space Outlets
Zone|Spray Block or Zone|Spray Irrigation Block are usually used to

place multiple spraylines in a design. Zone|Sprayline can be used to add
extra spraylines, or to replace ones accidentally deleted.
See also:
Outlets & Risers (Outlet Connectors) Section 2.4.6

Nominal Pressures Section 2.6.3.1
2.4.11 ENTERING DRIPLINES IN A DESIGN

Driplines (called Tapes in IRRICAD) are defined as any pipes with
integral emitters at a relatively small spacing. These may sound like
connected spraylines but there are some major differences between
tapes and connected spraylines. Tapes have many emitters at a low
flow, the flow is not constant during analysis and the small emitters are
embedded in the internal wall of the tape. Connected spraylines tend to
have higher flows than tapes and the flow remains relatively constant
during analysis.
The value for the inlet pressure in the dialog when entering a tape is the
pressure to be achieved at the start of the tape. A “Zone Pressure
Tolerance” is entered into the Database Editor as a percentage
deviation above and below the specified inlet pressure. If the allowable
deviation above is 10% and below is 10%, the total pressure tolerance is
20%. If any tape “Inlet Pressure” is outside the tolerance range a
warning message will be given during Design.
“Regulated” tapes are those where pressure regulation (e.g., PRVs,

spaghetti tube) will be used to control the pressure at the tape inlet.
“Submain Min Pressure” is the minimum pressure required in the
submain for the pressure-regulated tapes. The difference between the
submain and tape inlet pressures provides a differential pressure in
which the pressure regulators must operate. In the non-regulated case
(box is unchecked) then the “Submain Min Pressure” field is dimmed
since it is not appropriate. Note tapes that have pressure-compensating
emitters are not normally regulated at the tape inlet.
Tapes can be analyzed using one of two calculation methods. The

“Iteration” method is selected if the check box is enabled, if it is not
checked then the Tape Factor method is used. Note that the “Iteration”
method should be used. The Tape Factor method is only available for
compatibility with very old designs.
Tapes are normally entered using Zone|Tape Irrigation Block or

Zone|Tape Block rather than single tapes at a time (Zone|Tape). Blocks
created by Zone|Tape Irrigation Block can be subivided via Irricad

Tools|Sudivide, however in the case of Tape Block sections between
zones can be removed using Irricad Tools|Cut Lasso.
Tapes cannot be computer-sized. Tapes cannot be telescoped nor have

junctions. If tapes have been drawn with telescoping sizes or junctions,
a warning message will appear during Zone Design. However, tapes can
be designed with a flushing main – see How To Simulate Tapes,
Section 2.9.2. Note Tape Irrigation Blocks with an automated manifold
can be designed under irrigation conditions as the flushing manifold has
a “Scope” of BOM ONLY and is not included in the design process.
Flushing calculations can be performed on tapes and tape blocks with or
without a flushing manifold. See Flushing Calculations, Section 2.6.5.
Tapes can be drawn with bends by enabling the “User Defined” check
box for “Lateral Direction” (Tape Block tool only) and the “Polyline”
check box which is made available when “User Defined” is checked.
After drawing the block lasso, specify the direction of the tapes with
bends. Select Right-click|Done when finished drawing the lateral
direction as in Figure 2-21.
Figure 2-21 - Bent Tape Lateral
See also:

Scope Section 2.5.4.3
Flushing Calculations Section 2.6.5
How To Simulate Tapes Section 2.9.2
Detailed Analysis of Tapes Under Flushing Section 2.9.3
Modeling Multiple Driplines as a Single Line Section 2.9.4
Tapes Section 3.8.2
2.4.12 USING WATER SUPPLIES

Water Supplies are used in the design as a point of supply for the
irrigation system. A water supply may be a mains supply, pond, pumping
station, tap etc. Water Supplies are mainline items and must be placed
upstream from the control valves. IRRICAD does not permit a water
supply to be connected directly to a zone pipe. A water supply can only
have one pipe connected directly to it (i.e., it must not be placed in-line
on a pipe) and must feed into the irrigation system from a branch.
Where only one water supply is specified per system it is not necessary
to enter flow information or pressure information. IRRICAD will calculate
the required duty for the system if the “Calculate Pressure?” check box
is enabled. Where more than one water supply is used to supply the
same system it is necessary to specify the pressure information in all
water supplies. Operating times can be specified for each water supply
(Design|Other Management Options|Water Supply Times), or you can
simply designate each water supply to supply specific system flows
(Design|Assign Zones to System Flows options).
“Design flow” is the flow available from the water supply that ideally
should not be exceeded for the design. Where the valve operating
sequence results in a water supply that exceeds this value, a warning
will be given but design will still proceed. If a “Design flow” is entered, a
“Max flow” must also be entered, however a “Max flow” may be specified
without a “Design flow”. The “Max flow” is the flow that can not be
exceeded under any circumstances. IRRICAD will prevent design from
continuing if a control valve operating sequence that results in a water
supply flow demand greater than this value is encountered. The “Design
flow” should allow for possible flow reductions (e.g., those which may
occur during summer) or any other factors that make it desirable to
design the system for a lower flow. There may be circumstances where
the “Design flow” requirement is exceeded, and with acceptance, this
may be done provided the “Max flow” is not exceeded. Flows entered
here have no effect in the design calculations; they are only used in
Management. The outlets determine the resulting flow in the system.

The “Design head” is the pressure available from the water supply (i.e.,
a pump, height above ground, etc.) that ideally should not be exceeded
for the design. This pressure, if specified, is used in the calculation of
mainline pressures. If a “Design head” is entered, a “Max head” must
also be entered which cannot be exceeded, but a “Max head” may be
specified without a “Design head”.
When more than one water supply is used to supply the same system,
the flow each water source supplies is very sensitive to the pressure
entered. Changing the pressure at each water supply has a significant
effect on the flow provided. In some circumstances, particularly in highly
looped situations, the mainline analysis of designs with a number of
water supplies operating at the same time results in outflows or inflows
being wrongly assigned to a small number of pipe junctions, or pressure
losses through some pipes which are incorrect. Sometimes these
inconsistencies are so small that they have virtually no effect on the final
results. At other times this is not so. Some potential problems are
trapped and screen messages are displayed. However, there may be
occasions where this does not occur and so users should always check
the Mainline Design Full report before proceeding.
At least the pressures must be entered when more than one water
supply is used in a design to supply the same system. If more than one
water supply exists in the design, but they are feeding separate systems
the assigning of system flows to water supplies in Design|Assign Zones
to System Flows options determines which water supply feeds which
valves.
For a gravity system, where there is no starting pressure, uncheck the

“Calculate Pressure?” check box and ensure the “Design head” is 0. If
the water supply is a tank, dam or weir with a water level height above
the ground, enter the height as the Design pressure.
Water supply pressures are required before selecting Design|Mainline

Design|Detailed Analysis. To enter or change pressures (and flows) in
an existing water supply, select Modify|Change and click on the water
supply symbol. Enter or edit the water supply details as required.
Tip: If a junction symbol can be seen where the pipe meets the water
supply, the water supply is not connected to the system. Move
the water supply until the junction disappears (connects to the
pipe end).

For pumped systems, there are several ways to indicate the “Design
head” at the water supply. If a pump is not intended to be entered on the
design, the “Design head” can be set as the pressure that the pump will
supply at the required flow (e.g., 60ft) as determined by the
manufacturers data for the pump model. If a pump is to be placed in the
design, the “Design head” then becomes the height of the water level in
a tank or well. If the water level is below ground, type in a negative
number e.g., -3ft for a water level 3ft down a well.
See also:
Pumps Section 3.8.10

Assign Zones to System Flows Section 5.13.9
Assign All Zones to One System Flow Section 5.13.10
Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow Section 5.13.11
Selecting a Management Practice Section 2.6.1
2.4.13 USING PUMPS IN DESIGN

Pumps can be placed on the design as either main supply pumps or
booster pumps by selecting Mainline|Pump. The pumps available from
the dropdown list in the dialog have been previously entered and
enabled for use in the database.
Main supply pumps are connected after the water supply on the Mainline
pipe before feeding into the system. It is usual to connect the main pump
quite close to the water supply. If the water supply static water level is
below ground level this should be entered in the water supply dialog as
a negative “Design head” (e.g., -30ft for a water level 30ft down a well).
The resulting pressure in the pipe between the water supply and the
pump will be negative. Screen messages will occur to this effect
however, they can safely be ignored after checking that the only
negative pressures are in the pipe between the water supply and the
pump.
Ensure that all pumps are connected within a pipeline, not at a 3-pipe
junction.
When connecting a pump to the design, other factors may need to be

taken into consideration. Headworks, rising column losses, and well
drawdown may need to be accounted for. These items are usually
placed on the mainline downstream from the pump as Mainline|Misc.
Hydraulic items (even though some of them may physically be upstream
of the pump). Each of the losses is calculated using the appropriate
constant, index and intercept from the database, these values having
been previously calculated using the Curve Fit utility in the Database
Editor.
Pumps can be used in looped systems as long as they are placed in

branched sections of the design only (see Figure 2-22). If a system is
looped, no more than ten pumps can be used in that design.
Figure 2-22 - Pumps in Looped System
If two of the same pump are to be placed in parallel, enter this as two
water supplies side by side each with a pump attached, as pumps
cannot be entered in loops. Alternatively, in the Database Editor create
and enter a pump that will model the increase in flow and represent the
two pumps as one. If two of the same pump model are being used in
parallel the flow doubles, if used in series the pressure doubles. Before
entering the manufacturer's data for the pressure / flow relationship into
the Curve Fit double the flow (if in parallel) or the pressure (if in series).
For example, if the pump curve shows the pump produces 120gpm at
60ft (120m3/h at 60m), and you require one pump to emulate two pumps
in parallel, enter the pressure as 60ft (60m) in the Curve Fit utility and
the flow as 240gph (240m3/h). At least three sets of data are required
for the curve fit utility. The A, B and C factors will be calculated and
manually entered into the database for this new pump.
Pumps operate based on the required flow of a control valve or Mainline

outlet or series of valves and Mainline outlets (system flows). The
pressure supplied by a pump is the pressure the pump can produce
when providing the required flow for the system (i.e., based on the pump
curve) at any one point in time.
See also:
Other Hydraulics Section 3.8.4

Pumps Section 3.8.10
Using a Pump in a Design Section 2.9.6
Using Pumps in Parallel Section 2.9.6.1
Pumps in Series Section 2.9.6.2
2.4.14 WORKING WITH JUNCTIONS

Pipes require a junction as pipes need to connect to a point object such
as a junction, an outlet, a valve, or water supply.
Sometimes it is beneficial to place a junction in a design e.g., to specify

where a change in pipe size should take place when using computer
sizing. Elevations are only reported at junctions, so it may be desirable
to place extra permanent junctions on very long pipe lines. Redundant
junctions (i.e., those on a straight piece of pipe) are removed during
design. If a junction is designated as Permanent (i.e., enable the
“Permanent” check box in the Pipe, Sprayline, Cut Pipe, Junction or
Tools|Cut Lasso dialog) it will not be removed during the design
process.
There are three ways to place junctions in a design:
 Cut Pipe
 Cut Lasso
 Junction
Zone|Cut Pipe will connect junctions where the pipe cuts other pipes.
The resulting pipe can then be deleted. When selecting Cut Pipe enable
the “Permanent” check box to avoid the junctions being removed during
the design process. This method would be used when there are several
pipes requiring junctions, particularly if the required junctions need to be
in a straight line.
Tools|Cut Lasso will connect junctions where the lasso cuts pipes. By
selecting “Cut Only” and enabling the “Permanent” option a line of
permanent junctions can be created, e.g., for elevation reporting.
Connect a junction where required on the pipe by selecting Junction

from the Zone or Mainline menu, and enabling the “Permanent” check
box. This ensures that the junction will remain throughout design and
analysis and, in the case of computer sizing, the pipes each side of the
junction will be sized individually.
To check that items are connected together select the junction and then
select Modify|Move. If all items move with the junction they are
connected. Alternatively, select a single hydraulic item and then select
Modify|Select|Connected (or press <Shift>+<Ctrl>+C). This adds directly
connected items to the selection, highlighting them in the selection color.
If items are not highlighted as expected there is a problem with the
connection.
If a junction can be seen where a pipe connects to other point objects

(outlets, valves, water supplies, etc) then the item is probably not
connected. Junctions should only be seen where pipes connect to each
other or where pipes start or end.
The orientation of the junction symbol is purely visual; e.g., an

‘orientated’ square is a diamond shape.
See also:
Pipes & Pipe Sizing Section 2.4.7

Cut Lasso Section 5.12.1
Using Cut Pipe Section 2.4.7.2
2.4.15 DEFINING AREAS WITH WATER REQUIREMENTS

Irrigation Areas are useful in cases where the amount of water to be
applied to an area and the required run time for the operation are
important. Irrigation Areas (Zone|Area) are used to specify a group of
controlled outlets or define sections of the design that have the same
water requirements. These Areas are defined by placing a boundary
around the required section. They are also used to automatically
orientate and adjust the arcs of sprinklers within the Area. Any outlets
that are placed within the Area are assumed to contribute to the Area.

The results of the area can be seen in the Management Reports|Zone
Flow Report and Water Requirements report. In the Management
Reports the Zone Flow Report will indicate the operation time required to
to apply the amount of water specified in the Area dialog. The actual
precipitation and the maximum precipitation (as entered in the Area
dialog) is reported here also. The Water Requirements report shows the
depth and volume of water applied over the Irrigation Area. The applied
amount of water is based on the run time specified in Management (the
Assign Zones to System Flows or Zone Operating Times dialogs), not
on the operation time calculated in the Zone Flow Report. Adjust the run
time in Management to the operation time calculated to see the applied
amount of water during the calculated operation time.
Irrigation Areas must be closed before being used for calculating water
requirements or specifying arcs. It is possible to connect on to a partially
completed Area and then complete it. Individual Areas may enclose
several zones, however an individual zone cannot span more than one
Area. Areas may fully enclose other Areas but may not overlap them.
The outlets within the inner small Area are assumed to contribute only to
the small Area not the larger Area it is within. The small Area is not
considered to be contributing to the large Area.
Areas are also used by IRRICAD to correctly orientate the arcs of part
circle sprinklers. If Areas are not used it may be necessary to orientate
the arcs manually. When an Area is placed initially the “Set Arc
Orientation Using Area” check box controls whether arcs of outlets
already existing within the Area are adjusted. Any emitters entered after
the Area is closed, will automatically have the appropriate arcs selected
(if variable or matched) and orientated.
The name of the Area can be changed manually in the name edit field,
when placing an Area or can be set to a new default name in
Settings|Names before drawing the Area.
See also:
Aligning Arcs with Boundaries Section 2.5.2

Area Section 5.7.7

2.5 HELPING WITH DESIGN LAYOUT
This chapter looks at different types of designs and how to draw these in
IRRICAD quickly and efficiently. It will outline the tools to use and point
out the key issues for each design type.
2.5.1 ANALYZING EXISTING SYSTEMS

IRRICAD is not only useful for designing new irrigation systems, but is
also used for analyzing existing systems. To check the performance of
the system analyze it to determine if:
 All outlets are operating within the required range.

 The pipe sizes are adequate.
 The well / pump is producing enough flow / pressure.
 There is a requirement to extend an existing system.
For a proposed extension the existing system may also require

analyzing. Therefore enter the existing system in to IRRICAD in order to
analyze the system and / or design the extension. Note that the existing
materials can have their “Scope” changed to Design Only to ensure
these existing items do not appear in the Costing / BOM Reports (see
Making Changes to the Design or Drawing, Section 2.4.4. Alternatively,
only selected items will appear in the Costing / BOM Reports.
To enter an existing system into IRRICAD all the details of the system to
be analyzed will be required. This includes:
 Pipe types, sizes and lengths.

 Control valve descriptions.
 Outlet / irrigator descriptions.
 Working pressure at the outlets / irrigators.
 Water supply output and any restrictions.
 Pump curves for the existing pumps.
 Well details if applicable, well depth, drawdown, rising column
details.
 Elevation data.
Before starting to draw the design, check all the existing hydraulic
components are present in the database. Add any missing pipes or
components with their hydraulic characteristics using the Database
Editor (see IRRICAD Database Editor Manual, Section 3). Once the
items are available in the database, enter the existing system on the
screen. When everything on the screen mirrors the existing system,
proceed to connect the extension or proposed items to the design if
required.
Enter the management data - use either Design|Assign Zones to System

Flows.... or Design|Other Management Options|Zone Operating Times.
If many system flows are present, select up to ten (guideline only)
system flows which may be the worse case scenarios. These are
system flows containing zones that might be the ones that will prove to
be over pressure, or under pressure. The pressure at the control valves
can be set for existing zones in Design|Zone Design Configuration (see
Section 5.13.7). Water supply pressures can be entered when placing
the water supply in the design. The pressures used here can be entered
to reflect a pump or a well with a pump attached (see Using Water
Supplies, Section 2.4.12).
If the proposed system has Computer Selected pipe, run LP Design or

Velocity Design to size the pipe. Before doing this, make sure that all
existing pipe sizes have the “Computer Sized” check box unchecked. If
this was not done when entering the pipe, select all the existing pipes
and use Modify|Change Type to uncheck the “Computer Sized” check
box for all sized pipe (see Specifying Groups of Items to Change or
Delete, Section 2.4.4.1). If the water supply data has been entered run
Design|Mainline Design|Detailed Analysis and view the reports
(Reports|Design Reports|...).
Where the Analyse option is used, IRRICAD uses the nominal pressures
and flows for the items in the system such as would be done in manual
design calculations. When Detailed Analysis is used, IRRICAD requires
a starting pressure, (set a “D/S Valve Pressure” pressure in
Design|Zone Design Configuration for Zone Design or in the Water
Supply “Design head” for Mainline Design). The starting pressure
enables IRRICAD to be able to use a series of iterations (small
calculations) to find the actual resulting flows in the system such as
would be found in the field. This means that the Analyse option tends to
be conservative in its answers and the Detailed Analysis option is more
accurate and closer to the real field situation.
See also:
The Basic Design Process Section 2.3.1

Entering Information into IRRICAD Section 2.4
Pipe Sizing - LP Design Option Section 2.6.3.3
Management & Designing the System Section 2.6
2.5.2 ALIGNING ARCS WITH BOUNDARIES

To align sprinkler arcs with the boundaries of the area to be irrigated can
be a very time consuming operation to do manually. The wetted radius
arc of part-circle outlets can be automatically aligned with a boundary by
using Irrigation Areas. Any outlets inserted after the Irrigation Area has
been placed will automatically be orientated. Make sure that before an
outlet is selected, the “Create Wetted Radii” option is enabled in
Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific.
Select Zone|Area to draw an Irrigation Area just outside the boundary of

the area to be irrigated. If the outlets have already been drawn in the
design enable the “Set Arc Orientation Using Area” check box. If the
outlets have yet to drawn this box does not need to be enabled, as all
arcs will automatically be aligned within the Area. When Variable arc or
Matched outlets are placed within the Area the arcs will be automatically
aligned with the Area boundary. If the outlets are Matched, the nozzle
flow will be adjusted in proportion to the arc.
Figure 2-23 - Aligning Spray Arcs
Sprinklers, which are just inside the Area boundary, will have their arcs
adjusted and oriented according to the Area boundary line. The
intersection of the arc with the Area boundary, at a distance of half of the
radius of throw of the sprinkler (not the full radius) is used to determine
the arc. This means that sprinklers can over-spray corners and still
maintain the correct arc (see Figure 2-23). When placing the sprinklers,
arcs should be set to approximately the desired value if automatic arc
orientation is to be used.
Arcs can also be manually rotated, globally or individually, by using

Modify|Rotate. Select the arc or arcs to be rotated. Select Modify|Rotate
and select an origin to rotate around. As the mouse moves the angle (a)
will change on the status bar showing the angle of rotation from 0o. Click
to place when the required angle of rotation is reached. Modify|Change
can also be used on individual arcs to reset the “Start Angle” and / or the
“Included Angle”.
2.5.2.1 OUTLET AND WETTED RADII ARC ORIENTATION

When an outlet is used in a design the symbol or wetted radius may not
be drawn at the required orientation. The orientation can be changed as
follows:
 Symbols can be rotated by using Modify|Rotate (see the angle

of rotation from the starting point on the status bar) or by
bringing up the Outlet dialog (using the Change or Change Type
tools). Edit the current orientation of the symbol. This will alter
the symbol orientation, by the figure entered, from the
horizontal plane. If the arc or orientation of the outlet is changed,
it will remain fixed at the new value.
 Arcs can be edited using the Change tool and clicking on the
individual wetted radius. The drawing properties dialog allows
the “Start Angle” (where the arc starts from) and the “Included
Angle” (how big the arc is) to be edited. This allows for better
positioning and a higher standard of presentation on the printed
design.
See also:
Defining Areas with Water Requirements Section 2.4.15

Irrigation - Design Specific Section 5.10.8
Area Section 5.7.7
Rotate Section 5.11.13
Specifying Groups of Items to Change or Delete Section 2.4.4.1

2.5.3 USING SHOW AREA TOOL TO MANUALLY SUBDIVIDE
A REGION
1. Select Tools|Show Area and click inside the existing field
boundary, or polygon, to check the total area of the field. Divide
by the number of areas required to determine the target size of
each subdivision.
2. Draw a construction line defining one of the sub-areas.
3. Using Tools|Show Area click inside the region defined by the
field boundary and the construction line to check the area.
4. Move the construction line as a whole, or move points, as
required.
5. Check the size again using Tools|Show Area.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until correct area sizes are reached.
7. When the goal is reached convert this defined region to a
polygon using Draw|Polygon|Seed, which can be used to create
a block entity and subsequently subdivided further.
8. Repeat the process to form the other areas required for the main
field subdivision.

Divide into equal parts
2.5.4 BLOCKS WITH AUTOMATIC SUBMAINS AND VALVE

PLACEMENTS
Block Entities retain the drawn boundary of the block tools as an
Irrigation Area and ‘group’ the laterals contained by them. They also
facilitate the automatic placement of submains, creation of block labels,
and simplify the process of changing the type, spacing etc. of laterals.

Blocks of Tapes or blocks of Spraylines to be treated in this way can be
created by selecting Tape Irrigation Blocks or Spray Irrigation Blocks
from the Zone menu.
Most of the fields in these dialogs are self-explanatory. The fields in the
Laterals tab have exactly the same function as those in the Tape Block
or Spray Block tool dialogs. Similarly those on the Area tab are identical
to those on the Area tool dialog.
2.5.4.1 LATERALS TAB
Figure 2-24 - Block Lateral Tab

No. Laterals/Group
If greater than zero the number of laterals in each group. If this field is
set at zero then the “Group Spacing” field will be disabled and all laterals
will be spaced identically.
Group Spacing
The spacing between groups of laterals (which will be spaced at the
lateral spacing).
2.5.4.2 BLOCK TAB
Figure 2-25 - Block Tab

Headlands
The distance between the drawn block boundary and the start and end
of the laterals.
Sidelands
The distance between the drawn block boundary and the edges of the
first and last laterals. Note that if the angle between the boundary and
an edge lateral is greater than 30 degrees then the “Headland” value is
used.
Create Laterals
If enabled laterals are created for the block.
Submain Position
Submains may be automatically placed and connected when the block is
created. The options for the submain position are:-
Manual: The submain will not be automatically

positioned. Use the Cut Pipe tool to do this
after the block has been created.
Start: The submain will be positioned on the starting
point of the laterals. Note this point is the one
that corresponds to the point on the first lateral
that is closest to the first point of the lateral
direction line (the first point of the block
boundary in the case of the automatic lateral
direction option).
End: The submain will be positioned on the end
point of the laterals.
Center: The submain will be positioned at the mid-point
of all laterals.
Set Distance: The submain will be positioned at the distance,
specified in the “Distance” field, down the
laterals. When the block is created a direction
for submains is specified by selecting a side of
the block polygon. The closest end of the
lateral closest to this direction line determines
where the distance is measured from.
IRRICAD can also allow any line to be used
when specifying the submain direction (i.e., not
just block boundaries).

Default Submain Fields
These fields allow the properties of the submain to be set in exactly the
same way as for the pipe or cut-pipe tool. Note that the individual
submain segments, in a block, can subsequently be altered in the
normal way with the change/change type tools.
Automatic Valve Positioning

Control Valves may be automatically connected when a block is created,
similarly to submains. Note that this option is not available if the submain
is manually placed. The options for the valve position are as follows:-
Manual: The valve is not automatically placed.

Start: The valve is connected to the start of the
submain. The start of the submain is on the
first lateral which is defined as the lateral
closest to the line that defines the lateral
direction.
End: The valve is connected to the end of the
submain.
Centre: The valve is connected in-line halfway
between the middle two laterals. When there
are an odd number of laterals then the valve
will be connected between the middle and
preceding lateral.
Percentage: Control valve placement in block entities can
now be entered as a percentage distance
along the submain. Choose Percent from the
Control Valve “Position” combo and enter the
required value. The valve will be positioned
between the two laterals closest to the given
fraction along the submain (i.e., the more
laterals, the more accurate the positioning).
The appropriate valve can be selected from the drop-down and the
depth, specified, if required.
When a block entity is created with the control valve automatically

placed, the Zone Name assigned to the valve will be defined by the

“Name” field on the Area tab. The valve will be placed in the
CONTROL_VALVES layer.
Figure 2-26 - Block Valve Placement Percentage
Figure 2-27 - Block With Valve At 25%

The Submain Stub
If the block valve is to be positioned manually, centrally, or at an
‘internal’ percentage (i.e., not 0% or 100%), this stub is the length of
pipe at both ends of the submain, outside of the first and last lateral.
If the valve is positioned at the start or end of the submain, this stub is
the length of pipe outside of the lateral at the ‘non-valve’ end of the
submain.
The Valve Submain Stub

If the valve is positioned at the start or end of the submain, this stub is
the length of pipe outside of the lateral at the ‘valve’ end of the submain.
If the block valve is to be positioned manually, centrally, or at an

‘internal’ percentage, this stub is unavailable.
The Valve Stub

This stub is the length of pipe between the submain and the valve. The
pipe is placed in a direction parallel to the block laterals and toward the
shortest lateral nearest the valve (this is generally toward the nearest
block boundary in the lateral direction).
Figure 2-28 - Stub Lengths On Block

Figure 2-29 - Stub Lengths

2.5.4.3 FLUSHING TAB
Figure 2-30 - Block Flushing Tab
This tab allows flushing manifolds to be automatically created. Since the

manifolds cannot currently be ‘designed’ you must specify the pipe type.
The manifold arrangement may be specified in a number of ways:
Max Laterals Per The manifold(s) are connected in even groups

Manifold: of up to the specified number of laterals.
No. of Manifolds: The laterals are connected in even numbers to
the specified number of manifolds (the number
of laterals is evenly divided by the number of
manifolds).
No. of Manifolds In this mode you must specify both a number
(Even Flow): of manifolds and a target outlet velocity. This
velocity is used to calculate the outlet flow per
lateral and this is combined with the nominal
irrigation (emitter) flow. Laterals are connected
to the manifolds such that the flow is evenly
distributed to each manifold. Please note that
this velocity is used purely to balance the
manifold flows, it does not guarantee that the
specified outlet flow will be achieved and it is
not a design parameter.
You may also specify one or two types of assembly that will be
automatically attached to the manifold. If only one assembly per
manifold is required, you must specify its location - upstream,
downstream or centre. If two assemblies per manifold are required, the
‘flushing’ assembly is placed at one end of the manifold and the ‘end’
assembly is placed at the other. If more than two assemblies per
manifold are specified then the assemblies are placed on the ends as
above, and the required number of ‘flushing’ assemblies are placed at
even intervals along the manifold.
A stub length may also be specified and it is applied to the ends of each
manifold, prior to the assembly.
Scope
The “Scope” option is set to BOM Only and cannot be edited in this
section. This is because zones containing Tapes within loops cannot be
analyzed or designed and LP Design cannot be used for zones
containing loops (and if included in the design process, flushing
manifolds would inherently create this situation). In addition it would not
be normal practice to design flushing manifolds under irrigation
conditions.
For Spray Irrigation Blocks the flushing manifold pipes can be selected,
once the block has been created and designed, and the “Scope”
changed to Design Only or Design + BOM by using the Change Type
tool. The flushing manifolds can then be analyzed if required.
2.5.4.4 INTERACTION WITH OTHER TOOLS

Most IRRICAD Edit/Change modifying tools can be applied to these
‘Block Entities’ - e.g., Change, Change Type (used to change multiple
items at once), Delete, Delete Type, Move, Copy.
Notes:
Laterals within a block can be changed, as well as the line
thickness and layer, by using Modify|Change on the block
boundary to get the Irrigation Block dialog up.

Laterals within a block cannot be moved or deleted individually.
Manual sub-mains should be located using the Cut Pipe tool

since this tool ‘knows’ to ‘attach’ the sub-main to the block.
Ideally the Cut Pipe tool should also be used for all sub-main
pipes in the block (not just the ones that ‘cut’ the laterals).
Blocks can be broken up into individual entities using the

Explode tool.
2.5.4.5 DESIGNING WITH BLOCK ENTITIES

Once blocks have been placed they are treated in exactly the same way
as blocks that have been constructed via Tape, Sprayline, Tape Block or
Spray Block. Control valves should be attached to the sub-mains and
then the design process followed as normal. Similarly for all other
modules of IRRICAD.
2.5.5 SUBDIVIDING BLOCK ENTITIES

Before creating block entities regions can be manually subdivided and
then made into block entities, which can then be further subdivided. The
manual process is explained in Using Show Area Tool to Manually
Subdivide a Region, Section 2.5.5.
Because block entities can not be manually adjusted, the Subdivide tool
must be used to break the ‘parent’ block into smaller sub-blocks. This
may be required due to the water supply limitations, plant type, soil type
or simply different water requirements.
The Subdivision tool is selected from the Tools menu. The tool can be
selected before the block (use <Alt> when selecting the block by clicking
on any block item), or the block selected before actioning the tool.
Subdivision is separated into partitioning a block in the direction of the

laterals, known as ‘slicing’, and splitting the laterals lengthwise or
‘cutting’ (normally perpendicular to the lateral direction). Blocks may be
subdivided by either slicing or cutting or both.
When the subdivision dialog has been closed and the cut direction
specified, a preview of the subdivision is displayed (Figure 2-32) and a
dialog listing the proposed sub-areas is shown. The “Sub Areas” dialog
can be moved (by clicking and dragging the title bar) allowing parts of
the preview that are obscured to be viewed. If large areas are being
subdivided opening the Birds Eye View (from the View menu) before
starting the subdivision, will give access to the zoom tools which can be
used to view the preview. Zoom tools can be selected by right clicking in
the BEV or a new zoom window can be created by clicking and dragging
with the left mouse button. For more information on the Birds Eye View
see Section 5.5.11.
Figure 2-31 – Subdivide Dialog
Clicking the [Accept/View Changes] button with nothing specified in the

“Join Sub-Areas” table will cause the preview dialog to close and the
block will then be subdivided into the specified sub- areas. Clicking
[Cancel] will return to the “Subdivision” dialog.

Figure 2-32
2.5.5.1 COMBINING SUB-AREAS

Sub-areas may be combined during the preview phase by entering pairs
of sub-area identification numbers into the “Join Sub-Areas” table. Each
pair of sub-areas will be joined together to form a new larger sub-area.
Figure 2-33
When there are entries in this table clicking [Accept/View Changes] will
cause the preview to be updated and the dialog redisplayed. An
example of is illustrated in Figure 2-34 below.
This process can be repeated and will in effect allow more than two
areas to be joined together. After clicking [Accept/View Changes] areas
7 and 10 and areas 8 and 11 are combined.
Figure 2-34
2.5.5.2 SUBDIVISION TOOL NOTES

Submain Position
Sub-blocks created by the subdivision process will have the same
submain position as the parent Block. This can be altered using the
Change or Change Type tools. Laterals for sub-blocks are always
created regardless of the setting for the parent block.
Re-subdivision
Blocks may be re-subdivided, when this happens any existing sub-
blocks are removed when [OK] is selected. Subsequently cancelling
from the operation will not restore the original sub-blocks.
Subdividing Sub-Blocks
Any IRRICAD Block Entity can be subdivided. This means that blocks
that are the result of subdivision can be further subdivided themselves.
A useful application of this feature is where an irregular block needs to
be subdivided into a number of equal areas and it is not critical that the
cuts all line up. The block can be sliced without any cuts and then the
resulting sub-blocks cut individually (without any slices).
2.5.6 HOW TO POSITION BLOCK OUTLETS USING TREES

1. Draw a tree block, noting the tree row direction.
2. Select the tree block, then click Spray Irrigation Block ( ).

3. With the block in ‘Use Trees’ mode, the spacing parameters are
unavailable. These values will be calculated from the tree
spacing.

4. If your tree block is significantly irregular, an unconnected block
may be the best option.
5. Click the [Options] button to access the ‘Use Trees’ settings.
6. Choose an outlet arrangement, with reference to the tree rows,

and then click [OK]. Click [OK] on the main block dialog too.
7. You will then be prompted to specify the lateral direction. This
should be parallel to a line of trees, though obviously it need not
be parallel to the actual tree row direction. Use the trees as
anchor points to specify the direction.

8. Next you will be prompted to specify the reference emitter
position – click between rows at the approximate height of the
required outlet. Once this is specified, IRRICAD will calculate
the remaining outlet positions using the pattern entered in Step
6.
9. The lateral and outlet spacings for the block have now been
calculated.

Examples:
Typical almond tree layout – every row and tree - triangular with 50% offset
Typical banana plantation layout – every 4th row and tree – rectangular with 50%
offset and a trenching offset

Typical African oil palm layout – every 2nd row and tree – triangular with 50%
offset and a trenching offset
Note: If a tree block has been created from a group of symbols (usually
imported) the block may not be completely uniform. Sprinkler
and lateral placement however will work in this case unless the
tree placement is very non-uniform.
2.5.7 HOW TO LAYOUT A DESIGN WITH BLOCKS OF

LATERALS (WITHOUT USING BLOCK ENTITIES)
A large area of parallel spraylines or driplines (tapes) for an orchard,
vineyard or field containing rows of crops may need to be designed. The
following section details methods and IRRICAD tools that can be used to
accomplish this.
Spray Block and Tape Block are layout tools used for entering a group
of equally spaced parallel spraylines or tapes, respectively, in one
action. This facility is commonly used to select and position laterals over
a large area. Blocks are laid out by drawing the boundaries of the
required group of laterals. Information on the physical arrangement
(block properties) of these laterals is entered before the drawing process
is commenced. Once entered, the spraylines or tapes are treated
individually, i.e. the block laterals are retained as unique entities. If
unconnected spraylines are used, once placed, each sprayline becomes
a set of individual pipes and outlets.
2.5.7.1 BLOCK PROPERTIES

A lateral spacing must be specified for the spraylines or tapes, indicating
the distance between the parallel lines. The number of laterals in the
block (enter a number) can be specified or left as zero (0) for IRRICAD
to fill the block boundary with as many laterals as the lateral spacing will
allow. If a number greater than the block boundary and lateral spacing
will allow is entered, a message will be given to indicate the specified
number and the number of laterals positioned after drawing the block
boundary. If a number smaller than the block boundary is entered,
IRRICAD will place the number required at the spacing specified.
The “User Defined” option for “Lateral Direction” indicates that the
direction will be determined by drawing a line to indicate which way the
laterals will run, rather than being determined by the first side of the
block drawn on the screen. Alternatively, the lateral direction can be
determined by the direction of the first side of the block boundary drawn
- this is the “Determine Automatically” option.
Upon closing the lasso (Right-click|Close can be used for this or click to
place a point on the starting point) the laterals will be drawn. If “User
Defined” is selected for “Lateral Direction” then also draw a line to
specify the direction of the laterals. Similarly, if “User Defined” for the
“Reference Outlet” is selected, place a point to indicate the position of
the first outlet (spraylines only). The laterals will be drawn automatically
after the direction and / or reference position is specified.
2.5.7.2 CONNECTING A SUBMAIN (MANIFOLD)

A tool is available to connect to the laterals placed by the Spray Block or
Tape Block tools. Zone|Cut Pipe will automatically connect to all laterals
or zone items it crosses. After selecting the tool draw a line through or
along the end of the laterals, as required. Make sure that the pipeline
crosses all the existing laterals.
If no block subdivision has been worked out it can be useful to enable

the “Flow Check” while connecting up the submain. “Flow Check” is
found in Settings|Irrigation Items. Check the “Enabled” check box and
type in the maximum zone flow. Shown on the status bar will be f = and
m = where m is the maximum flow that is entered in Settings|Irrigation
Items and f is the flow through the currently connected tapes /
spraylines. If the maximum flow has been exceeded, a warning
message will appear. Click [Yes] to continue to connect to the next item
or [No] to keep the flow under the maximum requirement and Cut Pipe
will snap back to the last tape / lateral which was connected.
Note: If Cut Pipe has been run through all the tapes / spraylines, and
the total flow exceeds the maximum, upon pressing the [No]
button, Cut Pipe will snap back to the starting position.
2.5.7.3 TOOLS TO AID IN PLACING LATERALS

Some tools are useful in aiding to draw the block boundary on the
screen or positioning the laterals inside a fence boundary, for example.
The circular cursor is a useful tool to help place the lateral block the
required distance from the boundaries (this creates the headlands and
sidelands required). In Settings|Drawing, enable the “Circular Cursor”
check box and enter a “Radius”. The radius is equal to the distance from
an existing object e.g., if the headlands are to be 5ft (5m), enter a radius
of 5ft (5m).
“Grid” and “Snap to Grid” options can also be used to help with accurate
placing of block boundaries and laterals. In Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS a
“Grid Spacing” can be entered. In Settings|Snap the “Snap to Grid”
option can be enabled where the cursor can only move between grid
points. The grid points do not need to be displayed for “Snap to Grid” to
work.
Blocks can be entered in one action with the option to delete out
unwanted sections. Use Tools|Cut Lasso to delete, cut or change any
laterals. Zone|Sprayline or Zone|Tape can be used to add extra laterals
or to replace ones accidentally deleted.
2.5.7.4 SPRAY BLOCK TOOL

The Zone|Spray Block tool is used for multiple spraylines (connected
and unconnected).
Note: The Spray Block tool is only available as a zone item. Although
the Mainline Sprayline option is also available this is merely a

tool used for placing pipe and outlets at a required spacing and
they are always unconnected.
Outlet Spacing Properties

The “Block Properties” include “Outlet Spacing” properties. “Triangular”
spacing indicates that the outlets will be offset between alternating the
laterals. See Figure 2-35.
Figure 2-35 - Rectangular and Triangular Outlet Spacings
The value in the “Offset” edit field in the Spray Block dialog (as opposed
to that of offset in the sprayline dialog) is the distance of the first
sprinkler on the next row expressed as a percentage from the first
sprinkler on the first row measured perpendicularly between the rows. If
the “Rectangular” spacing has been selected the percentage change is
cumulative. This moves the first sprinkler in each consecutive sprayline
by the specified percentage change from the first sprinkler position on
the sprayline above. If the “Triangular” spacing has been selected, the
percentage difference only applies to every second sprayline. See
Figure 2-36.
Figure 2-36 - Outlet Spacings With 25% Offset

The “Extra Outlets on Ends” option allows for extra outlets placed on the
ends of the spraylines. If this check box is enabled, IRRICAD will
position outlets on a lateral starting with the “Reference Outlet” and
placing outlets at the designated spacing until the end of the lateral is
reached. If the remaining length of pipe between the last outlet and the
end of the lateral is greater than 50% of the “Outlet Spacing”, an extra
outlet will connected to the end of the lateral. This is treated as a
separate outlet and does not form part of the connected sprayline.
The “User Defined” option for “Reference Outlet” indicates a starting or

reference position for the first outlet to be placed. All other outlets in the
block are placed relative to this known reference outlet. By default (i.e.
“Determine Automatically” option) the reference outlet is assumed to be
at the start of the first lateral drawn in the block.
Usually the “Create Sprayline Outlets” check box in Settings|Irrigation -

Design Specific will be unchecked as there are likely to be a large
number of outlets. To see the sprayline outlets enable the “Create
Sprayline Outlets” check box in Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific
before drawing the spraylines. If the spraylines have already been
drawn, select the spraylines (Modify|Select|...) and select Tools|Create
Sprayline Outlets. Turn the SPRAYLINE_OUTLETS layer on in the View
menu (View|Sprayline Outlets).
To create connected sprayline wetted radii turn on “Created Wetted

Radii” in Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific before drawing the
spraylines. Aleternatively select the spraylines (Modify|Select|...) and
use Tools|Create Wetted Radii. Turn the SL_WETTED_RADII layer on
in Settings|Layers to display connected sprayline outlets’ wetted radii.
Note: If sprayline outlets have not been created before drawing the
spraylines, the Create Wetted Radii tool (in the Tools menu) will
create both the sprayline outlet and its wetted radii.
See also:
Working with Uniformly Spaced Outlets on a Pipe Section 2.4.10
2.5.7.5 TAPE BLOCK TOOL

The Zone|Tape Block tool is used for laying out an area of equally
spaced tapes (driplines).

Tapes are pipes with integral emitters at a relatively small spacing.
Tapes have many emitters at a low flow, the flow is not constant during
analysis and the small emitters are embedded in the internal wall of the
tape. Connected spraylines tend to have higher flows than tapes and the
flow remains relatively constant during analysis.
By enabling the “User Defined” check box for “Lateral Direction”, and
then enabing the “Polyline” check box bent tapes can be drawn.
See also:
Entering Driplines in a Design Section 2.4.11
2.5.7.6 TURF
Turf irrigation systems include golf courses, parks and reserves, and
landscape design. There are several situations where the Spray Block
tool is useful for setting up these types of systems.
To place sprinklers at regular intervals over an entire area, e.g., a wall to

wall watering for a golf course, use Zone|Spray Block (unconnected)
with a “Circular Cursor” or “Grid” to help position the laterals. This will
give parallel laterals and a regular sprinkler pattern, e.g., rectangular.
Options such as “Extra Outlets on Ends” can be used to place additional
outlets on the end of laterals when the outlet spacing is fixed. Pipes can
be deleted and re-entered as required, especially if the block tool has
been used to place sprinklers at a fixed spacing where the layout of the
pipes is not required. See How to Layout a Design with Blocks of
Laterals (without using Block Entities), Section 2.5.7, Tools to Aid in
Placing Laterals, Section 2.5.7.3 and Spray Block Tool, Section 2.5.7.4.
For other types of turf systems where it is uncommon to use the block
tool use Zone|Sprayline. Use Unconnected spraylines as described in
Spray Block Tool, Section 2.5.7.4. Use “Circular Cursor” or “Grid” and
“Snap To Grid” to place the spraylines an equal distance from the
boundary all the way around. See How to Layout a Design with Blocks
of Laterals (without using Block Entities), Section 2.5.7 and Tools to Aid
in Placing Laterals, Section 2.5.7.3. This is particular useful when the
area is oval.
See also:
Grid Section 5.10.6.1

Spray Block Section 5.7.5

Using Cut Pipe Section 2.4.7.2
2.5.7.7 HORTICULTURAL SYSTEMS

To lay a block of spraylines with drippers, sprinklers, or a block of
dripline (Tape) for a horticultural or market garden design see How to
Layout a Design with Blocks of Laterals (without using Block Entities),
Section 2.5.7, Tools to Aid in Placing Laterals, Section 2.5.7.3 and
Spray Block Tool, Section 2.5.7.4.
2.5.7.8 SUMMARY
 Blocks are used to layout multiple laterals at a designated
spacing.
 The physical arrangement of the laterals is entered before
drawing the blocks.
 Cut Pipe is used to connect a submain to all existing laterals, or
other zone items.
 “Circular Cursor”, Grid and “Snap To Grid” are tools to aid in
placing blocks or other items.
 “Outlet Spacing” properties are entered before drawing Spray
Blocks.
 Tapes are not the same as Connected Spraylines.
 Spray Blocks can be used to place outlets at fixed spacing and
the pipes deleted after placement.
2.5.8 LAYING OUT SPORTS FIELDS OR OTHER SOLID SET

SYSTEMS
Sports fields come in different shapes and sizes, with different irrigating
methods, management and design. This section looks at the basic
shapes that are likely to be encountered and how to approach the
drawing of such a design in IRRICAD. Designs of this type tend to have
regularly spaced sprinklers in the center, and may have irregularly
spaced sprinklers along the boundary of the field or area.

2.5.8.1 FOR RECTANGULAR FIELD
For a field that is a regular shape the Spray Block tool or the Grid tool
can be used to help layout the sprinklers at a fixed spacing.
Using Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS, enter the desired outlet spacing as the X

and Y "Grid Spacing". The grid can be set to have the outlets the
required distance apart to achieve a good coverage and overlap of the
wetted radius. This can be visually seen if the wetted radii are turned on
(View|Wetted Radii). Settings|Snap - “Snap to Grid” can be used for
drawing the field boundaries and placing outlets as the cursor can only
move between the grid points. Pipe can be selected to connect to each
outlet placed.
If the Spray Block tool is used to place the outlets the pipe can be
deleted after placement if required. Use Unconnected spraylines (see
How to Layout a Design with Blocks of Laterals (without using Block
Entities), Section 2.5.7). Grid and “Snap to Grid” can also be used to aid
with placement of the block in the design (see above). Alternatively
“Circular Cursor” in the Settings|Drawing Items menu can be enabled to
aid in drawing the block of laterals a specified distance from the field
boundaries. If using the Spray Block tool is not preferred then each
sprayline can be entered individually using the circular cursor to aid in
the placement of the pipe and outlets. The distance between the
spraylines should reflect the desirable overlap of the wetted radius of the
selected sprinklers. For example, if the requirement is to have the
sprinklers head to head then the distance should match the wetted
radius. The circular cursor will help to ensure that the last outlet on the
sprayline is at the required distance from the edge of the field.
Zone|Cut Pipe can be used to connect pipe or a submain to all zone

items. It can be used across a row of sprinklers, connecting to each one
automatically.
2.5.8.2 FOR AN OVAL FIELD

Viewing the field as a rectangle and two semi-circles is a way to
approach an oval field design. The field can be drawn on the screen by
using Rectangle and Circle. The Break tool can be used to erase the
part of the circle inside the rectangle.
Draw an irrigation area boundary just outside the existing field boundary
lines to orientate sprinklers to irrigate within the designated area by
using Zone|Area. Enter as many spraylines (using Zone|Sprayline)
within the field as possible. These can be Unconnected (the
“Connected” box unchecked) and the pipes deleted after placement if
required. If the sprinkler selected is a Variable or Matched sprinkler the
spraylines drawn along the boundaries of the field will automatically be
aligned to water inside the field (see Figure 2-37). If not, and half circle
sprinklers are required, select an outlet or nozzle that allows for 180 o
arcs and place along the field boundary. All outlets and pipe can be
moved or deleted and re-drawn.
Figure 2-37 - Oval Sports Field
Use Zone|Cut Pipe to connect all outlets or spraylines to a submain.
2.5.8.3 FOR AN IRREGULARLY SHAPED FIELD:

Draw the outline of the field on the screen using the drawing tools. Use
Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS and Settings|Snap – “Snap to Grid” to place
spraylines or outlets in a regular pattern over the main area as described
in How to Layout a Design with Blocks of Laterals (without using Block
Entities), Section 2.5.7. Draw an Irrigation Area boundary along the
existing field boundary lines to orientate part circle or variable sprinklers
to irrigate within the designated Area by using Zone|Area. Place extra
spraylines or outlets (Zone|Sprayline, Zone|Outlet) as required to
encompass the outer boundary. The outer edges may not necessarily
have regularly spaced outlets.

Use Zone|Cut Pipe to connect all outlets or spraylines to a submain. Cut
Pipe will connect to any zone item it crosses or is within range (see
Using Cut Pipe, Section 2.4.7.2).
2.5.8.4 SUMMARY
 Fill in regular shaped areas using Spray Block, Sprayline,
“Circular Cursor” or Grid to help with placement of outlets.
 Use Area to orientate sprinkler arcs.
 Draw a sprayline or place outlets around the boundary of the
field to complete.
2.5.9 AUTOMATICALLY PLACING SPRINKLERS FOR SMALL

PARK OR RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
Zone|Autohead is a tool that can be used to automatically place
sprinklers in small irregularly shaped areas, like those found in domestic
or small commercial turf systems. It should be used as a fast way of
placing sprinklers in an area, with final adjustments made using Modify
tools such as Change, Move and Copy.
Autohead will place sprinklers on the boundary and work into the center;
the center then tends to have irregularly spaced sprinklers. Hence it
works best when there is not much center to fill in. With larger sports
fields and parks Autohead is not usually used, as it is desirable to have
regularly spaced sprinklers in the center and acceptable to have
irregular spaced sprinklers on the boundary of the field. However, with
smaller parks and residential landscape design Autohead is a valuable
tool.
When Zone|Autohead is selected specify a representative sprinkler

body, nozzle, and riser for the area in exactly the same way as an outlet
would be selected. Autohead attempts to match the precipitation rate of
all sprinklers within the area to the precipitation rate of the selected
sprinkler. It does this by choosing appropriate nozzle sizes and arcs
from the range available for that sprinkler. For this reason, ensure to
select an outlet that has a range of suitable nozzles and arcs available in
the database. Autohead works best with Matched or Fixed sprinklers.
If the sprinkler has Matched precipitation rate nozzles with variable arcs,
make sure that a sprinkler with an appropriate radius of throw for the job
is selected, as only one nozzle needs to be used. If the sprinkler has
non-matched Variable arc nozzles, a range of nozzle sizes should be
available in the database to give roughly equal precipitation rates over
the range of arcs expected. Generally, this means that if a nozzle with a
360o arc as the representative sprinkler is selected, it should be one of
the larger nozzles in the range so that smaller nozzles can be selected
for 180o arcs and 90o arcs, and so on. When a sprinkler has Fixed arcs
(such as many of the pop-up spray heads available), a full range of arcs
and nozzle sizes should be available to allow the precipitation rate to be
matched. As with Variable arc nozzles, the representative nozzle / arc
combination that is selected should take this into account.
Once the representative sprinkler is selected, click [OK] on the dialog.

The status bar will show the tool is in Lasso mode. Draw in the
Autohead boundary for the automatic sprinkler placement using the
lasso in the same way as for Show Flow boundaries. After closing the
area, the automatic head placement will take place. Note that Autohead
selects but does not orientate part circle arcs. If correct orientation is
required, use Zone|Area to first draw a boundary just outside the
location of the Autohead boundary (see Aligning Arcs with Boundaries,
Section 2.5.2).
Once the Autohead has been completed for an area, further areas
(using the same sprinkler) can be drawn and have heads automatically
placed. To terminate the Autohead placement tool, select another tool or
command.
Two warnings may occur during Autohead:
Cannot correctly space selected sprinkler along area edge

This means that the length of one or more of the area boundary lines
does not allow sprinklers to be spaced along it within the overlap ranges
set in Settings|Irrigation Items – “Autohead Spacing Limits”. If this
happens, IRRICAD will place the sprinklers as close as possible to the
limits.
Autohead, where possible, will space sprinklers so that the overlap lies
between the minimum and maximum values. The default values are
40% minimum to 60% maximum. (A 50% value corresponds to head-to-
head spacing). Reduce these values for closer spacing (e.g., in windy
areas), or increase them for wider spacing.
Required nozzle arc not found for selected sprinkler

IRRICAD has not been able to find a nozzle / arc combination that gives
the precipitation rate required. The nearest available arc will be selected.
See also:
2.5.10 SPRINKLERS IN ODD-SHAPED AREAS

For odd-shaped areas, the aim is to achieve relatively even precipitation
over the area.
Zone|Area can be used to orientate part circle sprinklers within the

boundary to be irrigated (see Aligning Arcs with Boundaries, Section
2.5.2). Several tools are available to help with placement of outlets in an
odd-shaped area. Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS can be used to help place
outlets at the required distances apart. Enter the grid point distance in
“X” and “Y” (e.g., 5ft (m) for both will give a 5 x 5ft (m) grid).
Zone|Sprayline is useful when placing pipes with outlets. Use the
unconnected option (uncheck the “Connected” box) and specify no fixed
spacing (Options button on Zone|Sprayline dialog and uncheck the
“Fixed Spacing” check box).
Zone|Autohead can be used for small irregularly shaped areas. Select

the required sprinkler, nozzle and arc. Draw a boundary for Autohead to
work within inside the Area boundary if used.
See also:
Automatically Placing Sprinklers for Small Park or Residential Design

Section 2.5.9
Area Section 5.7.7
Sprayline Section 5.7.2
2.5.11 USING MAINLINE OUTLETS

If designing a system using Mainline Outlets rather than zones (control
valves and zone outlets), the main differences are:
 All pipes are mainline pipes.

 All outlets are mainline valve-in-head outlets (sprinkler with a
valve) and therefore mainline outlets are considered as separate
zones.
 No control valves are required.

Connect the Mainline|Outlet on the Mainline|Pipe after choosing the
outlet and nozzle required. Risers can be selected if applicable to the
situation. The Mainline|Sprayline tool can also be used to quickly place
equally spaced valve-in-head outlets. Note that this tool does not
actually create a lateral since the spraylines are assumed to be
unconnected (individual pipe and outlet once placed).
Because the outlets themselves are assumed to have an on / off switch

like a valve, a control valve is not required to create the zones. If other
valves are necessary for the design, use Mainline|Misc. Hydraulic valves
(valves that have been entered into the Other Hydraulic component
group of the database) rather than Control Valves. For each mainline
outlet positioned in the design a zone is created and named accordingly
- default name zone 1, zone 2, etc.
The default names can be changed in the Settings|Names. The default

name can be changed for the immediate action by selecting Default
Name in the Right-click menu after selecting the Mainline|Outlet or the
Sprayline tool but before placing the item on the screen.
Note that, although there are no zone items, it is still necessary to carry
out the Zone Design function in order to set up the required pressures
and flows for each zone. Select Design|Zone Design|Analyse to do this.
Then run management and the Design|Mainline Design options.
2.5.11.1 VALVE-IN-HEAD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Valve-In-Head Sprinkler designs are an example of a mainline design
using mainline outlets. Each sprinkler used is a Mainline Outlet with on /
off control. Select the valve-in-head sprinkler from the Mainline|Outlet
dialog where the sprinkler has been previously entered and enabled in
the database.
If the Mainline|Sprayline tool has been used to place sprinklers, the

default names for the zones are Sprayline 1-1, Sprayline 1-2 for outlets
on Sprayline 1, and Sprayline 2-1, Sprayline 2-2 for outlets on Sprayline
2, etc. Via Right-click|Default Name the name can be altered for the
current action, or via Settings|Names for the design or saved as a
default for all new desgns . This makes the naming of many valve-in-
head sprinklers, for example in a golf course design, flexible and easy to
use.

2.5.11.2 STOCK WATER SYSTEMS
Mainline outlets can be used in a stock water supply design. An outlet is
entered into the database to reflect the hydraulic characteristics of water
discharging through a ballcock valve.
If only one set of data is available (the flow through a valve at a specified
pressure) enter the Index as 0.5. Calculate the Constant to solve the
equation Q = Constant x Pressure0.5. If more than one set of data is
available for the valve, enter the pressure / flow combinations into the
Outlet Flow Curve Fit utility (Database Editor|View). Use the Constant
and Index generated when creating a nozzle for the trough.
Alternatively, a demand point can be used as the water trough. When

placing a demand point, specify the flow and pressure required at that
point. This is useful if the decision has not been yet made on the valve
to use. Depending on the valve, only 7 – 15psi (5 – 10m) pressure may
be required at the valve – just enough to get the water out into the
trough. Some valves will have a higher headloss than others.
The newly entered outlets or demand points are placed on the pipe
system where a water trough is to be situated, or already exists.
Management is determined by a series of troughs running at the same

time or potentially running one at a time.
It is fairly common to have a pumped system up to a tank and then

gravity feed to the water troughs. In this case, two separate systems
need to be designed, the first with the pump (at the water supply)
supplying a tank (the outlet), and the second with the tank (the water
supply) supplying the troughs (outlets). In the first case, where the pump
is supplying the tank, the tank can be a demand point (see Simple
Mainline Design - Using Demand Points, Section 2.5.11.3) or entered
into the database as an outlet / nozzle combination with a pressure /
flow relationship. If an outlet / nozzle combination is used, the outlet
needs to represent an open pipe scenario (normally filling a tank is
approximately the same as discharging into the atmosphere). In this
case the formula v2/2g can be rearranged to find the pressure discharge
relationship for the nominal outlet giving an approximate 'emitter'
equation of Q=KHn . where:
K = D2 x 12.5218 (where D is the pipe diameter is in mm)
and 'n' = 0.5.

These values may be subsequently used in the constant and index fields
for outlet flow in the database Outlet dialog.
Note this method does not allow for any pipe exit losses.
2.5.11.3 SIMPLE MAINLINE DESIGN - USING DEMAND POINTS

Demand Points are very useful when designing a mainline system
where the flow and pressure requirements are known at certain points.
The pipe system can be designed or analyzed and the system duty
calculated.
An example is hydrants for a travelling irrigator. Where a Demand Point

can be used for any situation it is usually only used for a quick design or
analysis of a system. As long as it is known what pressure and flow
required at the hydrant to run the irrigator hose and cover any headloss
through the hydrant, hose, and irrigator then a demand point may simply
be placed at each hydrant and a suitable mainline connected to these
demand points. Select Mainline|Outlet and select a known Demand
Point that has been entered into the database prior. Enter the
“Pressure” and “Flow” required. Place on the design or connect to a
mainline pipe.
This method can be helpful in presenting the basic requirements of the

system. Demand points can be used for a quick idea of the system
capabilities without having to get into the intricacies of all the
components that are downstream from the hydrant.
See also:
Outlets Section 3.8.11
2.5.11.4 SUMMARY
 Mainline Outlets are assumed to have on / off control and are
therefore zones.
 Zone Design|Analyse and Management needs to be completed
before running Mainline Design.
 Demand Points can be used to designate flow and pressure
requirements at placement points.

2.5.12 WHEEL LINE (SIDE ROLL) SYSTEMS
Wheel line or side roll systems can be entered in to an IRRICAD design
as a Zone Sprayline. The active hydrant (the hydrant selected to be
represented as a drawn wheel-line) is entered as a Control Valve and
the idle hydrants drawn as Demand Points using Mainline|Outlet. Each
hydrant becomes a zone. If a system has two wheel lines operating at
the same time, they would both be entered as spraylines and there
would be two active hydrants (control valves).
Draw in the wheel line as an unconnected sprayline. A “Riser” can be

selected. This can be a custom-made wheel line sprinkler riser
assembly, which uses components that take into account the height
from the ground. Note that a riser must be used for any system where
the outlets are above the ground. All sprinklers are assumed to be at
ground level regardless of the height above or below ground the pipes
may be at. All sprinklers connected to pipes above the ground require a
“Riser” or Outlet Connector with the appropriate height data. Because a
“Riser” is not physically required in the field in this case, as the
sprinklers are connected straight into the sprayline, it is suggested that a
“Riser” is added with no pressure loss and no cost in the database. The
“Risers” and corresponding fittings can be edited out of the reports if
required.
Place the wheel line (sprayline) on the screen. Make the length of the
wheel line relative to the lengths able to purchase the aluminum pipe in.
For example, if it is obtainable in 40 foot lengths, run the line out to a
number divisible by 40 and add an extra 20 feet for the hose from the
hydrant to the wheel line.
Place the Control Valve at the end of the wheel line to represent the
active hydrant. Use Mainline|Outlet to represent other hydrants as
Demand Points (see Simple Mainline Design - Using Demand Points,
Section 2.5.11.3). An appropriate “Riser” can be selected with the
Demand Point. The required “Flow” and “Pressure” at the hydrant can
be entered. Set the “Pressure” and “Flow” for the demand points, as
required for the pressure and flow to be available in the mainline at the
hydrants. The pressure is an upstream pressure, not a downstream
pressure. Allow for the losses through the hydrant, losses through the
sprayline and any elevation changes. Grid points (Settings|Snap –
“Snap To Grid”) can aid in the placement of the items in this section.
Use a grid point spacing that enables you to calculate distances easily
for example, if the hydrants are 60ft (18m) apart logical grid spacing
would be 60 x 60 (18 x 18).
Mainline|Pipe is used to connect the Demand Points and Control
Valve(s) to the Water Supply. By running the Mainline Pipe out past the
last hydrant or Control Valve, IRRICAD will tee the mainline into the last
hydrant rather than elbow into it.
The design is now ready to be analyzed. Analyze the Zones

(Design|Zone Design|Analyse). If the Mainline Pipe has been left as
“Computer Sized”, run Design|Mainline Design|LP Design.
2.5.13 TRAVELLING IRRIGATOR SYSTEMS

Travelling irrigators have turbines, piston drives or other mechanical
methods to move the irrigator via water pressure. This often produces a
pressure loss that will need to be taken into account to simulate a true
picture of what is happening in the field. These items will need to be
added to the database with the correct hydraulic characteristics as outlet
connectors, other hydraulics or hydrants.
Travelling Irrigator designs tend to be mainline designs using Mainline

Outlets where each outlet is a zone. If only one irrigator is running at any
time, select Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow to automatically
set up the management of the system.
If two or more irrigators are running at a time then each system flow will
have two or more zones operating on it.
There are several ways to design a travelling irrigator system:
 Placing each item.

 Combining hydraulic properties.
 Using Demand Points.
2.5.13.1 PLACING EACH ITEM

In this method the individual item is placed as required in the design.
Create a fixed outlet (Fixed arc) for the irrigator in the database. The
nozzles will express the necessary pressure / flow relationship as
calculated by the Curve Fit utility from manufacturer's data (see Curve
Fit, Section 3.5.1). Each nozzle will have a different pressure / flow
relationship. Even though an irrigator may physically have many
nozzles, IRRICAD requires one nozzle to be used at a time to reflect the

hydraulic characteristics of the many physical nozzles for the entire
machine.
Create an Outlet Connector for the hose. If the hose is a flexible hose,
the “Equivalent Length Diameter” may be different to the nominal
diameter e.g., 114mm flexible hose may have an internal diameter of
120mm when under pressure. To calculate the “Equivalent Length
Diameter” use trial and error to achieve the required headloss based on
the manufacturers information. To do this, connect an Outlet with the
“Riser” to a length of Pipe in IRRICAD. Connect a Control Valve to the
pipe and set up the management of the system to be one zone
operating on one system flow. Run Design|Zone Design|Analyse. Check
the reports to find the headloss through the length of riser (Reports|Zone
Design Reports|Zone Design Full - find the section labeled Inflows and
Outloss). Change the “Equivalent Length Diameter” in the database for
the Outlet Connector (“Riser”) until the headloss is correct.
If the outlets are above ground level, this static lift can be accounted for
as “Height” in the Outlet Connector component group dialog. For
example if the outlets on the irrigator are physically 10ft (3m) above the
ground, enter 10ft (3m) in the “Height” edit field.
If the travelling irrigator uses a drive method that has a significant

pressure loss an item will need to be created in the Other Hydraulic
component group in order to allow for this pressure loss. A Headloss
Equation Constant, Index and Intercept is required. It may be difficult to
attain manufacturer's data on the losses, and the values may not be
fixed as a change in speed could result in a change in headloss. If this is
the case, make a guess at the average pressure change between the
inlet to the drive and outlet of the drive. This pressure change will
depend on the amount of power used, which is relative to the speed of
the drive. The equation used to calculate the pressure loss is H = KQ n +
C, where H is the pressure loss, Q is the flow, K is a constant, n is an
exponent and C is an intercept. If n is estimated to be approx. 1.5 the
equation can be solved for K. If K and n remain at 0, C can be used to
include an estimated loss e.g., 4ft (m). Connect the Misc. Hydraulic item
slightly upstream from the Outlet. Do not connect the Misc. Hydraulic
item directly to the outlet.
The outlet in most circumstances will be a Mainline Outlet connected to

a Mainline Pipe. The Misc. Hydraulic items will also be selected from the
Mainline menu and connected to Mainline|Pipe.

2.5.13.2 COMBINING HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES
This method would be more commonly used and involves placing an
outlet that will account for the losses through the drive system. This
means that only one item is placed on the mainline pipe per irrigator
position. The outlet and nozzle will need to hydraulically account for the
nozzle flow and turbine losses. Measure the pressure / flow relationship
at the inlet of the irrigator and the flow at the nozzle. At least three sets
of pressure / flow data are required. Use the constant and index
generated by the curve fit utility (see Curve Fit, Section 3.5.1) in the
Nozzle dialog by entering the pressure / flow data (pressure going into
irrigator inlet, flow coming out of nozzle). This method may not be as
accurate as the above method, because change in irrigator travel speed
will affect the pressure / flow relationship.
Create the Outlet with a Fixed arc type, nozzle and outlet connector as
above (in Placing Each Item, Section 2.5.13.1), using the new constant
and index for the Nozzle dialog. Connect the Outlet, “Nozzle” and “Riser”
(selected using Mainline|Outlet) to the Mainline Pipe at the hydrant
positions.
2.5.13.3 USING DEMAND POINTS

Another method is to assume a required pressure and flow at the
hydrants to run the irrigator. The assumed pressure will need to take into
consideration any headloss that may result between the hydrant and the
nozzle, with enough pressure to supply the required flow.
Create the Demand Point in the Outlet component group in the

database. Select Demand Point as the “Arc Type”. When selecting the
demand point from the Mainline|Outlet dialog the default “Pressure” and
“Flow” can be entered as required. Place on the design where hydrants
are required.
See also:
About Assemblies Section 3.7.3.1

2.6 MANAGEMENT & DESIGNING THE SYSTEM
This chapter looks at specifying how the system is divided and run, the
designing process and using the program to select all the fittings to
complete the list of materials required.
2.6.1 SELECTING A MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Management is defined as entering zone control information to inform
IRRICAD how the system will be operating. Worst case scenarios can
be used, or all zones entered.
The options are:
 Assign Zones to System Flows – where the zones to run

together are selected graphically on the screen.
 Assign All Zones to One System Flow – where all zones are
automatically operated on System Flow 1.
 Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow – where each zone
is given its own system flow number to operate on.
 Other Management Options – this gives three more options:-
inputting Water Supply Times, Zone Operating Times or
manually filling in the Assign System Flows to Zones table.
Select a Management option from the Design menu before selecting a

Mainline Design option.
2.6.1.1 ASSIGN ZONES TO SYSTEM FLOWS MANAGEMENT

This is a graphically based management tool. It works by displaying
symbols for all zones and water supplies (when more than one) on the
screen. These symbols can then be selected individually, or in groups,
and then assigned to a particular system flow. The process works as
follows:-
Tool Operation
When the menu item is selected a dialog specifying the number of
systems flows is displayed. The system flow times will be automatically
filled out (day:hour:minute) with the default running time of one hour.
These times can be changed as required.
Figure 2-38 - System Flows
On clicking [OK] hatched symbols are displayed for all zones and water
supplies (if more than one) in the design. These symbols are color
coded with each color representing a different system flow. In addition
the zone name, flow (nominal if before Zone Design), and system flows
that the zone is assigned to are displayed in the centre of the symbol. To
aid clarity only the CONTROL_VALVES, MAINLINE_PIPES, and
MISC_HYDRAULIC layers are visible. In Figure 2-39 below three
systems flows have been specified and because management has not
been completed previously the colour of the zone symbols is set to
black.
Figure 2-39 - Incomplete Graphical Management

The floating “System Flows” window shows the total flow currently
assigned to each system flow. In the example above this is 0.0 since no
zones have been assigned yet.
Zones are selected by simply left clicking on them and multiple zones
can be selected at once. Zones can be deselected by left clicking or
using the Clear Selection tool. Note that the status bar displays the
cumulative flow of the selected zones and the total “Design Flow” from
all water supplies.
The selected zones are then assigned to a particular system flow by

either clicking the [Assign Zones to Sys Flows] button on the “System
Flows” window, or by selecting the Assign to Sys Flow item from the
Right-click menu. The following dialog is then displayed:-
Figure 2-40 - Assign System Flows to Zones
The required system flow can be specified in the “System Flow Number”
field. If “Replace Existing System Flows in Zones” is enabled (the
default) then the selected Zones will be assigned to the specified system
flow and removed from any others. By leaving this field unchecked
zones can be assigned to more than one system flow.
In this way all zones can be assigned to system flows with the results
visually displayed onscreen as in Figure 2-41.
At any time during the process zones can be reselected and re-
assigned. When the arrangement of zones is acceptable it can be saved
by clicking the [Save & Exit] button or choosing Save and Exit from the
Right-click menu.

Clicking the [Cancel & Exit] button will exit from the tool without saving
the current arrangement. This option is also available from the Right-
click menu or by pressing the <Esc> key.
Figure 2-41 - Completed Graphical Managment
The process can be restarted (all changes made will be discarded) by

selecting Restart from the Right-click menu.
Water Supplies
If only one water supply is present in the design, then a symbol for it is
not displayed. It is assumed that the water supply will operate in all
system flows. Where multiple supplies exist they are displayed as
Hexagon shaped symbols that are 2.5 times the size of the base
database symbol size (specified under Settings|Miscellaneous). These
can be assigned to system flows in the same way as zones. Note that
the “Replace Existing Sys Flows in Water Supplies” checkbox applies to
water supplies rather than “Replace Existing System Flows in Zones”.
This is because typically System Flows are added to Water Supplies,
without replacing those already assigned, which is the reverse of what is
typically required for zones.

Mainline Outlets
Mainline Outlets are a zone in their own right and are treated in exactly
the same way as other zones. The symbols used to represent them are:-
Normal Outlets: A hatched circle of one half of the radius of

throw.
Demand Points: A hatched square size at 2.5 times the base
database symbol size (from
Settings|Miscellaneous).
Notes:
A range of about 75 different colours is used to signify different
system flows. This range of colours is repeated when the
number of system flows exceeds 75.
Zones operating on more than one system flow will display a

combined color of the system flows' default colors.
The color used for selection is fixed as bright green to ensure

that selected zones can be differentiated. This doesn’t affect the
selection color defined in Settings|Drawing, and all normal
selection tools will display selected items in this color.
Selecting another tool (e.g., Zone Pipe) will cause the

management tool to generate a warning message and then
potentially exit without saving.
No file operations including Save, Open, Save As etc. should be

selected while the tool is in operation. Certain menu items are
disabled until the tool is exited.
Management Symbol
The graphical management process automatically creates a symbol,
representing the current management arrangement, which can be
subsequently drawn onto the plan (see Figure 2-42).
This symbol is accessed from Draw|Management Symbol, a symbol

dialog is displayed that contains the normal symbol placement and
creation options. Any management symbols in the design will
automatically update if the management arrangement is changed.
The Draw|Management Symbol menu item is disabled when

unavailable.
Figure 2-42 - Management Symbol
Note: For quick editing of assigning zones to system flows there are
three options - Assign Zones to System Flows, Assign all Zones
to One System Flow, and Assign Each Zone to a Unique
System Flow.
2.6.1.2 ASSIGN ALL ZONES TO ONE SYSTEM FLOW MANAGEMENT

IRRICAD will automatically set all zones to operate on System Flow 1. It
will display this in tabular form. Any changes can be made before
clicking [OK].
2.6.1.3 ASSIGN EACH ZONE TO A UNIQUE SYSTEM FLOW

MANAGEMENT
IRRICAD will automatically set each zone to a unique System Flow
number, with each system flow operating for a default time of one hour.
It will display this in tabular form. Any changes can be made before
clicking [OK].

2.6.1.4 OTHER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Water Supply Times
Where more that one water supply exists, operating times can be
entered for each water supply.
Zone Operating Times

This method requires operating times to be entered for each individual
zone in the system (up to three separate pairs of start / stop times can
be entered for each zone). Zone Operating Times would be used when
start / stop times are important.
This method of entering system management information requires the

designer to enter the required operating times for zones that are
operating at different and overlapping times.
This option is best used for small irrigation systems where actual start
and stop times for valves are important and need to be reported. Based
on the operating times entered, IRRICAD will calculate the resulting
system flows in the mainline.
Checks are made to ensure that the water supply flow, pressure or time
limits are not violated, both for individual zones and for the system flows
resulting from the management strategy entered. If violations occur, the
designer is required to modify the entered times so that all limits are
satisfied before being allowed to continue.
To use Zones Operating Times select Design|Other Management

Options|Zone Operating Times before running the Design options.
Assigning System Flows to Zones

This tabular method of entering zone management information that
allows selection of the number of system flows (or stations) and their
operating times, and then assignment of the system flows each zone will
operate on. It is the preferred option for larger systems where valve
grouping, rather than actual valve start and stop times, is important.
This can be very useful to check existing management without

inadvertently making unwanted changes - this table will show the
management that already exists.

2.6.1.5 DEFAULT RUN TIMES
The default run time for each system flow is one hour. In order to run
more than 24 system flows there are two options:-
 Adjust each run time to a shorter period to fit all system flows
within the 24 hour period
 Edit the “Cycle time (days)” in Design Parameters|Economic
Parameters. For example, if the number of system flows is
between 24 and 48 set the “Cycle time (days)” to 2.
(Recommended option).
2.6.2 PARTIAL MANAGEMENT

Where designs contain a large number of zones, a designer will not
normally examine all operating conditions in order to size the mainline.
In these cases it is more efficient to design the mainline based on a
number of worst case scenarios. IRRICAD allows this to be done.
Where a selection of zones will be grouped to operate together in order

to represent a single worst case situation or a number of worst case
situations use Design|Other Management Options|Assign System Flows
to Zones.
Decide on the number of system flows or groups to enter and which

valves or valve-in-head outlets (mainline outlets) will operate on each
group.
Any number of system flows or groups can be specified. Actual

operating times can be entered or the one-hour defaults accepted. The
zone valves are assigned to a system flow by entering the number of the
system flow next to the zone name. Zones not included in any system
flow have their entries left as zero.
Click [OK] then IRRICAD checks for flow violation and if all Zones have
not been assigned to at least one system flow a warning is issued on the
screen to this effect. Continue (by clicking [Yes]), or click [No] to return
to the table to make further entries or changes. This is a warning
message only in case all zones were meant to be assigned. It can be
ignored.
By deciding which combination of zones would provide worst case

situations will cut down the number of system flows. A worst case
situation is one which might have the highest possibility to being outside
the design limits as currently set. If the worst case situations design
within the limits, then other zones and outlets should not be under or
over pressure either. It may also pay to analyze a combination of zones
nearer to the water supply, as too much pressure is not beneficial, and
to determine if a pressure-regulating valve may need to be installed.
Possible worst case situations are normally chosen by the following

factors:-
 Distance from the water supply / pump.

 Two irrigators working close together.
 Rise in elevation.
 Fall in elevation if a ‘worst case’ is considered to be too much
pressure.
2.6.3 DESIGN
For completing a quick analysis of zone pipes or spraylines only,
mainline pipes and/or a water supply are not required; the zone pipes
and control valves are sufficient. A quick mainline analysis can also be
completed by providing at least one water supply and one or more
mainline outlets, e.g., Demand Points or VIH sprinklers, connected by
one or more pipes to the water supply.
In Design|Zone Design Configuration, the maximum number of sizes

allowed for each lateral (connected spraylines) may be specified by
entering a number (1-3) in the “Number of Lateral Sizes” column. The
number of submain sizes allowed can be specified by a number, or left
as 0 - meaning IRRICAD is unlimited by the number of submain sizes it
can use.
When using IRRICAD to size pipes, select either LP Design or Velocity

Design. LP Design sizes pipes based on the pressure requirements of
the outlets, velocity limits, elevations and can trade off annualized
capital cost against annual running costs to find a low total cost solution.
It is important that the pipe prices in the databases are relatively correct,
i.e., increasing with increasing diameter. If a large pipe with a very low
price is enabled in the database, it may be selected in preference to a
smaller pipe (assuming outlet pressure requirements can be met)
because it results in a low valve or water supply pressure and lowest
overall costs.
Velocity Design sizes pipes based only on the flow in the pipes. Often,
this method is used to select pipe sizes as a starting point, particularly
where LP Design is unable to find a solution due to the constraints on
the system. Velocity Design will usually give a solution. However, there
is no guarantee that the pressures at the outlets will be within the
required range. If there is difficulty with LP Design, run Velocity Design
and then check the reports to identify problem areas. Velocity Design
must be used to size looped systems.
When computer sizing pipes, either by LP or Velocity Design, a pipe can

change for different scenarios each time Design is run. A computer
selected pipe can be fixed to a pipe size which LP or Velocity Design
has chosen, by using the Change tool and unchecking the "Computer
Sized" box; then re-run LP Design or Velocity Design to size other pipes.
2.6.3.1 NOMINAL PRESSURES

The nominal pressure for outlets is the “Pressure” entered in the Outlet
dialog – the target pressure. In the Database Editor a “Flow Tolerance”
is specified as “% above” and “% below”. If the “Flow Tolerance” is 5%
above and 5% below, this gives a pressure tolerance of approximately
10% above and 10% below (20% window) the nominal pressure which is
designated. Hence, any outlet outside this pressure window will produce
a warning message during Design. Therefore, for a 20% pressure
window with the nominal pressure set at 10psi (m), any outlet less than
9psi (m) or over 11psi (m) will be out of the required range. Tape inlet
pressures work in the same way. The “Inlet Pressure” is the target
pressure for the start of the tape.
See also:
2.6.3.2 ANALYZE (EXISTING SIZES)

In Design|Zone Design|Analyse, IRRICAD will calculate, using non-
linear pipe network analysis routines, the flows in all pipes and
determine the pressures at outlets, pipe junctions and on the
downstream side of zone control valves.
If the pressures at any outlets fall outside the allowable pressure range
of the outlet / nozzle combination as specified in the database, a
message will appear on the screen to that effect.

In Design|Mainline Design|Analyse, the methods are exactly the same
except that the outlets are now zone control valves and the water
supplies are the source of flow. The analysis occurs under a range of
flow conditions resulting from management of the zones.
Select the Analyse option for pipes already sized where the downstream
valve pressure is unknown. IRRICAD will analyze the system based on
nominal pressures and flows and calculate the downstream valve
pressure. View the Reports|Design Reports|...
2.6.3.3 PIPE SIZING - LP DESIGN OPTION

In zone design, LP Design determines the downstream control valve
pressure and selects pipe diameters so that the cost of pumping and the
cost of pipe are reduced. For zones that contain spraylines, LP Design
also determines suitable start and end pressures to enable sprayline or
lateral sizing to take place.
Pipes (other than spraylines), regardless of their lengths, are sized in a

single diameter. In order to allow for the possibility of using two
diameters in long pipelines, permanent junctions should be inserted to
divide the pipes into shorter lengths (see Working with Junctions,
Section 2.4.14.
Velocity limits specified in the Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic

Parameters are considered during LP Design, although in some cases
pipe sizes may be selected which result in these velocities being
exceeded. A warning message will be displayed when this happens.
IRRICAD will try to select a pipe even if the velocity is slightly exceeded
to produce a solution. The problem can then be seen and rectified.
If LP Design is unable to select suitable pipe diameters to meet the

pressure constraints at the outlets, a warning message will be displayed
and IRRICAD will continue with the next zone.
In Mainline Design, if a water supply “Design Head” has been specified

in management, IRRICAD uses this pressure to determine the pipe
sizes needed to produce the pressure required at the zone valves. If a
water supply “Design Head” is not specified, IRRICAD can consider the
annual capital cost of pipes, annual running cost of the system and
maximum allowable mainline velocities to determine a suitable pressure.
The trading of capital versus running cost can be turned off in Design
Parameters|Economic Parameters.
Select Design|Zone Design|LP Design or Design|Mainline Design|LP
Design to size pipes and analyze the system.
2.6.3.4 PIPE SIZING - VELOCITY DESIGN OPTION

During Velocity Design, the pipes are sized on velocity (as set in
Design|Design Parameters) but a pressure at the control valve is
determined to achieve close to the required outlet pressures. This
includes any PRVs that are in the system.
Because this pipe sizing method is based on flow, there is no guarantee

in Velocity Design that the required pressures at the outlets will be met.
By setting the velocity lower, or by simply changing pipe sizes as
necessary to meet the pressure requirements at the nozzles, the system
can be designed within the pressure and flow limitations. As with
Analyse, a message will appear on the screen if outlet pressures are
outside their allowable range. Pipes can be changed manually and re-
analyzed to complete the design.
During Mainline Design if water pressures have been specified IRRICAD

uses these pressures after sizing the pipes to determine the available
pressure at the valves. If a water supply pressure is not specified (single
water supplies only), a pressure is calculated so as to supply the
required pressure to all valves.
A comparison is made between the available pressure and the required

pressure at the valves.
Select Design|Zone Design|Velocity Design when sizing pipes with loops

in the Zones, or when Zone LP Design fails to find an answer.
Select Design|Mainline Design|Velocity Design when sizing pipes with

loops in the Mainline, when there is more than one water supply, or
when Mainline LP Design fails to find an answer.
2.6.3.5 DETAILED ANALYSIS

In the standard analysis mode (Analyse option in the Design|Zone
Design and Design|Mainline Design menus) IRRICAD uses the selected
nominal flows for emitters, spraylines and tape inlets to calculate the

flow and resulting pressures in a system. In most circumstances this
method is slightly conservative. Detailed Analysis however uses an
iterative process to exactly match the flow of an emitter, sprayline or
tape to the pressure at that point and therefore allows a designer to
more accurately gauge how a system would perform in practice. This is
especially so when the resulting pressures are substantially different
from those specified.
Detailed Analysis can be used for zone drippers, sprinklers, tapes,

spraylines and also VIH sprinklers in mainline. There is obviously no
advantage in running a Detailed Analysis for systems that only contain
pressure compensated emitters.
The control valve pressures in Design|Zone Design Configuration must

be specified before a Detailed Analysis of a zone. Similarly the Water
Supply pressure(s) need to be specified for a mainline Detailed Analysis.
The default maximum number of iterations for detailed analysis is 100;

this can be altered by editing the “Max for Detailed Analysis” field in
Design|Design Parameters|Analysis Parameters. Also in this dialog is a
factor which controls how quickly the analysis converges (“Detailed
Analysis Factor” field). The default value is 0.75 and in normal
circumstances this should not be changed. Valid values are between 0.0
(fastest) and 0.99 (slowest), however using a smaller factor may mean
that some systems will not converge at all.
Select Design|Zone Design|Detailed Analysis when a control valve

pressure has been specified in Design|Zone Design Configuration.
Select Design|Mainline Design|Detailed Analysis when water supply
pressures have been specified in the water supply.
2.6.3.6 SUMMARY
 Select pipe sizes or Computer Selected pipe.
 Uncheck the “Computer Sized” check box if wishing to fix the
manually selected pipe size.
 Complete the design.
 Run LP Design or Velocity Design to size pipe.
 Run Detailed Analysis when sizing stage is complete.

2.6.4 LP DESIGN LIMITS
The size of zone that can be designed using LP based sizing is limited
by the amount of memory allocated within IRRICAD for that purpose.
There is a trade-off between the complexity of a zone and the size of the
zone that can be sized. The more complicated the zone in terms of
shape, elevation changes and the number of pipe sizes required in the
submain the smaller the zone will be before exceeding the memory
limits of LP. The time taken to find a solution will also be increased.
For a particular zone, there may be little that can be done to reduce the
complexity of shape or the effect of elevation changes without making
major changes to layout. However if a pipe in a submain has a fixed size
it does not need to be sized by LP, i.e., LP does not have to make a
choice of diameter for that particular pipe, and therefore it is not included
in the LP problem and hence reduces memory requirements.
Fixed size pipes can arise in four ways, they are:
 Specified by you as a fixed size pipe.

 Restricted in size by the zone velocity limit set (Design|Design
Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters).
 Restricted due to the pipes enabled for use (flagged in the
database). Again, if smaller or larger pipes could have been
used than those available for selection from the database, LP
may be forced to use a particular size. A typical example of this
situation is where small zone pipes have been flagged out of the
database that results in a number of the pipes towards the end
of the submain forced to be a larger size.
 The number of submain sizes has been restricted in Zone
Design Configuration. If there are no restrictions on the number
of submain sizes and none of the above restrictions apply, LP
Design will be required to determine diameters for all pipes. If
the number of submain sizes is specified as 2, the bottom
segments of the submain would be fixed in one size, and the top
segments fixed in a larger size. This leaves a few segments in
the middle of the submain that could be one or the other of the
two sizes. The number of pipes where LP Design has to make a
choice is very much reduced.
In large complex zones restricting the number of sizes to be used

(Design|Zone Design Configuration - number of lateral sizes and

number of submain sizes), setting sizes manually (Zone|Pipe), and
restricting velocity (Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters)
may result in LP Design being unable to find a solution. Some trial and
error may then be required.
In smaller, complex zones where LP Design size is not a problem, the

chances of finding a solution may be enhanced by increasing the
velocity limit to 30ft/s (10m/s) in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic
Parameters (simply to make sure the velocity is not restricting LP Design
from making a choice). Making a full range of zone pipe sizes available
in the database will also enhance the chance of finding a solution. Do
not restrict the number of submain sizes by specifying a number in
Design|Zone Design Configuration if a solution is difficult to find.
2.6.5 FLUSHING CALCULATIONS

The "Flushing Analysis" calculation results are based on the valve
pressure to provide an accurate report of groups of tapes under flushing
conditions. This feature is useful for checking the required velocity is met
at the specified valve pressure.
The manifold (group of tapes) to be 'flushed' is specified in Design|Zone

Design Configuration. All other tapes in the zone are assumed to be
operating in normal irrigation mode and all flows and headlosses in
tapes and submains are calculated accordingly.
2.6.5.1 VIRTUAL MANIFOLDS

In Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters the "Assign Virtual
Manifolds" option represent a simple way of designating which manifolds
are flushing without having physical manifolds. In zones without physical
manifolds this flag controls the use of virtual manifolds. The flag has no
effect if manifolds have been created via the tape irrigation block tool. If
all laterals are to be flushed at the same time, leave this box unchecked;
all laterals will be assigned to "0" which can then be specified in Zone
Design Configuration.
2.6.5.2 MANIFOLD NUMBERING

Manifolds are automatically numbered when :-
 physical manifolds are placed on the block via the Irrigation
Block tools
 when virtual manifolds are assigned via Design|Design
Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters and a design/analyse
process is actioned. See Section 2.6.5.1.

Virtual manifold numbers can be labelled on the plan, see Section
2.6.5.3.
2.6.5.3 MANIFOLD ID KEYWORD FOR LABELING LATERALS

The #FLUSHID# keyword has been added and can be included in labels
for Tapes and Misc. Hydraulic items to graphically indicate manifold
numbering. The manifold type controls how this label keyword is
applied:-
 If physical manifolds are present the keyword may be used to

label flush valves and/or tapes with their associated manifold
number.
 If virtual manifolds are specified the keyword can be used to
label tapes with their designated manifold number. Note the
"Assign Virtual Manifolds" option needs to be enabled in
Design|Design Parameters, and a design process run, in order
for laterals to be assigned to virtual manifolds.
2.6.5.4 HOW TO USE TAPE IRRIGATION BLOCK FLUSHING

CALCULATIONS
To perform the flushing calculations after the zones have been designed
(if computer sized) or analyzed (if virtual manifolds):-
1. Enter the required flushing velocity, and virtual manifold

properties if applicable, in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic
Parameters.
2. In Design|Zone Design Configuration enable "Flushing" for the
required zone(s) and enter the manifold number to flush during
the next design run. For example, "2" for manifold #2, or "-2" for
virtual manifold #2. If no physical or virtual manifolds have been
assigned enter "0" to flush all laterals at the same time.
3. Enter a "D/S Valve Pressure". Click [OK].
4. Run Design|Zone Design|Detailed Analysis.

5. View the Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Flushing V13
report. The manifold currently flushing will be indicated by "**" in
the right-hand column.
If the end velocity for any tape is below the required velocity a message
will be issued during the design process and red asterisks will be
displayed in the "End Velocity" column of the Zone Flushing report.
Notes:
When designing pipe sizes it is not appropriate to have the
"Flushing" option enabled. A message will be issued that
flushing analysis cannot be undertaken when designing the
system.
To produce a report for another manifold under flushing

conditions change the manifold number as required in
Design|Zone Design Configuration and re-run Detailed
Analysis/Analyze. Open the report to view the results. Note that
reports may be saved in RTF format for subsequent viewing.
Under flushing conditions it is recommended that Detailed

Analysis is used even for pressure compensating emitters.
Using Detailed Analysis will ensure that actual tape inlet
pressures are used and consequently the tape end velocity and
actual flows at the emitters calculated. This is particularly
important when the tape pressure drops below the emitter
pressure compensating range. In many cases this is quite likely
unless there is a large back pressure. However, even in cases
where the PC emitters remain in the compensating range the
end velocity and total flow is affected by the inlet pressure so an
actual inlet pressure is still advantageous. Consequently it is
recommended to only use Analyze in the event that Detailed
Analysis does not converge (exceeds the number of iterations).
The end flow for laterals has been added to the information
displayed in Object Info window.
Tips: In some situations it may be obvious which manifold is the 'worst

case' in a zone. If these tapes flush successfully then all other
manifolds in the block should flush equally well or better and it
may not be necessary to repeat the analysis.

A quick way to use the Actual Valve Pressure values to set the
D/S Valve Pressure required for Flushing is by copying the
current actual valve pressure column. Highlight the "Actual
Valve Pressure" column by clicking on the heading and use
<Ctrl>+<C>. Then highlight the "D/S Valve Pressure" column
and use <Ctrl>+<V>. (Note the [Paste Selected] button will copy
the first pressure into all cells in the column).
2.6.5.5 MINIMUM PC PRESSURE TAPE DATABASE FIELD

Typically a pressure compensating emitter has a range of pressure over
which it compensates and under flushing conditions the pressure is
likely to drop below this range in a proportion of the tape. To account for
this the tape emitter flow calculation is adjusted so that if the pressure is
below the value specified in the "Minimum PC Pressure" field in the
Tape database then an index of 0.5 is used. This calculation is used
only if the Emitter Index listed in the database is below 0.001.
For PC tapes this value is typically identical to the specified minimum

allowable operating pressure. However for some types of emitters (e.g.,
non-leakage) this value may be different from the minimum allowable
operating pressure and the tape manufacturer should be contacted for
details of these.
Note that this field is not applicable for non-PC emitters and can
therefore be left at 0 for these types of components.
Version 13+ is supplied with an Irricad database which contains those

values as specified by the manufacturer. If in doubt what these values
should be contact the manufacturer or their support agent.
2.6.6 CALCULATION OF TRAVEL TIMES

The time it takes for water and solutes to travel through an irrigation
system can be calculated by enabling the “Calculate travel times” option
located in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters under the
“Misc Parameters” section. Travel times from the water supply to
mainline outlets or control valves and from the control valves to all
emitters may be calculated and reported
This setting is disabled by default as the calculations may take additional

processing time on large designs.

The steps required to produce travel time reports are:-
1. Enable “Calculate travel times” in Design|Design

Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters and click [OK] on the dialog.
2. Run a design or analysis option (zone or mainline), without re-
running Design the travel times will not appear in the reports.
3. Open the required report from the Zone Design Reports or
Mainline Design Reports menus.
Three reports that display travel times are available:-
 Zone Design Summary – displays the maximum travel time from

the water supply to the control valve or mainline outlet, the
maximum travel time along connected sprayline or tape laterals,
and the maximum total travel time to any outlets or lateral ends.
Note that mainline design (with the calculate travel times option
selected) must be run for times from the water supply to be
populated.
 Zone Design Travel Time Report – displays the travel time from
the control valve to each outlet or lateral inlet, the travel time
down each lateral, and the maximum travel time from the water
supply to the valve. Note that mainline design (with the calculate
travel times option selected) must be re-run for the times from
the water supply to be populated.
 Mainline Design Travel Time Report – displays the maximum
travel time to each valve or mainline outlet operating.
2.6.7 GRAPHICAL REPORTING TOOLS

2.6.7.1 GRAPHICAL MANAGEMENT SYMBOL
A representation of the selected management, as assigned via Assign
System Flows to Zones, may be placed on the plan to indicate the
system flows/shifts to the client. The graphical management process
automatically creates a symbol, representing the current management
arrangement, which can be subsequently drawn onto the plan. For steps
on how to do this see Management Symbol, Section 5.6.15.
A symbol dialog is displayed and contains the normal symbol placement

and creation options.

The Management Symbol menu item is disabled when unavailable
(before Management has been completed).
Note: If the Management is changed the symbol will automatically be

updated.
See also:
Assign Zones to System Flows Management Section 2.6.1.1
2.6.7.2 GRAPHICAL FLOW OR PRESSURE MAPS AND MIN/MAX

PRESSURE INDICATORS
Flow and pressure maps may be used to troubleshoot problem areas in
a zone or convey the pressure or flow variation to the client in a
graphical manner. For steps on how to use the Zone Pressure Map and
Zone Flow Map see Sections 5.14.7 and 5.14.8 respectively.
The emitters with the minimum and maximum pressure may also be
indicated on a plan by using the Zone Pressure Limits tool. See Section
5.14.6.
Figure 2-43

2.6.7.3 GRAPHICAL ELEVATION MAP
The digital elevation model can be displayed via the 3D DEM tool in the
Reports menu. This tool presents the ground elevation and can be used
for pinpointing errors in the imported data or inserted as an OLE item on
the final plan. See Section 5.14.5.
Figure 2-44
2.6.7.4 GRAPHICAL HYDRAULIC GRADELINE

The Reports|Hydraulic Gradeline dialog displays the ground elevation
and the ‘head’ in the pipe/tape, the minimum and maximum allowable
pressures for the zone and, for submains, the minimum and maximum
pressures for each lateral in the zone. Valve position is indicated for
submains, as is submain position for laterals. Pipe size changes are
indicated using the pipe colors from the design.
The location, elevation and pressure at each emitter or junction are

displayed in the dialog status bar when the cursor is moved over the
chart. Clicking the chart places a locator icon at the indicated position on
the design to help orientate the user.
Figure 2-45
Figure 2-46
2.6.7.5 MAINLINE GRADELINES

The HGL tool can automatically determine which mainline ‘path’ to
analyze by selecting a mainline outlet, junction or valve. Alternatively,
select the mainline pipes to be included before invoking the tool.

The mainline HGL dialog displays the ground elevation and the ‘head’ in
the pipe. It also indicates the maximum allowable pipe pressure and the
location of any water supplies and / or valves. The gradeline can be
show for any of the system flows in the mainline and the cursor can be
moved between system flow lines by clicking on the relevant series (the
left-hand legend indicates with a * the series that currently has the
cursor).
Figure 2-47
Figure 2-48
For information on the dialog see Section 5.14.10.

2.6.8 IRRICAD SELECTING FITTINGS FOR THE DESIGN
For IRRICAD to automatically solve junctions in a design select
Design|Computer Selection of Fittings. IRRICAD then considers the
geometry of the junction and the type of components to be joined and
attempts to select a suitable arrangement of fittings to resolve the
junction.
As IRRICAD completes the fitting selection, the internal junction

numbers will be displayed on the screen. Details of missing fittings or
unsolved junctions may be viewed in Costing and Bill of Materials
reports (Reports|Costing/BOM Reports|…) and in the [Show Fittings]
part of the Change Tool dialog.
Missing items can be entered into the database and enabled for
selection. New items that solve previously unsolved junctions will be
selected when Computer Selection of Fittings is re-run.
Fittings that IRRICAD has chosen to solve a junction can be changed if

required. Select a junction, outlet or control valve using Modify|Change
and click on the [Show Fittings] button in the dialog.
Items that have been selected to solve the junction are listed. Click the
[Add] or [Remove] buttons as required. Changes made here are
reflected in the Costing/BOM Reports. Note that any changes made
here will be lost if Computer Selection of Fittings is re-run. Hence it is
better to edit the database to solve fittings problems.
Miscellaneous items can also be selected and added to the design and
subsequently the Costing/BOM Reports by via Design|Miscellaneous
Costs and using the [Add] button to select any item currently in the
database. Note that any changes made via Miscellaneous Costs remain
if Computer Selection of Fittings is re-run.
2.6.8.1 MANUALLY ADJUSTING FITTINGS

It is often the case that adding one item, or turning items on or off in the
database will solve many fittings errors. This is the preferred method, as
the next design will also automatically select the fittings normally used if
the database is customized.
However, the fittings can be edited at each junction.

After running Design|Computer Selection of Fittings, fittings selected at
a particular point in the system may be viewed. The Bill of Materials or
Costing reports will list any errors after running Computer Selection of
Fittings. The reports will also give the coordinates where a problem is
occurring. By using View|Goto Coords and entering the x and y
coordinate supplied the connection point can be identified. These fittings
can be viewed at a point object (junction, valve, outlet etc) by selecting
the item (Modify|Select Object) and using Modify|Change to bring up the
dialog for the item. Click the [Show Fittings] button. The dialog will show
each item involved in the connection. If IRRICAD has failed to find an
item from the database required for solving a connection, the error is
listed in this dialog. This error is the same as reported in any of the Bill
of Materials or Costing reports. You may want to view the fittings in this
way to: a) make changes, or b) find out the connection codes for items
IRRICAD may not have found a fitting for.
Add: This adds an item to the connection. These

items would then be listed in the Bill of Materials
and Costing reports. Click the [Add] button on
the [Show Fittings] dialog and select an item or
items from the database list. You can move
between component groups by clicking on the
tabs. Click on the gray square to the left side of
the item to automatically select, or click in the
white description field of the item and click the
[Select] button. Items selected will be listed at
the bottom of this dialog. Click [Close] to finish.
The quantity of an item can be edited by
changing the number in the Quantity field of the
[Show Fittings] dialog. Click the [Hide Fittings]
button on the [Show Fittings] dialog to return to
the Change dialog.
Replace: An item existing at the connection can be
replaced. Highlight the item to be replaced and
click the on the [Show Fittings] dialog. Select
another item from the database list; you can
move between component groups by clicking on
the tabs. Click on the gray square to the left
side of the item to automatically select, or click
in the white description field of the item and
click the [Select] button. Click [Close] to finish.
The quantity of an item can be edited by
changing the number in the “Quantity” field of

the [Show Fittings] dialog. Click the [Hide
Fittings] button on the [Show Fittings] dialog to
return to the Change dialog.
Delete: An item existing at the junction can be deleted.
Highlight the row by clicking on the gray square
to the left of the item to be deleted and click the
[Delete] button on the [Show Fittings] dialog.
2.6.8.2 CHANGING AND FIXING MANY FITTINGS ERRORS IN ONE GO

It is often the case that adding one item, or turning items on or off in the
database will solve many fittings errors. This is the preferred method,,
however, if the database is not to be edited, Change Type can be used
to solve fitting errors for like items:
1. Select all junctions that will have the same fitting to be changed
or added.
3. Click the [Show Fittings] button in the dialog.
4. Make the change required (e.g., click on the [Replace] or [Add]
button and select an item or items from the database dialog).
5. Click [OK].
6. Select the appropriate “Match” and “Change” fields in the
Change Type dialog. If All Fittings is enabled, for example,
then those items, e.g., sprinklers, which have the same fittings,
will be included in the global change. If Exact Errors is enabled,
then only those sprinklers, for example, which had the same
error message during Computer Selection of Fittings will be
included in the global change. The Bend Angle Range option
will broaden the Exact Errors option. For example, an error
message was displayed, concerning sprinklers in the design,
which a bend could not be found to solve the junctions. Where
each instance of the error displayed a slightly different bend
angle, the Bend Angle Range can be used to cover several
errors.
7. Click [OK].

2.7 ENHANCING THE PRESENTATION OF
PLANS
This chapter looks at many of the drawing aids and tools to help
enhance plans for presentation to clients.
2.7.1 PLACING SYMBOLS ON THE PLAN

Symbols are used to store diagrams or illustrations for use in several
designs. They can be used to enhance presentation and can contain
trees, assembly details, compass roses, copyright symbols, or anything
else that may be required to appear on several drawings.
To place a symbol select Draw|Symbol. Click the [Load] button to select

a symbol to use. To use the company logo, first import the file in DXF,
DWG, VCD or GCD format, or draw / digitize the logo into IRRICAD and
saved the logo as a symbol. If the logo in image format has been
imported, it cannot be saved as a symbol.
2.7.1.1 MAINTAIN SHAPE

If the “Maintain Shape” box is enabled the shape or relative dimensions
of the symbol are maintained regardless of size. If it is unchecked then
the shape of the symbol may be distorted. For most symbols leave the
box enabled e.g., trees, shrubs, logos. It may be necessary to uncheck
the box to elongate symbols such as hedges, walls and the North
symbol.
2.7.1.2 DYNAMICALLY SIZE

If the “Dynamically Size” box is enabled, the symbol can be dragged out
to any size using a rubberband rectangle. If it is unchecked then specify
the size of the symbol using the width and height fields and place the
symbol with a single click. Often the symbols are just representative and
size does not matter e.g., to place a few bushes of different sizes to
indicate a garden area on the plan. In this case the “Dynamically Size”
box would be enabled. However sometimes a particular feature needs to

be drawn to scale e.g., a large tree whose size is known. In this case the
box would be unchecked and the size entered in the width field.
The “Orientation” field is set to 0o since new symbols are created

unrotated. To change a symbol’s orientation, select the symbol using
Modify|Select Object for example, then Modify|Change and type a new
value in the “Orientation” field. Modify|Rotate can also be used.
2.7.2 MAKING THE DATABASE SYMBOLS LARGER FOR

LARGE DESIGNS OR SMALLER FOR SMALL DESIGNS
Database symbols are assigned a size in the database by selecting a
size from 1-10. This size can not be converted into a measurement as
such. Size 5 is assigned the base database symbol size and the other
sizes are relative to this e.g., if the “Base Database Symbol Size” in
Settings|Miscellaneous is selected as 3.28ft (1m) then a size 5 symbol
will be 3.28ft (1m) in diameter. A size 4 symbol would then be 4/5 of this -
2.62ft (0.8m) and a size 6 symbol would be 6/5 of this - 3.94ft (1.2m).
If the design being created is getting larger and larger and the symbols
are disappearing when zoomed out, select Settings|Miscellaneous and
increase the “Base Database Symbol Size” until happy with the results.
Make sure the “Update Database Symbols” check box in
Settings|Irrigation Items is checked to ensure existing symbols in the
design are updated to the new size.
Similarly, if the design is a small design decrease the “Base Database

Symbol Size” until the symbols are an appropriate size.
Changing the “Base Database Symbol Size” changes all the database
symbols in the design. To change the size of a particular hydraulic item
e.g., an outlet, change the symbol size of that item in the database. If
the symbol size is currently a size 5, increase the size of the symbol
relative to other symbols by selecting a size 6-10. To reduce the size of
this symbol relative to other symbols select a size 1-4.
Note: that water supply and junction symbols cannot be changed in

this way. These symbols are found in the Settings|Irrigation
Items tab and can be adjusted there.

See also:
Design Size Section

5.10.12.3
2.7.3 USING HATCHES AND FILLS

Hatches and fills are great tools to add that little bit extra to the plan and
enhance the presentation.
Both hatches and fills can be used in three ways:
 Selection
 Boundary
 Seed
There are a few key things to know when using hatches and fills:
Note: An object needs to be completely closed if using the Selection or

Seed options. If using lines or curves to create the object select
Right-click|Close to connect the start point to the end point to
close the object.
If there are many closed objects or intersecting objects on the plan Seed
Hatch or Fill may have difficulty filling the selected area. A message may
appear indicating there are over 100 objects or IRRICAD may beep and
no fill or hatch appears. The Selection option can be used in this case
with the same results, if the correct items are selected.
See also:
Hatch Section 5.6.9

Fill Section 5.6.10
2.7.4 USING DIMENSIONS

When any of the first five dimensions are selected (Linear, Angular,
Radial, Diameter, Ordinate) the Dimension Settings dialog appears. This
dialog has two tabs - Dimension and Dimension Text.
See also:
Dimension Section 5.6.11

2.7.4.1 DIMENSION TAB
Drawing Properties
The first part of the Dimension tab deals with the drawing properties.
These can be editing as required - changing the layer from the default
layer of <DRAWING> to another layer of the choice, changing the color,
line type or line width of the dimension line.
Line Direction
The section headed “Line Direction” determines the direction of the
dimension line.
Aligned: If “Aligned” is selected, the dimension line will

dimension horizontal lines and vertical line
parallel to the line selected to dimension.
Horizontal: If “Horizontal” is selected, only the horizontal
component of the selected object is measured.
For a non-horizontal line e.g., at 95°, the
distance between a specified point on the line
and vertical (90°) will be measured. (See Figure
2-49).
Figure 2-49 - Dimensions
Vertical: If “Vertical” is selected, only the vertical

component of the selected object is measured.
For a non-horizontal line e.g., at 15°, the
distance between a specified point on the line
and horizontal (0°) will be measured. (See How
to Find Lengths and Distances, Section 2.2.5.6).
Note that if the vertical text direction to be the
same on all vertical lines is required, select the
vertical option, not the “Aligned” option.
Angle: If “Angle” is selected, enter the required angle. If
the angle entered is 45°, the dimension line will
be drawn at a 45° angle to horizontal (0° plane).
(See Figure 2-50). A horizontal dimension is
equivalent to a 0°-angle dimension, and a
vertical dimension is equivalent to a 90°-angle
dimension.
Figure 2-50 - Angled Dimension
Mode
A section at the top right, headed “Mode”, selects the type of
dimensioning. To demonstrate the different modes, draw a 2-point
rectangle. Using Right-click|Snaps|Midpoint, place a line to divide the
rectangle in half. Name the top left corner A, the top midpoint B and the
top right hand corner C.
Single: Select Draw|Dimension|Linear and select

“Single” as the mode. Click on the top line of the
rectangle, the whole rectangle length will be
dimensioned.

Partitioned: Select Draw|Dimension|Linear and select
“Partitioned” mode. Right mouse click and
select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint and click on
point A. Wherever the next point clicked is
where the dimension will finish, so right mouse
click and select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint to
finish exactly at the midline (point B). Now right
mouse click and select Right-
click|Snaps|Endpoint again and click on point C.
Each partition of the rectangle has been
dimensioned.
Cumulative: Label the bottom left corner D, the bottom
midpoint E and the bottom right corner F. Select
Draw|Dimension|Linear and select the
“Cumulative” option. Using Right-
click|Snaps|Endpoint, select point D. Select
Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint again and select
Point E. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint and
select Point F. The dimensions are cumulative
distances. (See Figure 2-51).
Figure 2-51 - Dimension Modes
Extension
This section looks at Extension options.
Offset, Above, Below with Proximity Fixed on: An “Offset”, “Above”

and “Below” distance can be entered (see Figure 2-52). If the “Proximity
Fixed” check box is checked:
 The “Offset” value adjusts the space between the drawing object
and the end of the extension lines.
 The “Above” value adjusts the distance that the extension line
extends past the dimension line and away from the drawing
object.
 The “Below” value adjusts the distance the extension line
extends beyond the dimension line and toward the drawing
object when Stretch is also unchecked.
Figure 2-52 - Dimension Proximity
Offset, Above, Below with Stretch on: When “Stretch” is checked, the
extension lines stretch to reach the drawing
object (minus the “Offset” distance). When
unchecked, the “Offset” setting is ignored, and
the extension lines follow the setting of the
“Below” distance. If “Proximity Fixed” is checked
when “Stretch” is checked, “Stretch” is ignored
as the dimension is placed at the offset distance
(see Figure 2-53).

Figure 2-53 - Dimension Stretch
Arrow
This section allows the dimension arrow to be specified.
Type: Select an “Arrow” “Type” from the dropdown list.

Size: Change the “Size” of the arrowhead.
Angle: Change the “Angle” of the arrowhead as
required.
Flip: Check the “Flip” box to draw the arrowhead
outside the extension lines.
Flip Distance: Left and Right - Enter the length of each arrow
required if “Flip” is used. (See Figure 2-54).
Figure 2-54 - Dimension Arrow Flipping

2.7.4.2 DIMENSION TEXT TAB
Tolerance
An allowable variation in the dimension can be specified and displayed.
Type: Select the “Type” of tolerance required from the

dropdown list.
Lower and Upper Tolerances: Enter a “Lower” and “Upper” tolerance.
In Figure 2-55 each tolerance type is displayed.
Each tolerance has a “Lower” value of 5m and
an “Upper” value of 1m.
Figure 2-55 - Dimension Tolerances
Prefix, Suffix and Overwrite

If “Prefix”, “Suffix” or “Overwrite” is checked, any text entered for the
checked option will be placed before, after or in place of the dimension
length. See Figure 2-56 where the use of a “Prefix” is shown (text placed
before the dimension length) and use of “Overwrite” is used.

Figure 2-56 - Dimension Prefix
Location
Two location options can be chosen (see Figure 2-57):
Figure 2-57 - Dimension Location

In Line: “In Line” where the dimension text will be in the
middle of the line, and the distance entered will
be the space between the text and the
dimension line.
Above Line: “Above Line” where the text will be placed
above the dimension line at the distance
entered. Only positive values can be entered.
Vector Text Settings

These options only apply to Vector fonts and will not affect any True
Type fonts.
Note that Dimension can only have one font. If another font is selected
to use in a subsequent dimension, all previously placed dimensions will
change to the new font selected.
Char Space: “Char Space” specifies the spacing between

characters of a text line as a percentage of the
character size. The default is 20%.
Slant Angle: “Slant Angle” specifies the angle at which vector
text is slanted to emulate Italics. The angle must
be between -45o and 45o (see Figure 2-58).
Mono Space: “Mono Space” specifies all characters to be the
same width. When unchecked, wide characters
(M and W) take up more space than narrow
characters (I and L).
Figure 2-58 - Dimension Vector Fonts
Fill Text: When “Fill Text” is checked, characters are solid

filled. When unchecked, characters are

displayed in outline, making both redrawing and
printing faster.
Scale and Centered Options

The “Scale” sets the real-world size of dimension text in current drawing
units. Enter the appropriate scale.
When the “Centered” check box is checked, dimension text is placed at the
midpoint of the dimension line, regardless of the orientation or mode chosen.
When unchecked, the dimension text is positioned by moving the cursor along
the dimension as the line is positioned (see
Figure 2-58).
Orientation
Two options are available with “Orientation” – “Aligned” and “Horizontal”.
Aligned: If “Aligned” is selected then the dimension text

is aligned to the orientation of the dimension
line. If the dimension line is vertical, then the
text will be vertical, if the dimension line is
horizontal the text will be horizontal.
Horizontal: If the “Horizontal” action is selected, then the
text is placed horizontally regardless of the
orientation of the dimension line. This can make
the text easier to read, as it will always be the
right way up and not sideways (see Figure
2-59).

Figure 2-59 - Dimension Text
Dimension Text
Dimension text deals with the properties of True Type text placed. Select
the font required, type in the height required - which will be relative to
the size of the drawing, type in the aspect ratio required (width relative to
height), style required (bold, italics, underlined), and line spacing. The
line spacing sets the spacing (as a percentage of one line height)
between lines of text for stacked tolerance display (see Figure 2-55).
2.7.4.3 HOW TO USE LINEAR, ANGULAR, RADIAL, DIAMETER AND

ORDINATE DIMENSIONS
Using Linear Dimension
Dimension Tab, Section 2.7.4.1 and Dimension Text Tab, Section
2.7.4.2 explain the use of the different options available in the
Dimension dialog.
Typically, Linear Dimensions are used to show the length of an object,

but they can also show the distance between objects, or any other
distance.
Linear Dimension can be used for dimensioning lengths of pipelines,

buildings, fence lines etc. on any IRRICAD drawing. This dimension can
be used on any object e.g., rectangles, lines and pipes simply by clicking
on the line to dimension.

Other objects such as circles and partitioned objects can be
dimensioned by using snap options from the right mouse menu to select
a start and end point anywhere on an existing object boundary. “Mode”
options such as “Single”, “Cumulative” and “Partitioned” can be used to
dimension a segregated object entirely (“Single”), each section from the
same starting point (“Cumulative”) or each section singly (“Partitioned”).
Distances between objects can also be dimensioned, by using Snaps to

select the first object and the second object.
Using Angular Dimension

2.7.4.2 explain the use of the different options available in the use of the
different options available in the Dimension dialog.
Angular Dimension will give the angle between any two points specified.
Use the Angular Dimension tool to measure any angle in the drawing by
first identifying a vertex and then a point on each ray. For every angle,
select the inside or the outside measurement to be dimensioned (see
Figure 2-60).
Figure 2-60 - Angular Dimensions
Using Radial Dimension


Radial Dimension is used to display the radius of any circular object
such as a circle or arc. Select Draw|Dimension|Radial and click on the
boundary of the circle or arc. The radial dimension will appear. Move the
cursor along the circular boundary to position it. Click when in the
correct position.
Using Diameter Dimension

Diameter Dimension is used to display the diameter of any circular

object such as a circle or arc. Select Draw|Dimension|Diameter and click
on the boundary of the circle or arc. The diameter dimension will appear.
Move the cursor along the circular boundary to position it. Click when in
the correct position.
Using Ordinate Dimension

Ordinate Dimensions place a series of dimensions based on a point

specified on the drawing. If a large rectangle has been drawn, the base
point may be placed on the bottom side of the rectangle. Future points
will have the measurement displayed relative to the distance from the
base point.
After selecting Draw|Dimension|Ordinate, select the base point to use

(enter an origin point). Now draw a line at 90° from the direction to be
labeled. This also indicates the direction in which the dimension will
measure from the base point (enter a direction point). If the
measurements are to be vertical (e.g., from ground level upward) draw
the first line horizontally. Now enter the text placement point. Notice that
if the previous direction entered is vertical, text can only be placed
horizontally, either to the left or right of the origin point. Click to place the
text.

Figure 2-61 - Ordinate Dimensions
The first text placed will indicate the base point - 0.00ft (m). Now place
another click where required to dimension and place the text again. The
second dimension is the distance from the base point along the positive
axis (vertical if the direction point was placed in a vertical direction).
Continue to place origin points until a new dimension or new direction is
required (see Figure 2-61).
2.7.4.4 DATUM / LEADER SETTINGS

Drawing Properties
The first part of the dialog deals with the drawing properties. These can
be editing as required - changing the layer from the default layer of
<DRAWING> to another layer of the choice, changing the color, line
type or line width of the dimension line.

These options only apply to Vector fonts and will not affect any True
Type fonts.
Note that Datum can only have one font. If another font is selected to
use in a subsequent dimension, all previously placed dimensions will
change to the new font selected.
Char Space: “Char Space” specifies the spacing between

characters of a text line as a percentage of the
character size. The default is 20%.
Slant Angle: “Slant Angle” specifies the angle at which vector
text is slanted to emulate Italics. The angle must
be between -45° and 45°.
Mono Space: “Mono Space” specifies all characters to be the
same width. When unchecked, wide characters
(M and W) take up more space than narrow
Fill Text: When “Fill Text” is checked, characters are solid
filled. When unchecked, characters are
displayed in outline, making both redrawing and
printing faster (see Figure 2-62).
Figure 2-62 - Outline Vector Font
Text Edit Field

This field is available to enter any text required with
Draw|Dimension|Leader. Any text in this field when
Draw|Dimension|Datum is used will be ignored unless the “None” option
in Datum Dimension is selected. The “Vector Text Settings” control the
properties of any vector text used here.
Datum Dimension
Select the option required to place a datum - X and Y co-ordinates of the
point, X co-ordinates only, or Y co-ordinates only. If “None” is selected,
any text entered in the text edit field will be placed with the datum.
Arrow
This section specifies how the arrow is to be displayed.
Type: Select an “Arrow” “Type” from the dropdown list.

Size: Change the “Size” of the arrowhead.

Angle: Change the “Angle” of the arrowhead as
required.
Offset and Shoulder

The Offset field is used to describe the distance between the end of the
leader or datum and the text placed. Increase or decrease this as
required.
The “Shoulder” field describes the length of the shoulder or horizontal

line attached to the end (2nd mouse click) of the Leader or Datum. See
Figure 2-63.
Figure 2-63 - Shoulder And Offset
Leader Text
Dimension text deals with the properties of True Type text placed. Select
the font required, type in the height required - which will be relative to
the size of the drawing, type in the aspect ratio required (width relative to
height), style required (bold, italics, underlined), and line spacing. The
line spacing sets the spacing (as a percentage of one line height)
between lines of text. Use <Ctrl> + <Enter> to type a second line of text.
2.7.4.5 USING LEADER AND DATUM DIMENSIONS

Leader Dimension
Draw|Dimension|Leader is a useful tool to label items in the design. Text
can be highlighted and copied from the Object Info dialog, Show Flow
dialog or any of the reports for example.

Type in the text required. The first point placed on the screen will
become the arrow point. Draw the arrow as a continuous line, placing
points where a change of direction is required. When completed select
Right-click|Done. By moving the mouse, select which side the text
should be placed - either left or right. A “Shoulder” may be added and an
“Offset” placed before the text (see Datum / Leader Settings, Section
2.7.4.4).
Dimensions can be exploded to edit the text separately if needed. Co-

ordinates or lengths and angles can be typed in to place the first and
subsequent points (see Sizing and Placing Objects Accurately Using
Direct Entry, Section 2.2.5.5).
Datum Dimension
Datums are used to specify the co-ordinates of a point on the screen.
Where the first click is placed defines the datum value.
Datums are placed in the same way as Leaders. The first point placed
on the screen will become the arrow point. Draw the arrow as a
continuous line, placing points where a change of direction is required.
When completed select Right-click|Done. By moving the mouse, select
which side the text should be placed - either left or right. A “Shoulder”
may be added and an “Offset” placed before the text (see Datum /
Leader Settings, Section 2.7.4.4).
Dimensions can be exploded to edit the text separately if needed. Co-

ordinates or lengths and angles can be typed in to place the first and
subsequent points (see Sizing and Placing Objects Accurately Using
Direct Entry, Section 2.2.5.5).
2.7.5 INSERTING OLE DATA

OLE Functionality
Items such as IRRICAD reports, spreadsheets, documents etc. can be
inserted into the IRRICAD design. The methods available to do this are
described below.
Edit|Paste
This option allows only a single instance of the object to be inserted.
Tools|Insert OLE
Allows multiple instances of the object to be inserted.
Edit|Open OLE Item
OLE items that have previously been added can be opened and altered
in the appropriate application. To do this, simply select the OLE item and
then use Open OLE Item from the Edit menu. Any changes made will be
reflected in the inserted item.
Notes:
In both cases, the required data needs to have been copied to
the clipboard in the appropriate application (e.g., the IRRICAD
report viewer) or a file copied in My Computer or Windows
Explorer). The size and shape of the OLE object is selected by
specifying two corners of a rectangle (clicking one corner then
moving the cursor to the desired second corner and clicking
again - NOT click and drag). Although there is no restriction on
the shape of the OLE rectangle it is advisable to ensure that the
relative dimensions of the rectangle approximate those of the
OLE object to be displayed.
It is a restriction of OLE that only the first page of the copied

data can be displayed. NOTE: in order for IRRICAD reports to
be displayed correctly an application that can render RTF data,
including tables, must be installed on the system - examples of
suitable applications are MS Word, Open Office, etc.
OLE items can be printed or exported to PDF files. In both cases

only the enclosing rectangle is displayed in the Print/PDF
preview screens.
OLE items are not exported to VCD/DXF/DWG files.
OLE items are selected by using a select tool and clicking on the
bounding rectangle for the item. This rectangle is white and
therefore will be invisible when using a white background. It is
normally not difficult to select it, but should difficulty arise, using
a non-white background color may help.
2.7.5.1 OLE EXAMPLE

The following process illustrates the process of inserting an IRRICAD
report as an OLE object into a design.
Copy Data from Report

Choose the required report from the Reports menu then select Copy
from the Edit menu in the report viewer.
Figure 2-64 - Irricad Report
Insert into IRRICAD

Now select either Edit|Paste or Tools|Insert Ole in IRRICAD and specify
the location and size of the inserted report by clicking two points that
define a rectangle. Note that everything that is visible on the first page of
the IRRICAD report is displayed including any page headers and footers
etc. It is possible to easily create special report templates that do not
include some information for use with OLE (contact the IRRICAD
support representative for details).

Figure 2-65 - Irricad Report In Design as OLE Object
2.7.6 AUTOMATIC LABELING

The labeling tool in IRRICAD enables a fast method of annotating
multiple hydraulic items in one action from preset templates. It is a
useful tool to not only display product descriptions on the plan but also
hydraulic information and design results as well. Labeling can be set up
once and then made available for all future designs.
When actioned the tools work by automatically substituting pre-

programmed keywords in the templates with the required data for each
individual hydraulic item. Keywords are denoted by surrounding hashes
(#) and are normally abbreviations based on their function. Any other
text in the template is simply reproduced and a text object, with an
optional background and border, is created and placed on the design for
each item selected as shown in Figure 2-66.

Figure 2-66
Labeling is typically a two-step process:-
Firstly, the required information using keywords and text is set in the
template (Settings|Labels) [Text] box. Keywords may be selected for the
dialog from the drop-down. Settings for background, border, and
alignment relative to the item can be specified in the main Labels dialog.
Enable the item types to be labeled by checking the "Name" column as
required.
Secondly, to give complete control the Create Labels tool will only create
labels for selected (highlighted) items. Highlight the required items, or
use Modify|Select|All, then action Tools|Create Labels to create the
labels. Only the item types enabled via the checkboxes in
Settings|Labels that are highlighted on the plan will be labeled.
Note the list and useability of keywords can be found in the Technical
Reference (Appendix I: Keywords for use in Labels and Plot Templates,
Section 6.10.1).
The format of existing labels may be changed by modifying the

appropriate template in Settings|Labels and then using Tools|Update
Labels to update the existing labels.
More than one template can be saved for each type of label by using
Label Sets. When labeling one or both label sets can be enabled for
use. See Using Label Sets, Section 2.7.6.4 for more information and a
working example.
2.7.6.1 MAXIMUM LABEL LENGTH

Labels for ‘point’ type items will always be created if the item type is
checked in Settings|Labels. This is not necessarily the case for ‘line’
objects (pipes, wires etc.). By default a label for this type of item will not
be created if the length of the label symbol exceeds 90% of the length of
the longest line segment in the item.
It is possible to alter this behavior by changing two values in the Label

settings tab. The “Check Label Length” setting determines whether the
length of a label is checked against the longest line segment while the
value in the “Length Allowance” field, multiplied by the length of the

longest segment, gives the maximum allowable label length for a
particular item.
2.7.6.2 LABELS FOR MULTIPLE PIPES

An option in the Settings|Labels tab allows multiple pipe segments to be
represented by a single label.
Figure 2-67 - Label Options
If the “Combine Pipe Labels” is checked then, when labeling Zone or

Mainline pipes, any that are connected, and are of the same type, will be
combined and a single label produced. Zone and Mainline pipes are
considered independently, therefore labels are not combined over a
valve.
For pipes to be combined the total angle between them must be less
than the value set in the “Angle Tolerance” field. If pipes branch
(attached tapes and connected spraylines are not considered to be a
‘branch’) then a new label will be produced. The LENGTH2D / ROLLS
and LENGTH3D / ROLLS3D keywords will be based upon the combined
length of the pipe segments.
This method of labeling is useful for creating labels for sub-mains.
Note: that hydraulic labeling (i..e, adding labels to show hydraulic

information) is not supported when the “Combine Pipe Labels”
option is specified. Hydraulic values will be displayed as stars
(****) in this case.
2.7.6.3 BLOCK LABELS

Labels may be created for block entities (Tape Irrigation Blocks or Spray
Irrigation Blocks). To enable this, check the “Irri Blocks” entry in
Settings|Labels. Labels for blocks act in exactly the same as for other
items.
Labels can also be constructed for simple Irrigation Areas. The settings
for Irrigation Blocks are used to control the construction of labels for
these items.
2.7.6.4 USING LABEL SETS

Label Sets provide the ability to apply more than one label to an item
and easily maintain multiple label formats for each category. Both label
sets can be enabled for use at the same time, or independently, and
sets can be saved and restored as required.
The parameters contained in the “Label Options” panel are also retained
for each set and this feature is extremely useful to maintain, and apply,
an alternate set of labels, containing hydraulic keywords which cannot
be used with the “Combine pipe labels” option, for pipes.
An example of how label sets may be used in this manner is shown in

the image below. The label containing the pipe description has been
created with the “Combine pipe labels” option checked while the label
with the pressure and flow has this option unchecked and therefore is
displayed for each pipe section.
Figure 2-68
Detailed steps for this example:-

1. Select Settings|Labels to open the Labels dialog box.
2. Select "Label Set 1".
3. Enable the item type to label e.g., Zone Pipes.
4. Add any hydraulic keyword required by clicking the text button in
the "ABC" column. For example add #HY_FLOW#
#FLOWUNIT# and #HY_HL# #PRESSUNIT#, and set the text
properties as required. Click [OK].
5. Edit the Background and Border properties as needed.
6. Select BELOW for the label position.
7. Make sure "Combine Pipe Labels" is unchecked.
8. Now select "Label Set 2".
9. Add any keyword required by clicking the text button in the
"ABC" column. For example add #DESC# and #LENGTH#
#LENUNIT#, and set the text properties. Click [OK].
10. Edit the Background and Border properties as required.
11. Select ABOVE for the label position.
12. Enable "Combine Pipe Labels" so a single label will be applied
to contiguous pipe segments of the same type.
13. Enable "Use Label Set 1" and "Use Label Set 2".
14. Select the items to label (Modify|Select All can also be used.)
15. Select Tools|Create Labels.
2.7.6.5 LABEL OPERATIONS

Modifying ‘Parent’ Items
When labels are created, links are established between the label symbol
and the ‘parent’ object the label is representing. If the ‘parent’ object is
moved or deleted then the corresponding label will be modified in the
same way. An exception to this rule is when a point item is moved that is
connected to a line item (pipe, tape or sprayline) that has a label
associated with it. In this case the label for the line item will be deleted.
Modifying Labels
Labels may be modified independently from their ‘parent’ items, all the
normal modification tools (Move, Rotate, Delete, Change etc.) can be
applied in the same way as for any other drawing symbol. If a label is
modified the parent item remains unchanged. Note that it is not
recommended that the symbol name is changed since each label has a
unique symbol definition created for it.
2.7.6.6 DATABASE EDITOR LABEL FIELD

The database contains a “Label” field that can be used to store preset
generic descriptive information that may then be used in the creation of
labels for hydraulic items. Accessed via the #LABEL# keyword this field
typically contains an abbreviated form of the item description and may
also include relevant hydraulic parameters. For example a label for
"50mm PVC Class 6" could be "50/6". Up to a maximum of 12
characters can be entered.
2.7.6.7 USE CROP WIDTHS

This option affects the way the area for Irrigation Blocks specified by the
#IRRAREA# label keyword, is calculated. If “Crop Width” is unchecked
(the default) then the area is calculated using:-
Total Lateral Length * Lateral Spacing.
When “Crop Width” is checked then the area specified by IRRAREA is

calculated using:-
With Lateral Groups: Total Lateral Length / Num Laterals per Group *
Crop Width.
No Lateral Groups: Total Lateral Length * Crop Width.
Note that if “Crop Width” is greater than the Group Spacing + (Number
of Laterals per Group – 1) * Lateral Spacing, or the Lateral Spacing (with
no groups) then the normal method is used to calculate the area.
2.7.6.8 LABEL ROUNDING & ROLL LENGTHS

It is possible to round numeric values in labels to a ‘nearest value’.
The format for rounding is keyword-semicolon-number:
#KEYWORD;0.1#
Meaning: round the value of ‘keyword’ to the nearest 0.1. This would
give one decimal place of accuracy; similarly 0.01 would give two
decimal places etc.
Two keywords, #ROLLS# and #ROLLS3D# are available, such that pipe
lengths can be displayed as a number of ‘rolls’ (based on the roll length
of the pipe type in the database – see the Pipe Fitting Matching Table).
2.7.6.9 LABEL ALIGNMENT

Labels for point items are always constructed so that the included text is
horizontal while those for ‘line’ items are aligned at the same angle as
the object. Tapes and contours lines may be composed of multiple line
segments; in this case the label will be located on the longest line
segment making up the item.
2.7.6.10 DESIGN BASED LABEL SETTINGS

Label settings are saved with each design. This means that individual
designs can be setup with different label settings. However to save the

current templates as the default for all future new designs click the [Save
As Defaults] button on the main Labels dialog.
2.7.7 SYMBOLS
Database symbols are used in the database to display a symbol for
each hydraulic item. The exception is the Pipes and Wires groups,
where a line type is selected.
The program comes with an extensive choice of symbols, however,

symbols can be drawn and saved, or imported and saved.
Start with a clean design (File|New). Draw the new symbol at the size
100 inches by 100 inches (2.54 metres by 2.54 metres). This will make
sure that it is the same scale as the existing database symbols so a size
5 for the new symbol will be the same size as a size 5 of existing
symbols. Use any of the drawing tools to draw the elements of the
symbol on the screen.
Using a selection tool select all the items required to make up the
symbol. When everything is highlighted, use Tools|Create Symbol to
store the items as symbols. Enter a name for the symbol and check the
“Database” check box. Leave the path as suggested as this path is
stored in Settings|Irrigation Items, however the symbol can be saved
elsewhere if required. Now the symbol is present in the folder containing
the database symbols.
Run the database editor program and open the working database (if this
is not the default database click [Save Changes] on the database that
initially appears and select File|Open to open the working database). Go
the item required to use the new symbol for. Click the [Edit / View]
button when this item is highlighted. To the left of the “Plotting Symbol”
field is a small button with three dots on it. This is a [Browse] button.
Click this button and find the new symbol in the \symbols\database
folder or whereever it is stored. Select it and click [Open]. After making
the changes to this item click [Save] and [Save Changes] to save and
close the database.

2.8 PRINTING REPORTS AND PLANS
This chapter covers producing reports and the preparation and printing
of the final plan.
2.8.1 PRODUCING REPORTS

IRRICAD Reports supply tabulated results and may be used to present
detailed or summarised information for the designer and/or client. The
reports may be produced at different stages throughout the design
process.
The reports (accessed from the Reports menu) include:-
 Management Reports – detailing the operation of the system

 Zone Design Reports - the results of the hydraulic calculations
via Zone Design
 Mainline Design Reports - the results of the hydraulic
calculations via Mainline Design
 Materials List and Costing Reports – lists of the components
used in the design
Reports may be viewed on screen, copied and pasted into the design as
an OLE item, printed, and saved to a variety of formats as required.
Note that the on screen view is rendered for printing and as such
individual elements in a report are not selectable.
By default the printer used to generate reports is the computer's default

printer, this may be changed in File|Reports Print Setup.
See Reports, Section 5.14 for details of each standard report.
2.8.1.1 SAVING OR EXPORTING REPORTS

Reports can be saved as an RTF, HTM or TXT version using File|Save
in the report viewer.
Additonally reports can also be exported directly to files in CSV, TSV or

TXT format and subsequently be opened in other applications (Microsoft
Excel or Notepad for example). A selection of the reports already

formatted for direct export are available and may be obtained by
contacting your local IRRICAD support team.
Report templates are customizable via a report editor. Typically this is

not undertaken by users, contact your local IRRICAD support team for
details. The report templates are located in the Irricad Pro xx\Reports
folder.
2.8.1.2 PLACING A REPORT ON THE PLAN

A single page report can be copied to the clipboard via Edit|Copy in the
Report Viewer and pasted on to the design as an OLE item. Select
Tools|Insert OLE in IRRICAD and left-click to place the top left and then
the bottom right of the required extents of the report page. Ensure that
the shape you have outlined is similar to the actual proportions of the
copied page i.e. narrow and tall for portrait mode rather than short and
wide. After placement the size can be adjusted by selecting the
bounding rectangle of the OLE item and using Change to edit the height
and width as required.
See also:
Inserting OLE Data Section 2.7.5

OLE Example Section 2.7.5.1
2.8.2 HOW TO PRINT A PLAN

In most circumstances you will want to produce a paper plan once the
design is complete for presentation to the client and to provide installers
with accurate layout information.
Before printing however, a key (legend); information about the scale of

the plan, client, company, and designer; and a border around the
printable area are usually desirable. IRRICAD provides these
automatically via preset templates which are selected in the Draw|Plot
Layout tool.

Figure 2-69
See also:
Print Section 5.3.16

Plot Layout Section 5.6.14
2.8.2.1 USING PLOT LAYOUTS

Plot Layouts place a border around the printable area based on a preset
scale. Standard plot layouts typically include the following items:
 A legend showing the pipes and wires used in the design.

 A legend showing the valves, outlets, electrical and other
miscellaneous hydraulic items used in the design.
 Information from Design Details, Company, Client and the
"Designer" in Settings and the current date, scale and file name.
Zoom in to the area to be printed and create a plot layout using

Draw|Plot Layout. It is recommended to do this after the design is
complete to ensure that all hydraulic items used in the design will be
listed in the legends.
A suitable scale can be calculated automatically, based on the current

zoom state and paper size, by clicking the [Calculate] button.
Alternatively this may be entered, or changed, manually.

Select the required “Drawing Template” from the list, making sure it
matches the paper size and orientation already selected.
Click [OK] for the plot layout to be automatically produced. It will appear
centrally on the current screen view.
The drawing templates used to create Plot Layouts may be customised

as required. See Editing Plot Templates, Section 2.9.8.
Tips:
When a printing a smaller portion of the plan or when an image
is present “behind” the plan enable “Keep Fills”. This option will
place white fills underneath the legend and border so that items
outside of the plan or underneath legend areas don't obscure
the selected view .
Clicking [Save As Defaults] will set the current configuration as

the default used for new designs.
To change the format of the current plot layout select Draw|Plot

Layout again and make the required changes.
Position the layout over the plan by using Modify|Move and

clicking on the border of the layout.
The plot layout can be exploded and minor changes made

manually if required.
Note: Selecting Draw|Plot Layout will remove every item on the

PLOT_TEMPLATE layer so if items, other than a plot layout, are
also on this layer they will be deleted.
2.8.2.2 PLAN PRINTING

After placing the Plot Layout the plan is ready for printing. To print the
design go to File|Print.
Select the paper size required. If this size is not listed click the [Printer]
button (bottom right) and change the printer which will update the
available paper sizes.

A preview is displayed on the right-hand side of the dialog. The plan can
be dragged to a more suitable position with the mouse or the [Center]
button used. When the plan is ready to print click the [Print] button.
Tips:
Do NOT check “All Colors to Black” if fills have been enabled on
the plot layout as the fills will be printed in black.
To present the scale in the form of 1" =? ft (1mm =? m) make

sure the Settings|Units - “Paper” field is set to inches (mm).
2.8.2.3 EXPORTING TO PDF

Plans can also be exported directly to a PDF file via File|Export PDF
File.
Note that the scale in a PDF file is only nominal as it can be printed to
any size paper by the end-user.
A preview is displayed on the right-hand side of the dialog. The plan can
be dragged to a more suitable position with the mouse or the [Center]
button used. When the plan is ready to export click the [Save PDF]
button.
Note: Ensure the "Paper" unit is appropriate for the current distance
unit settings. For US select the "English" unit, for metric select
the "Metric" unit option.

2.9 ADVANCED TOPICS
2.9.1 SPRAYLINES, TAPES AND MINOR LOSSES

2.9.1.1 WHEN TO USE CONNECTED OR UNCONNECTED SPRAYLINES
Connected
Connected spraylines should only be used when there are at least 10
emitters on a sprayline, this is because of the calculation method used.
The hydraulic analysis may be less accurate if there are less than 10
emitters. Note that this limit is per sprayline size (not per lateral i.e. a
lateral may have 3 sprayline sizes) so it also applies to the results of
sprayline design or manual size changes.
The analysis of connected spraylines takes into account the elevation at

individual emitters whilst the pipe sizing methods (i.e. Design) assume a
constant slope along a sprayline. Note however that an analysis is
carried out automatically after pipes have been sized.
Unconnected
Unconnected spraylines can be used, with higher numbers of emitters, if
it is wished to have pipe sizing take account of the elevation at each
emitter.
2.9.1.2 ANALYSIS OF TAPES

Tapes (driplines) generally have very low flows and closely spaced
emitters, because of this it is not accurate to assume that the flow from
each emitter is relatively constant (this is assumed for connected
spraylines). Consequently a different calculation method is used for
tapes that allows for changing emitter flows. The elevation at each
emitter is taken into account.
2.9.1.3 MINOR LOSSES EXPLAINED

Minor losses are the headlosses associated with fittings i.e. size
changes, crosses, tees, elbows, take-offs etc. IRRICAD accounts for

minor losses with a conservative equivalent length method, an extra
length is assigned to each pipe segment to allow for the headloss.
Spraylines and Sprayline Blocks

Losses down a submain (allowing for LTO or losses through
Tees/Crosses), in blocks of connected or unconnected spraylines, are
calculated using the minor loss method.
For connected spraylines minor losses, to account for barb losses at the
emitter/riser connections, are calculated in a similar manner, however
the loss assigned in a connected sprayline is 50% of the loss assigned
in an unconnected sprayline.
The allowance for minor losses (in pipes and connected spraylines) may
be disabled in Zone Design Configuration. This will effect both submains
and laterals in sprayline blocks.
Tapes and Tape Blocks

LTO Losses down submains in Tape blocks are assumed to be
negligible. Barb losses for tapes are calculated directly using the Kd
specified in database.
2.9.2 HOW TO SIMULATE TAPES USING SPRAYLINES

Since tapes cannot be telescoped (changing sizes down the lateral) in
IRRICAD tapes will need to be simulated as spraylines to achieve this
feature.
This is a brief description of how to simulate tapes with suitable

spraylines so that analysis and design can be carried out for blocks with
tape that have multiple sizes.
2.9.2.1 SUMMARY
 Enter the required data into the database as a sprayline and
nozzle.
 Duplicate the design, replace existing tapes with spraylines and
nozzles.
 If using Zone LP Design to size the submain, guess a nominal
pressure, analyze and adjust as required so it simulates the tape
as closely as possible.
 If the submain has been manually selected, guess at a nominal
outlet pressure and use detailed analysis to analyze.
2.9.2.2 SETTING UP DATABASES

Entries to simulate the tape need to be made in the pipe and outlet
databases.
In the pipe database add a pipe with the same internal diameter as the
tape entry (do not forget to give it a unique warehouse code). The
roughness for the pipe can be determined from trials to achieve the
same headloss through the pipe that the tape gives. In a clean design
run out a tape a set length (similar to the run length in the design) e.g.,
300ft (100m). Then run out the new pipe the same length. Connect with
a large submain pipe and a control valve. Analyze the zone and check
the Zone Design Full report. Change the “Pipe Roughness” factor for the
new pipe until it achieves the same headloss through the pipe that the
tape is giving.
In the outlet database, make an entry for the tape outlet. The constant
and index for this can be derived in a number of ways:
 Directly from tape manufacturers data.

 From manufacturers data using Outlet Flow Curve Fit utility.
 Assuming the index is 0.5 and calculating the constant by
substitution in the equation (this method is normally accurate
enough) Flow (lph) = Const * (Pressure (m)0.5) (for PC emitters
the index is 0 and the constant is equal to the flow rate).
 Contact AEI Software.
The radius is not important just use a Constant of say 1.0 and an Index
of 0.0.
2.9.2.3 CREATING THE SIMULATED DESIGN

It is generally better to duplicate the tape design and make the changes
required to simulate the tapes on a separate copy.
Make a copy of the design by using File|Save As and save the design
under new name.
In the copy of the design, replace the existing tapes with connected
spraylines using the tape pipe and tape outlet created for this purpose.
To do this select the block and then select Tools|Tapes to Spraylines
and select the new pipe and new outlet.
Sprinklers are always assumed to be at ground level. If in the design

they are not at ground level, select an outlet connector with the
appropriate height previously entered in the “Height” field (in the
database) to ensure that IRRICAD uses that height in the pressure
calculations at the sprinkler. Note the “Height” entered into the database
is the height above ground, not the length of the outlet connector from a
buried submain to the height of the outlet. For subsurface outlets (e.g.,
subsurface dripline) the height above ground will be negative (-ve).
If the submain is going to be designed with this method, then it is

important to determine what nominal pressure is required to assign to
the outlets so that the resulting flow for the simulated tape matches the
tape specifications. This is required because the inlet pressure is
specified for tapes and it is needed to get the average pressure that will
normally be less than the inlet. The simplest way to do this is to layout a
single simulated tape (with the same length and slope of the tapes in the
block) connected to a very short (no headloss) submain and valve. The
valve pressure then is fixed (in Design|Zone Design Configuration) to
the tape inlet pressure required. Guess a pressure for the outlets (e.g.,
half way between the minimum pressure allowed and the inlet pressure)
and then analyze the simulated tape (normal analysis, not detailed).
Adjust the guess and re-analyze until the flow for the simulated tape
matches that for a real tape of the same length, slope and inlet pressure.
If an existing submain requires analyzing, then it is unnecessary to go

through the above process. Simply make a guess at the nominal
pressure of the outlets and then use Zone Detailed Analysis to analyze
the system. This does not apply to normal analysis where it is needed to
use the method outlined above.
2.9.2.4 SIZING / ANALYSIS

The simulated block can now be sized or analyzed. It is advisable, after
sizing, to run Detailed Analysis (do not forget to set the valve pressure in
Zone Design Configuration) as a check.

2.9.3 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF TAPES UNDER FLUSHING
Because IRRICAD cannot have two submains on a block of tapes, the
following method must be used to analyse tapes under flushing
conditions.
The flushing valves used need to be entered as outlets in the database.

The radius equation is unimportant so use a K of 1.0 and an n of 0.0.
Values for the pressure / flow equation (Constant and Index) should be
derived using the tabulated headloss vs. flow values for the valve in the
Outlet Flow Curve Fit utility.
Tape needs to be mirrored as a sprayline as tapes cannot have a

submain on both ends.
2.9.3.1 SUMMARY
 Simulate the tape as a pipe and outlet.
 Use Change Type to change all tapes to spraylines using the
pipe and outlet.
 Add the flushing main.
 Analyze.
2.9.3.2 SETTING UP DATABASES

Entries to mirror the tape need to be made in the pipe and outlet
databases.
In the outlet database make an entry for the tape outlet. The constant
and index (for the Iteration calculation method) for this can be derived in
a number of ways:
 Directly from tape manufacturers data.

 From manufacturers data using Outlet Flow Curve Fit utility.
 Assuming the index is 0.5 and calculating the constant by
substitution in the equation (this method is normally accurate
enough) Flow (lph) = Const * Pressure (m) ** (0.5) (for PC
emitter the index is 0 and the constant is equal to the flow rate).
 Contact AEI Software.
In the pipe database add a pipe with the same internal diameter as the
tape entry (do not forget to give it a unique warehouse code). The

roughness for the pipe can be determined from trials to achieve the
same headloss through the pipe that the tape gives. In a clean design
run out a tape a set length (similar to the run length in the design) e.g.,
300ft (100m). Then run out the new pipe with outlets the same length.
Connect with a large submain pipe and a control valve. Analyze the
zone and check the Zone Design Full report. Change the roughness
factor for the new pipe until it achieves the same headloss through the
pipe that the tape is giving.
2.9.3.3 CREATING A FLUSHING DESIGN

Draw a block of tapes.
It is generally better to duplicate the tape design and make the changes
required to carry out the flushing analysis on a separate copy. To do
this, use the File|Save As command and save it with a different file
name.
In the copy of the design select the tape block and change the tapes to
connected spraylines (use Modify|Select|Window then select
Tools|Tapes to Spraylines). Select the tape pipe entered above then the
tape outlet in the dialog.
Sprinklers are always assumed to be at ground level. If in the design

they are not at ground level, select an outlet connector with the
appropriate height previously entered in the “Height” field (in the
database) to ensure that IRRICAD uses that height in the pressure
calculations at the sprinkler. Note the “Height” entered into the database
is the height above ground, not the length of the outlet connector from a
buried submain to the height of the outlet. For subsurface outlets (e.g.,
subsurface dripline) the height above ground will be negative (-ve).
Add the flushing main to the tape block using Zone|Cut Pipe.
2.9.3.4 FLUSHING VALVES

Firstly, look at the flushing valves pressure loss curves and select one
that has approx 2psi headloss at the expected flow. The expected flow
can be worked out by:
required velocity x Area x number of laterals on the manifold

The enter the data from the valve's pressure loss curves into the Outlet
Flow Curve Fit utility.
Under detailed analysis this flushing outlet will need to have a pressure
of 1.4-2.1psi and the flow you are expecting from above. You can
change your manifold sizes or select a flushing valve size which will give
you the values from Detailed Analysis that you require. It is important to
focus on the Object Info data for the flushing outlets rather than the
pressure you entered into the outlet dialog as Detailed Analysis will tell
you the actual pressure and the actual flow at the outlet.
2.9.3.5 SIZING MANIFOLDS

If you wish to size the manifold and/or submain (note we think it best to
LP design the submain initially) then it will be again be trail and error
process. Remember that velocity design will only give you a starting
point and you may need to change these pipes to achieve the results
you want.
Also note that when trying to achieve the correct flushing velocities and
expected flow through the flushing valve, you can change the manifold
sizes to try and achieve these goals.
2.9.3.6 ANALYSIS
Set the valve pressure required for the zone in Design|Zone Design
Configuration (you can get this from the Zone Summary report from the
design of the real tape block).
Run Design|Zone Design|Detailed Analysis, this will analyse the tape

block under normal conditions.
Now insert flushing valves where required (from the Outlet database)
onto the flushing main. You can vary the valve pressure as you wish and
examine the results in reports.
Note: A word of warning - Do not use a flush valve that is too big, i.e.
make sure you use one that has 2m or 3m of headloss at the
flushing flows you expect (use the Curve Fit utility to create the
correct data to input). If you use a flushing valve that has too low
a headloss, you will have problems getting a solution.

If you do have problems with convergence, there is a detailed analysis
factor in Design|Design Parameters|Analysis Parameters that you can
increase (e.g., use 0.85 rather than 0.75). Remember to return the
parameter to its original value after you have finished this design.
The required flushing velocity rule of thumb is 0.305m/s (1ft/s) down the
tapes. Set the valve pressure to achieve the correct velocity.
The process is:

1. Draw a Tape Block Entity complete with flushing manifold (BOM
Only for Scope) - select a size you think might be suitable for the
flushing manifold.
2. Use LP design to size the submain.
3. Explode the block and convert Tapes to Spraylines using the
pseudo pipe and sprinkler you have made to mirror this
particular dripline.
4. Change the Scope of the flushing manifold to Design + BOM.
5. Set the control valve pressure to the same pressure as the tape
block had previously.
6. Place the flushing valve that will be open in Situation # 1.
7. Run Detailed Analysis and check the velocities in the 'Tapes' -
aim for approx 1ft/s. Check the pressure and flow at the flushing
valve (Object Info).
8. Remove the flushing outlet from Situation #1 and place it at
situation #2. Run Detailed Analysis again and check the
velocities in the 'Tapes' - aim for approx 1ft/s. Check the
pressure and flow at the flushing valve (Object Info).
9. Repeat steps 7 & 8 for as many flushing outlets as you will have
on your manifold(s) that operate one at a time (assuming you
are not opening all flushing valves at one time).
If the velocity and the outlet pressure and flow is what you are aiming
for, then you are finished. If not, change the manifold sizes and see what
effect that has, or change the flushing outlet for one more appropriate. It
would be best not to change the control valve pressure as the grower
will simply want to open the flush valves when flushing is required.
2.9.4 MODELING MULTIPLE DRIPLINES AS A SINGLE LINE

Due to the size constraints in IRRICAD it is sometimes useful to be able
to reduce the size of an analysis by combining a number of laterals /
driplines into a single notional one. This is especially true in highly

looped systems such as the analysis of tape / lateral blocks with flushing
submains.
The following notes show how to accomplish this.
Add a new emitter / emitter nozzle to the database that has the same
index as one used on the single lateral / dripline. The constant will be n
times the single one, where n is the number of laterals being combined.
If using a tape / dripline then see the notes on flushing analysis for
sources of the emitter equation. Make sure that the warehouse code is
different to the normal emitter / nozzle.
A new pipe needs to be added to mirror the hydraulic performance of the

required number of laterals / driplines. Make sure that the description
identifies what the pipe is for and use a unique warehouse code. The
actual diameter is set by the following equation:
Dnew = (d4.871 x n1.852 )0.2053
where d is the single lateral diameter, n is the number of laterals being

combined, and Dnew is the diameter of the combined lateral. For example
a 16mm ID combined into 10 laterals gives a new diameter of 38.4mm.
This equation will work with any units. Use the same C factor as for the
single lateral.
Make a copy of the design and remove the laterals that are going to be
combined leaving one for each group. Generally it is best to have the
notional lateral approximately in the center of the group of laterals being
modeled. This means that a half lateral will be needed at the beginning
and end of the submain, the diameter and emitter parameters for this
lateral will need to be calculated and entered into the database
separately. For example if there are 100 laterals that are being split up
into groups of 10 then start and end with a group of 5 and then have 9
groups of 10 laterals in between. Change tapes to spraylines if required
and then replace the emitters and pipes with the Multiple items
determined above.
2.9.4.1 SUMMARY
 Create an outlet and nozzle to simulate the multiple laterals.
 Create a new pipe.
 Remove a group of laterals and replace with a single lateral.

2.9.5 FACTORS AFFECTING LP PIPE SIZING
Overview
These notes explain the factors that IRRICAD takes into account when it
sizes pipes. A summary of these factors is shown in Figure 2-70. They
represent the design tolerances that you can set within IRRICAD.
Figure 2-70 - Factors Affecting Pipe Size
Terminology
A quick review of terminology will help clarify the following notes.
Operating Pressure: The designer specifies the operating pressure of

the emitter when the design is laid out in IRRICAD. For example a
sprinkler may be set to operate at 50psi (35m).
Allowable Flow Variation: This is the design tolerance that is set up by

the designer in the database for each emitter. A common design
standard is +/- 5% of flow. If the example sprinkler delivers 10gpm
(38lpm) at 50psi (35m) then the range of the flows within a zone should
be between 9.5 and 10.5gpm (36 and 40lpm).

Exponent (or Index): The exponent for a nozzle is a number that
describes how sensitive the flow from the nozzle is to pressure.
Exponents are normally close to 0.5 and will vary depending on the style
of the nozzle.
Allowable Pressure Variation: IRRICAD converts the allowable flow

variation to an allowable pressure variation. If the exponent of the nozzle
is 0.5 the relationship between flow variation and pressure variation is
double (e.g., 10% variation in flow will equal 20% variation of pressure).
In the above example, the allowable pressure variation will be about 45
to 55psi (31.5 to 38.5m). Nozzles with exponents higher than 0.5 will
have a narrower band of allowable pressure and nozzles with exponents
below 0.5 will have a wider allowable pressure variation for a given flow
variation. The table below gives an idea of how different exponents
affect pressure.
Table 2-2 - Allowable Pressure Variation
Total
Flow +% Pressure -% Pressure
Exponent Pressure
Variation% Variation Variation
Variation
0.47 +/- 5 10.94 10.34 21.28
0.50 +/- 5 10.25 9.75 20.00
0.53 +/- 5 9.64 9.22 18.86
In this example, if the sprinkler operated at 50psi (35m) the allowable

variation for the 0.47 exponent would 10.64psi (7.45m). The 0.53
exponent nozzle only gives an allowable pressure variation of 9.43psi
(6.6m). This is why IRRICAD uses flow variation as a design standard. It
takes advantage of nozzles with better exponents.
Connected Spraylines: A connected sprayline in IRRICAD is treated as

a length of pipe with many emitters on it. The
pipe is sized using sprayline hydraulic routines.
This reduces the task of pipe sizing because
each row of emitters is treated as one pipe.
Connected sprayline pipes are selected from
those pipes in the database with a flag of L for
lateral pipe.
Unconnected Spraylines: An unconnected sprayline in IRRICAD is

treated as a series of emitters and separating
pipes. Each piece of pipe between each emitter
is sized separately using pipes from the
database with a flag of Z for zone pipe. A large
orchard block of sprinklers cannot be optimized
in IRRICAD using unconnected spraylines
because the size of the task is too big. It may be
analyzed or sized using Velocity Design.
Factors affecting IRRICAD Pipe Sizing when using LP Design:
 Topography as entered in the design.

 Allowable flow variation for outlet as entered in the database.
 Min. & Max. nozzle pressures as entered in the database.
 Max. pressure variation within a zone.
 Maximum velocity as entered in Design Parameters.
 Economic data as entered in Design Parameters.
 Pipes flagged available in the database.
 Manually selected pipes – fixed pipes.
 Pipe costs as entered in the database.
 Zone Design Configuration
 of lateral pipe sizes.
 of submain pipe sizes.
 valve pressure settings.
2.9.5.1 DRIP TAPE DESIGN NOTES

The Tutorials go over a drip tape design and this should be reviewed.
Here are a few additional comments on drip tape designs.
IRRICAD designs drip tape systems using an allowable pressure

variation. This is stored in the tape table in the pipe database. A typical
setting may be an allowance of 20% above tape inlet pressure and 30%
below tape inlet pressure.
The relationship between pressure variation and EU (emission

uniformity) is not clearly defined however figures in the following table
will give some indication. They will vary from tape to tape.
EU % Pressure Variation
90 30
85 65
80 100

If designed to an allowance of 20% above tape inlet pressure and 30%
below tape inlet pressure then will be designing to an EU in the mid-to-
high 80's.
Many tape blocks have more rows than the existing IRRICAD limits for a
zone. The Zone Design Configuration table can limit the selection of
pipe sizes in the submain. This will increase IRRICAD's design limits. If
the block is still too big the best way to design it is by using Velocity
Design. A couple of trial error runs may have to be done to find the
velocity setting that gives the pressure variation desired.
2.9.5.2 PRESSURE COMPENSATING DESIGN NOTES

When pressure-compensating emitters are used in IRRICAD there are
no clear upper and lower pressure limits in each block. In theory, the
flow out of a pressure-compensating nozzle is the same regardless of
pressure. IRRICAD designs to a flow variation so it assumes the
pressure variation can be infinite. With non-pressure compensating
emitters the pressure window is easily determined because there is a
relationship between pressure, the nozzle exponent and flow. Each
emitter entered in the database has an allowable flow variation that the
IRRICAD designer sets. For example, if a nozzle has an exponent of
0.50 and the designer has set the allowable flow variation to +/- 5% then
IRRICAD will calculate the allowable pressure variation to be +/- 10% of
operating pressure.
With pressure compensating emitter designs the designer often

determines the minimum and maximum pressures in a block that he or
she is happy with even before the hydraulic calculations are done. This
is often related to the minimum and maximum pressures that the
designer wants in the lateral pipe. In IRRICAD there are ways to do just
that.
When pressure-compensating emitters are used the lower pressure limit

in a block is usually the minimum operating pressure in the nozzle
properties as entered into the database. So to set the minimum pressure
required in the design go to the outlet tab in the database editor. Find
the emitter in question and double-click on the nozzle required, as
shown in the list of associated nozzles at the bottom of the screen. Set
the minimum and maximum pressures to the minimum and maximum
pressures that are required in the block.

The upper pressure limit in a block for pressure compensating emitters
can be determined from a number of factors. It could be the maximum
operating pressure in the nozzle record, but often other factors start to
have an effect before the maximum operating pressure is reached.
These include velocity limits and the energy verses pipe cost
calculations. To make sure IRRICAD uses the full pressure window that
has been set in the database for the nozzle, go into the Design
Parameters. Change the “Zone Operating Hours per Year” to a low
figure e.g., 500 hours. Also, set the “Max Zone Velocity” a little higher
than normal. Often the best way to set an upper design pressure limit is
to specify the valve pressure required. This is done in Design|Zone
Design Configuration.
2.9.6 USING A PUMP IN A DESIGN

The pump must be placed downstream from the water supply and must
not be placed in loops. Remember a water supply can only have one
connection and this is one end of the mainline pipe. Enter the water
supply details to reflect true conditions of the supply – the height of
water relative to ground level, or the existing pressure of the water
source.
If the water supply is a river or open water source and therefore the
pressure may be zero, enter a small number for the water supply design
and maximum pressures so that IRRICAD will not calculate the pressure
required to run the system (e.g., 0.1).
If the water supply is a tank, enter the height of the water level above
ground level as the design and maximum pressures e.g., 2ft (m).
If the water supply is a well, enter the pressure as a negative pressure,

indicating the level of the water below ground level e.g., –2ft (m)
pressure if the water level is 2 feet (meters) below the ground (i.e., the
static water level). If the well is artesian i.e., positive static water level,
enter a positive number e.g., 2ft (m).
When a pump is used in a system, there are often more items that result
in a headloss. These items such as rising column losses (submersible
pump only), drawdown losses (well only), headworks losses, etc. can be
entered in to the design and therefore analysed as close to field results
as possible.

Figure 2-71 - Pump With Miscellaneous Losses
If the water supply is a well with a static water level below ground level,
there will be a negative pressure in the pipe between the water supply
and the pump, which will be reported during analysis. It does not matter
in which order the above items are placed on the mainline pipe, only that
they are placed so that any losses are accounted for. The items above
can be entered at the depth they are at, or left at zero for convenience.
2.9.6.1 USING PUMPS IN PARALLEL

If two pumps are in parallel – they are effectively in a loop – NEVER put
pumps in a loop. If this is the case, draw two water supplies with a pump
each and connect the mainline after the pumps:
e.g.:
Figure 2-72 - Pumps In Parallel
Remember using the same pump in parallel doubles the flow.

2.9.6.2 PUMPS IN SERIES
Pumps can be placed in series. Once again, no pump should be placed
within a loop.
Remember using the same pump in series doubles the pressure output.
Figure 2-73 - Pumps In Series
2.9.6.3 MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC ITEMS IN THE SYSTEM

These are items that have a pressure loss in the system. These losses
can be based on flow or can be a fixed loss.
If fitting selection is not important, it is convenient to enter the

“Connection Type” for Misc. Hydraulic items to reflect the description
e.g., DD for drawdown. This makes it easier to find them in the Mainline
Design Full Report. Also change the connection codes after design but
prior to fitting selection easily if required.
Drawdown Losses
Drawdown losses are based on well tests. Determine the drawdown for
the well (pumping level - static water level).
Solve the formula used for Misc. Hydraulic items: H = K x Q n where H is

in meters and Q is in m3/hr.
The drawdown is equal to the headloss in m (e.g., if the dd = 9 6m, then

the headloss = 9.6m).
Q is the flow at the well, e.g., 49m3/h. n is the exponent.
For alluvial aquifers: If there is only one well test (Q-dd pair) available
estimate the index is around 1.5. For a large flow use 1.7 (> 50 l/s). Find
the value of the constant e.g., K = H/Q n. If there are two points supplied
(2 well tests) on the same well can calculate the index (exponent). N =
log (D1/D2)/log (Q1/Q2). K = D1/Q1n.
For wells that are uncased in rock or limestone use an index (n) close to
1.0
Enter the constant (K) and index or exponent (n) in to the correct edit
fields in the Other Hydraulic component group in the database. The
intercept (C) is 0.
Rising Column (Rising Main) Losses in a Submersible Pump

This item can also be the suction pipe loss in a surface pump.
Use a friction loss chart for the type of rising column used.
Enter at least three sets of numbers read from the chart for the correct
flow and rising column size into the Curve Fit utility for Valves (same as
Misc. Hydraulic but no intercept), making sure the units above each
column match the units from the chart. Click the [Fit Curve] button. The
Curve Fit generates two numbers to use in the database. This produces
constants and intercepts that IRRICAD uses in the Misc. Hydraulic
formula to calculate the headloss through the rising column. It is easier
to calculate for 100m and then adjust for the actual length.
For galvanised rising columns use the following: These have been
calculated for a column 328ft (100m) long
Pipe Size Constant Index

8” 0.0001479 1.834
6” 0.00049076 1.84
5” 0.001254 1.810
4” 0.003307 1.852
3” 0.01174 1.855
21/2" 0.02448 1.874
Alter the constant relative to the length of the rising column (using the
metric)
e.g., constant x length (m) /100m
for an 8" rising column which is 85m long:
0.0001479 x 85 / 100 = 0.000126
Enter 0.000126 in to the “Headloss Equation Constant” field in the

database. Make sure the description specifies the length.
The rising column of the pump we will be using is 6” (150mm) and is
213ft (65m) long. Calculate the constant relative the length (as above).
Headworks Losses
This Misc. Hydraulic item can be used to account for other losses
relative to the flow.
 n=2
 H = for example, if the estimated pressure loss in the headworks
is 5psi @ 26385gph (3.5m@100m³/h) assume n=2 (in most
cases) and solve for K.
Solve for K: H = KQn
There is no intercept so leave the “Headloss Equation Intercept” field (C)

as 0.
Calculate the headloss through each of the items in the headworks or

expected to be in the headworks at a particular flow and therefore
calculate the constant and the index. The headloss will change as the
flow increases or decreases. Note that existing systems tend to have
high headloss at the headworks.
Miscellaneous Fixed Losses

Misc. losses can be added to account for any other possible losses.
These can be added into the Other Hydraulics component group by
entering an intercept and leaving the constant and index as zero. Use
only if required to include a fixed loss regardless of flow.
2.9.7 MULTIPLE WATER SUPPLIES

If only one water supply exists for a system the pressure and flow can
be left at zero for IRRICAD to calculate based on each system duty.
However, if there are 2 or more water supplies present for the same
system and pumps will not be used in the design, enter at least the
pressure in to all water supplies (required). Increase or decrease the
pressure to achieve the flow required from each. If the water supplies
are supplying the same system then LP Design cannot be used. Use
Velocity Design to size the pipes.

Note: If the multiple Water Supplies are unconnected in the design
then they must supply different system flows as set in
Management.
2.9.7.1 PRVS WITH MULTIPLE WATER SUPPLIES

If a PRV on the water supply is required, in a design containing multiple
water supplies, do the following:
Make the water supply the PRV – enter the water supply pressure equal
to the PRV pressure setting e.g., if the PRV is to be set at 70psi (50m),
enter the water supply pressure as 70psi (50m). Never put PRVs in
loops. Manually check the PRV is able to regulate at that set pressure
and at that flow.
2.9.8 EDITING PLOT TEMPLATES

New templates can be created or existing templates edited by going to
the Plot Template menu. Plot templates are placed on a design by going
to the Draw menu selecting Plot Layout and specifying the "Drawing
Template".
Company logos can be added if available in vector or image format.

When saving a plot template with an image do NOT embed the image.
For working examples on Plot Templates see the tutorial on Plot

Templates, Section 4.9.
2.9.8.1 OVERVIEW
Plot templates are borders with legends and title blocks that can be
placed around designs. Normally plot templates consist of the following:
 An active area that defines the printable area on the paper. It is

also used together with the entered scale to calculate the
required size of the plot layout.
 A pipe legend that shows the pipe sizes and wires used in a
particular design.
 A symbols legend showing the valves, outlets, electrical and
other miscellaneous hydraulic items used in a particular design.
 Information about the design and the company, e.g., site, scale,
date and designer.
 A border inside the paper limits.
 Lines to separate the legends and information.
 Several fills which are areas of a solid color. In plot templates
these fills are normally white and are placed in the legend areas
and outside the border. They are used to prevent parts of the
design from being plotted in these areas. This is particularly
useful when a small part of a large design is printed or plotted.
Plot templates are normally created for specific paper sizes to ensure
that the proportions of legends and title blocks, and text and symbol
sizes, are appropriate to the paper selected.
2.9.8.2 CREATING A NEW PLOT TEMPLATE

The important steps involved in creating a new plot template are:
 Change the background color. In order to see the white fills and
black lines, it is best to change the background color so it is
neither black nor white.
 Change the distance units to feet (meters). Determine the
maximum printable area on the paper and multiply by 1000 e.g.,
a printable area of 17 x 11" becomes 1416.67 x 916.67ft
(420mm x 297mm becomes 420 x 297m). B (A3) size paper with
an assumed margin perimeter around the paper of 0.3” (8mm)
then becomes 25ft (8m). If the lower left corner of the paper is
assumed have coordinates of 0, 0 then the printable area is from
25, 25 to 1391.67, 891.67 (8, 8 to 412, 289). To see a table of
paper sizes and their dimensions see Paper Sizes, Section
2.9.8.7.
 Start with a new design and draw a rectangle to represent the
paper size. Draw an inner rectangle to represent the maximum
printable area. Define the Active Area using Plot
Template|Active Area. Drawing a line between the bottom left
corner of the inner rectangle and the top right corner can do this.
It is a good idea to start and finish this line just beyond the
rectangle's extents.
 A white fill can be used between the two rectangles to ensure
that any part of design that is outside the border (inner
rectangle) is not printed. Fills may also be placed under the title
block and as part of the legends (see Fills, Section 2.9.8.4).
 Draw lines to create an area that will be used for the legends,
company name and design details. Place literal text as required
using Draw|Text. Add a company logo or other symbols using
Draw|Symbol (see Placing Symbols on the Plan, Section 2.7.1)
or File|Import Image. To automatically place information about
the job and the company see Using Keywords, Section 2.9.8.6).
 Create the legends (see Creating Legends, Section 2.9.8.3).
 Select all the objects making up the template using
Modify|Select|Window and save it using Plot Template|Save
Template. The template is saved with the given name in the
folder specified in Settings|Drawing Items - “Plot Layout Path”.
2.9.8.3 CREATING LEGENDS

Legends are an area on the plan that lists the hydraulic and electrical
items used in a specific design. IRRICAD will automatically place this list
of pipes and valves on the plan if the plot template being used has a
formatted legend.
There are three legend options:

 Pipes
 Symbols
 Combined (Pipes and Symbols)
Each legend is made up of the following items:

 A filled rectangle defining the space that the legend will take up
on the plan.
 For pipes and wires, a placeholder line is needed to tell
IRRICAD where the first pipe in the list should be, how long it
should be and the line width.
 For valves and outlets, a placeholder symbol is needed to tell
IRRICAD where the first valve in the list should be.
 For combined legends both a placeholder line and placeholder
symbol are required. These should normally be placed one on
top of the other (the start of the line should be in the center of
the placeholder symbol).
 In all legends, placeholder text is needed to tell IRRICAD where
to write the descriptions for the pipes and valves.
The placeholders can be any line, symbol or text string since they do not
actually form part of the generated plot layout; they are merely used for
positioning information and drawing properties. However, the default
symbol called PlaceHolder is found in the \IRRICAD\symbols\database
folder and the default text is #TEXT#.

Place the items making up the legend where appropriate. Make sure the
placeholder line is the length and width required for the pipes, the
placeholder symbol is the size required for the valve and outlet symbols
and the text is the color, font and size required for the descriptions. (The
colors of the placeholder line and symbol do not matter as they are
replaced by the pipes and valve symbols whose colors come from the
database). The fill rectangle will normally be white so that it does not
appear on the printed page.
Select everything making up the legend using Modify|Select|Window so

that everything in the legend is selected. Select Plot Template|Make
Legend to create a legend object. The dialog box that appears when
Make Legend is selected has three fields. The definitions of these fields
are:
Type
Pipe: lists the pipes, wires and spraylines used in the
design.
Symbol: lists the outlets, valves, pumps, Misc. Hydraulic
objects and electrical objects used in the
design.
Combined: combines both pipe and symbol legends
Order
The “Order” relates to how the legends are filled. If three pipe legend
areas are being placed, designate the order in which these areas are
filled. The pipe legend area with the lowest number e.g., 1 will be filled
first. When this area is full, the area with the next lowest number e.g., 2
will be filled next. Only if an area is filled completely will items be placed
in the extra areas designated for that type of legend. If a legend of the
same type already exists, enter a higher number.
Between Line Spacing

The space between items in the legend as a percentage of the text
height.
2.9.8.4 FILLS
Fills are areas of a solid color (see Fill, Section 5.6.10).
In plot templates, fills are normally white and are placed in the legend
areas and outside the paper border line. They are used to prevent parts
of the design from being plotted in these areas. This is particularly useful
when a small part of a large design is printed or plotted.
For notes on fills relating to legends see Creating Legends, Section

2.9.8.3.
To complete the plot template it is necessary to place a fill over the title
block section of the template so parts of the design will not be plotted in
the area containing the company name, scale, etc.
Set the current color to white in Settings|Drawing Items. Select

Draw|Fill|Boundary and draw the fill boundaries for the legend fills and
the title block. As each boundary is closed it will be filled. Select
Draw|Fill|Seed and click in the area between the outer rectangle
representing the paper size and the inner rectangle representing the
maximum printable area to create the fill outside the paper border. Once
all fills have been created, reset the current color to black (or the
previous current color).
2.9.8.5 MOVING FILLS TO BACK

When a fill is placed in a template it will often obscure text and lines that
it is useful to see. The fill can be moved behind these objects so they
can be seen. The command to do this is located in Plot Template|Move
Fills to Back. It is important to use the Select Window command when
selecting the fill to move back. Select Window will ensure that the
objects obscured by the fill are also selected. The Move Fills to Back
command needs to know what objects to move the fill behind.
Note: that the Modify|Z-Order tools can also be used to move the fills.
2.9.8.6 USING KEYWORDS

Keywords are used to automatically place information on a print or plot.
Often, the information changes from design to design and keywords
eliminate the necessity of manually entering this information into each
design. An example is date. If the Key Word #CDAT# is placed
somewhere in the plot template, IRRICAD will replace #CDAT# with the
actual current date when the template is drawn on the design using
Draw|Plot Layout. When placed within a plot template, keywords must
have the # sign placed at either end of the word. Keywords are placed
using Draw|Text. The available keywords include:

Table 2-3 - Plot Template Keywords
Key Word Information Source of Information

#CONA# Company Name Settings|Company –
“Formal Name”
#NUMB# Design Name Design File Name
#SCLE# Plan Scale (Number only) Plot Layout or Print
Dialog boxes
#DATE# Design Date Settings|Design Details
#CDAT# Current Date Today's date (computer)
#DESR# Designer Settings|Miscellaneous
#TITL# Design Title Settings|Design Details -
“Site”
#CLNA# Client Name Settings|Client
#NOTE# Design Notes Settings|Design Details -
“Notes”
See Section 6.10.2 for a complete list of the Plot Template Keywords
available.
2.9.8.7 PAPER SIZES

The following table gives dimensions in inches (US) or mm (metric) for
the standard paper sizes. Most printers and plotters cannot print or plot
to the edge of the paper. For information on printable areas and
necessary margins in plot templates, please refer to the printer or plotter
manual (or driver information).
Paper Size X Dimension Y Dimension

E 44in 34in
D 34in 22in
C 22in 17in
B 17in 11in
A 11in 8.5in
A0 1189mm 841mm
A1 841mm 594mm
A2 594mm 420mm
A3 420mm 297mm
A4 297mm 210mm

2.9.8.8 HOW TO EDIT A PLOT TEMPLATE
This is a brief overview of how to edit an existing template.
1. Change the background color. In order to see the white fills and
neither black nor white.
2. Start with a new design.
3. Select Plot Template|Edit Template. Select a plot template from
those available. These plot templates have either come with the
program or been converted from IRRICAD Version 6
(File|Convert|Plot Layouts). Select the plot template to change
and click [Open].
Adding New Items

To add a logo to the template use Draw|Symbol or File|Import Image
and load the symbol or image required. Place this on the layout where
needed. (See Symbol, Section 5.6.12 or Import Image, Section 5.3.7).
Keywords can be added by placing the keyword as text where required.

For a list of keywords see Using Keywords, Section 2.9.8.6.
Literal text can be added using Draw|Text and placing the text where
required. Lines, rectangles etc. can be added using the appropriate tools
from the Draw menu.
Making Changes to Existing Items

Use the Change tool to change objects individually or Change Type to
change groups of objects e.g., to change the font of all text in the title
block (excluding legends) set the selection filter to text (Modify|Selection
Filter and select Text for the “Type” and check the “Filter” check box).
Select the text using Modify|Select|All. Select Modify|Change Type and
click on one item of text. Select a new font in the text dialog and click
[OK].
The Change Type checklist will now appear:
1. Uncheck Text in the “Match” column. Do not match the text if all
text is to change not just the text phrase which was selected.
2. Keep both the “Match” and “Change” columns for the Font
checked. This means that all text (which has been selected)
which is the same font as the text selected will be changed to
the new font that has been selected.

3. Click the [OK] button.
4. Select Modify|Clear Selection.
5. Turn off the selection filter (Modify|Selection Filter and uncheck
the “Filter” check box)
Note the use of the selection filter to select text on top of a fill. This
method can be used to select any type of object on top of a fill e.g.,
symbols, lines.
Note: The text in a legend will not change. Explode the legend area to
change this text. Remember to re-make the legend with all is
components (line and / or symbol, text and fill) before saving the
plot template.
Any object obscured by fills can also be made visible by moving the fills
to the back (see Moving Fills to Back, Section 2.9.8.5).
Editing Legends
Before a legend can be edited it must be exploded into its constituent
parts. Select Modify|Select Object and click on the legend to be
changed. Select Modify|Explode. Now the fill, placeholder text, line or
symbol can be changed as required (see Making Changes to the Design
or Drawing, Section 2.4.4).
When all the necessary changes have been made the legend must be
recreated. Use Modify|Select|Window and drag a window around the
legend items. Select Plot Template|Make Legend to recreate the legend
object.
Saving the Changed Template

When all the necessary changes have been made, select all the objects
making up the template and select Plot Template|Save Template.
The plot template may be saved with the same name as the original in
which case it will overwrite the original or with a new name which will
create a new template. The template is saved in the folder specified in
Settings|Drawing Items - “Plot Layout Path”.

2.9.9 ADVANCED LABELING
2.9.9.1 USER ATTRIBUTES AND USER KEYWORD
A ‘User Attributes’ text field is available in control valve, water supply,
pump, block entities, autohead, outlet, pipe, sprayline, tape and
miscellaneous hydraulic item dialogs. It allows you to attach any
information to these items and subsequently use it in labels and reports.
Figure 2-74 – User Attributes button
The label keyword USER displays the following:
#USER# Displays the entire contents of the user attribute

string.
#USERn# Displays line n from the user attribute string (n is an
integer).
#USER<TAG># Displays tagged information from the user attribute
string. Data should be tagged with XML style tags
e.g., <MYTAG>My data goes here</MYTAG>. TAG
may be any string that excludes the characters <,>,
and #.

Figure 2-75 – User Attributes
In Figure 2-75 three lines of information have been written. For all three
lines to be included, the key word #USER# needs to be added to Labels
[Text]. If only the 2nd line is required in the label, use the key word
#USER2# in Labels [Text] (and subsequent lines if required). If only
specific text from a line is required in the label then the #USER<TAG>#
is used. For example if only ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ is required from line 1,
use <CROP>Sauvignon Blanc<CROP> in place of ‘Sauvignon Blanc’
where CROP is simply a tag used in this case and can be any word in
uppercase (capitals).
Figure 2-76 shows the #USER<TAG>#, #USER2# and #USER3#

keywords in Labels [Text] thereby specific text and lines 2 and 3 in the
User Attributes will be included in the label as shown in Figure 2-77.

Figure 2-76 – Label using User Attributes
Figure 2-77 – Label on Plan

Note: The report keyword ‘UserData’ can be used to output this field in
Reports. Note that in the Reports this field will contain the
complete user attribute string. However the logic and functions
available in the report template editor can subsequently be used
to extract any data required for display in a report. Contact your
local support consultant for more information.
2.9.9.2 CREATING ALTERNATIVE LABELS FROM EXISTING KEYWORDS

It is now possible to perform basic arithmetic operations using existing
keywords to create alternative labels.The format is as follows:
#<keyword><operator>[<number>]#
Where:
 <keyword> is an existing keyword

 <operator> depicts addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*),
division (/), power (^), modulus (| subtraction giving absolute
result) or modulo (% remainder after division).
 <number> may be a constant number or another keyword.
For example, to automatically increase the length by 10m/ft:-
 The keyword is LENGTH

 The operator is +
 The number is 10
Therefore the new keyword is #LENGTH+[10]#
Note that the decimal points are specified in the normal way, for
example:
#LENGTH;0.001+[10]#
2.9.10 ECONOMIC REPORTING

The overall long term cost of a design to a client is more than just the
initial capital cost of the equipment. One of the major sources of
associated on-going cost is the power required to operate the system,
referred to as running costs. Bill of Material reports provide information
on these additional costs, where the annualized capital cost, annual
running cost and total annual cost for the specified term is section
displayed. This information is very useful to compare the total cost of
different system options and provide the most economical solution for
the client.
The total costs and parameters used for each design can be viewed in
the B.O.M with Costs, Zone/Mainline BOM, and Zone Summary/Mainline
BOM reports. Note that reported costs are effected by any selection set
and “Design Only” scope implementation (capital costs only) being used.
Figure 2-78
The parameters used to calculate the annual running costs are the
“Default pump efficiency (%)”, “Power Cost/kWh”, and “Operating hours /
yr” located in Design|Design Parameters|Economic Parameters. The
parameters used to calculate the annualized capital costs are the
“Default interest rate (%)”,and “Economic term (years)”, also located in
the Economic Parameters. Note that the operating hours and economic
term will be used even when “Trade capital costs vs running cost” is not
enabled.

Figure 2-79
An important factor in this calculation is the “Operating Hours / yr”

parameter which is used, along with the relative contribution of each
system flow, to calculate the annual run time for each system duty.
Each system duty’s running cost is then added to report the total annual
running costs of the entire system.
For example, if there are four system flows and three system flows
operate for one hour each and the fourth system flow operates for three
hours then if 2000 hours per year specified the first three system flows
will run for 333.33 hours and the fourth for 1000 hours per annum. The
annual run time for each system flow is then used to calculate running
costs for water supplies and pumps that pertain to it.
For multiple unconnected systems in a single design the “Operating

Hours / yr” should reflect the combined number of hours each mainline
is operating per annum. If the systems have different annual operating
hours it is important to alter the system flow run times so the relative run
time is in proportion to the annual run time of each system. For
example, if one system runs for 1000 hours per annum and the other
system for 1500 hours per annum the total operating hours should be
set to 2500. Set the run times for the system flows in the first system to
1 hour each and set the run times for the system flows in the second
system to 1.5 hours each.
Only the default BiIl of Materials with costs reports show the additional
economic reporting as these reports include any rounding or extra %
allowance as specified in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table. Customized
Costing/BOM reports can have the economic reporting included if
required, email the report template to [email protected] for
updating.
2.9.10.1 CALCULATE RUNNING COSTS
Figure 2-80
As part of the Economic reporting feature the water supply dialog

contains a check box to control whether the cost of producing the duty
for this supply is included in the calculations. When there is no running
cost directly associated with a supply (for example when a pump is
included downstream, as part of a water supply scheme, or a gravity
system) then the field should normally be unchecked. For water
supplies where the automatic calculation of pressure has been specified
this option would usually be enabled.
Tip: To include a pump in the capital costs without placing a pump in

the hydraulic design add a pump (or item of similar value) via
Design|Miscellaneous Costs.

2.10 TROUBLE SHOOTING PROBLEMS
2.10.1 DESIGN RECOVERY OPTIONS

2.10.1.1 SEND A PROBLEM DESIGN
Having a problem with a design? Use Help|Send Problem Report, click
[Yes] to include your design and your design will be sent to the IRRICAD
developers with a log of the tasks you have been performing.
2.10.1.2 RECOVERY OPTIONS

Should a crash occur (IRRICAD closes down unexpectedly) an error
report is prepared and this is easily emailed to IRRICAD developers
along with information about tasks you were performing at the time of
the crash.
1. The first time an error crash report appears enter your email
address.
Figure 5-81

2. Each time a crash report appears select [Yes] to attach a copy
of the design and enter information about what tasks you were
performing when the crash happened. Then click [Send Report].
3. A message will pop up regarding running your email program in
order to send the report. Click [OK].
Figure 5-82
4. A message will appear similar to below
Figure 5-83
Click [Allow] to the complete the process and send the crash
report to IRRICAD Software.
Note: You can see the information IRRICAD is sending by clicking the
“What does this report contain” link in Step 1 above. The email
includes an ErrorLog.txt, a Session.log, a crashdump.dmp, and
a crashrpt.xml file.
Upon re-starting IRRICAD a message similar to the one below will

appear. Click [Yes] to reload the design prior to the crash, or [No] to
delete the recovery file.
Figure 5-84
2.10.1.3 HOW TO RECOVER A BACK-UP DESIGN

In some cases a crash recovery design may not be created, or if a
design has somehow been lost or corrupted, a back-up file can be
loaded. The AutoSave settings are located in Settings|Miscelleanous.
When enabled IRRICAD will save a backup of the design based on the
autosave time delay.
To recover an AutoSave file select File|Open and browse for the Backup
folder normally located in C:\Program Files (x86)\AEI
Software\IRRICAD. Load the required backup design, denoted by the
design name appended by ~~Backup.dez). Use File|Save As to save
the file back in to the Designs folder; to retain the original file save under
a new name.
Notes:
The default autosave time is 15 minutes. If you have opened the
corrupted design close it before IRRICAD autosaves and
overwrites the potentially good backup file.
When the autosave file is open IRRICAD cannot autosave. Save

the file with a different filename to the Designs folder as soon as
possible.

The autosave files are removed after a designated time. The
default is 7 days.
If the program has crashed (shut down unexpectedly) in most

cases a copy of the design will have been saved as
~~CrashRecovery.dez. When IRRICAD is restarted the option to
load the recovery file will appear.
2.10.2 FITTINGS SELECTION ERRORS

Fitting Selection errors are recorded in the Costing/BOM Reports after
running the Design|Computer Selection of Fittings option.
2.10.2.1 GENERAL FITTINGS SELECTION ERRORS

Where fitting selection errors have occurred during fitting selection a list
of the errors is given in the Costing/BOM Reports. Note that no screen
messages are given.
These fitting selection errors include the following information:
 The type of junction it relates to, e.g., a coupler, bend, three or

four pipe junction.
 The x and y coordinate of the junction where the fitting selection
error occurred.
 Details of the fitting selection error, connection types, sizes and
angles required. Note that the fitting connection type is the code
for the pipe or fitting that is to be connected to, not the code for
the required fitting.
The details reported for the various different components are:
Couplers: Major fitting type, diameter, minor fitting type,

diameter.
Bends: Major fitting type, diameter, minor fitting type,
diameter, bend angle.
Tees: Major axis fitting type, diameter, minor axis
fitting type, .00, diameter.
4-pipe junction: No information is given due to the possible
complexity and variations involved in a cross
type junction. If difficulties are encountered with
this type of junction, they can usually be

resolved by creating two tee junctions a small
distance apart.
The most common fitting selection errors are:
 Problem completing end cap selection.

 Problem selecting suitable bends.
 Problem completing coupler selection.
 Fittings for 4 pipe junction incomplete.
 Could not find Tee for 4 pipe junction.
 Two point objects connected, unable to solve junction.
 Not all fittings loaded into memory. Costing may be slowed.
 Too many fittings to display in menu.
 Potentially more than the maximum allowable number of fittings
could be chosen.
 Unable to find required item in database.
 Fitting type for item does not exist.
 More than the maximum allowable number of items are required
to connect objects at this junction.
Most error messages relating to Computer Selection of Fittings will be

related to the database. Errors occur because hydraulic items have
been changed in the database and cannot be found or the required
items to solve a junction do not exist or are not enabled for use. See the
Database and Fittings Selection Tutorial to aid in helping to solve fitting
errors relating to missing items (Section 4.5).
Once the database has been updated with all possible tees, bends,
couplers and crosses with the correct inlet and outlet diameters for
solving the junctions, error messages become a rare occurrence.
Some common error messages relate to the capacity of the program,

physical limitations or the available memory of the computer. Physical
limitations occur when IRRICAD recognizes that there are more than
four items at a junction, or that there is not an appropriate selection of
fittings for the type of components being used in the design.
By understanding the rules by which the program chooses fittings, you

can make it select the fittings required. For example, when selecting
fittings for the junction of three pipes the computer will first search the
Lateral Take Offs component group of the database for the cheapest
single item (assemblies are counted as a single item) which will fit. If it
can not find anything to fit between the two pipes being connected, it will
then search for the cheapest set from the Lateral Take Offs and Coupler
groups. Then the Tee group is searched, the same rules applying. If
there is a preferred assembly, enter it in the Lateral Take Offs group.
Disable (type N in the usage box) any Lateral Take Offs that have the
right fitting size at both ends, and may be chosen before the preferred
item is chosen.
A temporary way of fixing fittings errors is to select a junction and use

the Modify|Change (or Modify|Change Type) tool to edit the fittings. Click
on the [Show Fittings] button in the dialog. Note that any changes made
are lost if Computer Selection of Fittings is re-run.
2.10.2.2 FITTINGS FOR VALVE-UNDER-HEAD SYSTEMS

Care must be taken in special cases where a separate control valve and
an outlet are positioned together to form a valve-under-head system.
When the fitting selection routines encounter a control valve, they

assume the valve is part of a normal zone configuration and select the
fittings accordingly. For a valve-under-head system this results in the
correct selection as long as the outlet is placed within a straight section
of pipe. For outlets at the end of a pipe or located at a change of
direction the appropriate bend to place the valve and outlet in the
vertical position will not be selected.
Two solutions are possible. The first is to create an assembly using the
appropriate control valve plus the necessary bend and fittings. This
assembly is then selected for use at the appropriate place in the design.
Alternatively the required additional fittings can be added after fitting
selection by using the Modify|Change or Modify|Change Type tools.
See also:
Fitting Selection Details Section 6.8

Pipe Fitting Matching Table Section 5.13.17
Manually Adjusting Fittings Section 2.6.8.1
Creating Assemblies Section 3.7.3.2
2.10.3 LP DESIGN ERRORS

The main problems experienced with LP Design are the error messages
similar to 'Fixed pipe sizes too small' or 'Fixed pipe sizes too big'.

To avoid these problems, look for the following:
 Make sure that the elevation data is correct and that there are
adequate contours or spot heights in and around the design.
 Fixed pipe sizes – revert to Computer Selected pipe until an
answer is achieved.
 Leave the number of submain pipes as zero in Design|Zone
Design Configuration so as not to limit the number of pipes that
IRRICAD can choose for the system.
 Leave the valve pressure as zero so as not to limit LP Design by
a valve pressure to work to (or the Water Supply pressure as
zero if sizing Mainline pipe).
 Make sure that all possible pipes (lateral, zone and mainline) are
enabled in the database editor and that all information entered
for these pipes is correct.
 If LP Design is having trouble, then adjust the maximum
allowable velocity to 30ft/s (10m/s) and try again. This means
that the velocity will not be a limitation as LP Design tries to find
a pipe size. This does not necessarily mean that the resulting
velocity in the pipes will be excessively high in the system.
 Allow 2 or 3 lateral sizes to be used in Design|Zone Design
Configuration
 Increase the tolerances on the outlets.
 Add a very small pipe e.g., 0.2” (5mm) and a very large pipe
e.g., 3ft (1m) to the database so IRRICAD will find a solution
and the position of the problem can be seen. Make changes to
the design manually.
2.10.3.1 COMMON ERROR MESSAGES RELATING TO LP

 Maximum number of iterations for LP exceeded.
 LP sizing failed - unbounded objective function.
 LP sizing failed because of the constraints given.
 Constraint counts do not match in input data to LP solver.
 Negative values appear in LHS of array passed to LP solver.
 Only use LP with single water supplies and branched systems.
 The design is too big to use LP pipe sizing.
 Large enough pipe not enabled - LP may not achieve solution.
 User selected pipe diameter too small - headloss too high.
 Use selected pipe diameter too large - headloss too low.
 No pipe sizes have been enabled for:
 Solution not found - fixed pipe sizes too big in path:-

 Solution not found - fixed pipe sizes too small in path:-
The error messages are to give some idea why LP failed. While some
messages are self-explanatory, following the checklist above (LP Design
Errors, Section 2.10.3) will solve most.
Others, however, are a little more complicated and may stem from
memory limitations, program limitations or some form of corruption to the
Linear Program solver. An error message may also occur if, for a
particular design configuration, the Linear Program solver is not
converging towards a solution. In this case, Velocity Design should be
used, or the design layout changed in some way.
2.10.4 DETAILED ANALYSIS ERRORS

Before running detailed analysis on zones (Design|Zone Design|Detailed
Analysis) the valve pressures need to be set in Design|Zone Design
Configuration. When running Design|Mainline Design|Detailed Analysis,
pressures must be set for each water supply.
Detailed Analysis can fail if it is diverging rather than converging (getting

further from than answer, rather than closer to it). To avoid this
happening, there are several things that can be changed in
Design|Design Parameters|Analysis Parameters:
Flow Close Factor: This determines the accuracy of the required

answer. Setting this to a larger value may help
Detailed Analysis to converge.
Maximum Iterations: Some systems may require more iterations to
reach a solution. Increase this number.
Convergence Ratio, Detailed Analysis Factor: The larger the number
(closer to 1) the slower the process. Increasing
this number may help with convergence
problems.
Make a better guess at the nominal pressure for the sprinklers as this
may give Detailed Analysis a better starting point.

2.10.5 DATABASE ISSUES
2.10.5.1 OPENING DATABASES IN MICROSOFT ACCESS
It is very dangerous to play around with an IRRICAD database in
Microsoft Access.
The main problem with users in this respect is if they create a ‘Replica’
of the database. A replica cannot have new items added and IRRICAD
does not like the database in this form either. Once a replica is created
and the master (original) is moved or deleted there is no going back.
Start again with a normal database. If a lot of product has been edited
and added to the database, this can be an exceedingly frustrating loss of
work.
2.10.5.2 UPDATING PRICING / DATABASE REPORTS

Across the board price increases from particular supplies can be
updated in one go in the Database Editor by using the Query options.
1. Open the database editor and the database to update.

2. Go to Query tab.
3. From the drop-down box select Update Wholesale and Retail
Prices of SUP1 Pipes, increasing by 6%.
4. Once the query has been selected, the formula will be displayed
in the lower field. See Figure 2-85.
Figure 2-85

5. If required, change the details to suit. E.g.: 1.06 = a 6% increase
so change according to the percentage increase required; SUP1
can be changed to the required supplier code; the Database
number for Pipes is 1 which can be changed to any required
component group.
6. Once you are ready to run the query, select Query|Execute
Query.
7. If you wish to save the edited query for use another time, in the
“Query name” field (at the top of the screen) enter a new name
and then select Query|Save Query.
2.10.5.3 READ ONLY FILES

IRRICAD cannot open a design if the working database is read only, the
internal database is read only, the .des or .vcd files are read only or if
any of the temporary files in the computer’s Temp folder are read only.
The main reason that this problem arises is when a design is being
accessed on the CD or when the files have been copied to the hard
drive from a CD. CDs are read-only by definition so when files are
copied off a CD the properties must be changed so that the file(s) are
not read only. Highlight the file or files in Windows Explorer or My
Computer. Right-click and select Properties. Uncheck the “Read Only”
check box.
2.10.5.4 SKELETON.MDB
The Skeleton.mdb is required when running IRRICAD or starting a new
design. If it is not in the IRRICAD folder or is Read Only, IRRICAD will
not be able to run. Make sure the file is present, or if it is not, either re-
install IRRICAD or email AEI Software for a new one.
2.10.5.5 MERGING DATABASES

Select File|Merge in the Database editor. In the first field select the
database which is not the working database. This database stays the
same. In the second field select the working database. This database is
updated with the new product from the database in the first field.
IRRICAD generates a text file to tell to list the items not added to the
working database. Items will not be added if they have the same name
and same warehouse code as an existing item.

2.10.5.6 GETTING DESIGNS FROM SOMEONE
If a design is sent to a user the minimum files required are the .DES,
.VCD and .MDB for that design name. If the working database is very
different from the database the design was created with, the appropriate
the working database will also be needed if continuing analysis or
design on the system.
A problem may arise if the design was created using IRRICAD.mdb on

another machine. The databases could be quite different but with the
same name. Upon opening the design IRRICAD will find the local
IRRICAD.mdb (if it is in the same place as the one used to create the
design). If aware of this and the IRRICAD.mdb which belongs to the
design has been sent and it is saved elsewhere, select
Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific and browse for the required
database. Save the design and re-open it. It will remember which
database it is to use.
To avoid confusion it is a good idea to re-name this database before

setting it as the database to be used with the design.
2.10.5.7 CHANGING HYDRAULIC ITEM DRAWING PROPERTIES

In Settings|Irrigation Items there is a check box named “Update Entities
From Database”. If a symbol, colour or line type for a database item is
changed e.g., pipe, valve, outlet, etc., re-load the design (select
File|New, then File|Open) for these visual changes to take place.
However, if this check box is not checked, the existing items in the
design will not be updated with the changes. All new items placed,
however, will have the new colours, symbols or line type.
2.10.5.8 UPDATING INTERNAL DATABASE

When making a change to the working database while doing a design,
the internal database (where all the items in that design are stored)
needs to be updated also.
If the database editor is open when a design is loaded, it will

automatically update the internal database.

The design keeps a time / date stamp of the working database so if the
time / date stamp on the working database is now newer than the one
the design remembers, the internal database will be updated.
If the design (and hence the internal database) is open at the time, the
internal database will be updated during Design.
2.10.6 MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Management is the process of assigning run times to zones, assigning
zones to system flows or assigning run times to water supplies.
2.10.6.1 WHAT CAN I DO IF MANAGEMENT HAS BECOME

CONFUSED?
If multiple changes are made to the water supplies, valves or mainline
outlets (changing zone names, water supply names or deleting items) it
is possible that the internal management structure has become corrupt.
If running Management again (Assign Zones… or Other Management
Options) does not resolve the problem then the Management files must
be deleted and re-created. Select Design|Clear Management and re-
enter the required operation.
Run Management again before re-running Design and saving the file.
2.10.7 CONNECTIVITY PROBLEMS

If there are problems connecting pipes, outlets and other items consider
the following:
2.10.7.1 MAINLINE OR ZONE ITEMS

Check that zone items are trying to connect to zone items only, and
mainline items to mainline items only. The only exception is Control
Valves. Use Object Info (highlight the item using Tools|Object Info). The
layer will specify if the pipe is MAINLINE_PIPE or ZONE_PIPE, or the
object definition as SIMP MNLN MCNT (Mainline Misc. Hydraulic), SIMP
ZONE MCNT (Zone Misc. Hydraulic), SIMP MNLN OUTL (Mainline
Outlet) or SIMP ZONE OUTL (Zone Outlet). It is an easy mistake to

make if you are not aware of which menu the existing item was selected
from.
2.10.7.2 THE DEFAULT SNAP MODE

Check that the snap mode in Settings|Snap is set to “Connect”. If the
snap mode is “Place”, a hydraulic item will never connect to an exiting
hydraulic item. If the snap mode is “Snap to Grid” a hydraulic item will
not connect to an exiting hydraulic item unless Cut Pipe is used.
2.10.7.3 LIMIT OF FOUR ITEMS CONNECTING AT A JUNCTION

Check that there are not more than 4 items already connecting to the
item you are trying to connect to. Check this by using Modify|Select
Window to highlight the items and immediately surrounding area, then
Right-click|Object Info to view the highlighted items.
If the item is a junction:
SIMP ZONE JUNC

Object ID=5 Elevation=NONE Connections=1,6,4,8, Depth=0.00 m
This junction has four pipes connecting here. Each item has an Object
ID or UID. The four pipes connecting at this junction are 1, 6, 4 and 8.
If there are other items included in the Object Info dialog, they might be
a small length of pipe or something else. Reselect these items and press
the <Delete> key, this will delete everything within the select window
except for the junction connecting the existing pipes. Remember that an
item has to be completely with the select window to be highlighted and
deleted, and pipes cannot exist with their end junctions. If the item at this
point is not a junction but a valve or outlet, the item may need to deleted
to fix the problem and then re-insert the item.
Note: Connections can also be displayed in the “Info” panel of the

status bar (the third panel from the right), and/or highlighted
using the Select|Connected tool (<Ctrl>+<Shift>+C).

2.10.7.4 SNAP TOLERANCE
You may not be clicking close enough to the existing item for IRRICAD
to connect to it. Zoom in closer or further away. In Settings|Snap alter
the snap tolerance and the minimum and maximum tolerances. Do not
alter these unless required.

3 IRRICAD Database Editor
Manual
Databases have three primary functions:
1. To define the range of components and their sizes for use in a

design;
2. To provide technical information, allowing IRRICAD to calculate
pressure losses, outlet flows, radius of throw for sprinklers etc;
and
3. To provide unit prices that can be used to select components
when cost is a consideration or to produce bills of materials with
prices.
The databases are fundamental to the operation of IRRICAD. Every

care should be taken to ensure they are accurate and contain sufficient
information to complete designs.
It is recommended that only items used in most designs be in the

database. Although there are no limits on the number of items that can
be entered, including items that are not likely to be used clutters up the
database. This makes updating more difficult and slows IRRICAD
operation.
Users are advised to take advantage of the “Usage” facilities in the

database screens. These determine whether a particular item may be
employed in a design and, in the case of assemblies, whether or not
they are reported as a single item or as a list of components.
A good example of the application of “Usage” fields concerns Outlets.

Having a large number available will have two consequences. The
IRRICAD User Guide IRRICAD Database Editor Manual  245
design process will be slowed down when IRRICAD searches through
the different outlets. Also when selecting outlets for inclusion in a design,
it will take longer for the dialog to appear, and a large amount of
scrolling may be required to scroll down through a large number before
reaching the required outlet.
When databases are modified, a dated copy should be taken. The name
of the database used for a design is automatically saved with the design.
246  IRRICAD Database Editor Manual IRRICAD User Guide

3.1 USING THE DATABASE EDITOR
The editor allows the user to add and delete items create assemblies,
and change symbols, line types and colors.
If IRRICAD is installed in the default folder, the shortcut to the database

editor will be found in Start|All Programs|Irricad Pro|Irricad Databases.
Alternatively, if a shortcut has been placed on the desktop, double-click

on the icon and the database editor window will appear. It shows the
current default database. The default database can be changed in the
main IRRICAD program by selecting from the menu: Settings|Irrigation –
Design Specific.
In order to change the default, select the database of choice and save
the setting by clicking the [Save As Defaults] button. If the chosen
database is not saved as the default, the Database Editor will not open
with the desired database. However, the user can close the default
database and open one of their choice by selecting File|Open in the
database editor menu.
At the top of the screen is a series of tabs. These tabs are labeled
according to the component group associated with the tab. There are
eighteen component groups that make up the entire database. These
component groups hold all the technical and physical descriptions of the
items used for designing and analyzing the irrigation system.
Component groups consist of a complete list of all items and the

characteristics for each item entered in the database. The tabs will list all
the items in the group, the item descriptions, warehouse codes, supplier
code, and usage. The usage field enables or disables use of the item in
IRRICAD.
At the bottom of the description list there is a field indicating the line
number where the cursor is (a small arrow is placed in the margin of that
line, indicating the selected item). If line number 250 is required, and is
currently on line number 40, simply highlight the line number in this field
and type the required number. The cursor will automatically find the line
required. If a number greater than the number of items available in the
list is entered, the cursor will simply stop at the end of the list. Arrows on
either side of this field can be clicked to move up and down the screen
as required. It is possible to also move through the list by using the up /

down arrow keys and the scroll bar on the right hand edge of the main
list.
Underneath the item descriptions is a table labeled Assembly Items. If

an item in the list is an assembly, the components will be listed in this
table when the assembly is selected.
On the right-hand-side of the window the Curve Fitting Utility can be

seen. This extra window can be turned off if desired (click the “x” at the
top right-hand corner) and on again by selecting View|Curve Fit or by
<Ctrl> + <T>.

3.2 DATABASE STRUCTURE
The following component groups are available in the database editor:
Pipes: All descriptive, technical and price data for

the types and classes of pipe used in
IRRICAD.
Tapes: Contains all descriptive, technical and price
data for all driptapes used in IRRICAD.
Valves: All descriptive, technical and price data for
items used as zone control valves. These
may be automatic or manually operated.
Other Hydraulics: Is similar in structure to the Control Valve
component group and contains information
describing technical specification and price
for in-line valves and on-line items such as
air release valves. Can contain Pressure
Reducing Valves in this group.
Lateral take off: All descriptive, technical and price data for
connectors used to join laterals to submain
pipes or outlets to lateral pipes.
Couplers: Any fitting used to join pipes, components or
other fittings in a straight line.
Elbows / Bends: Used where any two pipes or components to
be joined are not in a straight line.
Tees: Used to join three pipes or components
regardless of the angles between the items.
Crosses: Any fitting which is used to join four pipes or
components together at a junction.
Pumps: All descriptive, technical and price data for
pumps. The performance of pumps is
automatically calculated from this data.
Outlets: Along with the associated nozzle component
group, this contains descriptive, technical
and price data for items used as outlets. The
performance of outlets is automatically
calculated from this data.
Outlet Items or assemblies of items used to connect
Connections: outlets to a pipeline. Swing joint assemblies
and riser pipes are common examples.
Wires: The descriptive, technical and price
information for electric cable. Any wire types
may be entered. There is no distinction
between wire used for electrical control or for
lighting and other applications.
Controllers: Descriptive and price information for any type
of controller.
Lights: Garden or landscape lighting in a design.
Other Electrics: Electrical components that do not fall into
one of the other electrical group categories.
Examples are transformers and circuit
breakers.
Miscellaneous: Items that do not belong in other component
groups, but may be required for other
purposes, such as components of
assemblies.
Nozzles: Along with the associated outlet component
group, this contains descriptive, technical
and price data for items used as outlets. The
performance of outlets is automatically
calculated from this data.

3.3 FILE MENU (DATABASE)
Figure 3-1
3.3.1 NEW
Select File|New to create a new database.
A message will appear to help outline the steps required – the steps are
listed below.
To create a new database:
1. Select File|New.
2. A message will appear instructing to add pipe types and supplier
codes. Click the [OK] button. The database will be saved into
the same fodler as the current default database with the name
NewDatabase001.mdb.
3. Close the new database and run IRRICAD. Select the newly
created database in Settings|Irrigation - DesignSpecific.
4. Select Design|Pipe Fitting Matching Table. Enter pipe types and
the necessary characteristics. (See Section 5.13.17)
5. Select Reports|Supplier Code Multipliers and enter supplier
codes and the necessary characteristics (see Section 5.14.16).
6. Exit IRRICAD.

7. Re-open the new database using File|Open and select the
database just created.
8. Enter the components. See Using the Database Editor, Section
3.1, Database Structure, Section 3.2, Database Details, Section
3.7 and Irrigation Components – Details of Individual Groups,
Section 3.8.
3.3.2 OPEN
Select File|Open to open a database of choice.
To open a database:
1. Select File|Open.
2. Browse for the required database.
3. Click the [Open] button.
Notes:
More than one database can be open at the same time. See the
Window menu for the list of open database and display options.
To set the Database Editor to automatically open the default, or

last used, database see Tools|Options - Application, Section
3.11.4.2.
3.3.3 CLOSE
To close the currently viewed database without saving any changes:
1. Select File|Close.
2. Select [Yes] to close all databases, saving changes or [No] to
close all databases without saving or [Cancel] to not close the
Database Editor.
3.3.4 SAVE COPY AS

To save a copy of the datybase under a different name:
1. Select File|Save Copy As.

2. Change the name of the database.
3. Click the [Save] button.

3.3.5 MERGE (DATABASES)
The File|Merge option allows one database to be added to another. The
merge function checks for matches before adding any items.
To merge a database:
1. Select File|Merge.
2. Select the database to have items added from - this database is
opened but will remain as it is (the ‘Source’ database).
3. Select the database to add items to - this database will have
items added (the ‘Destination’ database). If a copy of the original
database is required, make a copy in Windows Explorer or My
Computer before merging.
4. Click the [Merge] button.
A file is created (DBMergeReport.txt) in the \Irricad folder directory.
Check this file to see a report on the components that were merged.
3.3.6 RECENT FILE LIST

Recently used databases are listed under the File menu for ease of re-
opening. Simply click on the name of the database the user wishes to
reopen.
Note: The file name in the MRU list may be abbreviated, but the full
path and file name can be seen in the application status bar.
3.3.7 EXIT
To save the changes to the database select File|Exit. If the changes are
not required to be saved, click the [No] button to close the current
database without saving. If the changes are to be saved, click the [Yes]
button.
Note: If a component is deleted and this component is part of an

assembly, the component will also be deleted from the
assembly. A warning will appear asking for confirmation before
deleting this item.

3.3.8 X
This is located at the top right hand corner; it is the same as selecting
File|Exit.

3.4 EDIT MENU (DATABASE)
Figure 3-2
3.4.1 UNDO
Select Edit|Undo to undo the last action.
3.4.2 REDO
Select Edit|Redo to repeat the last action which was undone (see
above).
3.4.3 UNDO RECORD

If multiple fields have been changed in the same record, e.g.,
description, warehouse code and supplier, Undo Record will undo all
changes to that record.

3.4.4 CUT
To cut out part of a description, warehouse, supplier code, etc on to the
clipboard to be used at a later time.
3.4.5 COPY
To copy a description, warehouse, supplier code, etc on to the clipboard
to be used at a later time.
3.4.6 PASTE
To paste from the clipboard into the currently selected field.
3.4.7 COPY COMPONENT AND PASTE COMPONENT

Complete components can now be copied and pasted into the current
database or other databases. Multiple components can be copied and
pasted in one action.
To copy a component(s) to be pasted into another open database:
1. Select the component(s) to be copied by clicking on the grey

box the left of the component name. This will highlight the whole
line associated with the component.
2. Select Edit|Copy Component.
3. Open or select the required database from the Window menu.
4. Place the cursor where required for the new record(s), in the
required component group.
5. Select Edit|Paste Component.
Notes:
The Copy Component function differs from Copy in that it will
completely copy all the fields of a component, including
assembly items or nozzles.
The copied component, or groups of components, will be pasted

into the correct component group regardless of the current
group.

You can copy a component into the same database. This is
useful if you need to create an item, or set of items, very similar
to an existing one.
To maintain uniqueness between records, IRRICAD will

automatically add a ~ to the name of each copied item. The
combination of name and warehouse code will then be able to
be differentiated from other similar items in IRRICAD and the
Database Editor.
3.4.8 FIND
To search the database for particular words or phrases use the Find
tool. Find only looks in the current field (column) and tab.
1. Select the required component group to search.

2. Select Edit|Find and type in the required word or phrase.
3. Click the [Find Next] button until the required entry is found.
Note: “Match Case” and “Up” or “Down” options may be selected as

required.
Find Next: This action will move to the next record which
contains the keyword.
Cancel: [Cancel] will stop the search and close the Find
dialog.
Match Case: If checked, the only items which the search will
find will be those with the correct case e.g.,
ANGLE if typed in upper case in the “Find” field.
Direction: The direction of the search can be specified as
above the current cursor position (“Up”) or
below the current cursor position (“Down”).
3.4.9 REPLACE
To search and replace specific words or phrases with a new word or
phrase, use the Replace tool. Replace only looks in the current field
(column) and tab.
1. Select the required component group to search.

2. Select Edit|Replace and type in the required keyword to find and
the required word to replace.
3. Click the [Find Next] button until the required entry is found.

4. Click the required action button for the current record.
Replace: Clicking this button will replace the keyword or
phrase in the “Find what” field with the word or
phrase in the “Replace with” field for the current
record.
Replace All: Clicking this button will replace the keyword or
phrase in the “Find what” field with the word or
phrase in the “Replace with” field for all records
containg the keyword or phrase as per the “Find
what” field.
Cancel: [Cancel] will stop the search and close the
Replace dialog.
Match Case: If “Match Case” is checked, the only items
which the sercah will find will be those with the
correct case e.g., ANGLE if typed in upper case
in the “Find” field.
3.4.10 FIND NEXT

The Find Next option will continue the search as per the current Find
dialog settings.
3.4.11 FIND PREVIOUS

Find Previous will find the previous records found in the search one at a
time.

3.5 VIEW MENU (DATABASE)
Figure 3-3
3.5.1 CURVE FIT

The Curve Fit window is displayed on the right-hand-side of the screen
and can be turned of via View|Curve Fit. Curve Fit is provided to allow
the user to calculate the necessary constants, coefficients and
exponents for entering in the databases. These numbers are used by
IRRICAD to determine outlet flow and radius for any pressure, pressure
loss for valves and other hydraulic items at a given flow, and the
pressure / flow relationship for pumps.
The parameter values generated can be inserted into the required

component group, which is then used by IRRICAD to calculate the
hydraulic characteristics of the item. This information is rarely provided
by manufacturers in the required form, most of the data that is available
will be presented in graphical or tabular form.
In the case of miscellaneous hydraulic items or valves, where the

resulting pressure / flow curve does not pass through (0,0) (i.e., requires
a startup pressure), then an intercept is also calculated. (Select Valve
pressure loss from flow, with intercept or Miscellaneous pressure
loss from flow option).
Options are available for the following component groups:
Figure 3-4

Although default units for pressure and flow or pressure and radius are
shown in the table headings, these can be altered by the user to match
the particular data available.
The options are:
Pressure Meters
Feet
Kilopascals
Kilograms/centimeter2
Pounds/square inch
Atmospheres
Bars
Flow Litres/second
Litres/minute
Litres/hour
Cubic meters/hour
US gallons/minute
US gallons/hour
Imperial gallons/minute
Imperial gallons/hour
Radius Meters
Millimeters
Feet
Inches
Having selected the required units at least three pairs of values must be
entered to allow IRRICAD to fit the data to the appropriate equation.
For accuracy, select a range of values that represent the likely operating
range of the device. Do not use extreme values if the device will never
be required to operate at those values.
Negative data values cannot be used. Zero entries for pressure and flow
will be ignored. If either pressure or flow (or radius) is zero, the entry is
not valid (put in 0.01 or something instead of zero). Warning messages
will inform the user of these conditions.

Figure 3-5
Click [Fit Curve] after the required data has been entered. The
parameters required by IRRICAD will now be calculated and displayed
at the bottom of the dialog.
The value of r2, which is an indicator of the accuracy of fit of the

calculated equation to the data, is also displayed.
If the value of r2 is less than 90% for the outlet or radius power curve,
IRRICAD attempts to fit a horizontal straight line to the data. If the r2 for
the straight line is greater than 90%, then the straight line option is used
and the index is set to zero. If the r2 for the straight line is less than 90%,
then the type of curve used is that which gives the best fit. The straight
line option gives better results for outlets that are pressure
compensated.
If the final value of r2 is less than 90% for any of the options, a warning
will be displayed. Usually this is caused by errors in data entry, although
for some radius calculations irregular data will sometimes result in a
poor fit. If r2 is less than 90% Do Not use the results in IRRICAD unless
it is known why the fit is poor and it is understood the consequences of
using the results in the design.
To calculate the required constant, index and intercept or in the case of

pumps the H/Q Curve factors A, B & C:
1. If the Curve Fit is not showing on the right-hand side of the

database window, select View|Curve Fit.
2. Select the type of item to calculate the Constant, Index and
Intercept for from the drop down list. The equation for the type of
item will appear.
3. Select the correct units for the flow and pressure out of the drop
down lists to match the data being reading off a curve or table of
technical data.
4. Enter at least 3 sets of data from the table or curve of technical
data.
5. Click the [Fit Curve] button.
The constant, index and possible intercept calculated (or H/Q Curve
factors A, B & C for pumps) along with R2 (line or curve of best fit as
shown in the diagram) will be displayed in the left hand table labelled
“Calculated”.
6. Click the arrow button to copy the calculated vales into the
relevant fields on the current record.
3.5.2 STATUS BAR

The status bar is located at the bottom of the drawing screen. It can be
switched on or off by checking or unchecking the View|Status Bar
option.
The status bar can allow you to resize the window to a required size
when not full screen size.
To hide the status bar, select View|Status Bar and click to uncheck the
option.
To show the status bar if it is off, select View|Status Bar and click to
check the option.

3.6 COMPONENT MENU
These commands are common to all component groups.
Figure 3-6
3.6.1 ADD ITEM

This option allows a new item to be added to the component group.
Initially the new item will be added at the end of the list, but after the list
has been refreshed, it will appear in order, along with the other
components.
1. Select Component|Add Item. A details dialog will appear in

which data is entered. The dialog may be different from one
component group to another.
2. Select a "Usage" code. This is a Y for yes, to be able to use the
item in a design. For Pipes and Assemblies the “Usage” codes
are:
 L, Z, F or M or any combination for pipes
 X and A have been added to the Assembly usage for the
type of listing in the reports
3. Enter a name / description for the item.
4. Enter a warehouse code – this can be up to 12 characters.
5. Select a supplier cost code from the dropdown list.
6. Select a plotting line type from the drop down list or enter the
symbol size required (see Database Codes, Symbols Line
Types, Section 3.7.2 for more information).
7. Click on the plotting color field to change the plotting color of the
item from the default plotting color (black) if desired.
8. When all fields are filled in to the satisfaction, click the [Save]
button. If the item is not to be inserted, click the [Cancel] button.
9. To save the changes to the database click the [Save Changes]
button on the main screen. If the changes are not to be saved,
click the [Cancel] button to exit the current database.
3.6.2 EDIT ITEM

Allows viewing and, if necessary, editing of the characteristics of an
existing item.
1. Highlight the item to edit and select Component|Edit Item. Edit

as necessary.
2. See Component|Add Item description for instructions.
3.6.3 DELETE ITEM

Allows the deletion of any existing item. If the item is part of an
assembly, warning messages will be given before the item is deleted
from the database.
1. Highlight the item to delete.

2. Select Component|Delete Item.
3. A warning message will appear, asking for confirmation that this
item is to be permanently deleted from the database.
4. Click the [Yes] button to proceed, or the [No] button to delete the
item. If [Yes] is clicked, this command cannot be undone.
3.6.4 NEW ASSEMBLY

Used when creating a new assembly.
1. Select the item to create an assembly with, e.g., Gate Valve

50mm and select Component||New Assembly.
2. Edit the details in the dialog, particularly the name and
warehouse code, e.g., Gate Valve 50mm Assembly. Select a
“Usage” code (Y, X, A).
3. Click the [Continue] button, or, if not proceeding with creating an
assembly, click the [Cancel] button.
4. Select the component the assembly is based on, e.g., Gate
Valve 50mm. Remember that when beginning to create an
assembly, the item initially selected to begin the assembly is not
automatically selected as part of the assembly, but is the item
the details are copied from. Select this item if required either by

clicking the grey box to the left of the item name or by double-
clicking on the item name.
5. Enter the number of the item in the assembly, e.g., for 1 Gate
Valve 50mm in this assembly, type 1 in the highlighted field in
the pop-up dialog.
6. Select the component group tab required, and select the item to
add to the assembly either by clicking the grey box to the left of
the item name or by double-clicking on the item name.
7. Enter the number of the item in the assembly, e.g., for 3 x 10mm
joiners in this assembly, type 3 in the highlighted field in the pop-
up dialog.
8. Repeat steps 7 to 9 as needed, until all items have been
selected for the assembly.
9. Select Component|Finish Assembly.
The screen will return to the database in which the assembly was
created. When an assembly is highlighted, the assembly items will be
listed in the table at the bottom of the screen.
3.6.5 EDIT ASSEMBLY

When in edit mode, double clicking on an item in the assembly grid will
allow editing of the number of items.
This tool is to be actioned before adding items to or removing items from

an existing assembly.
To edit an assembly:
1. Select the assembly in the component group by clicking on the

name.
2. Select Component|Edit Assembly.
3. Now select Component|Add to Assembly or
Component|Remove from Assembly.
3.6.6 ADD TO ASSEMBLY

For adding items to an existing assembly:

2. Select Component|Add to Assembly.
3. Select the component group tab required, and highlight the item
to add to the assembly.

4. Select this item if required either by clicking the grey box to the
left of the item name or by double-clicking on the item name.
5. Enter the number of the item in the assembly, e.g., for 3 x 10mm
joiners in this assembly, type 3 in the highlighted field in the pop-
up dialog.
6. Repeat steps 4 to 6 as needed, until all items have been
selected for the assembly.
The screen will return to the component group in which the assembly
belongs. When an assembly is highlighted, the assembly items will be
listed in the table at the bottom of the screen.
Tip: When selecting items, click on the left-hand margin, to

automatically pop up the dialog box for the number of items.
3.6.7 REMOVE FROM ASSEMBLY

Used to remove the selected item from an existing assembly.

2. Click on the item to be removed from the assembly.
3. Select Component|Remove from Assembly.
3.6.8 FINISH ASSEMBLY

Select Component|Finish Assembly to finish creating, adding to or
removing items from an assembly.
3.6.9 EDIT NOZZLES

This tool is to be actioned before adding nozzles to or removing nozzles
from an existing outlet.
To edit an outlet:
1. Select the outlet in the outlet component group by clicking on

the name.
2. Select Component|Edit Nozzles.
3. Now select Component|Add Nozzles or Component|Remove
Nozzles.

4. To finish adding or removing nozzles, select Component|Edit
Nozzles.
3.6.10 ADD NOZZLES

Used to add existing nozzles to an outlet. After invoking this tool, the
view is taken to the nozzles component group.
After adding a new outlet to the database, select the Component|Edit

Nozzles and then Component|Add Nozzles to select existing nozzles for
the new outlet. This will open the nozzle tab. Note that new nozzles
must be added to the nozzle component group prior to adding nozzles to
an outlet (see Nozzles, Section 3.8.12).
1. Click on the required Outlet.

3. Now select Component|Add Nozzles and select the required
nozzles for this outlet either by clicking the grey box to the left of
4. To finish adding nozzles, select Component|Edit Nozzles.
Tip: Quickly select a nozzle by clicking on the gray box at the left of
the nozzle description.
3.6.11 REMOVE NOZZLES

Used to remove selected nozzles from an existing outlet. Highlight the
required nozzle in the Nozzles area at the bottom of the Outlets group
dialog.
1. Click on the required Outlet and then the required nozzle to be

deleted.
3. Now select Component|Remove Nozzles.
4. To finish removing nozzles, select Component|Edit Nozzles.

3.7 DATABASE DETAILS
This chapter looks at the fields within the database especially those that
are common throughout the component groups. It also looks at creating
and modifying assemblies.
3.7.1 DATA COMMON TO ALL COMPONENT GROUPS

The different types of components have a number of common entries.
These are:
 item number
 item description
 warehouse code
 supplier cost code
 label
 usage
 wholesale cost
 retail price
These items are described below. Any exceptions are explained under
the description of the particular component type.
3.7.1.1 ITEM DESCRIPTION

Each item requires a description. It might include one or more of the
manufacturer’s name, model, size and any special characteristics.
The item description is the primary means of identifying an item during

the design process, in costing reports, in bills of materials and on the
plot layout legend. For this reason, it is important that the item is
adequately described. Please note that abbreviated descriptions may
not be suitable for the customer. Up to 40 characters may be used.
3.7.1.2 WAREHOUSE CODE

This is a user-defined code. It is usually a part number used in a
manufacturer’s catalog or the company’s stock accounting system.

The warehouse code has no design function, and can be left blank.
However, it is used by IRRICAD to identify items during the design
process. For this reason, it is recommended that warehouse codes,
whether actual codes or not, be used for all items.
Warehouse codes can now be 32 characters. The previous number of

characters allowed was 12. Note a database created in the Pro Version
11+ Database Editor cannot be used with older versions of IRRICAD
unless it is reverted to 12 characters. This can be done by running the
Set warehouse code length to 12 characters query.
To enable 32 character warehouse codes in existing databases, run the

Set warehouse code length to 32 characters query.
3.7.1.3 SUPPLIER CODE

This is a user-defined, four-character code that allows the designer to
group items from a common supplier and to distinguish that group of
items from other groups. It may be desirable to subdivide item groups
further, if, for example, items from the same supplier require different
price multipliers.
The Supplier Code is used to modify item prices using the supplier code
multipliers. These can be accessed in IRRICAD through the Reports
menu. Retail or wholesale prices can be entered as the base price. This
will make the supplier code multipliers act on the wholesale (or retail, if
selected) cost for the selected suppliers.
The Supplier Code also allows a bill of materials to be produced on a

supplier code basis. Supplier codes must be inserted into the Supplier
Code Multiplier table in IRRICAD before they are available to the
database editor.
The Suppliers list can be edited or added to in Reports|Supplier Code

Multipliers. For the Supplier Code Multipliers to be used in the Costing
Reports and the BOM with Costs report, set the “Default Pricing Type” to
Multipliers in Design|Design Parameters|Economic Parameters.
See also:
Supplier Code Multipliers Section 5.14.16

3.7.1.4 LABEL
This label can be used for labeling (key word #LABEL# instead of the
item description (#DESC#) when labeling the plan.
See also:
Labels Section 5.10.10
3.7.1.5 USAGE CODE

This code tells IRRICAD whether an item is available for use. The
options are (in most cases) a Y for Yes, meaning the item can be
selected or specified, or N (or blank), meaning the item cannot be
selected or specified.
If an item has been enabled for use in a design, it will appear in

IRRICAD in the dropdown list from which items are selected in the
dialog relating to that component group. For example if the 50mm Gate
Valve has been enabled in the Control Valve component list in the
database, this control valve can be selected from the dropdown list
when using Zone|Control Valve in IRRICAD. For fittings, if an item has
been enabled, the item can be selected during Computer Selection of
Fittings.
The “Usage” codes are different for pipes and assemblies. For pipes the
“Usage” codes are L, Z, F and M. L refers to a lateral pipe (placed using
the Zone|Sprayline or Zone|Block options) and Z to other Zone pipes
(downstream from a control valve). F refers to flushing pipes that are not
available for selection as zone pipes duing LP or velocity design but are
available in the drop-down boxes for manual selection. M refers to
mainline pipes (upstream from a control valve). Each pipe can have one
“Usage” code or a combination of any or all three “Usage” codes
assigned. If no “Usage” code is assigned to a pipe it can not be selected
or used in the design. For assemblies two extra “Usage” codes have
been assigned - X and A. These describe the type of listing required in
the Costing/BOM Reports. See About Assemblies, Section 3.7.3.1.
3.7.1.6 WHOLESALE COST

This is the wholesale or cost price of the item. This can be set to be the
base price through the IRRICAD menu Reports|Supplier Code

Multipliers. This will make the supplier code multipliers act on the
wholesale cost for all the selected suppliers.
The Wholesale cost can be set to be the cost used in the Costing
Reports and the BOM with Costs report by setting the “Default Pricing
Type” in Design|Design Parameters|Economic Parameters.
3.7.1.7 RETAIL PRICE
The retail or selling price of the item, before any discounts or cost
multipliers have been applied. This can be set to be the base price
through the IRRICAD menu Reports|Supplier Code Multipliers. This will
make the supplier code multipliers act on the retail cost for all the
selected suppliers.
The Retail price can be set to be the cost used in the Costing Reports
and the BOM with Costs report by setting the “Default Pricing Type” in
Design|Design Parameters|Economic Parameters.
3.7.2 DATABASE CODES, SYMBOLS & LINE TYPES

The database editor uses codes for pipe types, and inlet and outlet
connection types in order to determine the fittings required at a junction.
3.7.2.1 PIPE TYPES

These are chosen from the dropdown list that is available from the
Pipes, Tapes and Lateral Take Offs details dialogs. The list of pipe types
can be edited in the Design|Pipe Fitting Matching Table in the main
IRRICAD program. However, a pipe type that is in use in the database
cannot be deleted.
Any consistent set of pipe codes can be used. Any code containing up to
four characters may be entered in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table,
Section 5.13.17 for use in the pipe database. A “Pipe Type” can only be
entered once, but a “Connection Code” can connect to more than one
“Pipe Type”.
See also:
Pipe Fitting Matching Table Section 5.13.17

Connection Codes Section 3.7.2.2
Gender Codes Section 3.7.2.3
Connection Types Section 3.7.2.4
3.7.2.2 CONNECTION CODES

These consist of a four-letter type code, a gender code, and a
connection type. Common type codes used in the IRRICAD supplied
database are:
LDP: polyethylene fittings

PVC: PVC fittings
COMP: compression fittings
NPT: national pipe thread
FLA: flanged
NONE: no fitting required (Outlets and Outlet
Connectors only)
BSP: British standard pipe thread nts regardless of
the angles between the items.
Connection codes are used to inform IRRICAD which fittings can be
connected to which “Pipe Type”. This means that if a fitting has the
“Connection Code” FLA it cannot be selected to connect to a PVC pipe.
To connect to an item the “Connection Code” and “Connection Type”
need to be the same and the “Gender Code” needs to be opposite. The
fitting will not be selected if the connection codes are not the same as
the item it is being selected for.
3.7.2.3 GENDER CODES

There are only two choices in the dropdown list in the component dialog
– male and female (M, F). For IRRICAD to select a fitting it must have
the opposite gender to the item it is being selected for.
3.7.2.4 CONNECTION TYPES

These specify how items are joined together. Any “Connection Type”
required can be entered. Common fitting types are:
S: slip connection
T: threaded connection
B: barbed or if used with FLA (flanged) - bolted
F: flanged
For IRRICAD to select a fitting it must have the same “Connection Type”
as the item it is being selected for.
3.7.2.5 DATABASE SYMBOLS

The default set of database symbols are stored in a folder called
database. Typically this is installed as C:\Program Files\AEI Software\
Irricad\symbols\database. Currently there are 124 symbols to choose
from for hydraulic items. Symbols for hydraulic items can only be
changed or specified in the Database Editor, not through IRRICAD.
When selecting or changing the symbol, choose from the dropdown list
or click the browse button ([]) to select a new symbol from the
symbols\database folder. When creating a new database symbol it must
be saved in the symbols\database folder in order to be selected for use
in the database (see Creating New Database Symbols, Section 2.7.7).
Click the “Database” option in the Tools|Create Symbol dialog.
Note: Create new database symbols in IRRICAD by using the Create

Symbol command in the Tools menu; it is important to create
them 100 x 100 inches (2.54m x 2.54m) in dimension for the
symbol sizes to remain consistent. IRRICAD saves the symbols
using the .vcs file format. Other .vcs files (Visual CADD symbol
files) can also be used as database symbols.
Symbol sizes range from 1 to 9. These numbers are relative to each

other, e.g., size 6 is larger than size 5. When used in IRRICAD, a size 5
symbol has the world size designated in Settings|Miscellaneous -
“Design Size”. If the “Base Database Symbol Size” here is 5ft (5m) a
size 5 symbol will be displayed on the screen with a diameter of 5ft (5m).
3.7.2.6 SYMBOL AND PIPE COLORS

In the item dialog there is a “Color” field for the hydraulic item. This
“Color” can only be edited in the database editor, and not through
“Properties” in IRRICAD as for geometric items.
By clicking on the default or current “Color” choose any color or shade

from the pop-up screen.

3.7.2.7 LINE TYPES
“Line Types” can be chosen for line hydraulic items. From the drop down
list select the desired line type. There are 50 line types to choose from
for line hydraulic objects. (See Available Line Types, Section 6.6).

3.7.3 ASSEMBLIES
3.7.3.1 ABOUT ASSEMBLIES
An assembly is a set of components grouped together to function as a
single entity.
IRRICAD uses assemblies as if they are a single component with the

characteristics given in the database.
Assemblies are commonly used in situations where:
 IRRICAD requires more than three fittings to solve a direct

connection. An example is a large reduction in pipe size where
the number of standard reducers required is greater than three.
 To enter components that individually have no particular
purpose for a design, but together provide a distinct function.
Swing joint connectors that are made up of a range of fittings,
provide an example of this.
 To include associated items with a component and have all
components listed separately, e.g., stake, tube and take-off with
a minisprinkler.
 A component requires additional items to change its orientation,
connection type or diameter.
 Require a particular set of items to be selected during fittings
selection.
An assembly can be created in all component groups except the pipe,

tape and wire groups. Components for the assembly can be selected
from any component group.
Assemblies can be made up of other assemblies. The assembly being

created must not be selected as part of itself.
The reporting of assemblies is controlled by the usage codes given to

the assemblies in the database.
 Where the “Usage” code Y is used, any assemblies in a design

will be broken down into their individual components and these
components will be listed in the reports.

 Where the “Usage” code A is used, the assemblies will be listed
in the reports as an assembly description and not be broken
down into individual components.
 Where the “Usage” code X is used, the assemblies will be listed
in the reports as in A above but will also be listed at the end of
each report with a list of their components.
 Where the “Usage” code is N (or blank), the assembly cannot be
selected.
Details of how to create assemblies is given in the Database Details /
Assemblies section. (See Creating Assemblies, Section 3.7.3.2).
3.7.3.2 CREATING ASSEMBLIES

Select the tab associated with the type of assembly to create, e.g.,
Valve.
In the Component menu the available tools are:
 New Assembly
 Edit Assembly
 Add to Assembly
 Remove from Assembly
 Finish Assembly
3.7.3.3 EXAMPLE OF ASSEMBLY CONSTRUCTION

To further illustrate the creation of assemblies, a step by step description
of how to construct a valve assembly is presented.
The Rainspray 40mm Model 6 QCV Assembly will consist of the

following items:
 40mm Class 9 PVC Pipe

 Rainspray 40mm Model 6 QCV
 40mm x 1 ½” Valve adapter
 40mm PVC plain 45 Elbow
 250mm round valve box
 Twist lock gel connector 1.0, 1.5, 2.5
Note: This assembly is to demonstrate the construction of assemblies
and should not necessarily be used as a final design for a valve
assembly.

1. As the required assembly performs the function of a valve,
select the Valve component group.
2. Find and highlight the existing Rainspray 40mm Model 6 QCV.
Select Component|New Assembly.
3. In the Valve Description edit box change the name to Rainspray
40mm Model 6 QCV Assembly. Select a “Usage” code (Y, X, A).
4. Enter a warehouse code. Make one up if an actual code does
not exist.
5. If the inlet and outlet diameters and the inlet and outlet types are
correct for the assembly, leave these entries as they are. Make
sure the inlet and outlet reflect the items which will be on either
end of the assembly. If they are not, change them as required.
As costs will automatically be calculated for the assembly, make
no changes to the costs.
6. Click the [Continue] button, and select the Rainspray 40mm
Model 6 QCV valve to include one valve in the valve assembly
by double-clicking on the name or click once on the grey box to
the left of the name.
7. Select the Pipe component tab. In this group, select the 40mm
Class 9 PVC. Enter 1 into the pop-up dialog to select a 1ft (1m)
length of pipe for the assembly. Click the OK button.
8. From the Coupler component group, select the 40mm x 1½”
valve adapter and enter 2 in the pop-up dialog.
9. From the Elbows / Bends component group, select three of the
40mm PVC plain 45 elbow by entering 3 in the edit box in the
pop-up dialog after selecting the item.
10. Select the Miscellaneous components group and select a
250mm Round Valve Box.
11. Still in the Miscellaneous component tab, select 2 Twist Lock
Gel Connector 1.0, 1.5, 2.5.
This completes the construction of the assembly. The items selected for
the assembly, and the quantities of each are displayed at the bottom of
the screen. To delete items from the assembly, highlight the item and
select Component|Edit Assembly and Component|Remove from
Assembly
An important point to remember when creating an assembly is to select

the initial item the assembly is based on (e.g., in a valve assembly,
select the valve required, as a valve is not automatically entered as an
assembly item).
It is important to note that although IRRICAD does not connect together

fitting types of the items within the assembly; it is beneficial to make sure
that all the items can be connected. Hence, selecting the correct fittings,
such as adapters and couplers, will ensure that this assembly can be
installed.

3.8 IRRIGATION COMPONENTS – DETAILS OF
INDIVIDUAL GROUPS
This chapter looks at each component group and the specific fields for
each type of hydraulic item.
3.8.1 PIPES
The pipe group consists of a list of all pipes and their characteristics. For
pipes, the main dialog lists the pipe descriptions, warehouse codes,
supplier codes and usage for all pipes in the database.
3.8.1.1 PIPE USAGE CODES

The “Usage” field enables or disables use of pipes. To enable a pipe for
use the choices are L, Z, F and M.
L means that the pipe can only be selected for use as a lateral for a
sprayline and will appear only in the dropdown list when Zone|Sprayline
or Zone|Block is selected
Z enables the pipe for use as a zone pipe only, and will appear in the
dropdown list when Zone|Pipe or Zone|Cut Pipe is selected.
F stands for flushing. Pipes marked with this code are treated the same
as those marked with Z except that they are not available for automatic
selection during Zone LP or Velocity design. Note that a pipes’ usage
should not include both the Z and F codes.
M enables the pipe for use as a mainline pipe only, and will appear in
the dropdown pipe selection list when Mainline|Pipe or
Mainline|Sprayline is selected.
A pipe can be enabled for more than one option if required. For
example, enable a pipe for use as LZ or for use in all three fields (LZM
or LFM). Pipes can be disabled by selecting the blank option in the
dropdown list or, deleting the current “Usage” code so that this field is
empty.

Beneath the pipe table is a table labeled Assemblies. This table will
remain blank when in the pipe tab, because pipe assemblies are not
permitted.
Figure 3-7
Common buttons are explained in Component Menu, Section 3.6 and

Database Details, Section 3.7. Some fields are particular to pipes or
have a specific explanation when used in the Pipes dialog.
Nominal Diameter: Enter a “Nominal Diameter” for the pipe. This

diameter is used for fitting selection and is
usually used in the name of the item e.g., ½”
(16mm)
Actual Diameter: Enter the “Actual Diameter” (internal
diameter) for the pipe. This is the diameter of
the pipe used in the hydraulic calculations.
For example, a nominal 50mm diameter pipe
may have an actual diameter of 56.55mm.
Pipe Roughness: Enter a “Pipe Roughness”. If unsure, see

Appendix C: Hazen-Williams C Values,
Section 6.4. The “Pipe Roughness” is used in
the hydraulic calculations for friction loss in
the pipe.
Allowable Enter in the “Allowable Pressure” as the
Pressure: maximum working pressure rating for the
pipe, e.g., for PVC Class B, 60m, Class C,
90m, Class D, 120m etc.
See also:
Line Types Section 3.7.2.7
3.8.2 TAPES
Figure 3-8
The tape component group consists of a list of characteristics for each

tape. Laterals with built-in emitters are referred to as tapes and are
treated as single items rather than as individual pipes and outlets.
The tape data required in the database is necessary for IRRICAD to

calculate the friction loss in the tape as water flows through the tape,
and past the emitters.
The main screen lists the item descriptions, warehouse codes, supplier
codes, and usage for all tapes in the database. The “Usage” field

determines whether a particular tape will appear in the dropdown list for
selection in IRRICAD. The “Usage” code choices are L or blank.
Underneath the tape descriptions is a table labeled Assemblies. This

table will remain blank when in the tape tab, as tape assemblies are not
permitted.

Database Details, Section 3.7. Some fields are particular to tapes or
have a specific explanation when used in the Tapes dialog.
COV: “COV” (CVM) is simply entered as a number

e.g., in Figure 3-2 the COV is 0.03 (3%)
Nominal Diameter: Enter in a “Nominal Diameter” for the tape.
Actual Diameter: Enter in the “Actual Diameter” (internal
diameter) for the tape. This is the diameter of
the tape used in the hydraulic calculations
e.g., a nominal 13mm diameter pipe may
have an actual diameter of 13.4mm.
Tape Roughness: Enter in a “Tape Roughness”. This is not
actually used in the “Iteration” method but
this box must have a number entered before
proceeding.
Allowable Enter in the “Allowable Pressure” as the
Pressure: maximum working pressure rating for the
tape as recommended by the manufacturer.
Default Inlet Enter a “Default Inlet Pressure” for the tape.
Pressure:
Minimum Enter a “Minimum Pressure” for the tape.
Pressure: This is the manufacturer's data for the
minimum recommended operating pressure.
Maximum Enter a “Maximum Pressure” for the tape.
Pressure: This is the manufacturer's data for the
maximum recommended operating pressure.
Tolerance % Enter the “Zone Pressure Tolerance %
Above: Above”. This indicates the upper limit of the
pressure window that the tape is to operate
in.
Tolerance % Enter the lower limit of the pressure window
Below: the tape is to operate in (“Zone Pressure
Tolerance % Below”).
Nominal SDR: Enter the “Nominal Specific Discharge Rate”.
This is calculated by dividing 100ft by the
emitter spacing (ft) and multipliying this by
the emitter flow rate (usgph) (dividing 100m
by the emitter spacing (m) and multiplying
this by the emitter flow rate (lph)). This is an
indication of the flow out of the tape over any
100ft (m). This number is only used in the
Show Flow function and in the Management
reports.
Flow Calc. Type: Check the “Flow Calculation Type” box for
the “Iteration” method. This method is
precise and requires values for the “Emitter
Barb Factor”, “Emitter Constant”, “Emitter
Index” and “Spacing” of the emitters.
Minimum PC For PC tapes this value is typically identical
Pressure: to the specified minimum allowable operating
pressure. However for some types of
emitters (e.g., non-leakage) this value may
be different from the minimum allowable
operating pressure and the tape
manufacturer should be contacted for details
of these. Note that this field is not applicable
for non-PC emitters and can therefore be left
at 0 for these types of components. See
Flushing Calculations, Section 2.6.5.5 for
details on where this value is used.
The values required for the “Iteration” flow calculation can be obtained
from manufacturer's data or from the Technical Support. The previously
used flow calculation type (leave the iteration check box unchecked) is
valid only for DOS IRRICAD databases. Tapes should be updated to the
new iteration method.
The “Iteration” calculation type is a very accurate method of calculating

the friction loss in tapes. It requires what is called an “Emitter Barb
Factor” (Kd). This value is normally between 0 and 2, and is a function of
the headloss caused by the presence of the emitter in the tape wall.
An “Emitter Constant” (coefficient) is also required, along with the

“Emitter Index” (exponent) and the “Spacing” of the emitters in the tape.
The “Iteration” calculation type (when the “Iteration” check box is
checked) is the default calculation type for entering new tapes.

If the “Iteration” check box is unchecked (as in the case of old IRRICAD
tape databases), then the old method, which uses a constant, length
factor, pressure factor and slope factor will apply. Do not use this
method when entering new tapes into the database. Note that simply
checking or unchecking the iteration check box does not change the
values in the edit fields. The correct data will need to be used as
supplied by the manufacturer.
The Kd, constant and index are supplied by the manufacturer, though if
unable to secure this information, please contact the technical support
person.
WARNING: DO NOT USE OLD TAPE DATA WITH THE ITERATION

METHOD, AS THE RESULTS WILL BE INCORRECT.
3.8.3 VALVES
Valves are zone control valves - used to control the operation of the
various zones. A control valve separates zone pipe from mainline pipes.
Common buttons are explained in Component Menu, Section 3.6,

Assemblies, Section 3.7.3 and Database Details, Section 3.7. Some
fields are particular to valves or have a specific explanation when used
in the Valves dialog.
Inlet Diameter: Enter an “Inlet Diameter” for the valve, i.e.,

the upstream end of the valve (nominal
diameter).
Outlet Diameter: Enter an “Outlet Diameter” for the valve, i.e.,
the downstream end of the valve (nominal
diameter).
Constant: Enter the value calculated from Valve
Pressure Loss from Flow Curve Fit for the
“Headloss Equation Constant”.
Index: Enter the value calculated from Valve
Pressure Loss from Flow Curve Fit for the
“Headloss Equation Index”.
Intercept Enter the value calculated from Valve
Pressure Loss from Flow, with Intercept
Curve Fit for the “Headloss Equation
Intercept” if required.
Minimum Flow Enter the “Minimum Flow” through the item.
Obtain this from the manufacturer’s data for
the item.
Maximum Flow: Enter the “Maximum Flow” through the item.
the item.
Figure 3-9

3.8.4 OTHER HYDRAULICS
Other Hydraulics are called Misc. Hydraulic items in the main IRRICAD
Zone and Mainline menus. These items can be pressure regulating
valves, valves to place on a mainline pipe or on a zone pipe, rising
column losses, well drawdown, or any other minor losses that require
calculation within a system.

fields are particular to other hydraulic items or have a specific
explanation when used in the Other Hydraulics dialog.
Inlet Diameter: Enter an “Inlet Diameter” for the item, i.e., the
upstream end of the hydraulic item (nominal
diameter).
Outlet Diameter: Enter an “Outlet Diameter” for the item, i.e.,
the downstream end of the hydraulic item
(nominal diameter).
Constant: Enter the value calculated from
Miscelleaneous Pressure Loss from Flow
Constant”.
Index: Enter the value calculated from
Constant”.
Intercept Enter the value calculated from
Intercept”.
Fitting Type: For pressure reducing valves, to specify the
downstream pressure of the valve, enter
PRV in the “Fitting Type” field, otherwise
leave this field blank.
Minimum Flow Enter the “Minimum Flow” through the item.
the item.
Maximum Flow: Enter the “Maximum Flow” through the item.
Flow,minimum Obtain this from the manufacturer’s data for
allowable the item.

Note: For on-line components such as air release valves (as distinct
from in-line components), the “Inlet Connection Type” and “Inlet
Diameter” must be entered. The “Outlet Connection Type” must
be left blank and the “Outlet Diameter” entered as zero.
Figure 3-10

3.8.5 LATERAL TAKE OFFS
Lateral Take Offs are connectors that rely upon piercing submain or
lateral pipes rather than cutting the pipe in half as a tee does. Lateral
Take Offs are used to connect outlets to laterals and laterals to
submains.
Figure 3-11

fields are particular to Lateral Take Offs or have a specific explanation
when used in the Lateral Take Offs dialog.
Major Pipe Type: Select the “Major Pipe Type” from the
dropdown list to define the type of pipe the
LTO can connect to on its largest end.
Typically the major pipe is a submain for a
submain / lateral connection or a lateral for a
lateral / outlet connection.
Minor Connection A three-element code (matching code,
Type: gender, joint type) used to describe the
connection on the small end of the LTO, i.e.,
the lateral end of a submain / lateral
connection or the outlet end of a lateral /
outlet connection.
Min Submain The minimum size of the major pipe the LTO
Diameter: can successfully connect to.
Lateral Diameter: The nominal pipe or fitting size on the minor
end of the LTO connection.
Notes:
When selecting fittings for a three pipe junction, IRRICAD first
searches the LTO component group for a suitable connector
regardless of the sizes and types of pipes at the junction. If the
required LTO cannot be found in the LTO tab, tees with the
required reducers will be selected according to the three pipes
routines described in the Technical Reference, Appendix G:
Fitting Selection Details.
If a Lateral Take Off is able to be connected to more than one

pipe type, separate Lateral Take Offs must be entered for each
type.
See also:
Fitting Selection Details Section 6.8
3.8.6 COUPLERS
Couplers are used to connect two hydraulic items together. Couplers
may be reducers, adapters or plain connectors.

fields are particular to couplers or have a specific explanation when
used in the Couplers dialog.
Major Diameter: Enter the “Major Diameter” (nominal

diameter).
Minor Diameter: Enter the “Minor Diameter” (nominal
diameter).

The terms major and minor are applied to both connector type and
diameter. For couplers the major connection type and diameter can be
applied to the larger diameter of the fitting, with minor referring to the
smaller diameter.
Figure 3-12
If all diameters in the fitting are the same, the data entry for the major
and minor diameters will also be the same.
3.8.6.1 END CAPS

In the IRRICAD program, Computer Selection of Fittings in the Design
menu will automatically select end caps or end closers for pipes with
open ends. Common uses include automatic selection of end closers
with polyethylene laterals, or caps or flushing assemblies for PVC
laterals or submains. These fittings are entered in the Coupler
component group with a connection type and diameter specified for the
first (or inlet) end only. The second connection type is left blank and the
second diameter is entered as zero.

End assemblies may comprise of a number of fittings. This can be
achieved by creating a suitable assembly in the coupler tab.
3.8.7 ELBOWS / BENDS

IRRICAD uses elbows and bends when selecting Fittings. They can also
be selected for use in user-created assemblies.
Figure 3-13

fields are particular to elbows and bends or have a specific explanation
when used in the Elbows / Bends dialog.

diameter).
diameter).
Bend Angle: The change in angle experienced by flow
through the fitting (o).

diameter. For bends and elbows the major connection type and diameter
can be applied to the larger diameter of the fitting with minor referring to
the smaller diameter.
If all diameters in the fitting are the same, the data entered for the major
and minor diameters will be identical.
3.8.8 TEES
Tees are used by IRRICAD to connect three hydraulic items together.
Figure 3-14

fields are particular to tees or have a specific explanation when used in
the Tees dialog.

diameter).
diameter).
The terms major and minor are applied to both connection type and
diameter. For Tees the major connection type and diameter is applied to
the straight through section of the Tee and the minor is applied to the
branch, regardless of diameter.
If all diameters in a fitting are the same, the data entered for the major
and minor diameters will be the same.
3.8.9 CROSSES
Crosses are used to connect four hydraulic items together.
Figure 3-15


fields are particular to crosses or have a specific explanation when used
in the Crosses dialog.

diameter).
diameter).
diameter. For crosses the major connection type and diameter can be
applied to the larger diameter of the fitting with minor referring to the
smaller diameter.
If all diameters in the fitting are the same, the data entered for the major
and minor diameters will be the same.
3.8.10 PUMPS
The A, B and C coefficients that are calculated from the Pump Curve
Fitting utility specify pump performance data. This information is used to
determine the actual flow and pump pressures according to the
hydraulics of the rest of the system.

fields are particular to pumps or have a specific explanation when used
in the Pumps dialog.
Inlet Diameter: Enter the nominal diameter of the inlet or

suction side of the pump.
Outlet Diameter: Enter the nominal diameter of the outlet or
discharge side of the pump.
H / Q Curve A, B and C are three numbers used to
Factors: describe the pressure-discharge
characteristics of the pump. These values
are obtained from the Pump Curve Fit utility.
Minimum Flow Enter the “Minimum Flow” through the pump.
This can be obtained from the manufacturer's
data for the pump.
Maximum Flow: Enter the “Maximum Flow” through the
Flow,minimum pump. This can be obtained from the
allowable manufacturer's data for the pump.
Figure 3-16

3.8.11 OUTLETS
Nozzles and outlets are used together. Nozzles can be selected for a
particular outlet from the Outlet tab. Note nozzles should be added to
the nozzle component group prior to adding nozzles to an outlet.
The outlet group provides the technical and descriptive information

related to outlets that IRRICAD requires for design and costing.
The database has been designed primarily for sprinklers with a range of
nozzle sizes, but can be used equally well for other outlets such as
drippers, constant flow outlets, demand points or irrigators.
Figure 3-17

fields are particular to outlets or have a specific explanation when used
in the Outlets dialog.
In the Components menu or on the top toolbar additional buttons

available for use in the Outlets tab are:
 Edit Nozzles
 Add Nozzle
 Remove Nozzle
Inlet Connection A three-element code consisting of a

Code: matching code, a gender code and a joint
type code. IRRICAD uses this code to
determine which fittings, if any are needed to
connect the outlet to other components. If the
outlet is a sprinkler, it will often be connected
to an outlet connector. If the outlet does not
have a threaded connection and fittings are
not required to connect the outlet to the pipe
(such as for drippers or microjets connected
directly to a lateral pipe), the NONE matching
code should be used. The NONE code
instructs IRRICAD not to select any
connecting fittings. For most turf sprinklers,
the connection type used is the NPT / BSP
female inlet diameter.
Default Nozzle: The first ten characters of the description of
the nozzle that is most often used with this
outlet. The “Default Nozzle” is automatically
the first nozzle selected when [Adding
Nozzles]. Any of the other nozzles may be
selected to be associated with the outlet from
a drop down list available in this field. A
default nozzle cannot be selected for this
field until nozzles associated with the outlet
have been added - click [Save] when
creating a new outlet and then proceed to
add the required nozzles. After clicking
[Finish Adding] for nozzles re-select the
outlet and click [Edit / View Outlet]. Select a
“Default Nozzle” and click [Save]. When an
outlet is being selected for use in design, the
default nozzle with its supporting information
will be displayed on the screen first. This can
save time when the same sprinkler / nozzle
combination is used frequently. It should be
noted that up to 40 characters might be used
to describe the nozzle in the nozzle tab. The
first 10 characters are used to match with the
default nozzle. To be sure that the required
default nozzle is selected, these 10
characters should be unique for any body /
nozzle combination. If the 10 characters can
be matched to more than one nozzle, the
nozzle selected may not be the one
expected.
Inlet Diameter: The nominal diameter of the outlet inlet. For
outlets that do not have a nominal diameter,
a notional diameter is entered.
Arc Type: Used to indicate whether the arc of the

sprinkler is fixed or adjustable, or whether
the outlet is a demand point:
Fixed: fixed arc type, constant flow
Variable: variable arc type, constant flow
Matched: variable arc type, variable flow
Demand Point: used for demand points
Default The operating pressure that is most often
Pressure: used for the particular outlet.
Default Watering The most commonly used arc for the
Arc: particular outlet. Enter as 360o for drippers.
Tolerance % The percentage allowable flow above the
Above: nominal flow for the outlet.
Flow Tolerance % The percentage allowable flow below the
Below nominal flow for the outlet.
Flow tolerance above and below the nominal flow for the outlet defines
the range of flows within which the outlet should operate.
Note: When entering outlet and nozzle data specify whether an outlet
is Fixed, Matched or Variable. If Fixed, the arc cannot be
changed because it is made to be a fixed angle. If Variable is
selected, then the flow does not change as the arc changes i.e.
the same flow is emitted regardless of the arc selected upon
placement. However, for Matched outlets, IRRICAD assumes
that the data inputted is for 360o. If the arc is changed, the flow
is matched and is decreased accordingly. Therefore if 180o is
used as the arc then half the flow will be applied. If the said
outlet is indeed Matched, then enter the data for 360o so that
when the arc is changed the correct flow according to the
manufacturer’s data will be achieved.
3.8.11.1 DEMAND POINTS

Demand Points are pseudo outlets that require a user-specified
pressure and flow at a particular location in a design. Typical examples
of their use are designing mainlines with specified pressure and flow
requirements at various locations; and to allow for additional flow in a
zone or mainline which is not normally entered as an outlet. Demand
Points are stored in the outlet tab as emitters without nozzles. To create
a Demand Point, insert a new item in the outlet tab and change the Type
to Demand Point. When the arc type is Demand Point, the “Default
Nozzle” field becomes non-editable since it does not apply. The “Default
Watering Arc” field becomes the “Default Flow” and the “Flow Tolerance”
fields become pressure tolerances.
3.8.11.2 LINKING NOZZLES TO OUTLETS

To to add existing nozzles to an outlet use Component|Edit Nozzles.
This tool is to be actioned before adding nozzles to or removing nozzles
from an existing outlet.
To edit an outlet:
1. Select the outlet in the outlet component group by clicking on

the name.
3. Now select Component|Add Nozzles or Component|Remove
Nozzles.
4. To finish adding or removing nozzles, select Component|Edit
Nozzles.

Adding Nozzles
After invoking this tool, the view is taken to the nozzles component
group.
After adding a new outlet to the database, select the Component|Edit

Nozzles and then Component|Add Nozzles to select existing nozzles for
the new outlet. This will open the nozzle tab. Note that new nozzles
must be added to the nozzle component group prior to adding nozzles to
an outlet (see Nozzles, Section 3.8.12).
1. Click on the required Outlet.

3. Now select Component|Add Nozzles and select the required
nozzles for this outlet either by clicking the grey box to the left of
4. To finish adding nozzles, select Component|Edit Nozzles.
Tip: Quickly select a nozzle by clicking on the gray box at the left of
the nozzle description.
3.8.12 NOZZLES
In IRRICAD, any type of sprinkler, big gun, travelling irrigator or dripper
is given an outlet body and a nozzle, even if the outlet does not
physically have nozzles e.g., a dripper, or if the outlet we represent has
many nozzles e.g., a travelling irrigator. The outlet body contains the
description of the outlet, the arc type, price and some default values as
those most commonly used when the outlet is selected. When an outlet
is selected from the dropdown list, the default nozzle for that sprinkler
(as specified in the database, normally the most commonly used) is
initially selected. The required nozzle can be selected from the
dropdown list. Other default values can also be changed depending on
the arc type of the outlet.
The nozzle part of an outlet can be the actual nozzles supplied with an
outlet body, or simply hold the technical data for the outlet, such as a
dripper's hydraulic characteristics. Nozzles contain the minimum and
maximum recommended pressures from the manufacturer, and
parameters to calculate the flow and radius at a given pressure.
The manufacturer supplies data used to define nozzle performance. A

Curve Fit utility is provided (see Section 3.5.1) to convert pressure and
flow data for outlets into a coefficient and an exponent. These two

numbers are used in the calculations IRRICAD undertakes internally for
design and analysis. The Curve Fit utility is also used to convert
pressure and radius of throw into a constant and index (K and n values)
for the nozzle Outlet Radius. The Outlet Radius is the wetted radius of
the nozzle for a given pressure.
Figure 3-18

Database Details, Section 3.7. Some fields are particular to nozzles or
have a specific explanation when used in the Nozzle dialog.

Data required for nozzles has to be calculated from pressure / flow, and
pressure / radius information supplied by the manufacturer. Use the
Curve Fitting utility - Outlet Flow or Outlet Radius to calculate the
Constant, Index, Radius Equation A and Radius Equation B.
The Constant and Index values are used to calculate the pressure-flow
characteristics of the nozzle, where as Radius Equation A and B values
are used to calculate the wetted radius of the nozzle at any given
pressure.
COV: “COV” (CVM) is simply entered as a number

e.g., in Figure 3-12 the COV is 0.03 (3%)
Minimum Enter the “Minimum Pressure”
Pressure: recommended for the nozzle.
Maximum Enter the “Maximum Pressure”
Pressure: recommended for the nozzle. This pressure
range should not be confused with the
pressures corresponding to the design flow
tolerance. The range specifies the absolute
minimum and maximum allowable
operating pressure for the nozzle.
Radius Equation: A and B - two numbers used to describe
the pressure / radius characteristics of the
nozzle. This allows calculating the
maximum radius of throw (wetted radius) of
the sprinkler for any pressure. The
constants A and B can be obtained by
using the Outlet Radius Curve Fitting utility.
For each individual nozzle, the wetted
radius / pressure relationship is assumed
constant for all arcs.
Arc: A number between 0 and 360 to describe
the arc of the sprinkler. For fixed arc
sprinklers a nozzle entry must be made for
each arc, one of which must be selected as
the default arc for the outlet.
Constant / Index: Two numbers used to describe the
pressure / flow characteristic of the nozzle
at the given arc. These can be obtained
from the Outlet Flow Curve Fitting utility by
entering the flow at any given pressure as
given with the manufacturer's data.

3.8.13 OUTLET CONNECTIONS
An outlet connector is a component or an assembly of components that
is used to connect an outlet to a lateral or supply pipe.
Examples of outlet connectors are:
 Swing joints
 Risers - for overhead sprinkler applications
 Distribution tube and stake for micro-sprinklers
Figure 3-19
fields are particular to outlet connectors or have a specific explanation
when used in the Outlet Connections dialog.
Inlet Diameter: Enter an “Inlet Diameter” for the connector

(nominal diameter). The diameter is used in
the matching of fittings or components to the
connector.
Outlet Diameter: Enter an “Outlet Diameter” for the connector
(nominal diameter). The diameter is used in
the matching of fittings or components to the
connector.
Height Above The height of the outlet and the connector
Ground: above ground level. Where the outlet is at
ground level or close to ground level (as in
most turf situations) the “Height Above
Ground” can be zero. Where the outlet is
significantly above ground level as in the
case of sprinklers on riser pipes, the height
of the sprinkler above ground level (which
may be different to the riser length) should
be entered.
Equiv. Length The “Equivalent Length Diameter” is the
Diameter: diameter of smooth pipe which together with
the “HL Equivalent Length” is used to
calculate the connector pressure loss. Do not
include the pressure loss due to height
above ground in this, as the loss due to
change in height will be taken in to account
elsewhere.
HL Equiv. Length The length of smooth pipe of diameter equal
(ft or m): to the equivalent length diameter of the
connector that will result in a pressure loss
(in feet or meters) equal to that of the
connector.
IRRICAD determines whether or not the outlet connector will connect

directly to the sprinkler and what fittings, if any, are required to make the
connection.

If an outlet connector is not used, the fittings required to connect the
sprinkler directly to the lateral will be selected. Note that a connection
code of NONE can be used to connect an outlet connector to an outlet.
3.8.14 WIRES
The wire component group contains the descriptive, technical and price
information for various types of electric cable used in designs. Any wire
types may be entered. There is no distinction between wire used for
electrical control or for lighting and other applications.
Figure 3-20
Common buttons are explained in Common buttons are explained in

Component Menu, Section 3.6 and Database Details, Section 3.7. Some
fields are particular to wires or have a specific explanation when used in
the Wires dialog.
Wire Type: A code containing up to three letters, similar
to the pipe type code, which is used to
identify particular kinds of wire.
Nominal Size: The nominal or descriptive diameter of the
wire.
Resistance: The internal “Resistance” of the wire.
Voltage Rating: The maximum “Voltage Rating” for the wire.
3.8.15 CONTROLLERS
Controllers are electrical items that program the sequence of operation
of the electric solenoid valves that are used to control the flow into the
various zones.
Figure 3-21

fields are particular to controllers or have a specific explanation when
used in the Controllers dialog.

Number of This refers to the maximum “Number of
Stations: Stations” (or system flows) the controller can
be wired to control. A station or system flow
may consist of one or many electric solenoid
valves.
This information is purely descriptive and is not used by IRRICAD in the

design process apart from costing and bill of material reports.
3.8.16 LIGHTS
The lights component group contains items for garden or landscape
lighting.
Figure 3-22
fields are particular to lights or have a specific explanation when used in
the Lights dialog.
Rating: The power “Rating” of the lights in watts.

Nominal Voltage: The “Nominal Voltage” rating of the light in
volts.
Volt tolerance % The percentage voltage increase above the
Above:: nominal voltage allowed for the light.
Volt tolerance % The percentage voltage drop below the
Below:: nominal voltage allowed for the light.

3.8.17 OTHER ELECTRICS
Figure 3-23

A miscellaneous Electrical component group contains items that are
considered to be part of the electrical requirements, but do not belong in
the wire, lights or controller component groups.

fields are particular to other electrics or have a specific explanation
when used in the Other Electrics dialog.
Rating: The power “Rating” of the item in watts.

Voltage: The “Voltage Rating” of the item in volts.

3.8.18 MISCELLANEOUS
The Miscellaneous component group is used to store items such as
concrete, locking clamps, sealing plugs, valve boxes etc. so that these
items can also be included in the total cost of the project. To include
these items in the reports, select from the database using the [Show
Fittings] button found on the Change or Change Type dialog.
Figure
3-24

fields are particular to miscellaneous items or have a specific
explanation when used in the Miscellaneous dialog.
Size / Diameter 1: Where relevant, the size and / or diameter of

the component.
Size / Diameter 2: Where relevant, the size and / or diameter of
the component.
This information is descriptive and only appears in the relevant reports.

3.9 QUERY MENU
The Query function allows low level access to Irricad databases via
Microsoft® Jet SQL. Using this facility could cause corruption of
databases and therefore creating new queries shouldn’t be attempted
without a reasonable knowledge of both SQL and the structure of Irricad
databases.
IRRICAD Pro comes equipped with pre-set queries, which can be used
to view or update various database tables. Examples include:- showing
the Pipe Table (this also allows you to add or edit pipe codes); and an
example of increasing pipe prices for a particular supplier.
Figure 3-25
The Query tab is only visible if “Show Query tab” is checked in

Tools|Options.
The tools are available from the Query menu or short cut icons on the
toolbar:
Figure 3-26
3.9.1 EXECUTE QUERY
This option executes the current query (the SQL code for this is shown
in bottom pane of the query tab). Results of the query are shown in the
main grid pane of the Query tab.
An option is available (Tools|Options) that will execute SELECT queries

automatically when they are selected.
To execute a query:
1. Choose the required query from the dropdown list on the tab.
2. Select Execute Query from the menu or toolbar.
3.9.2 SAVE QUERY

This saves the current query with the title as specified in the “Query
name” combo box. Note that all queries are saved in a text file,
Queries.irq, located in the main Irricad Pro folder.
To save a query:
1. Select Query|Save Query.

If a query with that name already exists, the user will be prompted to
over-write it.
3.9.3 DELETE QUERY

This option removes the current query from the query configuration file.
To delete a query:
1. Select the query to be deleted.

2. Select Query|Delete Query.
3.9.4 RELOAD QUERY

Select this option to reload all queries and redisplay the current query.
This is useful if the user wishes to “undo” the modification to a query, or
if the query file has been updated externally.

3.10 WINDOW MENU
The options in the Window menu control how the open databases can
be displayed.
3.10.1 CASCADE
An option for displaying multiple databases in a cascading fashion i.e.
each next window displayed below the previous title bar. Found in
Window|Cascade.
3.10.2 TILE
An option for displaying two databases one below the other on the
screen found in Window|Tile.
3.10.3 ARRANGE ICONS

In the event that many windows are open but minimised,
Window|Arrange Icons will arrange the minimized window icons in the
left-hand corner.
3.10.4 OPEN DATABASES LIST

Lists all databases that are open and indicates which one currently has
the input focus. Found in Window|Open Database List.

3.11 TOOLS MENU (DATABASE)
3.11.1 CLEAN FIELDS

The Clean Fields utility is used to ensure the consistency of any data
that is directly imported, via MS Access, into the IRRICAD databases. It
essentially does what the database editor does and makes sure that
character fields are the correct length, and that real fields have suitable
values.
To use the utility simply:-
1. Close the current database.

2. Select Clean Fields from the Utility menu.
3. Choose the database and click the [Clean] button.
4. When the progress bar stops the operation is complete.
5. [Cancel] exits from the utility.
A backup of the original database will be created (~tmp then the

database name) this may be deleted when required.
3.11.2 DELETE ORPHAN NOZZLES

Select Tools|Delete Orphan Nozzles to delete any nozzles which are no
longer attached to an Outlet.
3.11.3 UNITS
These settings control the units used for display and entry for each type
of quantity.
To set units:
1. Select Settings|Units.
2. Edit each measurement as required.
3. Click [OK].
Note: The units set here will also change the default units in IRRICAD.

IRRICAD, but can also be set in IRRICAD for use in Database
Editor.
3.11.4 OPTIONS
3.11.4.1 WARNINGS AND ERRORS
Options allow the choice whether or not the database editor displays
some warning messages.
Display warning messages when changes to a component have not

been updated:
When this option is checked, a message will appear when editing a
component (e.g., on the main dialog screen) and attempt to select
another function (e.g., [New]). The message will ask if the changes are
required to be saved. Answer [Yes], [No] or [Cancel].
If this option is not checked, the message does not appear and the
changes are automatically saved.
Display warning messages before editing a component:

When this option is checked a message is displayed when an item is
selected and the [Delete] button is clicked. The message is a check to
make sure the item is to be permanently deleted. This allows time to
check the correct item is selected.
If this option is not checked, the selected item will be deleted without
displaying a message.
Show errors in the internal structure when they are noticed:

This option should always be checked. A message will be displayed if
errors in the internal structure are encountered.
3.11.4.2 APPLICATION
Maximize application on start-up
When checked, the database editor will open full screen.
Maximize database window on open

When checked databases will open full screen within the main pane of
the Editor.

Open database on start-up
When checked, select the default database or last opened database to
open on start-up.
Show Query tab

When checked, the Query tab will be visible after the Nozzles
component tab.
Execute SELECT queries automatically

When checked, the query will run automatically when selected.
Supplementary Character set

This accesses the same setting as in IRRICAD and needs to be set to
enable Left to Right languages or East Asian languages to display
correctly in the “grid” views. For more information on using this feature
refer to the V11 release notes.
3.11.5 CUSTOMIZE
Toolbars can be customized and their viewing controlled through the
View|Toolbars menu. A shortcut is also available by right-clicking on any
toolbar. The operation of this facility is described below.
3.11.5.1 TOOLBARS TAB

The display of individual Toolbars may be toggled using the check boxes
provided. At any time when the Toolbar “Customize” dialog is open
buttons may be ‘dragged’ from one toolbar to another, dragging a button
onto the main view area or any other area that is not a Toolbar will
remove a button.
New Button: IRRICAD contains a set of default Toolbars

(Design, Dimension, Drawing, Electric, File,
Hydraulic, Modify, Select, Snap, Tool, and
Zoom). It is possible to add new blank Toolbar
by clicking the [New] button.
Reset Button: When one of the default IRRICAD toolbars is
highlighted the reset button is available. Clicking
this will repopulate the current Toolbar with its
default buttons. If any buttons have been
previously moved to other Toolbars then copies

of these buttons will be retained in those
Toolbars.
Delete Button: User defined Toolbars (created with [New]) can
be removed by selected the desired Toolbar
and clicking the [Delete] button which will be
available. Note that it is not possible to remove
the default IRRICAD Toolbars although they
can be depopulated or hidden.
Show ToolTips: Controls whether tooltips are displayed when
the mouse cursor is paused above a Toolbar
button.
Cool Look: This check box changes the appearance of the
Toolbars to a ‘flat’ style.
Large Buttons: This button will increase the size of the buttons
on the screen.
3.11.5.2 COMMANDS TAB

This tab contains the commands that can be represented by a button;
they are grouped in a way that matches the default Toolbars. Clicking on
a category shows the buttons that are available; these buttons can then
be dragged onto any existing Toolbar (default or user defined). Note that
the same command/button can exist in more than one Toolbar.
3.11.5.3 WINICAD.INI AND IRRIBASE.INI

The current Toolbar configurations for IRRICAD and the Database
Editor are stored in initialization files called Winicad.ini and Irribase.ini in
the Irricad folder (normally C:\Program Files\AEI Software\Irricad
Pro\config).
3.11.6 LANGUAGE
Select Tools|Language to change the language as required and restart
the Database Editor.

3.12 HELP MENU (DATABASE)
The Help menu contains the options:
 Contents
 About Irribase
3.12.1 CONTENTS
Help|Contents opens the database editor manual on-line help. It is the
same as the printed manual.
The help file can be loaded as HTML Help or WinHelp. Internet Explorer
is required for HTML Help. If it is not available, WinHelp will
automatically open. Microsoft Office is required for WinHelp.
3.12.1.1 HTML HELP

At the top of the help dialog are icons: Hide, Back, Print, and Options.
Hide / Show
search option is visible; clicking Hide will hide the left hand side. If the
dialog.
Contents
If this tab is selected, the manuals content page is displayed. Each
heading with a + sign can be opened to reveal its sub-headings. The
sub-headings can be hidden by clicking on the - sign.
Clicking any heading will open that section of the manual. The text is
displayed on the right hand side of the help window.
Index

been selected to aid in finding topics. Select a topic and click the Display
button.
Search
To use Search:
1. Enter the word required to find. Make the word as specific as

possible e.g., enter X to find the meaning of this “Usage” code
for assemblies.
2. Click the [List Topics] button.
4. Click the [Display] button. The selected topic will be displayed
on the right hand side.
Back
Back to the last topic accessed, whether the topic was selected by using
Contents, Index or Search or used the yellow arrows at the end of each
topic to navigate.
3.12.2 ABOUT IRRIBASE

This option shows the version of the database editor.
To find the version of the database editor:
1. Select Help|About DB Editor.

The dialog shows the version number of the database editor and the
year copyright was registered.

3.13 ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE
3.13.1 DEFAULT DATABASE ORDER

The databases have an in-built ordering system that determines the
order items are displayed in the Database Editor and drop down list in
IRRICAD. This is set out in Default Database Order, Section 6.5 to help
understand the ordering of items in each component group. Items in
each component group are ordered alphabetically or numerically in
ascending order based upon each of the fields below in turn. For
example, Controllers are ordered numerically by the [Order] field then
alphabetically by [Description] and so on.
Note that the [order] field is an internal one that is not available in the
IRRICAD Database Editor. It can, however, be accessed via Microsoft
Access. By default, the order field for all items is the same and therefore
has no effect. If the order field is required to have another number to
change the ordering, this can be done in the column labeled Order
Number.
To do this, follow the steps below:
1. Open the database in Microsoft Access (MS Access must be

installed). This can be done by double-clicking on the .mdb file
in Explorer.
2. Select Components and click [Open]
3. Scroll to the right-hand side. This last column is titled Order. All
items have the same order number (10,000).
4. Find the item required to be at the top of the items in the
component group. Give this item an order number less than
10,000 (e.g., 1, 2, 3 etc). The same re-numbering can be started
for each of the component groups.
5. Close the database and exit MS Access.
The order of the fields can be changed in the registry of IRRICAD.
1. Select Start|Run and type Regedit. Open

HKEY_CURRENT_USER and then Software. Open AEI
Software and then IRRICAD. Open Database Settings and
double-click on Sort Order.

2. On the right-hand side will be the component groups and their
ordering. Double-click on the icon to the right of the component
group and a dialog will appear and the fields can be re-ordered.
Be careful to retain the square brackets and commas in the
correct place when moving the fields.
For example Pipes are ordered by:
“[Order],[Major1],[Reals1],[Reals4],[Description]”
The order number is the same for all items unless the number has
modified in MS Access. It is recommended that the [Order] is left in first
place. However, if pipes are to be ordered on Description next, copy and
cut the [Description] (Ctrl+X) and paste (Ctrl+V) after [Order] so now the
value will read:
[Order],[Description],[Major1],[Reals1],[Reals4]
3. Click [OK] and close the Registry Editor.
3.13.2 GLOBALLY UPDATING PRICES IN THE DATABASE

Across the board price increases from particular supplies can be
updated in one go in the Database Editor by using the Query options.
1. Open the database editor and the database to update

2. Go to Query tab.
3. From the drop-down box select Update Wholesale and Retail
Prices of SUP1 Pipes, increasing by 6%.
4. Once the query has been selected, the formula will be displayed
in the lower field. See Figure 3-27.
5. If required, change the details to suit. E.g: 1.06 = a 6% increase
so change according to the percentage increase required; SUP1
can be changed to the required supplier code; the Database
number for Pipes is 1 which can be changed to any required
component group.

Figure 3-27
6. Once you are ready to run the query, select Query|Execute

Query.
7. If you wish to save the edited query for use another time, in the
“Query name” field (at the top of the screen) enter a new name
and then select Query|Save Query.
3.13.2.1 FIELDS:
Major1 pipe type (pipes) or inlet / major connection type
Minor1 outlet / minor connection type
Reals1 nominal diameter, min submain diameter (LTOs),
inlet / major diameter (valves, misc. hyd., couplers,
tees, pumps, outlets), radius equation constant
(nozzles), size/diameter 1 (misc. items)
Reals2 actual (internal) diameter, lateral diameter (LTOs),
outlet / minor diameter (valves, misc. hyd., couplers,
tees, pumps) bend angle (elbows & bends), radius
equation index (nozzles), size/diameter 2 (misc.
items)
Reals3 pipe roughness or constant (valves, misc. hyd, )
minor diameter (elbow & bends), A factor (pumps),
arc (nozzles)
Reals4 allowable pressure (pipes, tapes) or index (valves,
misc. hyd, ) B factor (pumps), constant (nozzles)

Reals5 intercept (valves, misc. Hyd, ) C factor (pumps), index
(nozzles)
Reals7 wholesale cost
Reals8 retail price
Rextra1 minimum flow m3/h (valves, misc. hyd., pumps),
default pressure (outlets), minimum pressure
(nozzles)
Rextra2 maximum flow m3/h (valves, misc. hyd., pumps),
default watering arc (outlets), maximum pressure
(nozzles)
Rextra3 flow tolerance above (outlets)
Rextra4 flow tolerance below (outlets)

4 Tutorials
The purpose of these tutorials is to have you enter a small, yet complete
irrigation system, have it designed and costed, and the plans prepared.
You will simply be asked to do things, explanation as to ‘why?’ will be
limited - enough to show the process without getting involved in possible
alternatives. The intention is to illustrate how IRRICAD works and to do
this as simply as possible. Consequently, the system layouts used have
been devised with this in mind and the siting of some componentry may
not be ideal from an irrigation designer's viewpoint.
IRRICAD User Guide Tutorials  325

326  Tutorials IRRICAD User Guide
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN TUTORIALS
The types of tutorials are listed:
Very Basic Design Section 4.2.1
A Simple Turf Design Section 4.2.2
Methods to Lay Out Sprinklers Section 4.2.3
Applying a Specific Amount of Water to an Section 4.2.4
Area
Simple Drip Tape Design Section 4.3.1
Simple Drip Tape Design Using Block Section 4.3.2
Entities
A Simple Orchard Design Section 4.3.3
Working with Multi-Valve Designs Section 4.3.4
Micro Irrigation Design Section 4.3.5
Solid Set Sprinkler Design Section 4.3.6
Residential Design Section 4.3.7
Wheel Line Design Section 4.3.8
Using Demand Points Section 4.4.1
A Rural Water Supply Section 4.4.2
Customizing Your Database Section 4.5.1
How IRRICAD Selects Fittings and Section 4.5.2
Understanding the Fitting Selection Rules
Correcting Fittings Errors Section 4.5.3
Creating and Modifying Assemblies Section 4.5.4
Creating and Modifying Symbols Section 4.6
Printing Using Plot Layouts Section 4.7
Digitizing Plans Section 4.8
Plot Templates Section 4.9
Tips for Advanced Users Section 4.10
There is no rigidly prescribed method of carrying out IRRICAD designs;

you should use these examples as a guide only and try to develop a
procedure which best suits your situation.
Only those options needed to produce these designs are described.

References to the Help Topics are made where appropriate.
The exercises in this manual are set up to show specific features of

IRRICAD, so please complete each section even if the type of design is
not in your general line of work. Work through the exercises at your own
pace and please feel confident with each exercise before moving on to

the next one. These exercises can be completed at an IRRICAD training
course or at your own computer in your office.
The database that is necessary for the tutorials is supplied with the
program.
When directed to select a command from a menu, the menu name,

menu option and sub menu option (if applicable) will be listed. For
example, select Settings|Digitizer|Scale. This refers to selecting the
Scale option from the Digitizer submenu that is found in the Settings
menu. The Settings menu is found on the Menu bar at the top of the
IRRICAD window. All button names will be displayed with square
brackets such as [OK] etc and all dialog field names will be displayed
with double quotation marks such as “Description”. All entries you need
to enter, select or are editable if automatically entered for you are in bold
such as ‘Enter the “Width” as 32 and the “Height” as 50.’
4.1.1 HELPFUL HINTS

Before you begin any designs on your own, please note the following:
4.1.1.1 TERMINOLOGY
Designs in IRRICAD consist of Mainline Pipes (pipes connecting a water
supply or water supplies to Zone Valves), Zone Pipes (pipes connecting
Zone Valves to laterals or outlets, e.g., submains), and
Spraylines/Tapes (equivalent to laterals).
Spray Block and Tape Block (options in the Zone menu) are options for
laying out an area of equally spaced spraylines or tapes, nothing more.
Use of Block does not define an irrigation block.
A Zone becomes defined when a Zone Control Valve is entered and

Zone Pipes, Spraylines and / or Outlets are connected to it, i.e. it
depends on what is connected downstream of the Zone Control Valve.
This means that Block may be used to layout all of the spraylines for a
design at one time. The Spraylines may then be modified using
Tools|Cut Lasso to remove areas that are not required, Modify|Delete to
take out unwanted rows and so on. The Zones only become defined
when these Spraylines are connected to Zone Control Valves.

A Tape Irrigation Block or Spray Irrigation Block does define an irrigation
block. These are dealt with as a complete entity and can be subdivided
using the Tools|Sub-Divide Block option.
4.1.1.2 ON-LINE HELP

The on-line Help is available through the Help menu, select Help Topics.
It contains all the topics and chapters available in the manual and is
divided into five main divisions:
 The Overview contains information about using Help and

comments and tips for new users.
 The User Manual describes how to approach a particular task,
using IRRICAD tools and options.
 The Database Editor section describes the function of the
database and how to enter hydraulic items into the database.
 Tutorials – this section.
 The Tool and Command Reference describes each menu item
and describes how to mechanically use the tool.
In addition the Help menu also contains a Release Notes section which
chronologically lists new features added and also details addenda to the
manuals.
Use Search or Find to enter a key word and find the sections the key
word appears in.
4.1.1.3 MOUSE OPERATION

IRRICAD uses the mouse installed with Windows operating systems.
Clicking the left mouse button selects or places. Clicking the right mouse
button will bring up additional menus of choices for aiding or finishing
tasks when using tools.
In most circumstances do not hold down the left mouse button after
placing the first click of a line, pipe, select window or similar. Simply left-
click then move the mouse and left-click again.

4.1.2 THE FIRST STEPS
To start a design:
1. Select Settings|Company and enter your company details. To

avoid having to re-enter your company information, in future
designs, click the [Save As Defaults] button.
2. Set display properties for hydraulic items. Select

Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific to customize pipe line
widths. Again click the [Save As Defaults] button to retain these
settings for all future designs Select Settings|Irrigation Items to
customize the display properties for other hydraulic symbols.
These are contained in the “Lines” and “Symbols” sections of
this tab.
3. Select Settings|Units to select the units to use for each type of

value.
4. If you know approximately what size your design will be, you can
select a “Design Size” from Settings|Miscellaneous. This option
makes the symbols, on the screen, an appropriate symbol size
relative to the area the design covers. It can be altered at any
time by selecting another “Design Size” or typing in a “Base
Database Symbol Size”. Note if the “Update Database Symbols”
checkbox is checked, all hydraulic symbols, currently in the
design, will be updated to the new size.
5. Design headings can be entered at any time. However, it is

advantagous to specify these at the beginning to avoid any
confusion if several copies of the base design are made. Select
Settings|Design Details.
6. You are now ready to enter your design. Note that all
Management and Design options are available from the Design
menu and all Zooms are available from the View menu.
Remember that if you cannot find a particular menu item or tool,
the Find or Search functions in Help|Help Topics can be used to
locate it.
Remember that you can enter items and information at any time and in
any order. Make sure only Mainline items are used upstream from a

control valve, and only Zone items are used downstream from a control
valve.
7. Design the zones first (Design|Zone Design|...) to be able to use

actual flows in the management process (step 8).
8. You must tell IRRICAD how the system is to operate before you
can design the mainline. Select one of the management options
from the Design menu: Assign Zones to System Flows (or one
of the two partly automated options) or Zone Operating Times
before designing the mainline (Design|Mainline Design|...).
Happy Designing!
4.1.3 IMPORTANT RULES TO REMEMBER

There are two main rules for IRRICAD. Neither can be broken,
and if you remember them then designing with IRRICAD is
made easier.
 You cannot connect zone items to mainline items. Only a control

valve can join zone and mainline
 The order in which you draw items is flexible but Design is not.
You must first tell IRRICAD how the system is to run
(Management), then design the zones, analyze the valves and
then design the mainline as listed below:
Process List for Designing with IRRICAD

1. Enter background information
2. Layout the irrigation system
3. Design / Analyse the Zone
4. Management – tell IRRICAD how the system is to run – what

zones are operating when
5. Design / Analyse the Mainline
6. Reports
7. Finalise Design
8. Computer Selection of Fittings and Bill of Materials Report
9. Place a Plot Layout and then Print.

4.2 BASIC START
4.2.1 VERY BASIC DESIGN

Tasks covered in this tutorial:
 Entering Zone and mainline items
 Drawing a simple system
 Turning valves on
 Sizing pipes based on required pressures
 Reading reports
This design illustrates the very basic concepts entailed in an IRRICAD

design . Understanding these concepts and principles will allow them to
be applied to larger and more complex designs.
Figure 4-1
4.2.1.1 STARTING THE TUTORIAL

1. Double-click on the IRRICAD icon or select Start|All
Programs|IRRICAD|IRRICAD Pro to start IRRICAD. If IRRICAD
is already running, select File|New to start a clean design.
2. Go to Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific and browse [...] for the

Tutorial.mdb database. Highlight and select [Open].

3. Go to the Units tab and click the [US] ([Metric]) button to restore
the default units for this tutorial. These settings can be retained
for each design by clicking the [Save As Default] button.
4. Select the Misc tab (Settings|Miscellaneous) and select the

“Medium Design Size” (center of dialog). Click [OK].
4.2.1.2 DRAWING THE LAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM

5. Select Mainline|Water Supply and place a water supply on the
screen, near the left-hand side. Leave the entries as 0, so that
IRRICAD will calculate the system duty for the system you draw.
Click [OK] to accept and close the dialog.
6. Select Mainline|Pipe. Leave the pipe as Computer Selected so

that IRRICAD will size the pipe for you. Click [OK] and click in
the center of the water supply to place the start point of the pipe
(left-click on the screen). The pipe will rubberband with the
cursor until you place the end point or next point of a pipe (if the
pipe is bent). The pipe tool is like a continuous line tool and will
rubberband between points until you end the pipe by Right-
clicking and selecting Restart (Right-click|Restart).
7. Between mainline and zone items there always needs to be a

control valve. Items upstream from the control valves are always
designated as Mainline whilst items downstream of a control
valve are always designated as Zone items. You can select a
control valve from both the Mainline and the Zone menu
(Mainline|Control Valve or Zone|Control Valve). Select the ¾”
(20mm) Electric Valve, Click [OK] and place it on the black
junction (square) at the end of your mainline pipe. Once placed,
IRRICAD will assign a default name of Zone no. 1 to this control
valve. This is because valves need to be identified so they can
be reffered to later in the design process. Click [OK], the black
junction will disappear when the control valve connects to the
pipe.
8. Now select Zone|Pipe. Leave the pipe as Computer Selected,

Click [OK] and place the start point on the control valve. Click to
place the end point of the zone pipe. When you have completed
your zone pipe, Right-click|Restart.

9. Select Zone|Outlet. Select the Big Impact Drive Sprinkler. In
the “Nozzle” field you can select the nozzles associated with this
sprinkler. Select the 4.9mm nozzle. Leave the “Pressure” and
“Flow” as the default values. Click [OK] and place the outlet on
the end of the zone pipe in the center of the black junction. The
black junction will disappear when the outlet connects to it.
We have drawn the layout of the system (see Figure 4-1), selected
valves and sprinklers and allowed IRRICAD to select pipe sizes and
calculate the required system duty.
4.2.1.3 CHECKING CONNECTIONS

10. First, select Design|Check Outlet Connectivity. If everything is
connected, proceed with Design. This tool is optional but is
recommended for new users and for complex designs. Any
unconnected items will be marked with a red cross in a circle.
(These can be removed by selecting Design|Clear Connectivity
Marks.)
11. If any outlets or control valves are marked as unconnected,

check that you cannot see a black junction where the outlet,
control valve or water supply connects to the pipes (use
View|Zoom Window and draw a window where you want to
zoom in). If you see a black junction at either of these points, it
is an indication that the valve, water supply or outlet is not
connected to the pipe. Select the valve, water supply or outlet
(Modify|Select Object and click on the item) and move the item
to the center of the junction (Modify|Move and click on the item).
The junction will disappear when the item is connected to a pipe.
If you are still having trouble with the connection, check that the
“Default Snap Mode” in Settings|Snap is set to “Connect”.
Another reason items might not connect is that you are trying to
connect zone items on to mainline items or vice versa.
Remember a control valve is required between zone and
mainline items.
4.2.1.4 ZONE DESIGN

12. Now we can size the pipes for the zone. You will see that the
Zone Design menu has four options. Analyze is used when you

have selected the pipe sizes or after you have made further
changes to the design. LP Design is used when you wish to size
zone pipes based on the pressure required at the outlets.
Velocity Design is used when you wish to size pipes based on a
maximum velocity or when the pipe system is looped. Detailed
Analysis is normally used at the completion of design and
iteratively adjusts the flow at each sprinkler based on the
calculated pressures giving a more accurate analysis than that
based on nominal flows. Select Design|Zone Design|LP Design.
You should now see the pipe change colour. The colours
assigned to various pipes are stored in the database.
IRRICAD also checks that the flow through the valve is within the
manufacturers' specification and calculates the valve headloss.
4.2.1.5 ENTERING MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

13. IRRICAD needs to know how the system will be operated, we
call this Management and there are several ways to accomplish
this task. Management gives us the ability to specify when
control valves are on and off. In our simple example there is only
one valve so the simplest method is to select Design|Assign All
Zones to One System Flow. This option automatically assigns
“Zone no. 1” to operate on System Flow 1. Click [OK].

14. We can now size the mainline. You will notice that the four
options here are the same as were available in the Zone Design
submenu. The only differences are that LP Design will size
pipes based on the pressure required at the control valve and
that Velocity Design must be used if the system has more than
one water supply connected. Select Design|Mainline Design|LP
Design. You should see the pipe change colour. Again the
colour for pipes is stored in the database.
4.2.1.7 REPORTING
15. Select Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Design Summary.
This report summarizes what is happening in the zone – from
the outlets to the control valve as seen in Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-2
16. Possibly the most useful reports are the Full and Pipe reports.
The Full report will tell you the length of a pipe, its head
difference and its velocity (as seen in Figure 4-3) whereas the
Pipe report will tell you the pressure in the pipe and elevation of
the start and end point. Both reports will tell you the pipe size
and flow.
Figure 4-3
17. Now open the Reports|Mainline Design Reports|System Duty

Report. Here we see the system duty required to run the system
you have designed (Figure 4-4).
Figure 4-4

4.2.2 A SIMPLE TURF DESIGN
 Entering Zone and mainline items
 Drawing simple background information
 Setting pipe line widths
 Drawing a simple turf system
 Setting required outlet pressures
 Selecting outlet connectors (risers)
 Resizing database symbols to suit design size
 Using the Change tool
 Orientating arcs manually
 Turning valves on
 Sizing pipes based on pressure
 Reading reports
This tutorial shows a simple method for laying out several sprinklers and
connecting them to the water supply. It is for demonstration purposes
only and hence is of a relatively small size.
Figure 4-5
4.2.2.1 GETTING STARTED

is already running select File|New to start a clean design.

2. In Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific and browse [...] for the
Tutorial.mdb database. Highlight and select [Open]. Change
the “Zone Pipes Line Width” to 2 and the “Mainline Pipe Line
Width” to 3.
the default units for this tutorial. Note - Metric measurements are
displayed in brackets. These settings can be retained for each
design by clicking the [Save As Default] button.
4. In the previous tutorial we did not draw in any background

information. This is not usual, since in most cases you need to
have the area, fence lines etc laid out before you can draw in
the hydraulic system. We will enter some basic background
information in this design. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point and
place the first point on the screen by left-clicking. Move the
cursor and click again to place the opposite corner of the
rectangle (the second point). Select Modify|Change and click on
the boundary of the rectangle. In the dialog change the “Width”
and “Height” to 11.5ft (3.5m) as in Figure 4-6. Click [OK].
Figure 4-6
5. Select View|Zoom All then View|Zoom Out.

4.2.2.2 LAYING OUT THE SYSTEM
6. Select Mainline|Water Supply and place the water supply to the
far right of the square, some distance away (left-click to place).
In the dialog leave all the fields as 0. Click [OK].
7. Select Settings|Miscellaneous and type in 1.6 (0.5) for the “Base

Database Symbol Size”, make sure that “Update Database
Symbols” is checked. Click [OK]. The hydraulic symbols on the
screen will now appear smaller.
8. Select Zone|Outlet. In the dialog select the Garden Spray

Sprinkler by clicking on the down arrow and highlighting the
required item. The “Nozzle” field will show the 10 garden
Nozzle. Change the “Pressure” to 28psi (20m) and the arc to
90o. In the “Riser” field select the ½” x ½” Flexible Swing Joint
(the riser determines how the sprinkler is connected to the pipe).
Click [OK].
9. Place an outlet at each corner of the square by left-clicking. You

will notice that the arcs are not oriented to water inside the
square. We will manually fix this by selecting Modify|Change
and clicking on a wetted arc. In the dialog change the “Start
Angle” to be 0, 90, 180 or 270 as required (bottom left = 0, top
left = 270, top right = 180 and bottom right = 90) as in Figure
4-7. Click [OK].
Figure 4-7

10. Repeat for each arc.
11. Connect the outlets by selecting the Zone|Pipe tool (Computer

Selected pipe) and clicking on each item to connect to the pipe.
Start at the top left outlet then the top right, then the bottom right
and last the bottom left. Right-click|Restart. Right-
click|Snaps|Midpoint and click on the pipe joining the top right
sprinkler and the bottom right sprinkler. Draw this pipe out a little
to the right about half way towards the water supply. Left-click to
place the end point of this pipe then Right-click|Restart.
12. Select Zone|Control Valve and select the 1” (25mm) Electric

Valve. Place the valve on the zone pipe end. Select
Mainline|Pipe and left-click on the valve, then left-click on the
water supply. Right-click|Restart. See Figure 4-8.
Figure 4-8

These can be removed by selecting Design|Clear Connectivity
Marks.

is because the valve, water supply or outlet is not connected to
the pipe. Select the valve, water supply or outlet (Modify|Select
Object and click on the item) and move the item to the center of
the junction (Modify|Move and click on the item). The junction
will disappear when the item is connected to a pipe. If you are
still having trouble with the connection, check that the “Default
Snap Mode” in Settings|Snap is “Connect”. Another reason
items might not connect is that you are trying to connect zone
items on to mainline items or vice versa. Remember a control
valve is required between zone and mainline items.
4.2.2.4 ZONE DESIGN

15. Now we can design the zone. Select Design|Zone Design|LP
Design. You should see the pipe change colour. The colour for
pipes is stored in the database. Note that if the pipe selected
has the same colour as the computer selected pipe you will not
see a colour change.

16. Once again IRRICAD needs to know how the system will be
operated. We call this Management and there are several ways
to accomplish this task. Management gives us the ability to
specify when control valves are on and off. In our simple
example there is only one valve so the simplest method is to
select Design|Assign All Zones to One System Flow. This option
is automatic, IRRICAD assigns “Zone no. 1” to operate on
System Flow 1. Click [OK].

17. We can now design the mainline. Select Design|Mainline
Design|LP Design. You should see the pipe change colour.
Again the colour for pipes is stored in the database.

4.2.2.7 REPORTING
18. Select Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Design Summary.
This report summarizes what is happening in the zone – from
the outlets to the control valve as seen in Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-9
19. The total zone flow is reported. The minimum and maximum
allowable outlet pressures are calculated based on the pressure
entered in the Outlet dialog and the flow tolerance specified for
the Garden Spray Sprinkler in the database. This tolerance
allows a pressure variation of 12.8%. The actual outlet pressure
variation in this system is 0%. IRRICAD calculates the required
downstream valve pressure and the resulting minimum and
maximum outlet pressures in the zone.
4.2.3 METHODS TO LAY OUT SPRINKLERS

These tutorials illustrate the different methods available to lay out
sprinklers. There are three main methods:-
 Placing sprinklers individually (as shown in the previous tutorial

Section 4.2.2)
 Placing sprinklers at a fixed or even spacing along a pipe length
– see Section 4.2.3.2 and Section 4.2.3.3
 Automatically placing sprinklers in irregular areas Section
4.2.3.4
Before we look at these different methods it is useful to note that you do

not need to orientate the arcs, of part circle sprinklers, manually. The
previous tutorial detailed the manual method since there were few
sprinklers and the required orientation was easy to determine. The Area
tool (short for Irrigation Area) is used to automatically orientate arcs.
This tool will be explained when we look at the different ways to layout
sprinklers.

is already running select File|New to start with a clean design.

Width” to 3.
the default units for this tutorial. Note that Metric measurements
are displayed in brackets. These settings can be retained for
each design by clicking the [Save As Default] button.
4.2.3.2 PLACING SPRINKLERS AT A FIXED SPACING – 1ST METHOD OF

PLACING SPRINKLERS AT A FIXED SPACING
 Orientating arcs automatically
 Adding pipe and fixed spaced sprinklers in one action
 Snapping to a point
Figure 4-10
1. This method allows pipe and sprinklers, at a fixed spacing, to be

placed in one action.
2. Draw a rectangle 82 x 49ft (25 x 15m) on the screen using

Draw|Rectangle|2 Point. You can draw out the rectangle any
size and then select Modify|Change and click on the border of
the rectangle. Change the “Width” to be 82ft (25m) and “Height”
to be 49ft (15m).

right of the rectangle. Leave all fields set to 0. Click [OK]. Select
View|Zoom All.
4. Select Zone|Area and draw a lasso around the outside of the

rectangle by clicking at each point that you wish to change
direction. To close the boundary Right-click|Close. In the dialog
make sure the “Set Arc Orientation Using Area” check box is
checked. See Figure 4-11.
Figure 4-11
5. Select Zone|Sprayline and leave the pipe as Computer

Selected. Select the Low Flow Garden Sprinkler as the
sprinkler. This sprinkler has only one nozzle (Low Flow Nozzle)
which will automatically appear in the “Nozzle” field. Leave the
“Pressure” as the default pressure of 29.869psi (21m). Leave
the “Riser” field as No Component Selected and enter 14.5ft
(4.5m) as the “Outlet Spacing” (for head-to-head spacing).
Uncheck the “Connected” check box, as we want these items to
be treated as separate outlets and pipes. Click [OK].
6. Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint and click on the top left corner of the

rectangle. Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint again and click on the top
right corner of the rectangle. Right-click|Restart. A line of pipe
has been drawn with the sprinklers at fixed spacing.
7. Starting from the left-hand side, draw another line so that the
pipe will touch the extents of the wetted radii from the previous
line of outlets as in Figure 4-12.
Figure 4-12
4.2.3.3 EVEN SPACING ALONG A PIPE LENGTH – 2ND METHOD OF

PLACING SPRINKLERS AT A FIXED SPACING
 Adding pipe and evenly spaced sprinklers in one action
 Snapping to a point

Figure 4-13
This method is similar to the one above but uses the length of the
sprayline drawn (i.e. the length of pipe) and places sprinklers at the start
and end of the line. Sprinklers, at approximately the spacing you have
specified, are then placed evenly between the start and the end.
1. Do the above tutorial (Placing Sprinklers at a Fixed Spacing –

1st Method of Placing Sprinklers at a Fixed Spacing). Now
select Zone|Sprayline. This tool should remember the sprinkler,
nozzle, pressure and outlet spacing from before. Click the
[Options] button and uncheck the “Fixed Spacing” check box.
Click [OK] on both dialogs.
2. Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint and click on the bottom left corner of

the rectangle. Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint again and click on the
bottom right corner of the rectangle. Right-click|Restart. A line of
pipe has been drawn with the sprinklers at fixed spacing.
3. Starting from the left-hand side, draw another line so that the
pipe will touch the extents of the wetted radii from the previous
line of outlets as in Figure 4-14.
Figure 4-14
4. IRRICAD determines that the sprinklers should only water within
the Area lasso, which is just outside the rectangle boundary.
The appropriate arc will be selected in most cases, depending
on placement of the sprinkler. Any arcs outside the Area can be
altered by using Modify|Change. Click on the wetted radii and
adjust the “Include Angle” as described in the above tutorial (A
Simple Turf Design).
5. Connect the spraylines together with zone pipe on the right-

hand end of the laterals using Zone|Cut Pipe. This pipe tool will
connect to any zone item it crosses so that you do not have to
click on pipe you want to connect to. Simply start the pipe at the
top junction and finish the pipe after clicking on the bottom
junction.
6. Select a 1” (25mm) valve and connect the valve to the zone

pipe end. Select Mainline|Pipe and connect the valve to the
water supply to complete the system. See Figure 4-15. Follow
the same design procedure as in the previous tutorials.
Figure 4-15
The sprayline tool can be used to place sprinklers evenly and the pipes
subsequently deleted when the pipes need to be connected in a different
way. This tool can also be used without the Area tool, without having the
arcs or wetted radii showing, without using Snaps and can be used in
any application where even spacing or fixed spacing of outlets is
required. It can be used in conjunction with “Grid”, “Snap to Grid” or
“Circular Cursor” as placement aids. See Figure 4-16 for the difference

of having “Fixed Spacing” on and “Fixed Spacing” off on the same length
of pipe.
Figure 4-16
4.2.3.4 AUTOMATICALLY PLACING SPRINKLERS IN IRREGULAR AREAS

 Automatically determining spacing and arcs in an area
 Moving an item
 Connecting pipe to more than one item quickly
The third method used for placing sprinklers is a tool called Autohead.
Note that Autohead is normally used for small irregular areas.
Autohead attempts to maintain a uniform precipitation over the area.

Because of this best results are achieved when matched precipitation
sprinklers or fixed sprinklers with a combination of nozzles for the
different arcs that are used. Zone|Area is used alongside Autohead to
orientate the wetted arcs.

Figure 4-17
1. Select Draw|Polygon|Irregular. Place the first point in the lower

left of the screen. Hold the <Control> key down and move the
cursor upwards. Let go of the mouse and type 16 (5) on the
keyboard and press <Enter>. Now hold the <Control> key down
again and move the cursor to right to achieve a straight
horizontal line. Let go of the mouse and type 33 (10) and press
<Enter> on the keyboard. Using this method continue to draw
another line upwards for 16ft (5m), to the right for 16ft (5m),
down for 33ft (10m). Now select Right-click|Done to finish the
polygon. Select View|Zoom All.
2. Select Zone|Area and draw a lasso around the outside of the

rectangle by clicking at each point you wish to change direction.
To close the boundary Right-click|Close. In the dialog make sure
that “Set Arc Orientation Using Area” is checked. It should look
something like Figure 4-18. Select View|Zoom Out.

right of the polygon. Leave all fields in the dialog as 0. Click
[OK].
4. Select Zone|Autohead and select the Sprinkler as the Low Flow

Garden Sprinkler. This sprinkler has only one nozzle (Low
Flow Nozzle) which will automatically appear in the “Nozzle”
field. Leave the “Pressure” as the default pressure of 29.869psi
(21m). Leave the “Riser” field as No Component Selected.
Click [OK].
5. Draw the Autohead lasso around the inside border of the

polygon. To close the lasso Right-click|Close. Once the polygon
has been closed it will be filled with sprinklers. See Figure 4-19.
(Note: if the Area lasso is on the polygon boundary and so is the
Autohead lasso, you may find that some arcs do not orientate
inside the area. Simply move the sprinkler by selecting
Modify|Select Object and then Modify|Move and move the
sprinkler slightly inside the boundary and left-click to place. This
method can also be used for moving any sprinkler to a more
appropriate place.)
Figure 4-18
Figure 4-19
6. Select Modify|Move and click on the bottom right sprinkler. To
move the sprinkler click to place it in its new position in the
bottom right corner.
7. Select Zone|Cut Pipe. This tool is similar to Zone|Pipe and is a

tool to put in a straight pipe with quick connections to each zone
item the pipe crosses without having to click on each item to
connect to it. Click on the top far left sprinkler. Now click on the
sprinkler where the area goes upward. Click on the top left
sprinkler then the top right sprinkler. Now click on the bottom
right sprinkler and then the far-left sprinkler. Right-click|Restart.
Your design should look like Figure 4-20.
8. Follow the same design procedure as in the previous tutorials.
Figure 4-20
4.2.4 APPLYING A SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF WATER TO AN

AREA
 Changing an item
 Using Irrigation Areas
 Determining run times
 Determining water application
In many cases a specific amount of water is required. This may differ

depending on the type of plants or soil, and whether the location is lawn,
garden, shady or sunny.
Previously we have used the Irrigation Area tool (Zone|Area) to simply
orientate wetted radii within a boundary. This same tool allows us to
specify the amount of water we wish to apply and subsequently
calculate the run time. The Area tool has two purposes that are
unrelated. You do not need to have arcs to use the Area tool for water
requirements.
An Area lasso can be drawn around an entire section which has the
same water requirements even if there are different sprinklers or several
zones (control valves) in this section.
If you have not completed the above tutorial (Automatically Placing

Sprinklers in Irregular Areas) do so now. If you have, open the saved
design.
1. Double-click on the Area lasso (double-clicking does the same

as Modify|Change). The Area dialog will appear. See Figure
4-21.
Figure 4-21
4.2.4.1 THE AREA DIALOG

2. The maximum intensity can be specified in in/hr (mm/hr). This is
the maximum amount of water per hour that can be applied to
that area or soil type. Enter 0.2 (5) as the “Maximum Allowable
Intensity”.
3. The required quantity of water to be applied can be expressed

by volume (US gallons or litres) or depth (inches or mm). Select
“Depth” and enter 0.08in (2mm). See Figure 4-21. Click [OK].
4.2.4.2 CALCULATING ZONE RUN TIMES

4. When Areas are used you can still use the default running time
of 1 hour in Design|Assign Zones to System Flows options
(Management).
5. After management has been completed the Zone Flows report

(Reports|Management Reports|Zone Flow Report) will specify
the time we need to run the zone in order to achieve the
required depth or volume entered in the Area dialog. This report
has 26 minutes as the required running time. The Zone Flow
Report will report the run time and the applied precipitation to
the area per zone. The Water Requirements report will list the
applied volumes and depths based on the current run time
(which is 1 hour). See Figure 4-22 (Zone Flow Report) and
Figure 4-23(Water Requirements Report).
Figure 4-22
Figure 4-23
You can set the run time in Assign Zones to System Flows to be that
which is reported in the Zone Flow Report (26 minutes). Open the Water
Requirements report with the updated run time of 26 minutes.
6. Complete Mainline Design.

4.3 DESIGN TUTORIALS
4.3.1 SIMPLE DRIP TAPE DESIGN

 Drawing a block of tapes
 Changing symbol size on the screen
 Connecting to multiple zone items quickly
 Snapping to the midpoint of an object
This tutorial shows the steps required for drawing and designing a drip
tape irrigation scheme. Read the notes below and then proceed with the
exercise. This exercise designs a drip tape block with no pressure
regulation within the block.
4.3.1.1 TAPES - AN OVERVIEW

A drip tape is a thin walled pipe tube with emitters built into the wall of
the pipe. Tapes are treated differently in IRRICAD because their
hydraulic characteristics are different to a standard pipe with a sprinkler
or dripper attached. Reasons for this are primarily because of the low
operating pressures and the extent of flow variations down a tape run
with varying lengths and input pressures. Some hard wall tubing
products are also treated as tapes because of these reasons.

is already running select File|New to start with a clean design.

Width” to 3.
the default units for this tutorial. Note Metric measurements are

4. Select the Misc tab and click the “Medium Design Size”. Change
the “Base Database Symbol Size” to 10ft (3m). This determines
the size of the symbols according to the size of the design.
When you are finished click [OK].
Figure 4-24
5. Select Zone|Tape Block and select the Drip tape from the
dropdown list of tapes. Leave the depth as 0, as the tapes will
be at ground level. Leave the default “Inlet Pressure” as 12psi
(8.5m) and make sure that “Regulated” is unchecked. Checking
this option would mean that you have PRVs at the start of each
tape, which we do not have in this case. Type in 6ft (2m) for the
“Lateral Spacing” and leave the “Number of Laterals” as 0. Make
sure the “Determine Automatically” option for the “Lateral
Direction” is selected as in Figure 4-24. Click [OK].
6. Now move the cursor to the bottom left of the screen and draw
the outline of the block: left-click then draw a line upwards for
165ft (50m) as seen on the status bar d=165 (50) (approx.).
Left-click the mouse to place the line at this point, and then
continue drawing the block area by going 200ft (60m) to the
right and left-click. Now proceed downwards for 165ft (50m) left-
click then Right-click|Close after the third point has been placed.
This will close the lasso, and complete the tape block. The block
will automatically fill with tapes 6ft (2m) apart. Select View|Zoom
All. The block should look similar to Figure 4-25.
Figure 4-25
7. Now select Settings|Snap and then click the [Running Snaps]

button. Check the ”RN Snaps On” option and check the “Show
Preview” option. Click the [Enable All Snaps] button. Now click
[OK] and [OK] on the Settings|Snap dialog to close it.
8. Now select Zone|Cut Pipe. We wish to place a submain through

the middle of the block. In the Cut Pipe dialog leave the “Layer”
as [DEFAULT]. Make sure the pipe selected is Computer
Selected. Leave the “Depth” as 0, and click [OK].
9. Click near the middle of the left outer lateral (the preview of the
Running Snaps should show you when you are in the middle).
Now click near the middle of the right outer lateral. IRRICAD will
draw in the submain and connect to each lateral it crosses.
Continue the pipe for approximately 13ft (4m) past the last
lateral. Right-click|Restart to finish the pipe.
10. Select Zone|Control Valve. From the dropdown list select the 1”
(25mm) Electric Valve, leaving the “Depth” as 0, and place this
on the end of the submain on the right side of the screen.
Accept the default zone name.
11. Now select Mainline|Pipe. Leave the pipe as Computer

Selected at 0 “Depth”. Click [OK]. Connect the mainline pipe to
the control valve with a left-click and draw upward for
approximately 33ft (10m). Left-click to place the end then Right-
click|Restart.
12. Select Mainline|Water Supply and place on the end of the

mainline pipe with a left-click as in Figure 4-26. Leave the Water
supply details as the default; simply click [OK].
Figure 4-26

Marks.
14. If any outlets or control valves are marked as unconnected ,

4.3.1.4 ZONE DESIGN

15. Select Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters and
enter the “Maximum Zone Pipe Velocity” as 5ft/s (1.5m/s). Click
[OK].
16. The first step in Zone Design is to size the submain pipes.
Select Design|Zone Design|LP Design. It is always useful to
view some reports before continuing. Look at the Reports|Zone
Design Reports|Zone Design Summary this report gives a good
indication of what is happening in the zone. It should look similar
to Figure 4-27. The present maximum dripper pressure is
13.22psi (9.3m) and the minimum is 12psi (8.5m). The actual
pressure variation in the zone is calculated from the difference
between the actual maximum and minimum outlet pressures
relative to the actual maximum outlet pressure and is 9.28%.
This pressure variation includes the submain friction loss as well
as the loss in the tapes. Close the report window by clicking the
[X].
Figure 4-27

The primary purpose of management is to allow you to specify an
operating sequence for the zone control valves. This operating
sequence is then used to set up a series of flow conditions so that the
mainline can be correctly sized and/or analyzed.
Figure 4-28

17. Now we wish to assign the zones to system flows. Select
Design|Assign All Zones to One System Flow as we only have
one Zone (control valve or block). You will notice that “Zone no.
1” will operate on System Flow 1 as in Figure 4-28. Click [OK].

18. Now we wish to size the mainline. Run Design|Mainline
Design|LP Design.
19. Look at the Reports|Mainline Design Reports|System Duty

Reports to see the water supply requirements for each system
flow. Select File|Save to save the design. Type demo.des as the
file name to save as.
4.3.2 SIMPLE DRIP TAPE DESIGN USING BLOCK ENTITIES

 Drawing an automatic block of tapes
 Setting a valve pressure
 Automatic Labeling
 Moving an item
This tutorial shows the steps required for drawing and designing a drip
tape entity. Read the notes below and then proceed with the exercise.
4.3.2.1 BLOCK ENTITIES

Using ‘Block Entities’ i.e. Tape Irrigation Block, is an alternative method
to using Tape Block. The advantages of this method are ease and
quickness of drawing the block complete with submain, control valve
and flushing manifolds if required. When the block is drawn as a ‘block
entity’ it is easy to change the parameters, for example row spacing or
lateral direction. Extra labels are available for block entities, such as
Area, Actual Flow, and Number of Rows. The only disadvantage of
using ‘Block Entities’ is that the laterals cannot be modified individually
and in the case of windmills for example, in the middle of the block,
laterals cannot be cut out. However, the block can be exploded once
drawn if required.

Programs|IRRICAD Pro to start IRRICAD. If IRRICAD is already
running select File|New to start with a clean design.

Width” to 3.
the default units for this tutorial. Note Metric measurements are
the “Base Database Symbol Size” to 10ft (3m). This determines
the size of the symbols according to the size of the design.
Figure 4-29
5. Select Zone|Tape Irrigation Block and select the Drip tape from
the dropdown list of tapes. Leave the “Depth” as 0, as the tapes
will be at ground level. Leave the default “Inlet Pressure” as
12psi (8.5m) and make sure “Regulated” is unchecked. This
Regulated option would mean you have PRVs at the start of
each tape, which we do not have in this case. Type in 6ft (2m)
for the “Lateral Spacing” and leave the “Number of Laterals” as
0. Make sure the “Determine Automatically” option for the
“Lateral Direction” is selected. Now click on the Block tab. Here
we can choose to have our submain and valve drawn
automatically if required.
6. In the ”Submain” area of the dialog box set Center as the

“Position” but leave as Computer Selected. In the “Valve” area
of the dialog box set the “Position” to End, The “Submain Stub”
as 13ft (4m) and specify the valve as the 1” (25mm) Electric
Valve (Figure 4-29). Click [OK].
Figure 4-30
7. Now move the cursor to the bottom left of the screen and draw
the outline of the block: left-click then draw a line upwards for
165ft (50m) as seen on the status bar d=165 (50)
(approximately). Left-click the mouse to place a vertex at this
point and then continue drawing the block area by moving 200ft
(60m) to the right and then left-clicking. Now proceed
downwards for 165ft (50m) left-click then Right-click|Close after
the third point has been placed. Because we selected
“Determine Automatically” for the “Lateral Direction” we now
have to select the boundary which defines the direction by
clicking on the left-hand vertical boundary. Once this is
completed the laterals are automatically drawn, with a submain
through the center of the block and with a valve 13ft (4m) to the
right as in Figure 4-30.
8. Now select Mainline|Pipe. Leave the pipe as Computer

Selected and the “Depth” as 0. Click [OK]. Connect the mainline
pipe to the control valve with a left-click and draw upwards for
approximately 33ft (10m). Left-click to place and then Right-
click|Restart. Select Mainline|Water Supply and place on the
end of the mainline pipe with a left-click as in Figure 4-31. Leave
the Water supply details as the defaults; simply click [OK]. Now
select View|Zoom All.
Figure 4-31

Marks.

4.3.2.4 ZONE DESIGN

[OK].
12. The first step is to size the submain pipes. Select Design|Zone
Design|LP Design. It is always useful to view some reports
before continuing. Look at the Reports|Zone Design
Reports|Zone Design Summary, this report gives a good
indication of what is happening in the zones. It should look
something similar to Figure 4-32. The present maximum dripper
pressure is 12.43psi (8.74m) and the minimum is 10.79psi
(7.59m). The actual pressure variation in the zone is calculated
from the difference between the actual maximum and minimum
outlet pressures relative to the actual maximum outlet pressure
and is 13.08%. This pressure variation includes the submain
friction loss as well as the loss in the tapes. Close the report
window by clicking the [X].
Figure 4-32
13. When this block is installed the control valve is going to be

pressure-reducing and the downstream pressure will be set to
13psi (9m). To specify this go to Design|Zone Design
Configuration and enter 13.00 (9.00) in the “D/S Valve Pressure”
column for Area no. 1. Click [OK] and run Design|Zone|Detailed
Analysis. Open the Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Design
Summary and notice that the valve pressure has been set to 15
(10.5) and the resultant pressures throughout the zone have
been recalculated from that. See Figure 4-33.
Figure 4-33


14. Now we wish to assign the zones to system flows. Select
Design|Assign All Zones to One System Flow as we only have
one Zone (control valve or block). You will notice that “Area no.
1” will operate on System Flow 1 as indicated Figure 4-34. Click
[OK].
Figure 4-34

15. Now we wish to size the mainline, select Design|Mainline
Design|LP Design.
16. Look at the Reports|Mainline Design Reports|System Duty

Reports to see the required demand on the water supply. This is
the pressure and flow that is required downstream of the
headworks to operate the system you have designed. Save the
design as demo1.des by selecting File|Save.
4.3.2.7 AUTOMATIC LABELING

17. Now select Settings|Labels. In this dialog you specify which
types of items you want labelled by checking the appropriate

check boxes. Check “Irri. Blocks” and then click the [Text]
button. Key words, that will create automatic labels that contain
the text required, can now be added. By default the text box is
loaded with the area name key word. We want the labels to
include the area size, the name of the tape, the number of rows
and the flow with the correct units. To do this, we need to
specify the following keywords:
#NAME# The name of the Block/Area.

#AREA# #AREAUNIT#
The area of block including units.
#DESC# The Tape description
#NUMROW# Rows The number of rows (remember to add a space
and then the word ‘Rows’ after the key word.
#ACTFLOW# #FLOWUNIT# The actual flow, as calculated during the
design process, including the units.
18. Click [OK] when you have finished entering the text, the dialog
should look like Figure 4-35below.
Figure 4-35
19. Now we can set the [Background] options. We can specify a
background and a border of the label in a colour of our choice.
Select a colour for the background and a colour and line
thickness for the border. Click [OK]. Leave the “Layer” set to
[DEFAULT] – this means that the labels will automatically be
placed on the IRRICAD Layer. The next option determines the
placement of the label. It can be BELOW the object (in this case
below the Block), ABOVE, INLINE (centered within the block), to
the LEFT or to the RIGHT. Select INLINE. Click [OK].
20. Now select Modify|Select All and then Tools|Create Labels. The
keywords will be resolved to appropriate values and a label will
be placed in the center of the Block.
21. If you wish to change the style of existing labels, go to

Settings|Labels and make the changes required. For example,
select the [Text] button for “Irri. Blocks” and change “Justify” to
“Left” instead of “Center”. Click [OK] on both dialogs and then
select Tools|Update Labels. All existing labels on the design will
be updated to reflect the changes made in the settings. Note: if
the fill behind the label does not appear large enough for the
label, zoom in and the select Tools|Update Labels.
22. Now select Modify|Select Object and click on the label. Select
Modify|Move and move the label to below the valve. See Figure
4-36.
Figure 4-36

4.3.3 A SIMPLE ORCHARD DESIGN
 Creating sprayline outlets
 Drawing a block of connected spraylines (laterals)
 Specifying lateral and outlet spacing
 Connecting up multiple zone items
 Saving a design
 Specifying the maximum allowable velocity
 Limiting number of pipe sizes selected by computer sizing
4.3.3.1 BLOCK ENTITIES

Using ‘Block Entities’ i.e. Spray Irrigation Block, is an alternative method
to using Spray Block. The advantages of this method are ease and
quickness of drawing the block complete with submain, control valve
and flushing manifolds if required. When the block is drawn as a ‘block
entity’ it is easy to change the parameters, for example row spacing or
lateral direction. Extra labels are available for block entities, such as
Area, Actual Flow, and Number of Rows. The only disadvantage of
using ‘Block Entities’ is that the laterals cannot be modified individually
and in the case of windmills for example, in the middle of the block,
laterals cannot be cut out. However, the block can be exploded once
drawn if required.

Programs|IRRICAD Pro to start IRRICAD. If IRRICAD is already
running select File|New to start with a clean design.

Width” to 3. Go to the Units tab and click the [US] ([Metric])
button to restore the default units for this tutorial.
3. Note Metric measurements are displayed in brackets. These

settings can be retained for each design by clicking the [Save As
Default] button.

the “Base Database Symbol Size” to 10ft (3m) as shown in
Figure 4-37. This determines the size of the symbols according
to the size of the design. When you are finished click [OK].
Figure 4-37
4.3.3.3 ENTER BACKGROUND INFORMATION

This is information required to position the irrigation system. Examples
include boundaries, roads, buildings, text and symbols. For this tutorial
we will put in a 390 x 150ft (120 x 45m) rectangle for the block
boundary.
5. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point and move the cursor to the

bottom left of the screen and click the left mouse button to start
the rectangle. You will notice that the status bar will ask you to
enter the corner point of the rectangle prior to you clicking the
mouse and for you to enter the opposite corner after you have
placed the first. Draw the cursor away from the first point and
left-click to place the second point. Now select Modify|Change
and click on the border of the rectangle. Edit the “Width” to be
390 (120) and the “Height” to be 150 (45). Click [OK]. Select
View|Zoom All. Your design should look like Figure 4-38.
Figure 4-38
4.3.3.4 PLACING THE BLOCK
6. Before placing any laterals select Settings|Irrigation – Design
Specific. Check the “Create Wetted Radii” and “Create Sprayline
Outlets” check boxes (under normal circumstances “Create
Sprayline Outlets” should be unchecked as the number of
outlets may be high and will consequently slow down redrawing
of the design). Now go to the Layers tab and scroll down until
you see “SPRAYLINE_OUTLETS”. Check the box to turn this
layer on (this layer can also be turned on in View|Sprayline
Outlets). Click [OK].
7. Drawing in each sprayline would be very tedious; we can

however enter a block of connected spraylines (laterals) by
selecting a polygon and ‘applying’ the required block properties
to it. To do this use Modify|Select Object and click on the
rectangle edge (it should change colour) and then select
Zone|Spray Irrigation Block. Click [OK] on the message asking if
you want to create block entities from the selected item. A dialog
for setting the lateral and block properties will now be displayed.
We want IRRICAD to size the laterals so leave the pipe as
Computer Selected. The laterals are to be placed at ground
level so the “Depth” field can remain at 0.0.
8. In the same dialog, select the Microsprinkler 360 degrees and

click on it to select it. Select the WHITE 360 as the nozzle in the
“Nozzle” field, highlighting the required nozzle and left-clicking
the mouse. Enter a pressure of 18.5psi (14m).
9. Selecting a riser (outlet connector) is optional but in this

example we will use a Microsprinkler stake and tube 3/8”
(10mm). In the same dialog, select the Microsprinkler stake
and tube 3/8” (10mm) from the “Riser” dropdown list.
10. Enter the “Lateral Spacing” as 13ft (4m). Enter the “Outlet
Spacing” as 11.5ft (3.5m).
11. Select the [Options] button and check “User Defined” for the
“Lateral Direction”, make sure that the option checked for
“Reference Outlet” is “Determine Automatically”. Click [OK].
12. Set the outlet spacing type to “Rectangular” with an “Offset” of

0%. The dialog should look like Figure 4-39.

Figure 4-39
13. Now click the Block tab, this tab contains options for
automatically placing submains and control valves.
14. Leave the “Submain” as Computer Selected and select Start

from the “Position” dropdown box. Select Center as the Control
Valve “Position” and then select the 3” (80mm) Electric Valve
from the “Control Valve” dropdown list. Enter a “Valve Stub” of
5ft (1.5m). Click [OK].
15. Because we selected “User Defined” for the “Lateral Direction”

we now have to enter two points that define the lateral direction
(this will be indicated in the bottom left of the status bar). Right-
click|Snaps|Endpoint and click on the left top corner of the
rectangle. Now you will notice that the status bar is asking for
the 2nd point in the block lateral. Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint and
click on the bottom left corner. Once this is completed the
laterals are automatically drawn, with a submain at the top of the
block and a central valve with a 5ft (1.5m) stub, as in Figure
4-40.
Figure 4-40
16. Now we are ready to enter the Mainline. Select Mainline|Pipe,

set the pipe as Computer Selected, the “Depth” as 0 and the
“Line Width” as 3. Click [OK]. Connect the pipe to the control
valve by clicking on it and then draw the mainline pipe out
upwards for approximately 33ft (10m). Note that the status bar
indicates the distance travelled since the last left-click via the
‘d=’ field. Left-click to place the end of the pipe and then Right-
click|Restart.
17. Select Mainline|Water Supply. Connect to the junction on the left

end of the mainline pipe. Accept the default name of Supply No.
1. Do not enter any flow or pressure requirements (IRRICAD will
assume that the water supply is unrestricted and will determine
these requirements during design and analysis). Click [OK].
Select File|Save and save the design as demo2.des. This
completes the entry of the hydraulic components of the design.
Your design should look like Figure 4-41.
Figure 4-41

4.3.3.5 THE DESIGN PROCESS
Checking Connections
Marks.

Zone Design
20. Select Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters and set
the “Maximum Zone Pipe Velocity” to 5ft/s (1.5m/s). Click [OK].
21. Select Design|Zone Design|LP Design. This method of

computer sizing takes into account the maximum allowable
velocities (in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters)
and the pressure requirements of the sprinklers. Select this
option to have IRRICAD size the laterals and submain for the
zone.
22. You will notice that 5 pipe sizes have been selected for the
submain. In order to simplify installation we will limit the number
of pipe sizes that can be selected for the submain. Select
Design|Zone Design Configuration and enter 3 in the “Number

of Submain Sizes” column. Click [OK] and re-run Design|Zone
Design|LP Design.
23. It is advisable to check the data in the reports after zone design
(Reports|Zone Design Reports). At this stage the Zone Design
Summary report gives a good indication of the overall hydraulic
performance of the zone, showing the allowable range and
actual minimum and maximum outlet flows and pressures. Click
on the [X] to close the report window.
Entering Management Requirements

24. Select Design|Assign All Zones to One System Flow. IRRICAD

assigns Area no. 1 to operate on System Flow 1 as in Figure
4-42. The on and off times (one hour operating time), for the
system flow, are automatically listed. Click [OK]. We are now
ready to proceed with the design process.
Figure 4-42

Mainline Design
25. You can now size the mainline, to do this select Design|Mainline
Design|LP Design. IRRICAD will then size the mainline and
calculate the water supply pressure necessary to ensure that the
zone control valve receives the required upstream pressure.
You should have results similar to Figure 4-43.
Figure 4-43
4.3.3.6 DISPLAY REPORTS

26. You may wish to view some of the design reports. As described
previously the Zone Design Summary report (Reports|Zone
Design Reports), detailed in Figure 4-44, shows a summary of
the pressure variation in the block.
Figure 4-44

27. The System Duty Report (Reports|Mainline Design Reports)
shows the duty required at the water supply. The Mainline
Summary Report is a summary of actual and required pressures
at the zone control valve.
Other tools that may be helpful, particularly in undulating blocks, are

described below.
The hydraulic gradeline tool (Reports|Hydraulic Gradeline) allows you to

click on a lateral or submain pipe and view a graphical display of the
pressure along that section of pipe. For more information on this tool see
the Help Topics (Help|Help Topics). Another useful tool, Reports|Show
Pressure Zone Limits, visually shows the location of the emitters with the
minimum and maximum pressure within a zone.
If you have had trouble completing this design, please check that the
size of the original rectangle is correct.
Note this tutorial could be repeated using the Zone|Tape Irrigation Block
tool for Drip tape blocks.
4.3.4 WORKING WITH MULTI-VALVE DESIGNS

 Subdividing blocks
 Automatically Connecting Valves
 Running more than one valve
 Managing multi-valves in Design
 Limiting the number of pipes selected
 Multiple valves running together

1. Complete the above tutorial (A Simple Orchard Design) if you
have not done so already.
2. We wish to split this block up into multiple zones because the

flow of the entire block exceeds the capacity of the water supply.
o automatically split the block into 4 even parts we can use the
subdivide tool. Press <Alt> and click once on any part of the
block entity (e.g., a lateral) when in Select Object mode and
then select Tools|Subdivide Block.
3. In the “Slices” section, select “Number” and type in 4. In the
“Cuts” section, select “None”. See Figure 4-45.
Figure 4-45
5. Click [OK]. A dialog will appear and a preview of the subdivision

specified will be shown in the design view. Click the
[Accept/View Changes] button to accept the subdivision. See
Figure 4-46.
IRRICAD will automatically subdivide the block and connect submains

and control valves for each new sub-block, thereby creating four new
zones.

Figure 4-46
5. Run a mainline pipe from the existing mainline to the left and to
the right above the new valves. Now select Tools|Connect
Valves for IRRICAD to automatically connect mainline pipe to
the new valves. See Figure 4-47. Select and delete the center
mainline pipe below the intersection of the new mainline pipes.
Figure 4-47
6. Now we will specify how the zones will be operated. As we want

each zone to run by itself select Design|Assign Each Zone to a
Unique System Flow. The dialog will automatically assign
system flows to our zones. Note also that each zone has been

given a new name based on the original block area name. See
Figure 4-48. Click [OK].
Figure 4-48
7. Select Design|Zone Design|LP Design. Once again you will

notice that multiple submain sizes have been selected.
8. Go to Design|Zone Design Configuration and change the

“Number of Submain Sizes” to 3 for all zones.
9. Rerun Design|Zone Design|LP Design. Click [OK] on each of the

warning messages.
10. Run Design|Mainline Design|LP Design.
11. View the System Duty Report when complete (Reports|Mainline

Design Reports|System Duty), your results should look similar to
Figure 4-49.

Figure 4-49
4.3.4.2 VALVES OPERATING TOGETHER

Throughout the above the tutorials we have usually specified that all
valves operate independently regardless of the number of valves in the
system. We will now look at different scenarios where more than one
valve is operating at the same time.
12. Select Design|Assign Zones to System Flows. Change the

“Number of System Flows” to 2. Click [OK] to refresh the screen.
13. Leave the “Operating Times” as the default (the actual running
time is unimportant in this case), click [OK] again.
14. Now you can visually select which zones will operate on each
system flow. Click on Area no. 1-1 and Area 1-2 (they will
highlight when they are selected), then Right-click|Assign to Sys
Flow. Click [OK].
15. Now click on Area no. 1-3 and Area 1-4, then Right-click|Assign
to Sys Flow. Make sure the “System Flow Number” has changed
to 2. Click [OK]. See Figure 4-50.

Figure 4-50
16. Re-run Mainline Design. Note that you do not need to re-run
Zone design or analysis since nothing has changed in the
zones. However, you will need to run LP Design for Mainline
Design because the required pipe sizes may well change with
the different flow regime.
17. Now open the System Duty Report (Reports|Mainline Design

Reports|System Duty). Your results should look like Figure 4-51.
Figure 4-51
Note this tutorial could be repeated using the Zone|Tape Irrigation Block
tool for Drip tape blocks.
4.3.5 MICRO IRRIGATION DESIGN

This tutorial will take you through the steps required to design a Micro
Irrigation scheme. The tutorial is intended to introduce you to the
procedure required to design systems containing blocks of laterals as
would normally be found in an orchard for example. Although the tutorial

is based on a micro-sprinkler system the procedure applies equally well
to drip and solid set systems. Although this tutorial shows a regular
shaped system, irregularly shaped systems can be designed just as
easily. There are many methods of completing such a design; this
tutorial outlines only one of the possible ways.

Programs|IRRICAD Pro to run IRRICAD. If already running
IRRICAD select File|New to start with a clean screen. In
Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific, browse for the tutorial
database Tutorial.mdb. This should be found in the
Irricad\database folder.
2. If you prefer to work in Metric units, go to Settings|Units and

click the [Metric] button (Metric unit users only). Note Metric
measurements are displayed in brackets.
3. Go to the Misc. tab and select the Medium design size as in

Figure 4-52. Change the “Base Database Symbol Size” to 23
(7). This determines the size of the symbols according to the
size of the design. Enter your name in the “Designer” field.
Figure 4-52
4.3.5.2 ENTERING BACKGROUND INFORMATION

This is information that will help to position the elements of the irrigation
system. Examples include boundaries, roads, buildings, text and
symbols. In this tutorial we will put in an 1155ft x 825ft (350m x 250m)
rectangle for the block boundaries. We will use a grid to help with
positioning although this is optional.
4. Select Settings|Grid / Origin and enter the “X” and “Y” spacing
as 15ft (5m). Tab between the fields. Check the “Display Grid

Points” checkbox. Now select Settings|Snap and check the
“Snap to Grid” option. Click [OK].
5. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point and click the left mouse button to

start the rectangle. Draw the rectangle out to any size and then
select it using Select Object and double-clicking on the
boundary. Change the “Width” to 1155 (350) and the “Height” to
825 (250) and press <Enter>.
4.3.5.3 MORE BACKGROUND INFORMATION

6. Select View|Zoom All to get the whole area in view on the
screen. Inside this area are four blocks that we are going to
design an irrigation system for. We need to place four more
rectangles inside the current boundary rectangle and then move
them into position. To do this select Draw|Rectangle|3 Point and
place the first point inside the existing boundary 45ft (15m) - 3
grid points - from the top and left boundaries. Notice that only
every 2nd grid point along the X-axis is shown at this zoom.
Draw the cursor out towards the middle along the top. Now type
495,<0 (150,<0) and press <Enter>. Move the cursor down at
right angles and type in 330 (100) and press <Enter>.
7. Select Modify|Copy|Array and click on the inner rectangle to

select it then enter 1 for the number of copies and 2 for the
number of rows. Click on the bottom right corner of the inner
rectangle then move the ghosted rectangle to three grid points
from the right boundary, in-line with the original. Click to place.
Move the ghosted rows to 3 grid points from the bottom and
right boundaries. Click to place.
8. You need to enter site data if elevation changes over the plan
are likely to affect the hydraulics of the system. If the design
area is essentially flat you do not need to enter any elevation
data and all objects will be given a default height of 0.
9. In this example there is a 5ft (1.5m) fall from the top to the
bottom of the screen. To allow for this, select Draw|Contour and
enter one contour line at the top of the screen. Move to the top
left of the screen just above and to the left of the boundary
rectangle. Click the left mouse button then drag the rubberband
horizontally to the right until it is above and to the right of the
boundary rectangle and click the left mouse button. Select

Right-click|Done. In the dialog, type 33 (10) as the contour
height. Click [OK]. Now draw a contour similarly along the
bottom of the screen below the boundary rectangle. Select
Right-click|Done and type 28 (8.5) in the dialog as the contour
height. Click [OK].
10. If you can still see the green rubberband color, select
View|Redraw. Your design should look something like Figure
4-53.
Figure 4-53
4.3.5.4 CREATING THE LATERALS

11. Before placing any laterals select Settings|Irrigation - Design
Specific and uncheck the “Create Sprayline Outlets” checkbox.
While you are in this dialog change the line widths of the pipes
to “Laterals” 1, “Mainline Pipes” 3, “Zone Pipes” 2 and “Wires” 1.
12. Now select the Settings|Irrigation Items tab, and uncheck the
“Flow Check Enabled” box if it is checked. Click [OK].
13. Select the top left small rectangle by using Modify|Select Object
or clicking on the white arrow icon on the left-hand tool bar.
Once the rectangle is highlighted, select Zone|Spray Irrigation
Block. Click [Yes] on the ‘Create Block / Block Entities from
Selected Items’ message.

14. The Laterals tab dialog for setting block and sprayline properties
will be displayed. As you are completing a new design and may
not know what pipe size to use you will get IRRICAD to size the
laterals the pipe as Computer Selected. The laterals will be
placed at ground level so the “Depth” field can remain at 0.0. In
the same dialog, select a sprinkler by clicking the down arrow.
Highlight the Micro-sprinkler 360 degrees and left mouse click
to select it. Select the WHITE 360 as the nozzle by clicking on
the down arrow of the “Nozzle” field, highlighting the required
nozzle and left clicking the mouse. Enter a pressure of 18.5psi
(13m). Selecting an outlet connector or riser is optional but for
this example we will use a Micro-sprinkler stake and tube 3/8“
(10mm). If the micro-sprinkler is an assembly already containing
a stake and tube you would not need to select another
connector. In the same dialog, select the Micro-sprinkler stake
and tube 3/8“ (10mm) from the dropdown list. Enter the “Lateral
Spacing” as 13ft (4m). Enter the “Outlet Spacing” as 11.5ft
(3.5m). Leave the “Outlet Spacing Properties” as Rectangular
for a rectangular layout. Leave the “Offset” as 0%, and make
sure that the “Connected” checkbox is checked for connected
spraylines. The dialog should look like Figure 4-54.
15. Click the [Options] button and in the dialog that appears leave
the “Number of Laterals” as 0 so that IRRICAD fills the blocks
completely with laterals. Leave the “Lateral Direction” as
Determine Automatically. Leave the “Extra Outlets” box
unchecked so that IRRICAD does not put additional sprinklers
on the ends of the lateral lines when the distance from the last
sprinkler to the end of the line is greater than half the outlet
spacing. Leave the “Outlet Orientation” at 0o and the “Reference
Outlet” as Determine Automatically. Leave the “Layer” as
<DEFAULT> so the spraylines will be entered into the
Spraylines layer. Leave the “Lateral Line Width” as 2.

Figure 4-54
4.3.5.5 CREATING THE AUTOMATIC SUBMAIN AND VALVE

16. Click on the Block tab. The laterals are to run the full length of
the smaller block rectangles but be about 15ft (5m) inside the

side boundaries. Set the Headlands and sidelands as 15ft (5m)
each.
17. Make sure the “Create Laterals” check box is checked. The
“Scope” determines if an item will be just for design purposes
only or for design and costing. Make sure Design + BOM is
selected.
18. As we want the submain through the center of the block in

“Submain Properties” section select Center as the “Position”.
This will now enable a pipe size to be selected, however, we
require IRRICAD to size the pipe for us. Enter 20 inches
(500mm) as the “Depth” for the submain. Enter a “Stub Length”
of 5ft (1.5m) for the submain to extend beyond the last lateral.
19. In the “Control Valve Properties” section select Start as the

“Position” and now you can select the 3” (80mm) Electric Valve
from the dropdown list. Enter 15ft (5m) as the “Submain Stub”
from the valve to the first lateral. Enter the “Depth” as -4 inches
(-100mm) as the height above ground. Leave the “Valve Stub”
as 0 as there is no extra length after the submain stub.
20. Click [OK] and select the bottom boundary of the rectangle for
IRRICAD to align the laterals with.
21. Repeat steps 12 to 19 on each of the remaining rectangles

(IRRICAD will remember the selections from above) using the
center boundary to align the laterals with so that all valves end
up in the center. If the valve ends up on the wrong side of the
area, do not worry, simply hold the <Alt> key down and double-
click on any block entity and the dialog will appear (when in
Select Object mode). Change the Valve “Position” to End and it
will relocate the valve at the opposite end of the block.

Figure 4-55
4.3.5.6 CONNECTING TO THE MAINLINE

22. Select View|Zoom Window and drag a window that will
encompass all four control valves and by placing the top left
corner and the bottom right corner of the zoom window by left
clicking. Select Mainline|Pipe. Leave the pipe as Computer
Selected. Enter the “Depth” as 20 (500), and leave the “Line
Width” as 4. Click [OK]. Connect the pipe to the top left block
control valve by clicking on it then connect to the bottom left
block control valve similarly. Select Right-click|Restart. Repeat
to connect the two right block control valves.
23. Select Settings|Snap and click the [Running Snaps] button.

Check the “Midpoint” option, the “RN Snaps On” and the “Show
Preview” check box. Reselect Mainline|Pipe and move the
cursor over the existing left-hand mainline until the preview of
midpoint snaps appears (a diamond in the center of a line). Click
on the mainline pipe at this position. Draw out the pipe to the
right-hand existing mainline and once again move the cursor
over the existing pipe until the midpoint is found. Left click to
place then select Right-click|Restart. Now find the midpoint of
the horizontal mainline pipe and click to attach a new pipe. Draw
upwards approx. 10ft (3m).

24. Select Mainline|Water Supply. Connect to the junction on the
end of the short piece of pipe by left clicking on it. Leave the
name as the default Supply No. 1. Do not enter any flow or
pressure requirements, as IRRICAD will determine these during
design and analysis and assumes that the water supply is
unrestricted. Click [OK].
25. Select Draw|Spot Height and place a spot height on the water
supply. Make the height 28.5 (8.75). This is to ensure that the
position of the water supply will be allocated the correct
elevation at that point. If spot heights are available for a client's
property, these can be used in conjunction with contour lines. If
you have the information it is a good idea to use it. Select
View|Zoom All. Your design should look like Figure 4-56. This
completes the entry of the hydraulic components of the design.
Figure 4-56

We are now ready for the design process.
Checking Connectivity
26. Select Design|Check Outlet Connectivity to make sure that all
the outlets are connected to the zone control valve and that the
valve is connected to the water supply. If IRRICAD does not

report any unconnected items you can continue. If items are
reported as not connected, their location will be displayed.
Note: Outlets do not have to be connected. Zone Control Valves,

however, must be connected to the water supply before
designing the mainline.
Zone Design
27. Select Design|Zone Design Configuration. In the dialog you will
see all four blocks listed down one side. For each block you can
decide if you wish to design / analyze that zone. Leave this box
checked for all blocks. The next column allows you to turn on or
off the ability to allow for minor losses - leave this checked for all
blocks. “Change Diameter at Outlet” only applies to zones with
telescoping laterals. A check will ensure that a change in lateral
diameter will take place at an outlet location. It is not normally
used for dripper or micro-sprinkler systems, so leave this option
unchecked for all blocks. “Number of Lateral Sizes” allows you
to specify the maximum number of pipe sizes used in each
lateral (maximum 3). The default is 1. Change this to 2 for this
design. “Number of Submain Sizes” allows you to specify the
maximum number of pipe sizes to be used in the submain. Enter
this as 2 for all blocks (if this number is left at 0 IRRICAD is
unlimited in the amount of submains it can use to solve the
design). “Valve Pressure” is used when you wish to specify a
valve pressure for a zone. A 0 entry means that IRRICAD is
required to calculate a suitable pressure, so leave this as 0.0 as
in Figure 4-57. Click [OK].
Figure 4-57

[OK].
29. Select Design|Zone Design|LP Design. This method of

computer sizing takes into account the maximum allowable
velocities (in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters)
and the pressure requirements of the sprinklers. Select this
option to have IRRICAD size the laterals and submains for the
zones. You will get some warning messages during LP Design
indicating that some of the blocks have nozzle pressures outside
the specified operating range. You should have results similar to
Figure 4-58.
Figure 4-58
30. It is advisable to check the data in the zone reports after zone
design (Reports|Zone Design Reports). At this stage the Zone
Design Summary report gives a good indication of the overall
design of the zones. As you will see, the minimum present outlet
pressure is 0.2psi (0.2m) below the allowable minimum outlet
pressure. We will not worry about this at this stage. Note down
the present downstream pressure of the valve that IRRICAD has
calculated for each zone as this will be used later for analysis. It
should be between 17-21psi (12m and 15m). Click on the X to
close the report window.

We now need to enter some management requirements. The primary
purpose of management is to allow you to specify an operating
sequence for the zone control valves, which set up a series of flow
conditions in the mainline so that the mainline can be correctly sized and
analyzed. You have the option of specifying a simple worst case
scenario for valve operation or of specifying a full operational sequence
for all valves.
31. Since we will be operating each zone separately, on different

system flows, select Design|Assign Each Zone to a Unique
System Flow. A system flow is a zone or group of zones
operating at the same time. The resulting dialog will have
automatically allocated the four system flows to different time
slots and each zone to a different system flow. This table can be
edited if required so check the data is correct. Note the number
of system flows is 4. The sequential operating times (one hour)
for each system flow are listed. If actual start and stop times are
not important (and this is the case for this system) the default
times should be accepted. System flow operating times cannot
overlap. Now note that Block 1 will operate on system flow 1,
Block 2 on system flow 2, and so on as in Figure 4-59. Click
[OK].
Figure 4-59
Mainline Design
32. Now have IRRICAD size the mainline for the design. Select
Design|Mainline Design|LP Design; IRRICAD will then size the
mainline for the design and calculate the water supply pressure
so that the zone control valves receive the required pressure.
4.3.5.8 MAKING CHANGES AFTER INITIAL DESIGNING

We now want to tidy up the design as the position where the laterals
change size varies. In order to make the system easier to install it is
desirable, in this example, though optional, to straighten up the size
change positions. This will also fix the warning message about some
nozzle pressures being outside the specified operating range.
33. Select Modify|Move Sizes. On the left side of the submain in the
first block find the junction furthermost from the submain where
the laterals change size. Draw a line vertically through the
laterals such that it passes through this junction by left clicking
above the block and then left clicking at the bottom of the block,
so that the line passes fully through all the laterals (holding the
<Ctrl> key down will help with a straight line – if “Ortho Mode” is
set to 0o) or use grid points as a guide to help you with this.
When you select Right-click|Done a dialog will give you the
choice of whether you want the lateral size change to take place
at a sprinkler or not and which size you want to move. Uncheck
the “Nearest Outlet” checkbox so that the lateral will change size
on the line. Select the “Close” option, so that the junction closest
to the line will be moved. Click [OK] and IRRICAD will move the
junctions to the line.
34. Repeat for both sides of the submain in all blocks. Your design
should now look like Figure 4-60.
35. The system can now be analyzed to assess the effect of the
modifications. Select Design|Zone Design Configuration and
type in the valve pressures you noted previously as the “Valve
Pressure” for the respective zone control valves. You can
specify the same pressure at each valve - choose the highest
pressure to enter for all. Click [OK].
36. Now select Design|Zone Design|Detailed Analysis. This will

analyze each block without making any changes to the pipe
sizes already selected. Detailed Analysis also shows you exactly
what is happening at the outlets. When Detailed Analysis is
completed, re-run Design|Mainline Design|Analyze.

Figure 4-60
4.3.5.9 DISPLAY REPORTS

You may wish to select and view some of the design reports.
As seen previously, the Zone Design Summary report (Reports|Zone

Design Reports) gives you a summary of the pressure variation in the
block. The Mainline Design Reports|System Duty Report gives you the
duty required at the water supply for each system flow. The Mainline
Summary Report gives a summary of actual and required pressures at
the zone control valve.
Figure 4-61
37. Check that the outlet pressure variations (as seen in Figure 4-61
in the Zone Design Summary report) are within requirements.
Note the changes since you have moved the lateral pipe sizes
and run Detailed Analysis.
If you wish to narrow the pressure variation, there are several things you
can do:
Move the change of pipe sizes of the laterals as described previously

using Move Sizes so that there are longer lengths of the larger pipes.
Manually change the submain pipe sizes using Modify|Select Object and
Modify|Change or Modify|Change Type.
Change the nominal pressure required at the outlets to a value closer to

the actual pressure calculated by using Modify|Select|All and
Modify|Change Type and selecting a representative sprayline.
For details on how to use these tools see the Tool & Command
Reference, Section 5.
To have IRRICAD automatically select the pipe fittings required for the
design you need to select Design|Computer Selection of Fittings.
IRRICAD will look at each pipe or component junction in the design and
from the database select the fittings needed to join these pipes or
components together. The internal junction numbers will be displayed on
the status bar as it does this.
After running Computer Selection of Fittings it is a good idea to look at

one of the Bill of Materials reports, e.g., Reports|Costing BOM
Reports|BOM to find out if IRRICAD was able to select all the fittings
required for the job. If fittings could not be found to solve particular
junctions details of those junctions will be listed at the end of the report.
4.3.6 SOLID SET SPRINKLER DESIGN

4.3.6.1 INTRODUCTION
This tutorial will take you through the steps of a setting up a solid set
sprinkler design. To achieve the purpose of this tutorial we will proceed
to set up a sprinkler system for frost protecting a stone fruit orchard.
Although it is a regular shaped system irregular shapes can be just as
easily. There are many ways of doing such a design, this tutorial
outlining only one of the ways.
4.3.6.2 OVERVIEW
A solid set system is one that is non-movable, tends to be unconnected
spraylines (though pipes and sprinklers are placed in one action, they
remain separately pipes and sprinklers) and has a low number of
sprinklers. Because we wish to place water on trees to protect from
frost, we require a riser to place the sprinkler 16.5ft (5m) above the pipe
in the ground.

1. Double-click on the IRRICAD Icon, or select Start|All
Programs|IRRICAD Pro. If already running IRRICAD select
File|New to start with a clean screen.

Width” to 3.
3. Note that at the top of the dialog is a series of tabs. Select the
Design Details tab. Edit the design details for this design. For
the site type Stone Fruit Orchard and for the notes type Solid
Set Sprinkler Tutorial. If you prefer to work in Metric units, go
to Settings|Units and click the [Metric] button (Metric unit users
only). Note Metric measurements are displayed in brackets.
Select the Misc. tab and select the “Design Size” as “Medium”.
Change the “Base Database Symbol Size” to 26 (8). This
determines the size of the symbols according to the size of the
design. When you are finished, click [OK]. Select File|Save and
save the design.
4.3.6.4 ENTERING BACKGROUND INFORMATION

First we will enter the background or base information which is required
in order to position the irrigation system. Examples include property
boundaries, roads, buildings, perhaps text and symbols. This client has
an area of 37 acres (15ha) in nectarine trees. For the tutorial we will put

in an orchard boundary 1640ft (500m) x 980ft (300m) to cover the blocks
of trees, water supply, house and some sheds. The rest of the client's
property does not concern us for this project.
4. We will use a grid to help position things, though this is optional.

Select Settings|Grid / Origin and set up a grid 20x20ft (6x6m).
Check the “Display Grid Points” checkbox.
5. Select the Snap tab and select the “Snap to Grid” option. Click
[OK]. Select Draw|Rectangle|3 Point. Place the cursor at the
bottom left and left mouse click. Draw a horizontal line to the
right, and then without clicking, type 1640<0 (500,<0) on the
keyboard and press <Enter>. Move the mouse upwards and,
without clicking the mouse, type 980 (300) on the keyboard and
press <Enter>. Select View|Zoom All. You now have a rectangle
1640x980 (500x300) on the screen.
Figure 4-62
6. This small orchard is divided into blocks 330ft (100m) x 700ft

(210m). Draw a 3-point Rectangle in the same manner as
above, so the smaller rectangle is inside the larger one. Start the
top right corner of this rectangle 120ft (36m) (6 grid points) from
the right boundary and 60ft (18m) (3 grid points) from the top
boundary. Notice that only every 2nd grid point along the X-axis
is shown at this zoom. Type 330,<180 (100,<180) for the width
and 700 (210) for the length of the rectangle. Select the
rectangle, then select Modify|Copy|Linear and enter 3. Click
[OK]. Select the top right corner as the reference point then drag
the 3 copies to the left until the left most copy is about 120ft
(36m) (6 grid points) from the orchard left boundary, i.e. the 4
rectangles are evenly spaced across as in Figure 4-62, and left
click. The block rectangles are only 20-40ft (6-12m) apart. This
distance between blocks represents a shelterbelt; the grid
represents tree spacing within the block.
7. Using Draw|Rectangle|2 Point, draw a house and farm building
towards the bottom left of the orchard boundary. Make the
house 40x60ft (12mx18m) and the buildings 20x20ft (6mx6m).
Use grid points to size the rectangles.
8. Select Settings|Snap and select “Connect” to turn “Snap to Grid”

off. Now place a road name at the top of the boundary by
selecting Draw|Text and typing Luke Road. Change the
“Height” to 32ft (10m). If you wish, change the font to another
true type font. Click [OK], and place the label above the top
property boundary line by left clicking. Select Draw|Text again
and type Tyre Road, and change the “Orientation” to 90o. Click
[OK] and place at the left boundary. Label the house and
buildings in the same way, changing the “Orientation” of the text
back to 0o.
9. Turn off the grid in Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS by unchecking the

“Display Grid” check box.
4.3.6.5 LAYING OUT FIXED SPACED OUTLETS

10. Select the left most smaller rectangle by using Modify|Select
Object and clicking on the rectangle edge.
11. Now select Zone|Spray Irrigation Block. On the Laterals tab,

leave the pipe as Computer Selected. Select the Big Impact
Drive Sprinkler and the 4.4mm “Nozzle”. Change the
“Pressure” for the nozzle to 64psi (45m). The “Radius” will
change to 59.05ft (18m). Select the ¾“ x 16ft (20mm x 5m)
Galvanized Pipe Riser and change the “Lateral” and “Outlet
Spacing” to 60ft (18m) each. Leave the “Outlet Spacing
Properties” as “Rectangular” and 0% “Offset”. Uncheck the
“Connected” checkbox. Leave the “Scope” as Design + BOM.
Click the [Options] button and check the “Extra Outlets on Ends”
checkbox as in Figure 4-63. Click [OK] on both dialogs.

Figure 4-63
12. Click on the Block tab. The “Headlands” and “Sidelands” will be
left at 0 and make sure the “Create Laterals” box is checked.
The “Scope” should be Design + BOM. Leave the “Submain
Properties” as Computer Selected and select the Start
“Position” for the submain with a 5ft (1.5m) “Stub Length” and a
20in (500mm) “Depth”.
13. In the “Control Valve Properties” select the 4” (100mm) Gate

Valve (Flanged) with 15ft (5m) “Submain Stub” and a -4in
(500mm) “Depth”. Click [OK].
14. Select the bottom edge of the left most rectangle for the laterals
to be aligned with. The rectangle will automatically fill with
spraylines at the correct row and outlet spacing.

15. Repeat steps 10 to 14 for each of the small rectangles. The plan
should look like Figure 4-64.
Figure 4-64
16. Select Mainline|Pipe and enter 20in (500mm) as the “Depth” of

the pipe. Click [OK] on the dialog.
17. Connect the four control valves by left clicking on each one then
select Right-click|Restart. Because the water supply cannot be
in-line on a mainline, tee-off a short piece of mainline on which
to place the water supply by moving to the center of the pipe
between the first 2 valves and left clicking, moving down about
65ft (20m) and left click again. Move right about 16ft (5m) and
left click again then select Right-click|Restart.
18. The water supply can be positioned by selecting Mainline|Water

Supply. Click on the end of the mainline pipe just created. Leave
the Water Supply details at the default values. Click [OK].
We are assuming an unlimited water supply, so IRRICAD will work out

the pressure and flow required from the water source. If the water supply
is limited (e.g., resource restrictions), these would be entered here. See
Figure 4-65.

Figure 4-65
4.3.6.6 DESIGNING
Marks.

Zone Design
21. Now select Design|Design Parameters|Analysis Parameters. At
the bottom left of the dialog is a section headed Iterations. In the
box titled “Max. for Velocity & LP” is a default of 200. Increase
this value to 250 for this exercise. Under normal circumstances,
if LP or Velocity Design is having problems solving the design,
increase this value by 50 at a time. In Hydraulic Parameters
check the “Max. Zone Pipe Velocity” is 6.5ft/s (2m/s). Click
[OK].
22. Before selecting the design process run the Database Editor by
clicking on the Start|All Programs|IRRICAD Pro|Databases. If
the Tutorial database is not your default database, it will not
automatically be opened (check the file name at the top of the
Database Editor window). If the opened database is not
Tutorial.mdb, click [Save Changes] and use File|Open to open
the Tutorial database from in the \Irricad\database folder.
23. The first component tab is the Pipe tab. Find the 4” (100mm)
Class C PVC Pipe and type ZM in the usage column (or
highlight the pipe and select [Edit / View Pipe]. Select ZM from
the dropdown list in the “Usage” field). [Save Changes] and
close the Database Editor.
24. Select Design|Zone Design|LP Design. As LP is running, you

will see the pipes being selected for the design.

25. Management data must now be entered. Select Design|Other
Management Options|Zone Operating Times. Enter the “On
Time” for each zone as 5am and the “Off Time” for each zone as
7am (e.g., 1:5:0 - 1:7:0). Click [OK]. This type of management is
more commonly used for small irrigation systems that have
blocks starting and stopping at different times.
Mainline Design
26. Now run Design|Mainline Design|LP Design.

27. Use Select Object to click on a pipe. Select Right-click|Object
Info. Check the “Hydraulic Object Info” checkbox. This info gives
you the layer the pipe is on, the pipe size and the hydraulic
information for the pipe since design has been run. This is a
quick summary for the hydraulic object selected. More than one
item can be selected at a time; however, there is a limit to how
many items Object Info can display.
28. Go to Design|Zone Design Configuration and enter the “Valve

Pressure” as 78psi (55m) for all zones.
29. Run Design|Zone Design|Detailed Analysis.
This will analyze each block without making any changes to the pipe
sizes already selected. Detailed Analysis uses an iterative process to
exactly match the flow of an emitter, sprayline or control valve to the
pressure at that point and therefore allows a designer to more accurately
gauge how a system would perform in practice. This is especially so
when the resulting pressures are substantially different from those
specified. In the standard analysis mode IRRICAD uses the selected
nominal flows for emitters and spraylines to calculate the flow and
resulting pressures in a system. In most circumstances this method is
slightly conservative. Detailed Analysis gives us a better picture of what
is happening at the outlets. Detailed analysis can be used for zone
drippers, sprinklers, and spraylines, tapes and also VIH sprinklers in
mainline. There is obviously no advantage in running a detailed analysis
for systems that only contain pressure compensated emitters. For using
Zone Design|Detailed Analysis, valve pressures must be specified. For
running Mainline Design|Detailed Analysis, a water supply pressure
must be specified.
30. Re-run Design|Mainline Design|Analyze.
4.3.6.7 REPORTING
31. Look at the reports. Useful reports which tell you the basics of
what is happening in the system at a glance are the
Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Design Summary and
Reports|Mainline Design Reports|System Duty Report.
Your Summary Report should look something like Figure 4-66, where
each zone flow is approximately 459gpm (104m 3/h), the actual outlet
pressure variation is 14% and the pressure loss through the valve is 0.

Figure 4-66
Look at some of the other reports for more results on the system.
To acquire a full costing report, we will want to price all the fittings as
well as the design we have just laid out. Select Design|Computer
Selection of Fittings. IRRICAD will automatically find fittings for the
junctions. When this is complete, look at any of the Costing / BOM
Reports in the Reports menu to find any fittings selection errors. Any
junctions that could not be solved with the items currently in the
database or flagged for usage will be listed at the end of the report.
See the Correcting Fittings Errors, Section 4.5.3 to find out how to fix
these by updating the database.
4.3.7 RESIDENTIAL DESIGN

This tutorial design involves siting sprinklers in a garden, and connecting
them up to a zone control valve and water supply.

1. The first step is to start a new design. Run IRRICAD or select
File|New.

2. Now select Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific and browse for
the database Tutorial.mdb. You should find this database in the
Irricad\database folder.
3. While in this dialog make sure that the “Create Wetted Radii”
checkbox is checked and change the line widths to the following:
 Laterals: 2
 Mainline: 4
 Zone: 3
 Wire: 1
4. Select the Misc. tab and select the Small “Design Size”. Enter
the symbol size as 1.7ft (0.5m). Click [OK].
4.3.7.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

We need to enter some details about the house and garden we are
designing the irrigation system for. The L-shaped house is created with
rectangles, and has a 5-sided conservatory on one end. We will use a
grid to help us position things, though this is optional.
5. Select Settings|Grid/Origin and enter the “X” spacing as 16ft

(5m) and the “Y” spacing as 10ft (3m). Check the “Display Grid
Points” checkbox. In the Snap tab select the “Snap to Grid”
option. Click [OK]. Select View|Zoom In twice.
6. Select Draw|Polygon|Center and enter 10 in the “Number of

Sides” field. Select “Inscribe” and click [OK]. Click on a grid point
in the top left quadrant of the screen and then move the cursor
up a grid point and left click. The polygon boundary should cover
3 grid points vertically, one point at the center and one each at
the top and bottom of the boundary. Select Draw|Rectangle|2
Point. Click on the bottom of the polygon then draw the
rectangle up and to the right until it covers 4x3 grid points and is
therefore 48x20ft (15x6m). Left click.
7. Click on the 2nd to last box on the far right of the Status Bar
which currently says “Grid”. This will now change to “Connect”
and turn off the Grid at the same time and is the same as
changing the “Snap” option in Settings|Snap and turning off
“Display Grid” in Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS.

8. Select Draw|Rectangle|3 Point. Select Right-
click|Snaps|Endpoint then click on the bottom right corner of the
rectangle. Now hold the <Ctrl> key down and move the mouse
to the left. Let go of the mouse (be careful not to bump it so that
the straight line is maintained) and type 23 (7) and press
<Enter>. Move the cursor down and type 23 (7) and press
<Enter>.
9. Because we wish the house and conservatory to be one object,

we wish to delete the line where the two rectangles join and the
polygon sides inside the rectangle. If we were to select this line
or a polygon side, the whole rectangle or polygon would be
selected. If we explode the objects we can delete a line at a time
as required. Select Modify|Select|All. Both rectangles and the
polygon should be green in color - meaning they are selected.
Now select Modify|Explode.
10. Select Modify|Select Object. Select the five polygon sides inside
the rectangle and the rectangle side inside the polygon by
holding down the <Shift> key clicking on them and select
Modify|Delete. Click [Yes] to confirm deletion of the selected
objects.
11. Click on the rectangle line where the rectangles meet (make
sure only the short side is selected) and select Modify|Delete.
Click [Yes] to confirm deletion of the selected objects. One line
will be deleted.
12. The second line is the complete side of the horizontal rectangle.
Select Modify|Break. Click on the line. Select Right-
click|Snaps|Endpoint and click where the line meets the right-
hand side vertical line of the two rectangles. Select Right-
click|Snaps|Intersection and place the cursor on the inner corner
where the second rectangle starts and left click. The line
between has been erased. The house should look like Figure
4-67.

Figure 4-67
The bottom right hand side of the house is a garage. The driveway runs
from here straight down to the road. A path continues from the drive up
the side of the house to the front door. To draw these items in, we will
use a double line for the driveway, and a single line to continue the path.
13. The width of the house at this point is approximately 23ft (7m).
The path will be 3ft (1m) wide. Select Draw|Line|Double. The
“Left Offset” will be 0; the “Right Offset” will be 26ft (8m). Click
[OK].
14. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint. Place the cursor at the

bottom right hand corner of the house, left click and draw the
double lines downward. Type 11.5,<270 (3.5,<270) and press
<Enter>. Select Right-click|Done.
15. Select Draw|Line|Single then select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint.

Place the cursor on the top of the left-hand double line you have
just drawn and left click. Type 23,<90 (7,<90) and press
<Enter>.
16. A sidewalk runs along the road at the bottom of the drive. Using
double lines again, draw a sidewalk 3ft (1m) wide. Select
Draw|Line|Double, leave the “Left Offset” as 0, but change the

“Right Offset” to 3ft (1m), select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint.
Place the cursor at the bottom right-hand side of the drive left
click and type 6,<0 (2,<0) and press <Enter>. Select Right-
click|Done.
17. Now select Draw|Line|Double again, and reverse the left and
right offsets, making the “Left Offset” 3ft (1m) and the “Right
Offset” 0. Click [OK]. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint and
place the cursor at the bottom left-hand side of the drive, left
click, type 66,<180 (20,<180) and press <Enter>. If you cannot
move this far to the left without going off the edge of the screen
use your mouse wheel to zoom out. Select Right-click|Done.
Select View|Zoom All.
Figure 4-68
18. Using Draw|Line|Continuous specify the property boundary so

that it looks like Figure 4-68. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint.
Place the cursor at the left top of the sidewalk left click and type
69,<90 (21,<90) and press <Enter>. Now type 98,<0 (30,<0) and
press <Enter>. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint then left click
near the sidewalk to place the line the sidewalk on the right
hand side of the house. Select Right-click|Restart. Select
File|Save and save the design.

19. Along the right-hand side of the house and drive is a row of
shrubs. Select Draw|Symbol. In the dialog you will see a [Load]
button. Click this button and select BROWN SHRUB and
BROWN TREE from the list of symbols (hold the <Ctrl> key
down to enable multiple selections). Click [Open]. Make sure
that BROWN SHRUB is selected. Leave the “Maintain Shape”
checked but uncheck the “Dynamically Size” box and enter the
“Width” as 5ft (1.5m). Click [OK].
20. Move to the bottom right of the property and left click to place a
shrub between the house and the boundary. Select
Modify|Copy|Linear and click on the shrub symbol. Enter 7 as
the number of copies and click [OK]. Click the center of the
symbol and drag the copies vertically upwards to evenly space
them along the boundary next to the house. (You can hold the
<Ctrl> key down to achieve a straight line.) Left click to place.
21. Select Draw|Symbol and select BROWN TREE from the drop
down list. Check the “Dynamically Size” box. Click [OK]. Place a
tree in the top right corner of the property by clicking on the
corner of the boundary, and dragging the symbol size out until it
is a suitable size. Left click to place.
22. By using Draw|Curve|Continuous Bezier draw a garden area

around the bottom and left sides of the property boundary. Make
the garden approximately 10ft (3m) wide. By clicking the cursor
on the screen, you can place the curve as required. When
finished, select Right-click|Done. In the same way, draw a
garden area around the conservatory about 7ft (2m) wide. You
will probably find it useful to set the Circular Cursor
(Settings|Cursor and check the “Display Circle” box) to 10ft (3m)
or 7ft (2m) respectively as required.
23. Place some BROWN SHRUB symbols 3ft (1m) in size

(Draw|Symbol), as described above, along the garden boundary
parallel with the sidewalk. See Figure 4-69.

Figure 4-69
4.3.7.3 PLACING SPRINKLERS AND DIVIDING INTO ZONES WITHIN THE

AVAILABLE WATER RANGE
The requirements for irrigating the garden involve irrigating the lawn and
the garden.
24. To help orientate the sprinklers, select Zone|Area and draw two
area boundaries, one around each piece of garden. To draw an
area place the cursor at a boundary point, left click, then trace
over the lines and curves, left clicking where required. Close the
area by selecting Right-click|Close. Ignore the “Max. Intensity”
and “Depth / Volume” values as we are using areas only for
orientating arcs. Make sure the “Set Arc Orientation Using Area”
checkbox is checked. Click [OK].
25. Select Zone|Sprayline. In the Sprinkler edit box, leave the pipe
as Computer Selected and enter a “Depth” of 12in (300mm).
Leave the “Scope” and Design + BOM. Select the Garden
Spray Sprinkler from the dropdown list. The default nozzle (10
garden) is the only “Nozzle” available with this outlet. Change
the “Pressure” to 20psi (14m). Note that the “Radius” 10.8ft

(3.3m) will adequately water the garden. Change the “Arc” to
180o. Do not select a “Riser” for the outlet, as this is optional and
not required in this case. Enter the “Outlet Spacing” as 10ft
(3m). Uncheck the “Connected” box. Click the [Options] button
and uncheck the “Fixed Spacing” box so IRRICAD will adjust the
sprinklers to fit the required area. Click [OK] on both dialogs.
26. Move to the bottom right corner of garden area, just within the
area boundary on the driveway side. Click to place the start of
the sprayline. Move just inside the bottom left corner and click
again. Go to the top left corner, click and then extend the
sprayline along the top boundary about 10ft (4m). Click to place,
and then select Right-click|Restart. If the sprayline is snapping
to the area boundary and the arc is not being orientated to
inside the area, select Right-click|Snaps|Place before left
clicking to place each point inside the area.
27. Place a sprayline around the conservatory garden starting next

to the path along the garage, placing the sprayline next to the
house, again, just inside the area. Several of the wetted radius
arcs of the sprinklers in the conservatory garden do not touch
the area. Although this is physically correct since the sprinklers
cannot spray water around corners we will change the arcs to
make the drawing look better. This is purely cosmetic. Using
Modify|Change click on an arc that needs changing. Arcs are
measured anti-clockwise from the horizontal (0o) so if the start of
the arc needs adjusting edit the “Start Angle” field. If the end of
the arc needs adjusting edit the “Included Angle” field. Click
[OK]. You may need to do this several times to get the arc
positioned correctly. Repeat for any other arcs that need
adjusting. Your design should look something like Figure 4-70.
28. We are now ready to place the lawn sprinklers. Delete the Areas
around the gardens. You can use Modify|Selection Filter to do
this. Select Area as the “Type” and check the “Filter” checkbox.
Select Modify|Select|All and press the <Delete> key. Go back to
Modify|Selection Filter and uncheck the “Filter” checkbox.
Note: A shortcut to Modify|Selection Filter is to right-click on the last

box of the Status Bar (far right). Here you can turn the filter On,
Off or adjust the Filter Settings. You can turn the filter off simply
by left-clicking on this box and the red fill will disappear –
instantly showing you that the filter is no longer on.

Figure 4-70
29. Select Zone|Area and draw an area that will encompass all the
lawn area. Check the “Set Arc Orientation Using Area”
checkbox. Click [OK].
30. Select Zone|Sprayline. Leave the pipe as Computer Selected

and enter a “Depth” of 12in (300mm). Leave the “Scope” and
Design + BOM. Choose the Lawn Pop-Up Sprinkler. Select
the 13 “Nozzle” from the dropdown list and change the
“Pressure” to 35psi (25m). Type in 180o for the “Arc”. Do not
select a “Riser”. Enter the “Outlet Spacing” as 13ft (4m). Make
sure the “Connected” checkbox is unchecked and also the
“Fixed Spacing” box in the [Options] dialog. Click [OK].
31. Draw the spraylines just inside the lawn boundary. Start at the
right of the end of the top conservatory garden. Follow the edge
of the house, then the right boundary, top boundary and the
garden edges (within the Area you have drawn), clicking at each
change of direction to place the sprayline. Select Right-
click|Restart at the top end of the conservatory garden. Delete
the pipe back to the last sprinkler (do not do this elsewhere, only
back to the last lawn sprinkler placed). Use Zone|Outlet to place

a full circle Lawn Pop-Up Sprinkler in the center of the larger
lawn to ensure good coverage.
32. Adjust any arcs as required. Note, depending on the actual

dimension of your design and the placement of the house etc,
select outlets with the required radius as needed. If you have a
larger area of lawn, select a different nozzle that gives you a
larger radius of throw. Note that any outlet can be deleted,
placed (select Zone|Outlet) or moved to achieve better
coverage. See Figure 4-71.
Figure 4-71
33. We wish to place a tape to water the shrubs at the side of the
house. The first step is to set up the database to enable the drip
tape to be used. Run the IRRICAD database editor either from
your desktop or from the Start|All Programs|IRRICAD|IRRICAD
9 Pro Databases. When the database editor has finished loading
the current default database, click the [Save Changes] button. In
the screen that remains, select File|Open. Browse for the
Tutorial.mdb database in the Irricad\database folder. Click the
[Open] button.
34. Now select the Tapes tab at the top of the screen. Highlight the
Drip Tape 0.17/100' (1.65lph) and select the [Edit / View]
button. Change the “Usage” to L and the spacing at the bottom
of the dialog from 4.1ft (1.25m) to 1.6ft (0.5m). Click the [Save]
button on this dialog, and then the [Save Changes] button on the
main dialog. Exit the database editor.
35. Select Zone|Tape and from the dropdown list select the Drip
Tape 0.17/100' (1.65lph). Set the inlet pressure to 14psi (10m).
Do not check the “Regulated” checkbox as this tape is not
pressure regulated at the inlet. Click [OK] and draw a tape
through the line of shrubs at the right-hand side of the house,
from about the middle of the bottom shrub up to the middle of
the top shrub. Select Right-click|Restart. See Figure 4-72.
Figure 4-72
36. Select Zone|Pipe, and leaving the pipe as Computer Selected,

enter a “Depth” of 12in (300mm). Connect this pipe to the start
of the tape and draw it upward to just below the sprayline. Do
not connect to the sprayline. You may wish to use Right-
click|Snaps|Place to avoid connecting to the sprayline.
Because we have a maximum flow rate of 6gpm (1.4m 3/h), this limits
how many sprinklers we can have running at any one time. Because the

garden and lawn sprinkler zones have a water requirement greater than
the maximum available flow, we are required to create more zones.
To do this we will be cutting out sections of existing zone pipe, adding

control valves and mainline pipes to join to the water source. When we
have completed the changes, there will be six zones on this property:
The lawn to the right of the water supply, the shrubs with drip tape, the
conservatory garden, the front garden piece, the left side garden, and
the main lawn piece.
37. First we will enter a water supply to signify the tap that will
supply the sprinklers. Select Mainline|Water Supply and place
the water supply on the house wall boundary close to the end of
the conservatory garden (see Figure 4-73). In the Water Supply
dialog enter the “Name” as Mains Supply 1, the “Design Head”
of 50psi (35m) and “Maximum Head” as 60psi (42m), the
“Design Flow” and “Maximum Flow” as 7gpm (1.6m3h). Though
the tap will be above ground level we have not worried about
that in this example.
Figure 4-73
38. Select Zone|Control Valve. Select a 1” (25mm) Electric Valve

from the dropdown list and enter a “Depth” of 12in (300mm) and
click [OK]. Click on the zone pipe end after the top conservatory
garden sprinkler to connect the valve.

39. Use Modify|Select Object and click on the pipe between the
second and third garden sprinkler from the left on the bottom
boundary. Press the <Delete> key. Select Zone|Pipe and
connect a Computer Selected pipe at 12in (300mm) “Depth” to
the third sprinkler mentioned above. Extend this pipe approx. 3ft
(1.0m). Click to place then select Right-click|Restart. Select
Zone|Control Valve. The 1” (25mm) Electric Valve should still
be selected. Place a valve on the end of the pipe you have just
drawn.
40. Place another valve at the top of the design on the garden
sprayline directly above the valve you have just placed.
41. Now connect two valves to the pipe above the water supply.
Place them opposite the water supply, one a little to the left and
one a little to the right. Select the piece of pipe between them
and delete.
42. Lastly, connect a valve to the top of the pipe connecting to the
tape. See Figure 4-74.
Figure 4-74

4.3.7.4 CONNECTING THE SYSTEM
43. We will now connect the valves with mainline pipes. Select
Mainline|Pipe and select the 1” Class 125 PVC Pipe and enter
a “Depth” of 12in (300mm). Because we know what pipe size
we want to use, we have selected it. Click [OK].
44. We need to zoom in near the water supply. Select View|Zoom

Window and draw a window around the valves near the water
supply and the water supply itself. Connect a mainline pipe
between the two valves at the top of the design above the water
supply by left clicking on them then select Right-click|Restart.
45. Left click on the water supply and draw the pipe vertically up to
connect to the pipe you have just drawn between the valves.
Left click on the pipe then select Right-click|Restart. Left click on
the valve in the conservatory garden near the water supply and
draw the pipe horizontally to connect to the mainline pipe from
the water supply. Make sure the pipe does not snap to the
center of the water supply itself, as only one pipe can connect to
the water supply. If this happens, select the pipe and delete it.
Start again, but this time before connecting to the mainline pipe
coming from the water supply use your mouse wheel to zoom in
on the water supply. Now connect to the existing mainline pipe.
Left click on this pipe then select Right-click|Restart. Select
View|Zoom All.
46. Connect a pipe between the two garden valves at the top and
bottom by left clicking on them then select Right-click|Restart.
47. Select View|Zoom Window and draw a window around the three
valves along the top boundary. Tee off the left-hand side vertical
mainline pipe by left clicking on it about 1.5ft (0.5m) below the
valve and draw the pipe horizontally to connect to the right-hand
side vertical mainline pipe, left click then select Right-
click|Restart. Select View|Zoom All.
48. Select View|Zoom Window and drag a window to encompass

the water supply and the tape valve. Select Mainline|Pipe again
and connect to the valve by left clicking on it. Left click again to
connect the valve to the mainline pipe above the water supply.

49. There is still an unconnected sprinkler in the middle of the lawn.
Due to the water limitation it cannot be attached to any of the
other zones. Place a valve on the mainline pipe across from the
sprinkler and draw a zone pipe from the valve to connect to the
sprinkler. Your garden design should look like Figure 4-75.
Figure 4-75

Marks.

Zone Design
52. We wish to size the zone pipes, so select Design|Zone
Design|LP Design. Look at the Reports|Zone Design
Reports|Zone Design Summary report to see what is happening
in the zones. The results should be similar to Figure 4-76. You
will notice that the zone flow for the tape zone is 0m 3/hr. This is
due to the low flow and the rounding of the numbers in the
report. Click the X to close the report window.
Figure 4-76

53. Now select Design|Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow
and check that there are 7 system flows and each zone is
operating on a separate system flow, like Figure 4-77 shows.
Click [OK].
Figure 4-77
Mainline Design
54. Now select Design|Mainline Design|Analyze to analyze the
mainline pipes.
55. To have IRRICAD select fittings for the design, select

Design|Computer Selection of Fittings. Select a Costing / BOM
Report to view any fitting selection errors. For information on
how to fix fittings selection errors, see Correcting Fittings
Errors.
4.3.8 WHEEL LINE DESIGN

This tutorial explains how to configure IRRICAD to design a Wheel Line
irrigation system with a complete bill of materials.
The IRRICAD functions in this type of design include:
 Spraylines
 Database assemblies
 Demand points
 Assign system flows in management

An understanding of these functions is necessary for this exercise. If you
are not familiar with these functions, please read the relevant sections of
the on-line help (Help|Help Topics).
This example will go over the design of a typical quarter mile (400m)
wheel line.
4.3.8.1 OVERVIEW
An example wheel line system is shown in Figure WL1. In IRRICAD the
wheel line is entered in the Zone layer as a control valve and the idle
hydrants are entered as demand points in the Mainline layer. Each
hydrant becomes a zone. If a system has two wheel lines, they would
both be entered as spraylines and there would be two active hydrants.
See Figure 4-78.
Figure 4-78
The Assign Zones … option in the Design menu is used to tell IRRICAD
which zones will operate together. Any combination of hydrants can be
analyzed.

Figure 4-79
The layout of the typical quarter mile (400m) wheel line that will be used
for this exercise is shown in Figure 4-80.
Figure 4-80

1. Run IRRICAD or start a new design by selecting File|New.
2. Select Settings|Miscellaneous. Select the Medium “Design

Size”, which will change the “Base Database Symbol Size” to
16.4ft (5m). Click [OK].

3. Select View|Zoom Out twice to ensure that the sprayline can be
entered in one action.
4.3.8.3 PLACING THE WHEEL LINE

4. Select Settings|Irrigation Items - Design Specific. Make sure the
“Create Wetted Radii” and “Create Sprayline Outlets” check
boxes are checked. Click [OK].
6. Select Zone|Sprayline. Select the 4" (100mm) Aluminum

Wheel Line Tube from the list of pipes by pressing the down
arrow, moving the cursor down the list and clicking the left
mouse button when the required item is highlighted. Uncheck
the “Computer Sized” check box and leave the “Depth” at 0.
Figure 4-81

6. For the “Sprinkler”, select the Impact Drive Sprinkler from the
dropdown list. Now select the 5/32 IMPACT 360 “Nozzle” from
the nozzles that are associated with this sprinkler. Enter the
“Pressure” as 50psi (35m) as in Figure 4-81.
7. Select the Wheel Line Sprinkler Riser Assembly as the

“Riser”. Now type in 40ft (12m) for the “Outlet Spacing” and
leave the “Offset” as 0. Leave the “Connected” check box as
checked.
8. Now click the [Options] button at the bottom of the dialog. In the
next dialog, leave the “Layer” as <DEFAULT> and change the
“Line Width” to 2. Leave the “Orientation” as 0 and make sure
that the “Fixed Spacing” check box is checked. Click [OK] on
both dialogs.
9. Move your mouse to the far right of the screen about half way
up. Place the start of the wheel line by clicking the left mouse
button. Move the mouse horizontally across the screen and
watch the distance at the bottom of the screen. When d= 1298ft
(396m) position the other end of the wheel line by clicking the
left mouse button, and then selecting Restart from the Right-
click menu.
The distance of 1298ft (396m) is significant. It can be anywhere between

1290ft (393m) and 1300ft (397m) but must not be greater than 1300ft
(397m) or less than 1280ft (390m). The reason for this is that aluminum
pipe is in 40ft (12m) lengths and there will be 1280ft (390m) in this
design. There is normally 20ft (7m) of hose from the hydrant to the
wheel line so the total length is about 1300ft (397m). This hose is not
drawn on the plan, but is included in an assembly. If you draw the wheel
line in at 1298ft (396m), the plan will show pipe from the sprinkler to the
hydrant. IRRICAD will round this distance up to 1300ft (397m) in the bill
of materials and we will use [Show Fittings] to add in -20ft (-7m) to trim it
back to the required 1280ft (390m). This makes the plan look right and
the bill of materials right.
10. The wheel line with sprinklers is now drawn on the screen. Use
Reports|Show Flow to confirm the flow rate. Select
Reports|Show Flow then draw a lasso around the wheel line by
left clicking near one end then moving near the other end and
left clicking again then moving down / up and left clicking then to
near the first point and left clicking then selecting Right-

click|Close. There should be 33 outlets and a flow of about
165gpm (37.5m3/h). Click the [Close] button to close the dialog.
4.3.8.4 PLACING THE HYDRANTS

11. To place the hydrant on the end of the wheel line select
Zone|Control Valve and select the Wheel line 4" (100mm)
active hydrant assembly. Leave the “Orientation” and “Depth”
as 0. Click [OK]. Place the control valve on the left hand end of
the wheel line by left clicking the mouse and give the zone a
“Name” such as Active Hydrant 1.
12. The other idle hydrants will be spaced 60ft (18m) apart on a
mainline. These hydrants are entered in the mainline layer as
demand flows. To make it easier to place them 60ft (18m) apart
a grid can be set up. We need to align the grid with the hydrant
valve. Place the cursor exactly on the valve and note down the
coordinates (x,y =) displayed on the status bar. Select
Settings|Grid / Origin and enter the “X” and “Y” spacings as 60ft
(18m). Check the “Display Grid Points” check box. Enter the “X”
and “Y” “User Origin” as the coordinates of the hydrant valve. In
the Snap tab select the “Snap to Grid” option. Click [OK].
13. Select Mainline|Outlet and find the Demand Flow “Sprinkler” in

the drop down list. Select it and change the “Pressure” to 58psi
(40.8m) and the “Flow” to 165gpm (37.5m3/h). Select a Capital
H for the hydrant “Symbol”. These are the pressures and flows
that you want available in the mainline at the hydrants. The
pressure is an upstream pressure not a downstream pressure. A
pressure of 58psi (40.8m) will allow for any losses through the
hydrant and still give adequate pressure at the start of the wheel
line. The pressure that you set here is really up to you, but on
flat ground it should be higher than the sprinkler pressure that
you have set in the sprayline.
14. Select the Wheel line 4" (100mm) idle hydrant riser
assembly in the “Riser” field. Leave the “Orientation” as 0, and
click [OK].
15. Now position your mouse on one grid point above the wheel line
hydrant by left clicking. Because mainline outlets are valve-in-
head sprinklers, you will be asked to enter a zone name. Enter a

zone name such as Idle Hydrant 1. Move one grid point above
that one and place another hydrant (Idle Hydrant 2).
4.3.8.5 PLACING THE MAINLINE AND WATER SUPPLY

16. Select Mainline|Water Supply place on the screen two grid
points above your top hydrant with a left click. Leave the water
supply data as the default. Click [OK].
17. Select Settings|Snap and turn off the “Snap to Grid” option by
selecting “Connect”. Click [OK].
18. Select View|Zoom Window and draw a window around the water
supply and the hydrants. Select Mainline|Pipe. Leave the
selected pipe as Computer Selected and the “Depth” as 0.
Click [OK] and go to the water supply on the screen.
19. Connect the pipe to the water supply and to all the hydrants by
left clicking the mouse each time the pipe passes over a
hydrant, and draw a straight line through all the hydrants ending
with the active hydrant. Connect about 10ft (3m) of mainline pipe
past the last hydrant. This will allow IRRICAD to tee the mainline
into the last hydrant rather than elbow into it. Select Right-
click|Restart. See Figure 4-82.
Figure 4-82

20. Select Design|Check Outlet Connectivity. IRRICAD checks to
make sure that outlets are connected to a water supply.

21. Now select Design|Zone Design Configuration. In the far column
set all the “Valve Pressures” to 58psi (40.8m). This means you
are fixing the valve pressures rather than letting them find their
own levels. Click [OK].
22. Select Design|Zone Design|Analyze. You set the sprayline to 4"

(100mm) Aluminum pipe so you just have analyzed it rather
than computer size the pipe.
23. Select Design|Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow. You

have placed 6 hydrants in total so there will be 6 system flows.
Each hydrant will operate on its own. IRRICAD automatically
gives each system flow one hour and assigns each hydrant to its
own system flow as in Figure 4-83. Leave the times at one hour.
Click [OK].
Figure 4-83
24. Lastly select Design|Mainline Design|LP Design. The pipes are

now sized and analyzed.

25. Zoom into the end of the mainline by selecting View|Zoom
Window and dragging a window around the area including the
end of the mainline. Notice that the piece of pipe past the last
hydrant has not been sized. IRRICAD will not size pipes with
zero flow. Select Modify|Select Object. Now click on the piece of
pipe that has not been sized. Select Modify|Change and change
the pipe to the same as the sized mainline (4" Class 125 PVC
Pipe). Click [OK].
26. Select View|Zoom All. Now select Zone|Misc. Hydraulic and find
the Wheel Line Mover assembly in the dropdown list. Click
[OK]. Select View|Sprayline Outlets. Place the misc. hydraulic
item on the wheel line between two sprinklers half way along the
sprayline.
27. Since some changes have been made, the hydraulics need to
be recalculated. Select Design|Zone Design|Analyze. Now run
Mainline Design|Analyze.
28. To look at the pressures and flows in the system, look at the
Design reports. Select Reports|Mainline Design Reports|System
Duty, which will show you the pressure and flow required from
the water supply to met each system flows needs. The
Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Summary report will show
you the minimum and maximum pressures in the wheel line and
also the pressure loss through the hydrant. Close the reports by
clicking on the X.
29. The Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Design Full report gives

a more detailed list of pressures and flows in the wheel line.
Scroll down in this report until you find the section titled
Spraylines and Tapes. Notice on the far right the O/Loss is
listed. This is the pressure that is caused by the factors set up in
the Wheel line sprinkler riser. Remember the sprinkler is 3½ft
(1m) off the ground and the riser loss was equivalent to 5ft
(1.5m) of ½” (12mm) pipe. Close this report and look into as
many other reports as you like.
4.3.8.7 COMPUTER SELECTION OF FITTINGS

30. Select Design|Computer Selection of Fittings. When that is
complete, select Modify|Change and by clicking on junctions
and clicking on the [Show Fittings] button check to see what

fittings are used. Close dialogs by clicking on [Hide Fittings] and
[Cancel]. To correct the length of aluminum tube listed click on
one of the two spraylines, click [Show Fittings] and [Add]. Select
the 4" (100mm) Aluminum Wheel Line Tube from the list of
pipes by clicking on the left most (number) column or by clicking
on the description column then clicking [Select]. Click [Close].
The fitting will be added to the list of fittings for the sprayline with
a quantity of 3.28ft (1m). Click on the “Quantity” and change it to
–20ft (-7m) and click [Hide Fittings]. You will get a warning
message that the quantity is less than the recommended
minimum because quantities are usually greater than 0. Click
[Yes] to continue and [OK] to close the junction dialog. See the
notes under Placing the Wheel Line, Section 4.3.8.3 for an
explanation. Look at a BOM report.
4.3.8.8 DATABASE ITEMS

Database assemblies play a key role in this type of design. There are
five assemblies in this example. They are listed below.
Wheel line sprinkler riser assembly

Outlet Connector component database:
Item Database Part Number Qty

Sprinkler leveler Miscellaneous L-75 1
Leveler elbow Miscellaneous SLE 1-12S 1
4" (100mm) Band-lock set Couplers 58-4FWTD 1
76" (1930mm) wheel 4" hub Miscellaneous 27-4-76 1
Inlet connection details NONE, 1.00" (25mm)

Outlet Connection details F T, 0.75" (18.75mm)
Height Above Ground 3.5' (1.05m)
Equivalent length diameter 0.50" (12.5mm)
HL equivalent length 5.00' (1.5m)
Leave the plotting symbol blank
Usage Code Y
The sprinklers on a wheel line are approximately 3.5ft (1.05m) above the
ground. IRRICAD will take this into account when it determines
pressures. To allow for the friction loss in the leveler and leveler elbow,
an equivalent length and equivalent pipe diameter are used. If a 5gpm
(19lph) nozzle is used, the friction loss that IRRICAD will calculate using
the equivalent of 5ft (1.5m) of ½” (12mm) pipe is approximately 2psi
(1.4m).
Wheel line 4” idle hydrant assembly

Outlet Connector component database:

4" (100mm) Al hydrant valve Valves 7-4 PT 1
4" (100mm) Class 160 PVC Pipe 4 160 SW 0.91m
pipe
4" (100mm) PVC male Coupler 436-040 2
adapter
Note: Though can enter a length of pipe in an assembly in feet if you

have selected US units, the assembly itself will display the
length in meters, e.g., if you had entered 3’ of PVC pipe,
0.9144m will be displayed as present in the assembly.
Inlet connection details NPT M T, 4.0” (100mm)

Outlet Connection details NONE, 4.0” (100mm)
Height Above Ground 0.00
Equivalent length diameter 0.00
HL equivalent length 0.00
Leave the plotting symbol blank
Usage Code Y
Wheel line 4” active hydrant assembly

Valves component database:

4" (100mm) Al hydrant valve Valves 7-4 PT 1
4" (100mm) Al valve opener Valves 3-6-4 EH 1
4" (100mm) Class 160 PVC Pipe 4 160 SW 0.91m
pipe
4" (100mm) PVC male Coupler 436-040 2
adapter
4"x20' (100mm x 6.1m) hose Miscellaneous 49-20-4 CD 1
4" (100mm) female end Coupler 58-5-4 PRF 1
adapter

Inlet connection details NPT M T, 4.0" (100mm)
Outlet connection details ALUM F S, 4.0" (100mm)
Headloss constant 0.002579
Headloss index 1.17682
The headloss constant and index were calculated using IRRICAD's

curve fitting utility. The flows and pressure losses used are listed below.
The pressure losses include the losses in the hydrant, valve and hose.
PSI Loss Flow gpm

2.2 164
4.0 230
6.4 300
Wheel line Mover assembly

Other Hydraulics component database:

Mover 70-76 Miscellaneous 70-76 1
Plastic engine cover Miscellaneous 70-404 1
4" (100mm) hub adapter set Coupler 70-11-4 1
1" ZAMAC plug Coupler 11503 1
76" (1930mm) wheel 4" hub Miscellaneous 27-4-76 3
Inlet connection details ALU F S, 4.0" (100mm)

Outlet connection details ALU F S, 4.0" (100mm)
Wheel line 4" plug assembly

Couplers component database:

4" (100mm) end plug Coupler 59-5PRM 1
Wheel line Band-lock Miscellaneous 58-2-2S 1
The reason for the assemblies are as follows:
The wheel line is set up using Zone|Sprayline. A sprinkler is selected

from the Outlet component database, e.g., the Impact Drive Sprinkler.
The Wheel line sprinkler riser assembly is then selected from the
Outlet Connections component database. This means that for every
sprinkler, a leveler, elbow, band-lock coupler and wheel are included.
The idle hydrants are laid out in the mainline layer by selecting a
demand flow from the Outlets component database. The riser to that
demand flow is then selected from the Outlet Connections component
database. Selecting the Wheel line 4" idle hydrant assembly will
ensure that for every idle hydrant a 4" (100mm) hydrant valve, 3ft
(0.91m) of 4" (100mm) PVC pipe and 2 PVC male adapters are
included.
At the upstream end of the wheel line a zone valve is positioned. The
Wheel line 4" (100mm) active hydrant assembly should be selected
for this valve. This ensures the valve opener, hose and fittings listed
above are included.
The Wheel line Mover assembly is selected and positioned mid way
along the wheel line. Note the assembly has only three wheels when the
mover actually requires four wheels. This is because the mover
displaces one wheel on the wheel line so the total in the bill of materials
will be four.
IRRICAD will look for an end cap for the aluminum pipe during
Computer Selection of Fittings. The Wheel line 4" (100mm) plug
assembly will be selected and it will include the 4" (100mm) end plug
and the band-lock.

4.4 MAINLINE DESIGNS
A mainline design can be any pipe delivery system from a rural water
supply, stock water reticulation, etc. The difference between a mainline
design and the design we have looked at previously is that a mainline
design has the valve and outlet in one. Normally a system is laid out with
a water supply, some mainline pipe, control valves, some zone pipe and
then zone outlets, where the control valves are the connection between
zone and mainline items and the on / off control for each zone. In a
mainline design we have a water supply, mainline pipe and mainline
outlets. Each mainline outlet is seen by IRRICAD as a valve-in-head
outlet – i.e. has its own on / off control. Therefore each mainline outlet is
the zone and control valve all in one. The principals behind IRRICAD
design have not changed; it is simply that the zone items and control
valve are condensed into one object.
In terms of the designs and analysis of a mainline design, zone design is

still required before running mainline design options.
These tutorials assume you have completed at least the Basic Start
chapters and the Simple Design Tutorials. These tutorials assume you
know how to select items, connect items, and select the working
database and the units of preference.
4.4.1 USING DEMAND POINTS

Demand points are used most often in mainline designs. The common
use of demand points may be in large golf designs where it is known
how much pressure and flow is required at certain points, or large
agricultural designs where a hydrant is required to have a specific
pressure and flow.
Demand points are only useful if you know the pressure and flow
required at a particular point. Remember a hydraulic analysis is only as
correct as the information you put in. Demand points can be used to
make a quick mainline analysis.

4.4.2 A RURAL WATER SUPPLY
1. Double click on the Irricad icon or select Start|All
Programs|IRRICAD Pro to start IRRICAD. If already running
IRRICAD select File|New to start with a clean screen. In
Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific browse for the tutorial
database Tutorial.mdb. This should be found in the
\Irricad\database folder. If you prefer to work in US units, go to
the Units tab and click the [US] button. If you prefer to work in
Metric units, click the [Metric] button to restore the default units
for this tutorial. Note Metric measurements are displayed in
brackets. For this tutorial select lph as the flow and m as the
pressure.
4.4.2.1 DRAWING THE LAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM

2. Select Mainline|Water Supply and place the water supply on the
screen, near the left-hand side. Leave the entries as 0, so that
IRRICAD will calculate the system duty for the system you draw.
Click [OK] to accept and close the dialog.
3. Select Mainline|Pipe. Leave the pipe as Computer Selected so

that IRRICAD will select the pipe size for you. Click [OK] and
click in the center of the water supply to place the start point of
the pipe (left click on the screen). The pipe will rubberband with
the cursor until you place the end point or next point of a pipe (if
the pipe is bent). The pipe tool is like a continuous line tool and
will rubberband between points until you end the pipe by
selecting Right-click|Restart.
4. Select Mainline|Outlet and select Demand Flow. This type of

outlet is called a Demand Point. It does not have a pressure /
flow relationship but simply allows us to specify the flow and
pressure required a particular point. Click [OK].
5. Left click on the mainline pipe where you wish to place a

demand point or node. The outlet will automatically connect to
the pipe. You will need to assign each outlet a zone name.
Accept the default names for each node placed.

4.4.2.2 DESIGN
6. First, select Design|Check Outlet Connectivity to make sure that
all outlets are connected to the water supply via mainline pipes.
If you receive no messages, continue with design. If you do
receive messages, check you cannot see a black pipe junction
where the water supply or outlets connect to pipes. Pipes
require pipe junctions, but where point objects connect, the
junction should disappear. If an outlet is not connected, highlight
the outlet by selecting Modify|Select Object and clicking on the
outlet. Then select Modify|Move and move the outlet until the
center of the outlet is central to the black junction and left-click.
The black junction will disappear when the outlet is connected. If
you are still having problems, make sure the default snap mode
in Settings|Snap is set to Connect.
7. Even though we only have mainline items present in the design,

we will still need to analyze the zones i.e. the outlets. Select
Design|Zone Design|Analyze. This should be quite quick.
8. Once all outlets are placed we must tell IRRICAD how the
system is to run. We call this Management. If all nodes are to
run at one time (as is assumed the usual or the worst case
scenario for rural water supply systems) select Design|Assign
All Zones to One System Flow. IRRICAD will automatically fill
out the table with 1 system flow running for a default time of 1
hour (the running time is not important, we just want to know
what happens when it is running) and all zones assigned to run
on system flow 1. Click [OK].
9. Now select Design|Mainline Design|LP Design. LP design a

computer design option that will select pipes based on the
pressure required at the outlet.
10. Now view the reports. Because this is a mainline design, the last
4 design reports will be most useful. Select Reports|Mainline
Design Reports|System Duty. IRRICAD reports the pressure
and flow required at the water supply to run the system you
have designed. A pump can be sized from this data. The
Mainline Design Full report is useful if you wish to know the
velocity in the pipes, length of pipes and head difference. The
Mainline Summary Report gives a summary of actual and
required pressures at the zone control valve. The Mainline

Design Pipe Report lists the pressures in the pipes, and also
lists the elevations of start and end point so the pipes.
4.4.2.3 VARIATIONS
11. Draw some contours or spot heights on the design. Elevation
information can also be imported using File|Import Contours.
Keep in mind that the elevation information needs to span all
hydraulic input. Now redesign the system and view the reports.
12. Size the pipes using Design|Mainline Design|Velocity Design.

You can set the maximum mainline velocity in Design|Design
Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters. Keep in mind that Velocity
Design does not know about the pressure that you are trying to
achieve at the outlet. It is simply choosing a pipe size which will
achieve a velocity as close as possible to the maximum
allowable velocity set.
13. Run Design|Computer Selection of Fittings. IRRICAD will find

fitting for each junction.
Note: You do not have to layout a design in a specific order. You can
place the nodes first, then pipe, then water supply if you wish.
IRRICAD is very flexible until the Design section where
management is required, then Zone Design then Mainline
Design in that order. Remember the items available in the
tutorial database are only a small set of items available in full
IRRICAD databases. Databases are also easily changed or
added to in the complete retail version.

4.5 DATABASE AND FITTING SELECTION
Fitting Selection is a great tool to save time and produce a complete Bill
of Materials without tearing your hair out! IRRICAD uses rules to solve
junctions with fittings so if it can't find the fittings it needs it will list the
unsolved junctions at the end of any Bill of Materials report or Costings
report.
4.5.1 CUSTOMIZING YOUR DATABASE

Using the Irricad database editor, new items can be added to the
database, deleted from the database, turned on or off for selection or
edited. The on-line help or the hard copy manual explain the fields in
database item dialogs so you can easily enter your own items or
customize the existing items.
Probably the most future time saving task will be to create separate
databases for the different types of designs you do. This is particularly
true if you do quite different design work which all use different
materials. One database may be Residential.mdb, another
Vineyard.mdb, and another Stockwater.mdb. Now instead of turning
items on and off in the database depending on the type of design you
are doing today, you will only have the items you use for that particular
system. This means your databases are smaller and you have more of
them, and that you do not have multitudes of extraneous items you will
never use present.
After you have either split up your databases to be design specific, or

have deleted all the extraneous items out of them, you will either have
the exact fittings you use or a range of fittings for IRRICAD to choose
from. If you only use saddles instead of tees (both available in the Tees
component group) then you will only have saddles available. If you
decide to use saddles in a particular design, instead of tees, you can
turn the tees off in the database (select N) before running Computer
Selection of Fittings.

4.5.1.1 ENTERING NEW PIPES IN TO THE DATABASE
1. Running the database editor (Start|All
Programs|IRRICAD|IRRICAD Pro Database Editor). Note the
database the editor opens with is your default database – set in
IRRICAD in Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific and clicking the
[Save As Default] button.
2. Enter a new pipe by selecting Component|Add Item. IRRICAD

will copy the pipe the cursor is currently on so if there is an
existing pipe similar to the pipe you are adding to the database,
click on this before selecting Component|Add Item.
3. A usage code is required for all items in the database if you

want to be able to select this item in IRRICAD, either manually
or during design or fitting selection. Most items have a Yes, No
usage code, but pipes are designated to be used for either
Laterals, Zone pipes, Flushing pipes or Mainline pipes. Laterals
are connected spraylines, zone pipes are any pipes (other than
laterals) used downstream from a control valve, flushing pipes
will be eligible for manual selection and mainline pipes are all
pipes used upstream from a control valve. Pipes can have more
than one usage code; any combination of L, Z, F or M you wish.
If the usage code is blank then this item cannot be used or
selected.
4. Enter a name for your pipe, describing its basic qualities e.g., 2”
(50mm) PVC Class 6.
5. Now enter a unique warehouse code for the pipe. This can be
your ordering code or an inventory code.
6. Enter a supplier code (you can make your own in IRRICAD –

Reports|Supplier Code Multipliers).
7. Enter a pipe type for your pipe, e.g., PVC, LDP etc. You can
make your own in IRRICAD – Design|Pipe Fitting Matching
Table but be warned IRRICAD uses this pipe type to select
fittings.
8. The nominal diameter is the size the pipe is usually referred to

by, e.g., 2” (50mm).

9. The actual diameter is very important to be entered precisely as
this is the diameter IRRICAD uses in its pipe friction loss
calculations.
10. The pipe roughness is the Hazen-Williams C factor, which can

be found in Appendix B for all smooth pipes.
11. Enter the maximum allowable pressure as per manufacturers’

specifications for that pipe.
12. Enter a wholesale cost and retail price and select a plotting
colour and line type for this pipe. Click the [Save] button .
You now have a new pipe to use in a design.
The other item dialogs do not differ too much from this format. However,
you can find information on this in the IRRICAD Database Editor section
of the manual.
4.5.1.2 ENTERING A NEW OUTLET INTO THE DATABASE

All water outputting devices exist in IRRICAD as an Outlet body and a
nozzle or collection of nozzles, regardless whether the device physically
has nozzles or not.
To enter a new outlet into the database:
1. Enter the nozzle data first. To do this you require the

manufacturer’s sheet for the nozzle.
2. Open the Database Editor and if the database that automatically

opens is not the database you wish to add the new product to,
then select Exit (save changes if required) and then File|Open
and browse the working database you wish to edit.
3. Use the arrows at the top of the right-hand-side of the open

database to scroll along until you see the Nozzles tab.
4. Select Component|Add Item. IRRICAD will copy the nozzle the

cursor is currently on so if there is an existing nozzle similar to
the nozzle you are adding to the database, click on this before
selecting Component|Add Item and start entering the relevant
information into each field.
5. When you get to the “Radius Equation Constant (K)” and
“Radius Equation Index (n)” fields, we will use the
manufacturer’s data in the Curve Fit to calculate the Constant
(K) and Index (n). If the Curve Fit is not currently displayed on
the right-hand side of the window, select View|Curve Fit and
select Outlet wetted radii from pressure from the dropdown
list.
6. The table you see requires at least three sets of data. Firstly
make sure that the units above each column are set to match
the units you are reading off the manufacturer’s data. Enter the
Pressure and the resultant Radius from the data sheet into the
table.
7. Click the [Fit Curve] button. The Constant and Index will be
calculated for you. Make sure that R2 is above 90% or re-check
your data. Copy the Constant in to the “Radius Equation
Constant (K)” field and the Index into the “Radius Equation
Index(n)” field by clicking the green arrow button.
8. When you get down to the “Flow Equation Constant (K)” and
“Flow Equation Index (n)” fields below, you need to select Outlet
flow from pressure from the dropdown list. Once again read
the data off the manufacturer’s sheet for this nozzle. Firstly
make sure that the units above each column are set to match
the units you are reading off the manufacturer’s data. Enter the
Pressure and the resultant Flow from the data sheet into the
table.
9. Click the [Fit Curve] button. The Constant and Index will be
calculated for you. Make sure that R2 is above 90% or re-check
your data. Copy the Constant in to the “Flow Equation Constant
(K)” field and the Index into the “Flow Equation Index (n)” field
by clicking the green arrow button.
10. Finish by selected a plotting symbol, size and colour. Click the
[Save] button.
11. Repeat this process for as many nozzles as you which to add
into the nozzle component group.

12. Now use the arrows at the top of the right-hand-side of the open
database to scroll along until you see the Outlets tab.
13. Select Component|Add Item. IRRICAD will copy the outlet the
cursor is currently on so if there is an existing outlet similar to
the outlet you are adding to the database, click on this before
selecting Component|Add Item and start entering the relevant
information into each field.
14. For Outlets the inlet connect type (how the outlet connects to a
riser or on to the pipe) can be NONE but still requires a gender
and connect type e.g., NONE F S (or T for threaded, or B for
barbed)
15. Leave the “Default Nozzle” field at this stage. The inlet diameter
is the size of the outlet body e.g., 20mm for a popup body or
4mm for a dripper.
16. The “Arc Type” determines how the outlet operates – is it a

Fixed outlet e.g., the arc cannot be adjusted? Is it a Variable
outlet – the arc can be adjusted? Is it a Matched outlet – as the
arc is adjusted the amount of flow is also adjusted accordingly
17. “Flow Tolerance” is usually 5% above and 5% below as a rule of

thumb.
18. Finish filling in the fields and [Save] the new outlet.
19. Now with your new outlet highlighted, select Component|Edit

Nozzles. This will take you to the Nozzles component group. In
the bottom field you will see any nozzles which were copied for
the existing outlet when you create the new one. Select the grey
box to the left of the nozzle name. If there are more than one
nozzle here (and if they do not belong with your new outlet), you
can drag the cursor down to highlight all of the nozzles. Now
select Component|Remove Nozzles.
20. Now click on the little grey box to the left of the required nozzle
name to automatically be added to your outlet. Select all of the
new nozzles you have just created for this outlet. You can see
the added nozzles in the list below the main grid. Once you have
added all the required nozzles, select Component|Edit Nozzles.

Select File|Exit and then the [Yes] button to save the additions
to your database and to close the database.
4.5.2 HOW IRRICAD SELECTS FITTINGS AND

UNDERSTANDING THE FITTING SELECTION RULES
Read Appendix G: Fitting Selection Details in the online Help Topics
(Help|Help Topics). This chapter covers the rules that IRRICAD uses to
solve the different types of junctions.
4.5.2.1 QUICK NOTES ON MAKING IRRICAD SELECT THE FITTINGS

YOU WANT
IRRICAD will select the items you want if you keep in mind the rules that
are used during Fitting selection.
In summary IRRICAD will always search the Lateral Take-Off

component group first, then move search the cross, tee, bend and
coupler groups as needed. IRRICAD always looks for the single
cheapest item which has the correct connection codes required. An
assembly is seen as a single item. Hence an assembly containing all the
fittings required will be chosen if it is the only item that has the correct
inlet and outlet connections. If a single item can not be selected,
IRRICAD will choose the cheapest option of multiple components to
solve the junction.
If there are many options for IRRICAD to choose from but you wish a
particular item or set of items to be selected change the connection
codes to be unique to those items so there is no other choice for the
selection. Instead of BSP F T try BSPS F T making sure the item it is
connecting to also has been given the unique connection code for this
design. You can also make the item cheaper than its competitors.
4.5.2.2 USING RISER RULES

IRRICAD uses internal riser selection rules, but you can override these
with creating your own.
The internal rules are: select the riser pipe that is the same size as the
top item and the same type as the bottom item. This means that if the
submain (100mm PVC MS) is buried at 500mm and the valve (80mm
BSP FT) is at –300mm (above ground) the riser pipe selected will be an
80mm PVC MS pipe.
You can override the internal rule by either specifying your own rule or
selecting the pipe you want used in a particular situation. Select
Design|Riser Selection Rules. Enter the depths to which this rule
applies. The first depth entered must be the higher depth. Now select
either Rule or User. If you select Rule, you have the options of
specifying how the size and type of the riser is determined. If you select
User, select the pipe you wish to be used from the drop down list on the
far right.
Select Design|Riser Selection Rules. The rules you set can only be
applied to a particular change in depth. Therefore you can set a riser
rule for the riser selection between a submain and the laterals. This will
not effect the riser selection between the mainline and valve providing
the valve is at a different depth than the laterals or the mainline is at a
different depth than the submain.
When creating a “Rule”, remember that “Depth 1” needs to be smaller

than “Depth 2”. Remember that 0 is at ground level and a negative
number is above ground. If you select User, you can select the pipe you
wish to be used as the riser in that particular case. If you select Rule,
you can select the “Size” and “Type” of pipe to be used based on the
existing items in the design. For example if the valve is 80mm BSP valve
and the mainline is 100mm PVC, do you wish the riser to be 80mm
PVC, 100mm BSP, 80mm BSP or 100mm PVC? Select Top and
Bottom appropriately for “Size” and “Type”.
1. Using the Tutorial.mdb draw a block of tapes using Zone|Tape

Irrigation Block any size you wish. Select a Center submain
through the middle of the block, setting the “Depth” to 20in
(500mm). Select a valve (at 0 “Depth”) and then draw in a
mainline pipe (at 20in (500mm) “Depth”) to connect to the water
supply. Select your own pipe sizes as you place the pipes or use
Design to size them for you.
2. Now run Design|Computer Selection of Fittings. Using Select

Object or Select Window, select one junction where the submain
connects to a lateral. Select Modify|Change, and then click the
[Show Fittings] button. See what IRRICAD selected as the riser.
IRRICAD has selected tape as the riser but it cannot find the
correct tee to complete the junction.

3. Go in to Design|Riser Selection Rules and set the depths as
required (0 for “Depth 1” and 20” (500mm) for “Depth 2”) and
set the rule to be Top for “Size” and Bottom for “Type” and re-
run Design|Computer Selection of Fittings.
4. Using Select Object or Select Window, select one junction

where the submain connects to a lateral. Select Modify|Change,
and then click the [Show Fittings] button. Because IRRICAD is
now looking for a ½” (16mm) PVC pipe and there is none
available or turned on in the database, it cannot solve the
junction.
5. Now change the “Rule” to User in Design|Riser Selection Rules.

Select the pipe you wish to use for the riser, such as the ¾”
(20mm) Polyethylene hose. Now re-run Design|Computer
Selection of Fittings and using Select Object or Select Window,
select one junction where the submain connects to a lateral.
Select Modify|Change, and then click the [Show Fittings] button
to view the changes.
Note: If there are more than 40 fitting for IRRICAD to choose from,
when solving a particular junction, a warning message will be
issued just to let you know.
4.5.2.3 USING PIPE FITTING MATCHING SETTINGS

The Pipe Fitting Matching Table in the Design menu allows you to insert
new pipe types and designate their connection codes and to what fitting
types they can connect.
More than one type of pipe can connect to a fitting type, but each pipe
type can only connect to one fitting type, e.g., PVC, PV1, PV2 and PV3
pipe types can all connect to PVC fitting type, but PV1 pipe type can
only connect to PVC fitting type.
The Bill of Materials will round up the lengths of pipes, whereas the
costing reports will display the exact length. The rounded lengths in the
BOM Reports can be altered by the extra allowance, the rounding, and
the rolls / lengths.
Remember that for an item to connect to another item it must have the
same nominal diameter, the same connection type and be the opposite
gender.

4.5.2.4 EXPLAINING SUPPLIER CODES AND MULTIPLIERS
Supplier codes can be used to view or print a bill of materials for the
different sources of product for a job.
Supplier codes can also be used to increase across the board prices for
a particular manufacturer.
Open the Reports|Supplier Code Multipliers table. Each supplier code

can have a multiplier that can be used to calculate the final prices
displayed in the costing reports. These multipliers will increase or
decrease the final job cost using a base price, either the retail price or
wholesale cost as entered into the database for that item. If the multiplier
is a number other than 1 and the above check boxes for B, C, and / or D
have been checked, and if the default pricing type in Design|Design
Parameters|Economic Parameters is set to Multiplier, the costing of the
job will be calculated accordingly.
If Retail or Wholesale is the default pricing type in Design|Design

Parameters|Economic Parameters, then the costing reports will show
the relevant prices or costs.
Remember the Bill of Materials will round up the lengths of pipes,

whereas the Costing Reports will display the exact length. The rounded
lengths in the BOM reports can be altered by the extra allowance, the
rounding, and the rolls / lengths in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table.
4.5.3 CORRECTING FITTINGS ERRORS

After rerunning Design|Computer Selection of Fittings, there may be a
few junctions that IRRICAD can’t solve. This is due to that fact that the
items it looks for are not in the database.
The first error may be similar to:
US Units:
Problem selecting suitable Tee
X: 102.20 Y: 263.82
PVC M S 2.00 PVC M S .00 1.50

Metric Units:
Problem selecting suitable Tee
X: 102.20 Y: 263.82
PVC M S 50.00 PVC M S .00 40.00
1. Use View|Zoom Window and zoom in on a piece of your design.

Select View|Go To Coords and type in the X and Y co-ordinates
displayed on your report, using the tab key to tab between the
two fields. Let go of the mouse and use the <Enter> key as
[OK]. The cursor will now be at the co-ordinate you entered, and
this co-ordinate will be at the center of the page. Select
Modify|Change and click on the item at this co-ordinate. Click
the [Show Fittings] button. Here will you see all the fittings
selected to solve this junction.
IRRICAD reports the connection types of the existing items in the design
in the fittings errors, not the items it requires. In some instances it is
straightforward where we could enter an item in to the database based
on the information above, just reversing the gender so the items
connect. In more complicated situations, it a good idea to go and look at
the junction to see which junction IRRICAD is trying to solve. Reading
up on the Fitting Selection Rules (in Appendix G) will help you
understand the items IRRICAD needs to solve the junction.
2. Run IRRICAD Databases by clicking on the Start|All

Programs|IRRICAD|IRRICAD Pro Databases or double-click on
the icon if one is present on your desktop. (Note the database
the editor opens with is your default database – set in IRRICAD
in Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific and clicking the [Save As
Default] button). Select File|Open and browse for the required
database in the \Irricad\database folder if your working database
has not opened. Open this database and select the required
component tab, entering the item or items required to solve the
junction.
3. Return to IRRICAD and rerun Design|Computer Selection of

Fittings. If any other fitting errors are still present in the
Reports|BOM / Costing Reports|BOM report, solve the next
junction in the list using the above method to help you.

4. Use the tape irrigation block you drew above. Solve the missing
End Cap.
5. Try an example of your own.
4.5.4 CREATING AND MODIFYING ASSEMBLIES

To create an assembly, it is important to note the following rules:
 If creating an assembly based on a particular valve, for example

a 2" (50mm) Electric Valve Assembly, you still need to add a 2"
(50mm) Electric Valve to the assembly.
 It is not necessary to have all items in the assembly with the
correct connections for fitting together as the only connection
types used are those entered for the Assembly as the one item.
However, for practical reasons, it is beneficial to have the
connections required between the assembly items.
 Outlet assemblies must contain an outlet.
4.5.4.1 USING ASSEMBLIES

You may wish IRRICAD to select different fittings than it has chosen.
You can create an assembly of the items you require, as long as those
items are in the database.
1. For example, if you wish to make an assembly in the Tees

group, go to the Tees component group and select the Tee you
would like to use in your assembly (this is only so that most of
the description is available for you to make changes to). Now
select Component|New Assembly. Change the “Usage” code to
X. Change the “Description” so you know this item is an
assembly, and possibly what use it has e.g., 2½” (63mm) tee
with expanding coupler to 3½” (90mm). Change the
“Warehouse Code”. Change the “Major Connection Code” and
“Minor Connection Code” to reflect the ends you wish to connect
to e.g., 2½” (63mm) MDP FS and 3½” (90mm) MDP FS. Now
click the [Continue] button.
2. Most importantly select the tee required in this assembly by

clicking on the grey box to the left of the description of the tee
e.g., 2½” (63mm) Female Tee and enter the 1 as the required
number of this item. Now select 1 of the Reducing Coupling

3½” x 2½” (90 x 63mm). When you have completed adding
items into your assembly, select the Component|Finish
Assembly. It is your job to make sure the items you are selecting
will connect together. Save your database upon closing.
3. Now run Design|Computer Selection of Fittings for your

assembly to be selected. View the BOM / Costing Reports. You
will notice that an X usage code will list the assembly name in
the main part of the list, and then afterwards list all the items that
make up that assembly.
4.5.4.2 CREATING AN ASSEMBLY

We wish to create a swing joint assembly for use in small turf irrigation.
Figure 4-84
This assembly will contain:

 Three 90o street elbows
 ¾" PVC pipe

1. Run the IRRICAD Database Editor (Start|All
Programs|IRRICAD|IRRICAD Pro Database Editor). The
database editor opens your default database automatically. If
the Tutorial database is not the default database (the name of
the database is displayed on the title bar), use File|Open browse
for the Tutorial.mdb. This should be in the Irricad\database
folder.
2. Click on the Outlet Connections tab (you may need to scroll

along the top to see this tab). Find the Microsprinkler Stake
and Tube 3/8" (10mm). Click on the gray box to the left of the
description to select the item. Select Component|New
Assembly. Note that the characteristics for the existing riser
have been copied. Edit the name for the outlet assembly to be:
Pop-Up Swing Joint Assembly. Change the “Warehouse
Code” to SwingJAssembly and select a “Supplier Code”.
3. The “Inlet Connection” and “Outlet Connection” should

correspond with the actual items that will be at either end. In this
case a ¾" PVC elbow will be at the inlet end with a connection
type of BSP MT to connect into the PVC faucet tee IRRICAD
selects. The item that will be at the outlet end of the assembly
will be a reducing street elbow, found in the Elbows / Bends tab,
with a connection type of PVC MT with a minor diameter of ½"
(15mm) to connect directly to the lawn pop-up sprinkler. Check
that the “Inlet Connection” and “Outlet Connection” types for the
assembly are BSP MT and change this if required. The “Inlet
Diameter” is ¾" (20mm) and the “Outlet Diameter” is ½"
(15mm).
4. The “Height Above Ground” is 0 (zero) because it is below

ground. The “Equivalent Length Diameter” is ¾" (20mm); this is
the diameter to be used in the headloss calculations and
represents the average diameter.
5. The “Headloss Equivalent Length” is equal to the complete

length water will traverse through. We will use 6.6ft (2m) in this
case to represent the length of pipe and elbows: 0.66ft (0.2m) of
PVC pipe, 2ft (0.6m) x 3 for equivalent lengths of ¾" elbows.
The costs will equal those of the included items added together.
Click the [Continue] button.

6. Using the tabs at the top of the screen, click on the Elbows /
Bends tab and click on the grey box to the left of the ¾" (20mm)
Female PVC 90 Street Elbow. Type in 2 for the number to be
selected. Click [OK]. Select ¾" x ½" Male Street Elbow and
type in 1 for the number required. Click [OK].
7. Go to the Pipe tab and select the ¾" (20mm) Class 125 PVC
Pipe. Type 0.66ft (0.2m) for the length required.
8. As the Assembly is now complete, select Component|Finish

Assembly.
4.5.4.3 MODIFYING AN ASSEMBLY

We wish to add to an existing assembly - go to the Outlet Connections
component group and select the Lawn Pop-Up Assembly.
1. Select Component|Add to Assembly.
Because the tee branch connecting to the street elbow is PVC FS, and
the elbow end of the 3/4" (20mm) female PVC 90 Street Elbow is PVC
FS, these items will require a coupler in order to be joined together in
the field. A 3/4" (20mm) PVC male coupler that has an inlet and outlet
connection type PVC MS is required.
2. Return to the Coupler tab and click on the f=grey box to left of
the 3/4" PVC Male Coupler to add to the assembly. Type in 1 for
the number to be selected. Click [OK]. Select Component|Finish
Assembly. Exit the database and click the [Yes] button to save
changes.

4.6 CREATING AND MODIFYING SYMBOLS
This exercise will cover the process of making a new symbol, modifying
an existing symbol and setting up a block of trees.
4.6.1 CREATING NEW SYMBOLS

Firstly we will create a simple pine tree symbol. The process is to use
the drawing options to draw the symbol on screen, then to use Create
Symbol to save it for later use. The symbol will consist of a small
horizontal line with four curved branches protruding from it.
1. Select Settings|Grid / Origin / GIS and enter “X” and “Y” spacing
of 20 (6) and check the “Display Grid Points” checkbox.
2. Now select the Snap tab and select the “Snap to Grid” option.
Click [OK].
3. Select Draw|Line|Single and draw a vertical line of 160ft (48m)

for the trunk. Left click to place the start and drag the line
vertically until the status bar d=160 (48) and the line cover 8 grid
points then click to place the end.
4. Select Draw|Arc|Center Start End. Move to the top of the trunk

and one grid point to the left and click. Click on the top of the
trunk then move to the grid point vertically below the first
(center) arc point and click. Move one grid point to the left of the
last end point and click then two grid points to the right (onto the
trunk) and click then two grid points vertically below the first
(center) arc point and click. Move one grid point to the left of the
last end point and click then three grid points to the right (onto
the trunk) and click three points vertically below the first (center)
arc point and click.
5. Repeat for the three branches on the right hand side of the tree
in mirror image. Your symbol should look like Figure 4-85.

Figure 4-85
6. If you wish this symbol to be a green tree, select by using

Modify|Select|All or Modify|Select|Window. Now select
Modify|Change. In the dialog, select the color you wish to
change it to (e.g., dark green) by clicking on the color field and
selecting the color you require.
7. Click [OK] on the color dialog and click [OK] on the Drawing
Properties dialog. Because there is more than one type of object
selected (e.g., line and arc), the Change / Match dialog appears
with the color in the “Change” column checked. Click [OK].
8. Now select the object by using Modify|Select|Window and

invoke the Tools|Create Symbol command. Type in Pine Tree
for the name and click [OK].
9. Select Draw|Symbol. You will notice that the newly created

symbol is automatically loaded for use in your current design.
The initial width and height in the dialog are the extents of the
symbol definition. The “Maintain Shape” checkbox controls
whether an instance of the symbol maintains the ratio of the
width and height at which it was created (box checked) or
whether it can be stretched or squashed in one dimension /

direction (box unchecked). The “Dynamically Size” checkbox
controls whether an instance of the symbol can be sized
interactively on the screen by rubberbanding an enclosing
rectangle (box checked) or placed at the (fixed) size entered in
the dialog (box unchecked).
10. Experiment with placing grass symbols with and without the
boxes checked to see the effects of these options.
4.6.2 MODIFYING AN EXISTING SYMBOL

In this part of the exercise, you will modify the existing CLOTHESLINE
symbol.
1. Select File|New to start with a clean screen. Select Settings|Grid

/ Origin / GIS. Set the grid size as 33x33ft (10x10m) and check
the “Display Grid Points” checkbox. Now select Settings|Snap.
Select the “Snap to Grid” option. We will use the grid to help us
align the clothesline wires correctly. Click [OK]. Select
Draw|Symbol. You will notice that CLOTHESLINE is not
available from the drop down list of symbols. Click the [Load]
button and select CLOTHESLINE from the master list of
symbols. Click [Open].
2. Uncheck the “Dynamically Size” checkbox. Type in 198ft (60m)

for the width. Click [OK]. Place the symbol on the screen with a
left click. Note that the symbol can only be placed on the grid
points.
3. Before adding to the symbol, you need to explode it into its

individual components. Select Modify|Explode and click on the
symbol. Alternatively, select the symbol prior to invoking the
Explode tool.
4. Now select Draw|Polyline. Move to the grid point on the top left
diagonal nearest the center of the clothesline. Left click and
move horizontally to the equivalent grid point on the top right
diagonal and left click again. Repeat for the bottom right then
bottom left diagonal then back to the starting point, or select
Right-click|Close.
5. Repeat the whole process for a second polyline one-grid point

further out from the center.

6. Select Settings|Snap and turn off “Snap to Grid” by selecting
“Connect”.
7. Finally select Draw|Circle|Center Radius. Select Right-

click|Snaps|Midpoint then place the cursor in the center left click
the mouse button and move the cursor slightly away from the
center. Notice the circle follows the cursor. The radius of the
circle is given on the status bar (d). Make d about 3ft (1m). Left
click to place. The symbol should look like Figure 4-86.
Figure 4-86
8. All that remains now is to save the symbol for later use. As
before, select the symbol with Modify|Select Window and draw
the window around the symbol. Save the symbol with
Tools|Create Symbol and enter a new name e.g.,
CLOTHESLINE2. Click [OK].
9. If you want to replace the old symbol definition with the new so
that you have only one CLOTHESLINE symbol you must first
unload the old definition before saving the new. Select
Draw|Symbol, click the [Unload] button, select CLOTHESLINE
and click [OK] on the [Unload] dialog then click [Cancel] on the
Symbol dialog. Now you can use the Create Symbol tool to
create the new CLOTHESLINE symbol. These symbols can now
be used in subsequent designs.

Note: Symbols are only loaded if they have previously been used in
the design. If a new design is started, all required symbols will
need to be loaded.
4.6.3 SETTING UP A BLOCK OF SYMBOLS

This exercise will cover the process of using the symbol created in
Section 4.6.1 to set out a block of trees. Note setting out a block of trees
can also be achieved using the Draw|Tree Block tool
1. Select Draw|Symbol and [Load] the newly created Pine Tree

symbol. Uncheck the “Dynamically Size” checkbox. Enter the
“Width” as 12ft (3.5m). Click [OK].
2. Place a symbol on a grid point at the top left of the screen.

Select Modify|Copy|Array and, moving the cursor over the
symbol just placed, click the mouse. In the dialog enter 14 as
the “Number of Copies” and 14 as the “Number of Rows” and
click [OK]. Click on the grid point where the tree is placed as the
reference point. Drag the ghosted symbols to the right of the
original symbol and left click. Then drag the cursor down at right
angles to the previous ghosted row of trees and left click. You
now have a block of trees 14 x 15. See Figure 4-87.
Figure 4-87

4.7 PRINTING USING PLOT LAYOUTS
This is a simple tutorial to explain how to make your design ready for
printing.
For this example we will use the Micro Irrigation Design, Section 4.3.5
1. Complete the tutorial if you have not done so already. Open the
completed tutorial by using File|Open and browsing for a design
file.
2. Select Settings|Design Details. Enter the appropriate details in

the edit boxes e.g., your Company Name, Site, Date, Designer
Name, and Client Name, etc., going to the Client, Company tabs
as required. Click [OK].
3. Select Draw Plot Layout. The printer and paper size is set to the
defaults. Click the [Printer] button on the bottom left of the dialog
and select the printer you wish to print to from the dropdown list.
Click [OK].
4. Select B (A3) as the paper size from the dropdown list if your
printer will allow. Otherwise select A (A4) or C (A2) size paper.
Select the paper source, e.g., Upper Tray. Select Landscape as
the required “Orientation”.
5. The default margins indicate the smallest margin physically

possible for the printer to print on to. Leave the margins as the
defaults.
6. Enter a print scale or click the [Calculate] button (scale is

calculated on the current zoom).
7. Select a “Drawing Template” from the dropdown list. Selected

the B A3 Key Bottom for the B (A3) paper size. For A (A4) size
paper select the A A4 Key Bottom and for C (A2) size paper
select the C A2 Key Bottom. In general, you should always
select a template to match the selected paper size. Your dialog
should look like Figure 4-88.

Figure 4-88
8. Click the [OK] button. The plot layout will be created at the
specified scale.
9. Look at the plan with the layout. You will notice that details such
as Company Name, Site, Client Name, Designer Name, Date,

Scale and Design No (or Name) are present in the title block of
the plot layout.
10. If you wish to center the layout on the design, select the border
of the layout using Modify|Select Object and then select
Modify|Move and position the layout correctly.
11. You are now ready to print. Select File|Print. The Print dialog will
remember the settings from the Plot Layout dialog so you should
not have to edit anything.
Figure 4-89
12. You may need to center the layout on the printable page. You
can click the [Center] button or drag the print preview until
positioned properly. Click the [Print] button.
The legend will itemize and display every unique item:

Figure 4-90

4.8 DIGITIZING PLANS
A digitizer tablet can be used in conjunction with IRRICAD to enter scale
plans on the IRRICAD screen.
There are two ways to do this: entering a scale or entering known

reference points on the drawing from which a scale is calculated.
First we need to create a scaled plan from which to digitize – see Figure
4-91 (metric units) or Figure 4-92 (US units).
1. Draw a rectangle measuring 8” x 6” (200mm x 140mm) on an A

(A4) size piece of paper. This represents a property boundary of
120’ x 90’ (40m x 28m) at a scale of 1”:15’ (1:200). Draw
another rectangle 4” x 2.5” (100mm x 60mm) for the house. The
bottom left corner of the house should be 2” x 2” (45mm x
50mm) from the bottom left corner of the property. Draw a third
rectangle 1.5” x 1.5” (40mm x 40mm) for the garage to the right
of the house touching the right property boundary. Draw a
curved drive along the left and top of the property. The drive
should be 1” (20mm) wide and positioned 0.5” (10mm) from the
left and top boundaries. Label the bottom left corner of the
property A (0,0), the bottom left corner of the house B (30’,30’)
or (9m,10m), the top right corner of the house C (90’,67.5’) or
(29m,22m) and the top right corner of the property D (120’,90’)
or (40m,28m). Your drawing should look like Figure 4-91 (metric
units) or Figure 4-92 (US units) without the measurements.
Figure 4-91 Figure 4-92
2. Attach this scaled plan securely to the tablet so it cannot move

during the digitizing process. While digitizing IRRICAD must be
in tablet or absolute mode. This mode is turned on automatically
when you enter a scale or reference points. You can tell if tablet
mode is on or off by looking for a check mark in selecting
Settings|Digitizer|Tablet Mode. At any time during digitizing you
can turn off tablet mode and resume later. You will not need to
re-enter a scale or reference points, just turn tablet mode on
again. Tablet mode is switched on or off by selecting
Settings|Digitizer|Tablet Mode. When tablet mode is on, the
distance the digitizer puck is moved is relative to the scale.
When tablet mode is off, the digitizer puck can be used like a
mouse.
When tablet mode is on, the puck cannot be used to select menu items
or tools - use the mouse or the keyboard. To use the keyboard, hold
down the <Alt> key and click the underlined key (usually a letter) in the
menu description (e.g., <Alt>+D for the Draw menu), then use the arrow
and enter keys or the underlined key to select a particular menu item.
The digitizer puck buttons are set up to emulate the mouse buttons.
Typically, button 1 is the left mouse button, button 2 the right mouse
button, button 3 the middle mouse button (for 3 button mice) and
button 4 is Esc. These defaults can be changed in the Windows Control
Panel.
Tablet mode may also be toggled using the puck button assigned to the
middle mouse button.
4.8.1 USING THE SCALE METHOD

This method can only be used for one-sheet digitizing. The complete
area that will be digitized must fit within the tablet's active area. If the
drawing is larger than the tablet, and therefore has to be moved around
the tablet for the whole plan to be digitized, the reference method must
be used.
1. Select Settings|Digitizer|Scale. In the dialog box enter the plan

scale 15 (200). Click the [OK] button. Tablet Mode is
automatically turned on.
2. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point or <Alt>+D,R,2. Place the puck

on point A and left click. Move to point D and left click again.
This will create the property boundary. Move to point B and left
click then to point C and left click again. This will create the
house. Select Right-click|Snaps|Object. Place the puck on the
top right corner of the garage and left click. Move to the bottom
left corner of the garage and left click again.
3. Select Draw|Curve|Spline or press <Alt> + <D> then <V> then

<S> on the keyboard. Select Right-click|Snaps|Object then
place the puck on the bottom left of the drive and left click. Move
up to where the drive starts to curve around the corner and left
click again. Move around the curve left clicking about 6-8 times
to create small segments, then move to the top right of the drive.
Select Right-click|Snaps|Object then left click on the boundary.
Select Right-click|Done or press <Esc> to finish the curve.
Repeat the process for the right hand side of the drive snapping
to the bottom boundary, the top left corner of the house and the
right boundary.
4. Turn Tablet Mode off by selecting Settings|Digitizer|Tablet Mode

(or clicking the middle button). Check the size of the property is
120 x 90ft (40m x 28m). To do this you can select
Draw|Line|Single and place the first point on the bottom left
boundary corner and draw out the rubberband line until the puck
is or crosshairs are over the top left property corner. Do not
place the second point of the line; note the distance as shown
on the status bar (d = ?), Now move the puck to the bottom right
boundary corner. Once again, do not place the second point of
the line; note the distance as shown on the status bar (d = ?).
Select Right-click|Restart or press the Esc key.
4.8.2 THE REFERENCE METHOD

This method is used if at least two points on the plan are known in world
co-ordinates. It is also used when the plan to be digitized is larger than
the tablet or when the plan will not be completely digitized in one
session.
To digitize a large plan it must be divided into sections small enough to

fit on the tablet. Sections should have overlapping reference points e.g.,
if the first section has points A and B then the second section should
have points B and C and so on. The first section should be referenced
then digitized. When completed, the plan should be placed so that the
next section is on the tablet with two other points available for
referencing. The plan can be sideways or upside down if necessary. The
referencing procedure is now repeated and the new section digitized.
This is repeated until the whole plan has been digitized.

Reference points can be measured on the plan prior to starting. The co-
ordinates of these points must be calculated in world units. For example,
point B is measured as (2",2") or (45mm,50mm) which, when multiplied
by the scale 1":15ft (200), gives world co-ordinates of (30ft,30ft) or
(9m,10m).
1. Select Settings|Digitizer|Reference. IRRICAD will prompt you to

enter the first reference point. Place the puck crosshairs over
point A and left click. For the second reference point move to D
and left click. Note that we could also use B or C in this
example. In the dialog enter 0 for X1, 0 for Y1, 120 (40) for X2,
90 (28) for Y2 and 15 (200) for the scale and click [OK].
2. IRRICAD will calculate a scale from the reference points and

compare it to the value entered. If the two scales differ by more
than 5% a warning message with the calculated scale is
displayed. If you click [Yes] to continue IRRICAD will use the
entered scale. If you click No to terminate the process, re-select
Settings|Digitizer|Reference and repeat the process, entering
the correct scale. Note that if you do not know the scale of a
plan you can use this method to get IRRICAD to calculate the
scale for you. Normally round the calculated scale to a sensible
value e.g., if the calculated scale is 1:198.86 then enter 1:200.
3. Tablet Mode is automatically turned on at the end of referencing.

Digitize the plan and check the size as for the scale method.
Also check that the co-ordinates of points A, B, C and D are as
shown on the scaled plan.

4.9 PLOT TEMPLATES
4.9.1 EDIT AN EXISTING PLOT TEMPLATE

Often it is easier to customize an existing template rather than to create
a completely new template. The steps involved are:
neither black nor white. To do this go Settings|Drawing Items
and in the lower middle section of the dialog box you will see
“Background Color”. Click on the color to bring up the selection
palate and select a light shade of a color you prefer. Avoid green
as this is the default highlight color. Click [OK].
2. Select Plot Template|Edit Template. By default, IRRICAD lists

templates found in the folder specified in the path
\IRRICAD\symbols\template. If necessary, change the path and
drive to locate the template to open.
3. Select a template by double-clicking the file name or by

selecting the file name and clicking [Open]. Make sure the
template is for the paper size that you want to use. The template
will be drawn on the screen.
4. Go to Settings|Drawing Items and uncheck the “Fills” check box

under “Display”. This will turn the fills off to make editing easier.
5. Edit the template by using any drawing tools such as lines, arcs,
rectangles, text and symbols or other IRRICAD tools such as
Change, Move and Delete to add and change objects as
required.
6. To select objects for editing, use Modify|Select|Window, or use

the selection filters (Modify|Selection Filter setting the type to
e.g., text and checking the “Filter” check box). If Select Object is
used fills will often be selected when text or lines are targeted.
7. To edit a legend object it must first be exploded (Modify|Select

Object then Modify|Explode). Legends must be (re-)created
using Plot Template|Make Legend before the template is saved.
See the section on Creating Legends (Section 4.9.2.1) for a
complete explanation.
8. Keywords created as text objects may form part of the template.

When IRRICAD generates the plot layout in Draw|Plot Layout it
recognizes these keywords and replaces them with the required
information. Keywords start and end with #.
9. Go to Settings|Drawing Items and check the “Fills” check box

under “Display” to turn the fills back on.
10. Use Modify|Select|Window to select the whole image on the

screen. Go to Plot Template|Save Template and specify the
name for this particular template.
4.9.2 CREATING A NEW PLOT TEMPLATE

The steps involved in creating a new plot template are:
neither black nor white. To do this go to Settings|Drawing Items
and in the lower middle section of the dialog box you will see
“Background Color”. Click on the color to bring up the selection
palate and select a light shade of a color you prefer. Avoid green
as this is the default highlight color. Click [OK].
2. Change the distance units to feet (meters) by selecting

Settings|Units and clicking the down arrow on the distance edit
field.
3. Decide the paper size that you wish to create a plot template for.
e.g., Size B (A3) paper. Determine the maximum printable area
on the paper and multiply by 1000 e.g., a printable area of 17 x
11" becomes 1416.67 x 916.67ft (420mm x 297mm becomes
420 x 297m). B (A3) size paper with an assumed margin
perimeter around the paper of 0.3” (8mm) then becomes 25ft
(8m). If the lower left corner of the paper is assumed have
coordinates of 0, 0 then the printable area is from 25, 25 to
1391.67, 891.67 (8, 8 to 412, 289). To see a table of paper sizes
and their dimensions see Paper Sizes, Section 2.9.8.7.

4. Start with a new design. The following process will define the
extent of the active area, create two rectangles (one inside the
other) and create a white fill in the area between the two
rectangles. To work through the example using metric A3 paper,
use the numbers in brackets.
5. Change the units to ft (m) in Settings|Units. Select

Draw|Line|Single. Type 25,25 (8,8) and click <Enter>. As you
type the coordinates they will appear on the status bar at the
lower left of the screen. Make sure that the coordinates are
typed correctly. The comma between the two numbers is
necessary. Type 1391.67,891.67 (412,289) and click <Enter>.
6. Select View|Zoom All to display the diagonal line representing

the extents of the printable area. This will be used later and then
deleted.
7. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point. Type –41.67,-41.76 (-12,-12)

and click <Enter>. Type 1458.33,958.33 (432,309) and click
<Enter>.
8. Select View|Zoom All to display the rectangle representing the

outer boundary of the fill. This is intentionally outside the paper
size.
9. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point. Type 33.33,33.33 (10,10) and

click <Enter>.
10. Type 1383.33,883.33 (410,287) and click <Enter>. Select

View|Redraw) to refresh the image. The smaller rectangle
represents the inner boundary of the fill and it will be the border
line for the template. See Figure 4-93.
11. Go to Settings|Drawing Items – “Current Color”. Click on the

color box to bring up the color palate and select white. Click
[OK], [OK] to return to the main screen.
12. Select Draw|Fill|Seed and click on a space between the two

rectangles. The space between the two rectangles will turn
white. See Fills, Section 2.9.8.4.

Figure 4-93
13. Go to Settings|Drawing Items - “Current Color”. Click on the

color box to bring up the color palate and select black. Click
[OK], then [OK] to return to the main screen.
14. Select Modify|Select Object. Place the cursor just at the top of
the outer rectangle and click on the edge. Only the outer
rectangle should be highlighted. Click the <Delete> key to delete
the rectangle.
15. While still in Select Object mode, place the cursor just at the
inside edge of the inner rectangle and click on the edge. Only
the inner rectangle should be highlighted. Select Modify|Change
and change the “Line Width” to 4. While still in Select Object
mode, click on the diagonal line.
16. Go to Plot Template and click on Make Active Area. Select

View|Redraw and a faint dashed rectangle will appear just
outside of the border rectangle.
17. Select Modify|Clear Selection and then Modify|Select Object,

click on the diagonal line and click the <Delete> key. See Figure
4-94.
Figure 4-94
18. It is a good idea to save the work done so far. Select

Modify|Select|Window and place a window to encompass
everything on the screen including the fill. Select Plot
Template|Save Template. Type in a name of your choice then
click [OK].
The next part of the process is to place dividing lines and text.
19. Select Draw|Line|Single, type 33.33,76 (10,48) and click

<Enter>. Move the mouse across the screen towards the right
side of the border. Click the right mouse button, select
Snaps|Perpendicular and then click on the right border.
20. Select Modify|Change, select the line you just placed and
change the “Line Width” to 4. Don't worry if it appears thicker
than the border rectangle. Go to Draw|Text and type in
#CONA#. Select a font, set the size to 13.33ft (4m) and click on
“Left” justification. Place the text in right side area of the bottom
section. See Figure 4-95. #CONA# is the key word that causes
IRRICAD to insert the company name into the design. Many
more dividing lines and text can be added to the template.

Figure 4-95
21. Save the template. Select Modify|Select|Window) and place a

window to encompass everything on the screen including the fill.
Select Plot Template|Save Template. Type in the same name
that you used before.
4.9.2.1 CREATING LEGENDS

The following steps demonstrate how to create a pipe legend and a
valve legend in the plot template being used in this exercise:
22. Select View|Zoom Window to zoom in on the lower left corner of

the template.
23. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point and draw a rectangle about 4"

(100mm) long and just under 150ft (45m) high.
24. Make a copy of this rectangle to the right of the original. Select
Modify|Copy|Linear, click on the rectangle and then click [OK]
for 1 copy. Click on the top left of the rectangle and while
holding the <Ctrl> key down, move the copy to the right of the
original. Click to place the copy. (Holding the <Ctrl> key down
while drawing an object activates the “Ortho Mode”). See Figure
4-96.
Figure 4-96

26. Select Modify|Select Object. Place the cursor on an edge of the

left rectangle and click to highlight the rectangle. Select
Draw|Fill|Selection. A white fill will appear. Repeat this step
completely for the right rectangle. For a more detailed
explanation of fills in plot templates see Fills, Section 4.9.2.2.
27. Go to Settings|Drawing Items - “Current Color”. Click on the

color box to bring up the color palate and select black. Click
28. Select Modify|Select Object. Place the cursor just at the top of
the left rectangle and click on the edge. Only the rectangle
outline should be highlighted. Click the <Delete> key to delete
the rectangle outline. Repeat for the right rectangle. See Figure
4-97.
29. Select Draw|Line|Single and draw a short line in the top left of
the small rectangle. Select Modify|Select Object, then
Modify|Change and then click on the line. Change the “Line
Width” to 3.

Figure 4-97
30. Select Draw|Text and type the word Pipe. Set the font to your
choice and set the size to 10ft (3m). Place the text to the right of
the short line.
31. If at any time the line and text disappear behind the fill, select
View|Redraw. It is easier to use Modify|Select|Window to select
an item located within a fill.
32. In the second rectangle insert a symbol placeholder. Go to

Draw|Symbol and click the [Load] button. Go to the
\IRRICAD\symbols\database folder. You may need to go up one
level to get to this folder. Browse for a symbol called
PlaceHolder.vcs. Highlight this symbol file, click [Open], make
sure the boxes of “Dynamically Size” and “Maintain Shape” are
checked and then click [OK]. This symbol is now be loaded for
placement. Move the cursor to the top left of the second
rectangle. The symbol needs to be about 20 x 20ft (4 x 4m) in
size so click once to define the bottom left of the symbol, move
the mouse up and out and click again to define the top right of
the symbol.
33. Select Draw|Text and type in the word Symbol. Set the font and
size the same as for the pipe legend. Place the text to the right
of the symbol. See Figure 4-98.

Figure 4-98
Now that the components of the legends are in place it is necessary to

group them together and save them as legends.
34. Select Modify|Select|Window and place a window to completely

encompass the pipe legend, including the fill. Select Plot
Template|Make Legend. Leave the fields as Pipe, 1, and 50%.
Click [OK].
35. Using Modify|Select|Window place a window to completely

encompass the symbol legend, including the fill. Select Plot
Template|Make Legend. Change the legend type to Symbol by
clicking on the dropdown arrow and selecting Symbol. Click
[OK].
4.9.2.2 FILLS
To complete the plot template in this working example it is necessary to
place a fill over the bottom section of the template so parts of the design
will not be plotted in the area containing the company name, scale,
legends etc. To do this:
36. Select View|Zoom All.


38. Select Draw|Fill|Boundary. Move the cursor to the bottom left of
the template.
39. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint. Click on the bottom left

corner of the black border line.
40. Click the right mouse button and select Snaps|Endpoint. Click
on the end of the left end of the dividing line above the legends.
41. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint. Click on the end of the right

end of the dividing line above the legends.
42. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint. Click on the bottom right

corner of the black border line.
43. Select Right-click|Done. The whole area under the dividing line
should now be white. Any text and lines will have disappeared
behind this fill.
4.9.2.3 MOVING FILLS TO BACK

In the example it is necessary to bring the text and lines to the forefront.
Figure 4-99

44. Select Modify|Select|Window and place a window that
completely encompasses the whole bottom divided section of
the template. This should include the legends. See Figure 4-99.
45. Go to Plot Template and click on Move Fills to Back. The legend
symbols, text and #CONA# should now be visible. See Figure
4-100.
46. Save the template for the last time in this exercise. Select
Modify|Select|Window and place a window to encompass
everything on the screen including the fills. Select Plot
Template|Save Template. Type in the same name that you used
before.
47. Reset the drawing color to black by going to Settings|Drawing

Items – “Current Color”. Click on the color box to bring up the
color palate and select black. Click [OK], [OK] to return to the
main screen.
The process is complete. Naturally it is possible to customize the plot

templates in much more detail. This can be done using the drawing
tools.
Figure 4-100
4.10 TIPS FOR ADVANCED USERS
4.10.1 USING A PUMP IN A DESIGN

The pump must be placed downstream from the water supply and must
not be placed in loops. Remember a water supply can only have one
connection. Enter the water supply details to reflect true conditions of
the supply – the height of water relative to ground level, or the existing
pressure of the water source.
If the water supply is a river or open water source and therefore the
pressure may be zero, enter a small number for the water supply design
and maximum pressures so that IRRICAD will not calculate the pressure
required to run the system (e.g., 0.1).
If the water supply is a tank, enter the height of the water level above
ground level as the design and maximum pressures e.g., 2ft (m).
If the water supply is a well, enter the pressure as a negative pressure,

indicating the level of the water below ground level e.g., –2ft (m)
pressure if the water level is 2 feet (meters) below the ground (i.e. the
static water level). If the well is artesian i.e. positive static water level,
enter a positive number e.g., 2ft (m).
When a pump is used in a system, there are often more items that result
in a headloss. These items such as rising column losses (submersible
pump only), drawdown losses (well only), headworks losses, etc. can be
entered in to the design and therefore analyzed as close to field results
as possible.
Figure 4-101

If the water supply is a well with a static water level below ground level,
there will be a negative pressure in the pipe between the water supply
and the pump, which will be reported during analysis. It does not matter
in which order the above items are placed on the mainline pipe, only that
they are placed so that any losses are accounted for. The items above
can be entered at the depth they are at, or left at zero for convenience.
4.10.1.1 ENTERING PUMPS IN TO THE DATABASE

Use the manufacturer's data for the pump. From the pump curve
supplied read off the pressure and resulting flow for several points along
the 6 stage curve. In IRRICAD databases, select the Utilities menu, the
Curve Fitting option and the Pumps option. Enter at least three sets of
data into the curve fitting utility for pumps (make sure the units above
each column match the units you are using from the graph). Click the Fit
Curve button. The curve fitting generates three numbers to use in the
database (coefficients of a quadratic). This produces numbers A, B and
C that IRRICAD uses in the pump formula to calculate the pressure the
pump will produce based on the flow. The pressure provided by the
pump can be seen in Hydraulic Object Info.
Enter a new pump into the Tutorial database from a pump curve.
1. Run IRRICAD Databases. Move the open database (check it is

Tutorial.mdb) down slightly so you can see the menu bar by
dragging the open database down by the top blue bar.
2. Select Utilities|Curve Fitting|Pumps. Make sure the units match

the units you are reading off the graph. Enter at least 3 sets of
points from the curve, particularly around the area you wish to
operate the pump in the design.
3. Click the [Fit Curve] button. Make sure the R2 is greater than
90%. If it is not, re-enter the points. Leave this dialog open.
4. Click on the Pump component group tab and click [New Pump].
Enter the “Usage” (Y), “Description”, “Warehouse Code”,
“Connection Types” (use PUMP F S so it easy to identify in the
reports) and “Diameters”. You can copy and paste the numbers
from the pump curve fitting into the appropriate fields in the
Pump Details dialog or write them down and type them in. Enter
the “Minimum Flow” and “Maximum Flow” for that pump and

select a “Plotting Symbol”, “Symbol Size” and “Plotting Colour”
for the new item. [Save] the new pump.
If a surface pump model is 100 x 65: 100 is the suction diameter, 65 is

the diameter of the discharge (outlet). If an extra number is present in
the description – size of the impeller. For a submersible pump, enter the
inlet and outlet diameter the same.
4.10.1.2 MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC ITEMS IN YOUR SYSTEM.

These are items that have a pressure loss in the system. These losses
can be based on flow or can be a fixed loss.
If fitting selection is not important, it is convenient to enter the

connection type for Misc. Hydraulic items to reflect the description e.g.,
DD for drawdown. This makes it easier to find them in the Mainline Full
Report. Also you can change the connection codes after design but prior
to fitting selection easily if required.
Drawdown Losses
Drawdown losses are based on well tests. Determine the drawdown for
the well (pumping level - static water level).
Solve the formula used for Misc. Hydraulic items: H = K x Qn where H is

in meters and Q is in m3/hr.
The drawdown is equal to the headloss in m (e.g., if the dd = 9.6m, then

the headloss = 9.6m).
Q is the flow at the well, e.g., 49m3/h. I is the exponent.
For alluvial aquifers: If there is only one well test (Q-dd pair) available
estimate the index is around 1.5. For a large flow use 1.7 (> 50 l/s). Find
the value of the constant e.g., K = H/Qn.
If there are two points supplied (2 well tests) on the same well can
calculate the index (exponent). N = log (D1/D2)/log (Q1/Q2). K =
D1/Q1n.
For wells that are uncased in rock or limestone use an index (n) close to
1.0

1. Enter the constant (K) and index or exponent (n) in to the correct
edit fields in the Other Hydraulic component group in the
database. The intercept (C) is 0.
Enter a new Drawdown loss item in to your database. The data you
have is a flow of 49m3/h and with 9.6m drawdown. Calculate the
Constant K and the Index (exponent) n.
2. Go to the Other Hydraulics component group tab in the Tutorial

database. Click on [New Item]. Enter the “Usage” (Y),
“Description”, “Warehouse Code”, “Connection Types” and
“Diameters”. Enter the “Constant” and “Index” as you have
calculated in the correct fields. Leave the “Fitting Type” blank
(only used for PRVs). Enter the “Minimum Flow” and “Maximum
Flow” for the item and select a “Plotting Symbol”, “Symbol Size”
and “Plotting Colour” for the new item. [Save] the new item.
Rising Column (Rising Main) Losses in a Submersible Pump

This item can also be the suction pipe loss in a surface pump. Use a
friction loss chart for the type of rising column used.
Enter at least three sets of numbers read from the chart for the correct
flow and rising column size into the curve fitting utility for valves (same
as Misc. Hydraulic but no intercept), making sure the units above each
column match the units you are using from the chart. Click the Fit Curve
button. The curve fitting generates two numbers to use in the database.
This produces constants and intercepts that IRRICAD uses in the Misc.
Hydraulic formula to calculate the headloss through the rising column. It
is easier to calculate for 100m and then adjust for the actual length.
For galvanized rising columns use the following: These have been
calculated for a column 328ft (100m) long
Pipe Size Constant Index

8” 0.0001479 1.834
6” 0.0004907 1.84
6
5” 0.001254 1.810
4” 0.003307 1.852
3” 0.01174 1.855
21/2" 0.02448 1.874

Alter the constant relative to the length of the rising column (using the
metric)
E.g., constant x length (m)

100m
for an 8" rising column which is 85m long  0.0001479 x 85 / 100 =

0.000126 which is the “Constant”.
The rising column of the pump we will be using is 6” (150mm) and is

213ft (65m) long. Calculate the constant relative the length (as above).

database.
2. Click on [New Item]. Enter the “Usage” (Y), “Description” (make

sure the description specifies the length), “Warehouse Code”,
“Connection Types” and “Diameters”. Enter the “Constant” and
“Index” as you have calculated in the correct fields. Leave the
“Fitting Type” blank (only used for PRVs). Enter the “Minimum
Flow” and “Maximum Flow” for the item and select a “Plotting
Symbol”, “Symbol Size” and “Plotting Colour” for the new item.
[Save] the new item.
Headworks Losses
This Misc. Hydraulic item can be used to account for other losses
relative to the flow.
n=2
H = for example, if you estimate the pressure loss in the headworks to

be 5psi @ 26385gph (3.5m @ 100m 3/h) you can assume n=2 (in most
cases) and solve for K.
Solve for K H= KQn
There is no intercept so leave the intercept field (C) as 0.
You can calculate the headloss through each of the items in the
headworks or expected to be in the headworks at a particular flow and
therefore calculate the constant and the index. The headloss will change
as the flow increases or decreases. Note that existing systems tend to
have high headloss at the headworks.

Enter a new Miscellaneous loss item in to your database – where the
pressure loss is 5psi @ 26385gph (3.5m @ 100m 3/h).

“Diameters”. Enter the “Constant” and “Index” as you have
calculated in the correct fields. Leave the “Fitting Type” blank
(only used for PRVs). Enter the “Minimum Flow” and “Maximum
Flow” for the item and select a “Plotting Symbol”, “Symbol Size”
and “Plotting Colour” for the new item. [Save] the new item.
Miscellaneous Fixed Losses

Misc. losses can be added to account for any other possible losses.
These can be added into the Other Hydraulics component group by
entering an intercept and leaving the constant and index as zero. Use
only if you want to include a fixed loss regardless of flow.

“Diameters”. Enter the “Intercept” as 6.5ft (2m), leaving the
“Constant” and “Index” as 0. Leave the “Fitting Type” blank (only
used for PRVs). Enter the “Minimum Flow” and “Maximum Flow”
for the item and select a “Plotting Symbol”, “Symbol Size” and
“Plotting Colour” for the new item. [Save] the new item.
4.10.1.3 DRAW A DESIGN WITH A PUMP AND ALL COMPONENTS

1. Now draw a design with the new pump in it, place the drawdown
losses, rising column losses, headworks losses and
miscellaneous losses you have just entered in the database.
2. Enter the Water Supply “Head” as -33ft (-10m) for both.
3. Place a Demand Flow (Mainline|Outlet) with a “Pressure” of

100psi (70m) and a “Flow” of 26385gph (100m3/hr) on the end
of the mainline to represent a hydrant.
4. Place a valve upstream from the Outlet. Design the system and
view the reports to see the effect on the system the above items
have. The best report to see this in is the Mainline Design Full
report.

4.10.2 MULTIPLE WATER SUPPLIES
If only one water supply exists for a system you can leave the pressure
and flow for IRRICAD to calculate based on each system duty.
However, if there are 2 or more water supplies present for the same
system and you are not concerned about pumps, you must enter at least
the pressure in to all water supplies. You can increase or decrease the
pressure to achieve the flow you require from each. If the water supplies
are supplying the same system then LP Design cannot be used. You
must use Velocity Design to size the pipes.
Note: If the multiple Water Supplies are unconnected in your design

then they must supply different system flows as set in
Management.
1. Draw a design with 2 water supplies, one on each end of an 8-

inch (200mm) mainline pipe. 164ft (50m) long. Enter the
pressures for the water supplies to be 90psi (65m).
2. Select the Mainline|Outlet Demand Flow and set the demand

point “Pressure” to be 70psi (50m) and the “Flow” to be
13192gph (50m3/hr).
3. Use Right-click|Snaps|Midpoint to connect the demand point

halfway along the pipe.
4. After completing Zone analysis and Management run Mainline

Design|Analyze. View the System Duty Report.
Figure 4-102
5. Now select the demand point and move it closer to the left-hand
water supply. Re-analyze the mainline and view the System
Duty Report.

Figure 4-103
6. Now select the demand point again and move it closer to the
other right-hand water supply. Re-analyze the mainline and look
at the System Duty Report.
This exercise highlights the effects on the water supplies under

changing conditions.
4.10.2.1 PRVS WITH MULTIPLE WATER SUPPLIES ON A SYSTEM

If a PRV on the water supply is required, in a design containing multiple
water supplies, do the following:
Make the water supply the PRV – enter the water supply pressure equal
to the PRV pressure setting e.g., if the PRV is to be set at 70psi (50m),
enter the water supply pressure as 70psi (50m). Never put PRVs in
loops. Manually check the PRV is able to regulate at that set pressure
and at that flow.
4.10.3 USING PUMPS IN PARALLEL

If two pumps are in parallel – they are effectively in a loop – NEVER put
pumps in a loop. If this is the case, draw two water supplies with a pump
each and connect the mainline after the pumps:
Figure 4-104

Remember using the same pump in parallel doubles the flow.
1. Draw a small design like the above picture using the

Tutorial.mdb.
2. Enter 25in (0.1m) as the “Design Head” and “Max Head” for
both water supplies.
3. Select an 8-inch (200mm) pipe for the mainline pipe. Select the
Pump 350gpm @ 70psi (1320lpm @ 50m) as the pump.
4. Use the Demand Flow outlet as the Mainline Outlet and enter a
“Pressure” of 68psi (48m) and a “Flow” of 39578gph
(150m3/hr).
5. Assign all Zones to One System Flow and enter system flow 1 to
be supplied by both water supplies.
6. Analyze the zone.
7. Run Mainline Design|Analyze and view the Mainline Design Full

report. Click [OK] on both warning messages about not having
pumps in loops.
8. Turn Hydraulic Object Info on in Right-click|Object Info and view

the hydraulic results of each component.
4.10.4 PUMPS IN SERIES

Pumps can be placed in series. Once again, no pump should be placed
within a loop.
1. Edit the above drawing so that there is only one water supply.
2. Add an extra pump on the same pipeline.
3. Change the demand point to require 128psi (90m) pressure and

19789gph (75m3/hr).
4. Re-run zone analysis, management, and mainline analysis.
5. Check the Mainline Design Full report.

6. Turn Hydraulic Object Info on in Right-click|Object Info and view
the hydraulic results of each component.
Figure 4-105
Remember using the same pump in series doubles the pressure output.

5 Tool and Command Reference
This reference guide will explain the mechanical use of each item, tool
and dialog.
IRRICAD User Guide Tool and Command Reference  487

488  Tool and Command Reference IRRICAD User Guide
5.1 RIGHT-CLICK MENUS
Right-click menus are context sensitive, that is, they change according
to which tool is currently selected.
Hydraulic Right-click menu:
Figure 5-1
Done See Section 5.1.1

Restart See Section 5.1.2
Snaps See Section 5.1.3
Running Snaps See Section 5.10.16.2
Zooms See Section 5.1.4
Default Name See Section 5.1.5
Undo Vertex See Section 5.1.7
Close See Section 5.1.9
Stop See Section 5.1.11
Drawing Right-click menu:
Figure 5-2

Done See Section 5.1.1
Restart See Section 5.1.2
Snaps See Section 5.1.3
Running Snaps See Section 5.10.16.2
Undo Vertex See Section 5.1.7
Close See Section 5.1.9
Selection Right-click menu:
Figure 5-3
Select Object See Section 5.11.1

Clear Selection See Section 5.11.2
Invert Selection See Section 5.11.3
Selection Filter See Section 5.11.4
Select See Section 5.11.5
Layers See Section 5.1.10
Object Info See Section 5.1.6
Modify See Section 5.1.8
5.1.1 DONE
Found in the Right-click menu, this option is used to finish an object that
has multiple line segments, e.g., polyline, curve, contour, hatch
boundary, tape, etc. Done can also be selected for some hydraulic tools,
such as Zone|Area where the area has not been closed.

5.1.2 RESTART
Found in the Right-click menu, select to restart an action part way
through e.g., move, or to stop a pipe so the user can start from another
point.
5.1.3 SNAPS
Found in the Right-click menu, snaps give the user the ability to place or
constrain points in relationship to other objects in the drawing. When
using a Snap command while locating a point, the point snaps into
position. The following snaps are available:
 Place
 Midpoint
 Endpoint
 Perpendicular
 Percent
 Object
 Intersection
 Tangent
 Closest
 Center
 Quadrant
 Parallel
The user can use a snap whenever a point requires placing. For
example, when selecting Draw|Line|Single, the user is prompted for the
starting point of the line. Before the user clicks the point, the user can
choose a snaps option from the Right-click menu, which will affect the
placement of the starting point. For example, if the user chooses the
Right-click|Snaps|Closest and clicks near the end of an object, the
starting point of the line will be placed exactly at the endpoint of that
object.
The Perpendicular and Tangent snaps can function either as snaps or

as drawing constraints. As snaps, these options typically are used to find
the ending point of a line or line segment so that the completed line is
perpendicular to, or at a tangent to, a specified object. When used as
constraints, these options cause the rubber band preview line to
maintain a perpendicular (or tangent) relationship to a specified object
as the user moves the cursor. The user can place the endpoint
anywhere, and the resulting line will be perpendicular or tangent to the
specified object.
The Snaps options can be invoked from a pop-up Right-click menu

accessed by clicking the right mouse button.
5.1.3.1 PLACE
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Place command to place a hydraulic item
instead of connecting it to an existing hydraulic item.
The user would use this command when in “Connect” mode

(Settings|Snap) when the user wishes to place a single hydraulic item
then continue connecting hydraulic items. If the user have a large
number of items or points to place set “Place” mode in Settings|Snap.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.2 MIDPOINT
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Midpoint command in drawing or editing

operations to find the midpoint of a line, or along the perimeter of an arc.
If the center of the curvature of a circle, arc, or the centroid of a polygon
is required, use the Right-click|Snaps|Center command. The cursor
must be within the snap tolerance (as set in Settings|Snap) of the object
for the snap to occur.
To find the midpoint of an object:
1. Select Right-click|Snaps|Midpoint.
2. Click anywhere on the target line or arc.
3. The point is set at the midpoint of the target object.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.1.3.3 ENDPOINT
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint command to snap to the end point of
a previously placed object. The cursor must be within the snap tolerance
(as set in Settings|Snap) of the object for the snap to occur.
To use the Endpoint command:
1. Select Right-click|Snaps|Endpoint.
2. Click near one end of the target object. The cursor immediately
snaps to the end point of the target.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.4 PERPENDICULAR
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Perpendicular command when a single or
continuous line must be drawn perpendicular to a target object. The user
can use the Perpendicular command as a snap (which terminates the
line on the target object) or as a constraint (which sets the originating
point on the target object and constrains the line perpendicular to the
object).
Valid target objects include lines, continuous lines, circles, arcs,

rectangles, polygons, ellipses, elliptical arcs, spline curves, and bezier
curves available from the Draw menu.
To use as a snap:
1. Select a Line command from the Draw menu and place the first
point. This initiates rubberbanding as the user is prompted to
pick the second point.
2. Select Right-click|Snaps|Perpendicular. IRRICAD prompts the
user to pick an object.
3. Click the target object to set the second point.
IRRICAD terminates the line perpendicular to the target object. If the line
cannot be drawn perpendicular to the target object itself, the line is
drawn perpendicular to a calculated extension of the object.
To use as a constraint:
1. Start a Line command from the Draw Menu.

2. Select Right-click|Snaps|Perpendicular.
3. Click the target object.
4. Now set the starting point of the line. Click to place the starting
point.
If the user requires the starting end of the constrained line to move freely
on the target object, click any point without using a snap command.
Then a rubberband line connects the target object to the cursor. This
line moves and Stretches as the user moves the cursor, always
maintaining a perpendicular relationship between the rubberband line
and the target object.
If the user wants the perpendicular line to originate on a specified point

on the target object or elsewhere use another snap command to start
the line. The snap determines a fixed starting point of the new line,
which is free to Stretch along its axis, but not move laterally.
5. Click a point to terminate the line, or type a required length of

the line.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.5 PERCENT
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Percent command when a required point is
located along an object at a distance from the end equal to a specified
percentage of the length of the target object. This can be used on lines,
continuous lines, and arcs available from the Draw Menu.
To use the Percent command:
1. When prompted for a point in any command, select Right-

click|Snaps|Percent.
2. Click the target object on which the point is to be set. The end
nearest the point picked is the 0% end of the target object, and
the opposite end is the 100% end.
3. Type the required percent of the length of the target object. Click
[OK].
4. Click on the target line near the end the user wishes the
percentage to be measured from.
Tips: Do not type the percent symbol (%).

The user can enter percentage values less than 0 or greater
than 100 to set points on the extension of the target object.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.6 OBJECT
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Object command in drawing or editing
operations to locate a point on an object when the specific location on
the object is not critical.
To snap to an object:
1. Select Right-click|Snaps|Object.
2. Click the target object to snap to.
The point is set on the target object.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.7 INTERSECTION
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Intersection command in drawing or editing
commands where an exact point of intersection must be found.
To snap to the intersection of two objects:
1. Select Right-click|Snaps|Intersection.
2. Click near the point where the two target objects intersect.
The point is set at the point of intersection of the two target objects. If
there are multiple points of intersection (such as a line passing through a
circle), IRRICAD finds the point of intersection nearest the mouse click.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.8 TANGENT
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Tangent command primarily when a line must
be drawn tangent to a target object. The user can use the Tangent

command as a snap or constraint to determine whether the tangent line
terminates on the target object or originates on the target object. Valid
target objects include circles, arcs, ellipses, elliptical arcs, interpolating
curves, and Bezier curves.
To use as a snap:
1. Start the Line command from the Draw menu and place the first
point. IRRICAD prompts the user to pick the second point.
2. Instead of immediately picking a terminating point, select Right-
click|Snaps|Tangent. IRRICAD prompts the user to pick an
object.
IRRICAD terminates the line tangent to that object. If the line cannot be
drawn tangent to the target object itself, the line is drawn tangent to an
imaginary extension of the object.
To use as a constraint:
1. Start a Line command from the Draw menu.

2. Instead of picking the starting point of the line, select Right-
click|Snaps|Tangent. IRRICAD prompts the user to pick an
object.
If the starting end of the constrained line is required to be able to move
freely on the target object, click any point without using a snap
command. A rubberband line is drawn connecting the target object to
the cursor. This line moves and stretches as the user moves the cursor,
always maintaining a tangential relationship between the rubberband
line and the target object.
If the user wants the tangent line to originate on a specified point on the
target object or elsewhere, use a snap command to start the line. The
snap determines a fixed starting point for the new line, which is free to
Stretch along its axis, but not move laterally.
3. Click a point to terminate the line or enter a required length of

the line simply by typing the required length. The length
specified will appear on the status bar. Press the <Enter> key.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.1.3.9 CLOSEST
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Closest command to find the nearest
construction point.
To snap to the closest point:
1. When prompted to pick or snap to a point, select Right-

click|Snaps|Closest.
2. Click near the target definition point.
IRRICAD locates the new point exactly on the existing definition point.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.10 CENTER
Use the Right-click|Snaps|Center command to find the center point of a
closed object like a circle or polygon. This command differs from the
Right-click|Snaps|Midpoint command, which finds the midpoint along the
length or perimeter of an object.
To set a point at the center of an object:
1. When prompted for a point, select Right-click|Snaps|Center.

2. Click one of the required objects.
IRRICAD sets the point at the center of the target object.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.11 QUADRANT
The Right-click|Snaps|Quadrant command is especially useful when an
extreme horizontal or vertical point on a circle or arc is needed. For
example, the user can snap a horizontal or vertical dimension directly to
the outer edge of a hole or column. The user can also easily measure
the diameter of a circle by snapping to opposite quadrant points.
To locate a quadrant point on a circle or arc:
1. When prompted for a point, select Right-click|Snaps|Quadrant.

2. Click the circle or arc near the required quadrant point.
IRRICAD sets a point exactly on the quadrant point.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.3.12 PARALLEL
To draw a parallel line starting at an exact, user-placed point:
1. Select the appropriate line drawing command (Draw|Line|Single,

Double or Continuous).
2. Place the starting point of the single line, continuous line or
double line.
3. Select Right-click|Snaps|Parallel.
4. Click anywhere on the target line. IRRICAD will constrain
movement of the rubber band line to be parallel to the target
line. The line will start exactly where the user placed it in step 2.
5. Place a point to complete the line.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.1.4 ZOOMS
The Right-click menu offers a short cut to the Zooms available from the
View menu. Those available in the Right-click|Zooms menu are:
Figure 5-4
See also:
View Section 5.1.3

5.1.5 DEFAULT NAME
When placing Control Valves or Mainline Outlets select Right-
click|Default Name and change the Zone name to avoid going to
Settings|Names to change the “Zone name”, for this session of placing
Valves or Mainline Outlets. Once another tool is invoked, the default
name reverts to the default zone name as per Settings|Names.
5.1.6 OBJECT INFO

Found in the Right-click menu and the Tools menu, Object Info displays
a brief summary of the selected objects. If the “Debug Object Info” box is
checked (on the dialog or in Settings|Miscellaneous), a full description is
displayed. The Change tool can also be used to view information about
a selected object.
This tool can be accessed from the Tools menu, or from the Right-click
menu. In common with other IRRICAD tools Object Info can be used to
apply to an existing selection (information for multiple objects can be
displayed simultaneously), or if no items are selected operated by
clicking on individual objects.
See also:
Tools|Object Info Section 5.12.17
5.1.6.1 HYDRAULIC OBJECT INFO

If the “Hydraulic Object Info” check box is checked (on the dialog or in
Settings|Miscellaneous), then Object Info will show a summary of the
hydraulic information for that particular hydraulic item. The start and end
pressure, the dynamic headloss, the elevation change, the inflow and
outflow and the flow velocity are all displayed.
See also:
Tools|Object Info Section 5.12.17

Settings|Miscellaneous Section
5.10.12.5

5.1.7 UNDO VERTEX
This command allows the user to sequentially ‘undo’ placement of the
line segments while running the Continuous Polyline and Continuous
Bezier tools. The user can correct a misplaced segment without having
to erase then redraw the entire line. If desired, Undo Vertex can be
repeated over and over again until the current line is completely undone.
To use the Undo Vertex while running a continuous line, right click and
choose Undo Vertex from the popup Right-click menu.
The last placed-line segment and vertex is removed, and the rubber
band line is attached to the previous vertex.
5.1.8 MODIFY
Found in the Right-click menu, Modify provides a shortcut to modifying
tools such as Delete, Delete Type, Change, Change Type, Move, Move
Point, Copy, Rotate, Explode, Resize, Break, Adjust Image, Z-Order,
Trim and Extend. These tools are also found in the Modify menu.
See also:
Modify menu Section 5.11
5.1.9 CLOSE
Found in the Right-click menu, select to close a lasso, contour, curve,
polyline, double line and areas when at least three points have been
entered.
Note: If the user is drawing an area and selects the Close option,
make sure that the closing line, which will return to the starting
point, will not cut any of the other boundary lines for the area.
5.1.10 LAYERS
The Right-click menu offers a short cut to turning layers on and off. The
options are:
 Hide <CURRENT> Layer

 Show <CURRENT> Layer

 Layer Bar
Where <CURRENT> is the layer of the currently selected object. These

options are only available when a single object is selected.
The Layer Bar can be toggled on and off from the Right-click menu.
Figure 5-5
See also:
View|Layer Bar Section 5.5.14
5.1.11 STOP
Found in the Right-click menu, select to stop the drawing of a Pressure
Map; Block tools; Cutpipe; or Cut Lasso.

5.2 KEYBOARD COMMANDS
IRRICAD incorporates a number of keyboard shortcuts that help to
speed up the operation of various tools.
Shortcut to Change
Double-clicking on an item when in Select Object mode brings up the
change dialog.
Selection Tool
To assist with selection when items are in close proximity hold the <Ctrl>
key down while selecting items with the Select Object tool. A context
menu will appear that lists all items close to the clicked point.
Highlighting each menu item will select that item in the design. A Modify
tool can then be applied to the selected item.
Figure 5-6
Selecting Irrigation Block Entities

To bring up the change dialog, for a Block Entity, hold down the <Alt>
key while clicking on any child component of the block entity. For
example hold the <Alt> key and click on a block lateral to open the
dialog.
Clearing a Selection
Pressing the <Esc> key twice in quick succession clears the current
selection and returns to the default Select Object tool.
Stopping Redraw
Redrawing a large design may be stopped by pressing the <Esc> key.
Quick Zone Naming

To place control valves and mainline outlets without having to view and
“OK” the Zone Name dialog, hold the <Shift> key down when clicking to
locate them. The default zone name will automatically be accepted and
the dialog will not appear.
Sequential Copying
All Copy tools have a “no dialog” shortcut, which repeats the last copy
without showing the dialog each time. To action, hold the <Shift> key for
the 2nd and subsequent copies.
Ortho Mode
Holding the <Ctrl> key down when in “Ortho Mode” will disengage
“Ortho Mode”. Holding the <Ctrl> key down when not in “Ortho Mode”
will engage “Ortho Mode” and at the angle set in this dialog field. Ortho
mode settings can be found in Settings|Drawing Items.
When in Single Select Mode

When in "Single Select mode" (see Settings|Mouse, Section 5.10.13)
multiple selections can be made by holding the <Shift> key.
In the single select mode clicking nothing (empty space) will clear the
current selection.
Keyboard Shortcuts to Menu Items

Menu items can be selected by holding the <Alt> key and pressing the
letter which is underlined in the menu name e.g., File - hold <Alt> and
press the letter 'F'. The File menu will then drop down. To select the
required menu item press the underlined letter - e.g., P will open the
Print dialog.
Distance Counter
The <F9> key will zero the 'd=' on the status bar and is used to measure
distances from where <F9> was invoked. To use a distance counter for
any object on the screen, place the cursor over point 1 and press the F9
key to zero the distance counter. Move the cursor to the end of the
distance the user to wish to measure and read the status bar. The
distance and angle moved since pressing F9 will be displayed.

Note: This tool does not work in all modes. Will function when in
Select Object mode, or when in a Drawing tool mode.
Status Bar Panels

To cycle through the Info Panel options use <Ctrl>+<Shift>+<C>.
To cycle through the Snap Panel options use <Ctrl>+<Shift>+<S>.
To cycle through the Selection Panel options use <Ctrl>+<Shift>+<F>.
Accelerator Keys in Database Editor

Accelerator keys for adding, deleting, and editing components are
available in the Database Editor.
Add Item can be started by pressing <Shift> + <Enter> keys.
Edit Item can quickly open the item dialog by pressing the <Enter> key.
Delete Item can be achieved by pressing the <Delete> key or the

<Backspace> key on the keyboard.
The <Delete> and <Backspace> keys have been enabled in the

Database Editor data "grid".

5.3 FILE
The File menu has the following commands:
Figure 5-7

5.3.1 NEW
Use File|New or click on the clean page icon on the toolbar to start a
new design. IRRICAD assigns the name Untitled to the new file.
To start a new design:
1. Select File|New.
5.3.2 OPEN…
Use File|Open or click on the Open Folder icon on the toolbar to
continue work on a design, or to load an old design file type .dgt from
DOS IRRICAD in the new format
Figure 5-8
To open an existing design file, using the Open command:
1. Select File|Open.
2. By default, IRRICAD lists files with the .dez or .des extension.
3. To see the list of DOS IRRICAD designs, change the file type
from .des to .dgt in the Files of Type list.
4. If necessary, change the path and drive in order to locate the file
the user wishes to open.
5. In the list box, double-click the file name, or select the file name
and click [Open].

Notes:
Zip files can also be opened directly by IRRICAD thereby
avoiding the need to manually extract the design files before
opening.
The *.dez file can be uncompressed with any zip utility (e.g., 7-
Zip, PKZip, WinZip). If extracting the design manually, the *.dbm
file should be renamed *.mdb before opening the design in
IRRICAD. Note internal databases should not be used as the
component database for the design.
It is beneficial to convert the old database (.dbs files), which

belong to an old style design prior to converting the design. This
is also applicable for any symbols that may be contained in the
design. Use the File|Convert menu item to do these
conversions.
5.3.3 SAVE
Use File|Save to save the design. Save during and at the end of a
session, before exiting IRRICAD. This command saves the design to
disk under the current name.
Figure 5-9
To save the current design:
1. Select File|Save.

2. If a Save File dialog box appears, give the design a file name
and specify where the user would like the file stored.
3. Click [Save].
If the file has been previously saved in an older version IRRICAD
automatically saves the file under the current name, path and .des file
type. If the design is being saved for the first time it will be saved as a
.dez file type unless manually changed. The .dez file is a ZIP
compressed archive containing all the files for the design.
The name of the database used for a design is automatically saved with
the design.
Note: To save a design created in an older version as a .dez file in the

"File name" field of the dialog overwrite ".des" with ".dez".
5.3.4 SAVE AS…

Use File|Save As to save a new design, to save a new version of the
current design after making changes or to make a copy of an existing
design (which may then be used as the base of a new design).
To save the file in a different file format, so that it can be used with other
computer-aided design (CAD) programs or older versions of IRRICAD,
use the Export command.
Figure 5-10
To save a design under a new name:
1. Select File|Save As.

2. A dialog box appears with a list of existing designs displayed in
the current path.
3. If necessary, change drives or paths to place the design in the
location of the choice.
4. Type a name for the file in the “File Name” box.
5. Click [OK].
The design is saved with the selected name, in the selected folder. The
new file name is displayed at the top of the design window. The name of
the database used for a design is automatically saved with the design.
Note: To save the design as a ZIP archive .dez file in the "File name"
field of the dialog overwrite the .des with .dez.
5.3.5 IMPORT…
Use the Import command to load files from other programs into an
IRRICAD design file. The file formats supported by IRRICAD are:
 .dxf (DXF format)

 .dwg (AutoCAD)
 .gcd (Generic CADD)
 .vcd (Visual CADD)
 .shp (ESRI Maps)
 .mif (Mapinfo Maps)
 .csv, .txt, .xyz (CSV Files)
 .kml, .kmz (Google Earth)
Figure 5-11
To open an existing drawing file, using the Import command:
1. Select File|Import.
2. By default, IRRICAD lists files with the .dxf extension. The user
can select other files types from the dropdown list.
3. If necessary, change the folder in order to locate the file to open.
4. In the dialog, double-click the file name, or select the file name
and click [Open].
Tip: Data in CSV or TXT files is written in a particular order and for
IRRICAD to read and display the information correctly this order
needs to be specified. The "Field order", or order of the column
headings, can be seen in the Windows Explorer preview as
seen above or by opening the file in Notepad prior to importing.
Note: If the same ID is repeated in the file (see the above tip) this
indicates the data contains polylines rather than points. Enable
the "Import as polylines" option.
5.3.6 IMPORT CONTOURS

Elevations can be imported from other design packages through DXF,
CSV, SHP or KML/KMZ files.

Figure 5-12
5.3.6.1 TO IMPORT ELEVATIONS FROM A DXF FILE:

1. Select File|Import Contours.
2. Type in the name of the file to import, or search for the file.
3. Click [Open] or double-click on the highlighted file. IRRICAD will
search the file for layers and pop up a list from which contour
layers may be selected.
4. Select the layers that are contour layers. Click [OK].
IRRICAD will read the file and convert all lines and polylines in the
selected layers to contours and all points and symbols to spot heights.
These are displayed on the screen as they are converted. All height data
is imported; this can be seen if Right-click|Object Info or Modify|Change
are used on the selected contour or spot height.
Notes:
If the elevation layers chosen do not have elevation data
associated with the drawn item, the elevation will be displayed
as 0 or as -328,000 (-1,000,000).
IRRICAD requires elevations to be stored with the items as a Z

vertex, so they are 3-D items.

5.3.6.2 TO IMPORT ELEVATIONS FROM A SHP FILE:
2. Change the file type to ESRI Shapefiles (*.shp).
3. Select the required file and click [Open] or double-click on the
highlighted file.
4. Select the Elevation Field. Click [OK].
5. IRRICAD will search the file for layers and pop up a list from
which contour layers may be selected. Select the layers that are
contour layers. Click [OK].
For more information on what projections IRRICAD supports see GIS

Options, Section 2.4.1.1.
5.3.6.3 TO IMPORT ELEVATIONS FROM A CSV, TXT OR XYZ FILE:

2. Type in the name of the file the user wants to import, or search
for the file.
3. Click [Open] or double-click on the highlighted file.
4. Select the correct "Field Order" for the file.
5. Enable the "Import as Polylines" for contours, or uncheck for
spot heights. Click [OK].
6. IRRICAD will search the file for layers and pop up a list from
which contour layers may be selected. Select the layers that are
contour layers. Click [OK].

Tip: Data in CSV or TXT files is written in a particular order and for
IRRICAD to read and display the information correctly this order
needs to be specified. The "Field order", or order of the column
headings, can be seen in the Windows Explorer preview as
seen above or by opening the file in Notepad prior to importing.
Note: If the same ID is repeated in the file (see the above tip) this
indicates the data contains polylines rather than points. To
import as polylines enable the "Import as polylines" option.
If importing latitudes and longitudes from a CSV, TXT or XYZ

file, these values need to be in decimal degrees.
5.3.7 IMPORT IMAGE

To import an Image file into IRRICAD select Import Image from the File
menu. Choose the format required from the “Files of Type” dropdown
box, allowable formats are:-
 BMP
 JPEG
 TIFF
 GEOTIFF
 Windows Metafile
 Paintbrush
 PNG
For an explanation of the merits and features of the various image

formats see the Export Image File, Section 5.3.11. Now select the file
from the file explorer window (or type the name into the “File Name”
dialog box).
To import an image:
1. Select File|Import Image.

2. Type in the name of the image file to import or search for the
file.
3. Check the “Show Preview” option if required
3. Click [Open] or double-click on the highlighted file.
4. Left click to place the bottom left corner.
5. Draw the rectangle to the required size and click again to place
the top right corner.

6. If required, trace over features in the image using any drawing
tools.
Figure 5-13
During the Import Image action if geographical location is contained in

the (GEOTIFF) file the message shown in Figure 5-14 will appear:
Figure 5-14
Click [Yes] to accept and the image will be placed at the specified
coordinates and at the correct scale.
Tips: When prompted for the bottom left corner, the user may type in
coordinates e.g., 0,400 (in world units).
When prompted for the top right corner, the user may type in
coordinates e.g., 300,0, or the user may type in a distance
(diagonal distance from top left corner) in world units.
The user may simply place the bottom left and top right at any
scale (make sure “Lock Aspect Ratio when placing the image is
checked in [Settings]) and scale using Modify|Scale Image.
Note: This tool can be used to import any image into IRRICAD
including logos etc.
If the image is not placed using the ‘bottom-left, top right’ order,
then it will be flipped horizontally and/or vertically as appropriate.
Images can be saved in Plot Templates if they are linked and

not embedded.
5.3.7.1 SHOW PREVIEW

If this box is checked a preview of the selected image will be shown.
5.3.7.2 SAVE CURRENT PATH

If this box is checked then the current folder is retained and the next
time Import Image is selected the folder will default to this location.
5.3.7.3 IMAGE SETTINGS

Prior to importing an image, the Settings can be accessed via the
[Settings] button.
Embed Image (save with drawing file)

When “Embed Image” is checked, the image is embedded in the design
file. This feature is very useful if the design is shifted to another
computer, drive or folder. If an image is embedded this will increase the
design file size dramatically. Though this may be a preferred option if
sending designs from branch to branch, it may not be the best option.

Figure 5-15
Relative Path
This option is not editable until after the image has been imported.
When an Image is imported into IRRICAD a link to the image file is

inserted into the design rather than embedding the entire image. When
“Use relative path” is checked, the link (i.e., folder path) will be relative to
the location of the IRRICAD design.
Notes:
“Use relative path” cannot be set when initially importing the
image but can be checked when accessing the image settings
through the Change dialog.
“Use relative path” cannot be used for an ‘Untitled’ design, if it is

a warning message will be displayed.
Lock Aspect Ratio when Drawing an Image

If this item is checked, the image rectangle will be constrained to the
aspect ratio (height/width) of the original image during placement. If
unchecked then the image can drawn so that it is distorted compared to
the original.

Once the Image file has been selected (by clicking the [Open] button)
the image can be placed on the screen using the mouse or keyboard
entry. The lower left corner is located first (with a left mouse click or
keyboard coordinates), a rectangle is then drawn out (when using the
mouse the left button should NOT be depressed during this stage) and
then the upper right corner is placed. Note that in previous versions the
upper left, and then lower right, corners of the image were specified.
Rotation
This option is not editable until after the image has been imported.
After importing, the image can be rotated by entering degrees of

Rotation.
Flip Horizontal
The image can be flipped horizontally.
Flip Vertical
The image can be flipped vertically.
Display a Border Around the Image

Borders can now be turned on or off by the “Display Border” check box.
This is most used when overlapping multiple images.
Display Image
Images can be individually turned off for display by unchecking the
“Display Image” option. If the image is turned off in “Display Image” the
border automatically displays.
5.3.7.4 CHANGING SETTINGS AFTER PLACEMENT

After an image has been imported, the settings can be edited by double-
clicking on the image when in Select Object mode, or by using Change.
These settings are the same settings as found in Import Image.
To scale an image after placement, use Modify|Scale Image.

Figure 5-16
See also:
Scale Image Section 5.11.17
5.3.8 IMPORT FROM GOOGLE EARTH

To import an Image and spot heights from Google Earth select Import
from Google Earth from the File menu. The image and data will be geo-
located in the IRRICAD design.

To Import Images and Elevations From Google Earth:-
1. From the File menu, select Import from Google Earth…. The
import utility will then start.
2. Navigate to the area of interest and specify the required
importation options; Import Image, Rectify Image, Import
Elevations, Number of elevations.
3. Click the [Import] button. A disclaimer message will appear to be
read and accepted.
Google Earth elevations are known to be of low accuracy. If possible

use surveyed data instead.
4. Now in selection mode, refine the area of interest by drawing a

rectangle. Click the first corner.
5. Drag out the selection rectangle.

6. Click the second corner.
7. The utility will close and the specified information will be
imported into IRRICAD.
If elevation data has been imported, optionally calculate contours

(Tools|Calculate Contours).
5.3.8.1 IMPORT FROM GOOGLE EARTH DIALOG
Figure 5-17
a. Navigation – type general destination name here

b. Go to destination
c. Refresh

d. Check this box to import an image
e. Check this box to use a rectified image – to accurately convert
an image from spherical coordinates (latitudes and longitudes)
to planar coordinates (X and Y) the image must be re-shaped
f. Check this box to import elevation data
g. Specify the number of elevations to import – the number of
divisions along the largest dimension
h. Import action button.
5.3.8.2 SETTING UP THE IMPORTING FROM GOOGLE EARTH UTILITY

With the changes made to Google Earth in 2016/2017 an API key will be
required for your computer or branch to enable continued access to the
Google Earth imagery and elevation data. To create an API key please
follow the steps on the IRRICAD Announcements forum post - How To
Acquire a Google Maps API Key.
5.3.9 EXPORT…
Exporting is used to save a design in a different file format, which can
then be read into other CAD programs. The file can be saved as:
 .dxf (DXF format)

 .dwg (AutoCAD)
 .gcd (Generic CADD)
 .vcd (Visual CADD)
 .shp (ESRI Maps)
 .wmf (Windows Metafile)
 IRRICAD v12.x Designs
 IRRICAD v10.5/v11x Designs
 IRRICAD v9.5x Designs
To export a file:
1. Select File|Export.
2. By default, IRRICAD exports .dxf files. To save as a different
format select a format from the “Save as Type” list. If necessary,
change the folder the user wishes to save the file to.
3. Click [Save].
Figure 5-18
Note: Note that after exporting to an older version of IRRICAD the

current design remains as the current version.
5.3.9.1 EXPORT TO GOOGLE EARTH FILE FORMAT (KML)

Export directly to Google Earth file format KML.
To export to KML/KMZ:-
1. Select File|Export.

2. In the “Save as type” field select the Keyhole Markup
Language (*.kml, *.kmz) option.
3. Give the file a name and click [Save].
4. In the KML Import/Export Settings select the required export
settings and click [OK].
5. Import the file into Google Earth.
KML/KMZ Export Settings

Named object name: Select the option to export the required data for
items that have zone names (valves and
mainline outlets), water supply names, etc.
Select Name to label the items with its
zone/water supply name, Description to label
the items with its description, Unique identifier
to label the items with its UID number, Label
Set 1 to label the items with its existing label
from label set 1, Label Set 2 to label the items
with its existing label from label set 2, or None
to export no information with the items.
This information will be available in Google Earth on the image and
under “Places”. Expand the tree on the left-hand side to turn layers on or
off and, under the appropriate layers, see the list of names.
Named object description: Select the option to export the descriptive

information for items that have zone names
(valves and mainline outlets), water supply

names, etc. Select Name to label the items with
its zone/water supply name, Description to
label the items with its description, Unique
identifier to label the items with its UID number,
Label Set 1 to label the items with its existing
label from label set 1, Label Set 2 to label the
items with its existing label from label set 2, or
None to export no information with the items.
This information will be available in Google Earth on the image when
clicking on a named item and under “Places”. Expand the tree on the
left-hand side to turn layers on or off and, under the appropriate layers,
see the list of names and descriptions.
Object name: Select the option to export the required data for
hydraulic items that do not have names such as
pipes, zone outlets and Misc. Hydraulic items.
Select Description to label the items with its
description, Unique identifier to label the items
with its UID number, Label Set 1 to label the
items with its existing label from label set 1,
Label Set 2 to label the items with its existing
label from label set 2, or None to export no
information with the items. Note the Name
option has no effect for this field.
This information will be available in Google Earth on the image and
under “Places”. Expand the tree on the left-hand side to turn layers on or
off and, under the appropriate layers, see the list of names.

Object description: Select the option to export the descriptive
information for items that have do not have
names such as pipes, zone outlets and Misc.
Hydraulic items. Description to label the items
with its description, Unique identifier to label
the items with its UID number, Label Set 1 to
label the items with its existing label from label
set 1, Label Set 2 to label the items with its
existing label from label set 2, or None to export
no information with the items. Note the Name
option has no effect for this field.
This information will be available in Google Earth on the image when
clicking on a named item and under “Places”. Expand the tree on the
left-hand side to turn layers on or off and, under the appropriate layers,
see the list of names and descriptions.
Export Elevations: Enable this option to export the elevations with

the design.
Notes:
The coordinates need to be in UTM and the UTM zone specified
in Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS.

The UTM zone grid can be enabled in Google Earth via View |
Grid and the correct UTM zone determined. In
Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS select “North” for northern hemisphere
and “South” for the southern hemisphere.
If the coordinates of any items are beyond the limits of UTM the
following message will appear and those items will not be
exported to Google Earth.
5.3.10 EXPORT PDF FILE

Drawings can be exported to the Portable Document File format and
shared with customers. PDF files preserve the look and integrity of
IRRICAD drawings and can be shared with anyone electronically,
regardless of hardware and software platforms.
PDF files are compact and complete, and can be shared, viewed, and
printed by anyone with the free Adobe Reader® software which can be
downloaded at www.adobe.com. Customers that have the full Adobe
Acrobat software can redline the drawings and return them for revisions.
PDF output from IRRICAD also has optional security features to protect
sensitive drawings. If desired password protection can be set for
opening PDF files, as well as permissions for printing, editing and
copying.
5.3.10.1 EXPORT PDF DIALOG

Although several of the settings options are unique to PDF, the PDF
Export dialog will be familiar as the layout is based on the Print dialog. A
description of the fields in the dialog follows:-
Page Size: A number of common page sizes are available

in the dropdown list. Add page sizes that the
user defines by clicking on [Edit...] at the bottom
of the list. This pops up the “Custom Paper
Sizes” dialog.
Use Compression: The checkbox enables compression, which can
reduce the file size by up to 60%. The only
drawback to compression is that the file will not
open as quickly as an uncompressed version.
Figure 5-19
OLE Resolution: OLE Objects (e.g., reports, Excel tables etc.)

are rendered as images into the PDF file. The
resolution of this rendering process is controlled

by this setting. If OLE objects appear ‘fuzzy’ in
the PDF file, the user may need to increase this
resolution. Note, however, that setting the
resolution too high could drastically increase the
size of the PDF file.
Font Embedding: Applies only to TrueType fonts, vector fonts are
always embedded with the PDF. If the drawing
has a TrueType font, and if the receiving person
of the PDF may not have the font on their
machine, select ALL so that the font will be
embedded with the PDF. Embedding fonts will
increase the file size.
Presets: When the user creates a Preset a ‘snapshot’ of
all the current settings on the PDF dialog is
taken. They are stored to disk and can quickly
be called up from the dropdown list. When
opening the dialog, Default will always show the
settings that were in effect the last time the user
saved a PDF with the Default Preset. For more
information read the topic on Print Presets, as
PDF Presets work in exactly the same way.
Print Scale: The print scale edit box displays the current
scale factor that will print to a PDF file. The
value is only used when the Scale mode is
selected (Fit to Paper and Current View by
definition can have no scale). Values are
entered in paper units versus real world
coordinates. For example, 1 in = 48 in, will print
the drawing at quarter inch scale (48”/12” = 4’).
Click on the [Select a Scale] button to open a
dialog where the user can select and set a scale
from a dropdown list displaying many of the
most commonly used scales.
Fit to Paper, Current View or Scale: Defines the mode the PDF will
use to save to file. The drawing can be scaled
so that the entire drawing will fit on the current
paper size, scaled to display the current
onscreen view to fit the page, or to a scale
factor entered in the Print Scale edit box.
English or Metric Unit: Selects the unit to measure output to the PDF
file.

Orientation: Portrait or Landscape - determines the PDF
orientation either landscape (horizontal) or
portrait (vertical).
Selection Only: Prints only the selected entities to the PDF file.
All Colors to Black: Prints all entities in black regardless of their
color in the drawing.
Always Center on Page: When checked, centers the drawing in the
Preview window. It does the same thing as
clicking the [Center] button, and is intended for
use as part of a Preset. It is disabled (grayed
out) when the user have “Fit To Paper” or
“Current View” set, as it only applies when
setting a Scale.
Open PDF File on Save: When checked, the PDF file automatically
opens in the PDF software on the machine
when the file is saved.
LW 0 Has Width: Sets the finest line width in the drawing.
Unchecked, IRRICAD prints the finest line the
printer can output. Checked, IRRICAD prints the
smallest line width with LW0. The same
paradigm applies to PDF Export.
Base Line Width: Sets the base or minimum width for line output
for the PDF file output.
Center button: Centers the drawing on the given page based
on the current margin settings.
5.3.10.2 PROPERTIES DIALOG

Click the [Properties] button to bring up this dialog. The user can add
information to the PDF file that can be viewed by the end user when
they open the file in a PDF viewer.
Title: Name of the drawing. It can be different than

the PDF filename.
Subject: Optional further information about the drawing.
Author: Name of the person or company that prepared
the drawing.
Keywords: Arbitrary words that the user would find relevant
to the drawing. Keywords are used in some
PDF viewer software as a search mechanism
for finding files.
Use Watermark: When checked, adds a faint gray text string
diagonally across the drawing that conveys

information without intruding on the drawing
objects. One example of how this might be used
is the string ‘Preliminary - Not for Construction’.
Watermark Text: The text string that will appear as the
watermark. Maximum number of characters is
63.
Text Desity %: This slider controls how dark the watermark text
will appear in the PDF.
Layer Export: Not used in IRRICAD.
5.3.10.3 SECURITY DIALOG

Click the [Security] button to bring up this dialog. The user can specify
security settings to give permissions to the customers for viewing and
outputting the PDF file.
Password required to open drawing document: When checked, the

PDF file cannot be viewed unless the correct
password is supplied.
Document Open Password: The password required to view the PDF
file. The password is only required if the
Password required to open document checkbox
is checked.
Permissions Password: The password required to override the
permission denials set by the checkboxes
below. The end user of the PDF does not
require this password to view the PDF file. But if
any of the permission denial checkboxes are
checked, this password must be provided to
override the denial.
No Printing Allowed: When checked, the PDF file cannot be printed.
No editing/annotation allowed: When checked, no editing of the PDF
file is allowed. Comments and other annotation
cannot be added. Also, the PDF file cannot be
combined with other PDF files.
No copying to clipboard allowed: When checked, graphics and text in
the PDF file cannot be copied to the clipboard
for pasting into other applications.
5.3.11 EXPORT IMAGE FILE

Vector-based IRRICAD designs may be exported to a raster image file
so that they can be used for display on websites or in printed materials

such as brochures, reports and other documents. The Export Image
dialog has a wide range of settings to help control the file type, size and
other options for image output.
Although many of the settings options are unique to images, the Export
Image dialog layout is based on the Print dialog.
Figure 5-20
5.3.11.1 IMAGE TYPE

There are six options for image type.
BMP (bitmap): BMP is Windows' native format. It is a relatively

simple format that can be viewed by many
applications. IRRICAD can write 24, 16, 8, or 1-
bit BMPs. The 1-bit BMPs can be exported as
either black lines on a white background or
white lines on a black background. In general,
BMP is not compressed, or when it is, the level
of compression is small. Consequently BMP
files are usually large but, as BMP is lossless, it
does well for archival or temporary storage.
JPG (JPEG): is designed for compressing either full color or
grey-scale images of natural, real-world scenes.
It works well on photographs, naturalistic
artwork, and similar material, but it is not the
best choice for line drawings such as CAD.
JPEG is ‘lossy’, meaning that the
decompressed image isn't quite the same as
the one the user started with. JPEG is designed
to exploit known limitations of the human eye,
notably the fact that small color changes are
perceived less accurately than small changes in
brightness. Thus, JPEG is intended for
compressing images that will be looked at by
humans. IRRICAD can write 24-bit RGB
JPEGs, 32-bit CYMK or 8-bit grayscale JPEGs.
There are three levels of compression, to allow
the user vary the amount of compression at the
expense of image detail accuracy. Although it
has very good compression it is not
recommended for images of IRRICAD designs
TIFF: TIFF is a long established format that produces
quality images which can be read by a wide
variety of programs. TIFF files exported by
IRRICAD can be uncompressed or compressed
with deflate, JPG, PackBits or CCITT (fax).
TIFFs are exported as 32-bit RGBA, 24-bit
RGB, 8-bit 256 color or 1-bit. The 1-bit TIFFs
can be exported as either black lines on a white
background or white lines on a black
background. TIFF is generally the format of
choice for quality on published pages.
PNG: is a lossless, compressed image format. It is
supported by most modern browsers. The
compression it uses is similar to that used in
GIF files, or in the various ZIP utilities. This
means it's really good at compressing images
with lots of sequences that repeat exactly and is
terrible at things like photographic images
where the data changes gradually and
continuously. IRRICAD will write 32-bit RGBA,
24-bit RGB, 8-bit 256 color, 8-bit grayscale and
1-bit PNG. The 1-bit PNGs can be exported as
either black lines on a white background or
white lines on a black background. One of the
PNG's major benefits is its ability to store an
alpha channel. An alpha channel tells image
renderers how to blend the image with the

image beneath it, allowing for subtle
transparency effects. IRRICAD currently sets
the alpha channel to opaque for all output.
Because PNG is lossless and has decent
compression, it is an excellent choice for image
archival or temporary storage.
EMF: Enhanced Metafile. In Windows, a metafile is a
group of graphics device commands stored in a
file for playback as a single graphic object. In
that sense, they are essentially vector files.
However because EMF is a combination of
metric and US measurements precision is
sometimes lost in the conversion between one
system and the other. This results in
unfortunate scaling effects and therefore there
are much better formats for storing image data
than metafiles. The IRRICAD export of metafiles
has an option to include the background color or
not.
WMF: Windows Metafile. In Windows, a metafile is a
group of graphics device commands stored in a
file for playback as a single graphic object. The
other options create a better image file.
5.3.11.2 SETTINGS DIALOG:

Width: Sets the width of the image to be saved to file.
Unit options for “Width” and “Height” include
pixels, inches, millimeters and centimeters.
Height: Sets the height of the image that will be saved
to a file.
Resolution: Sets the resolution of the exported Image. The
higher the resolution, the more pixels per inch
and the better the display of the image. 96
pixels is fine for an image such as JPG or PNG
that will normally only be displayed on a
monitor. Files that will be used in print media
will need higher resolutions for higher quality
output. The higher the resolution, the larger the
file size.
Image Mode: Affects both the display of the image and the file
size. Depends on the Image type. Some allow
the user to set white on black background or

black on white background; many also allow the
user to set the number of colors displayed. Note
that because IRRICAD only supports 256
colors, a setting with additional colors will not
improve the image but will likely increase the file
size.
Compression: Has the effect of making the file size smaller.
Some formats have a single setting to always
compress the file; others do not support
compression. The BMP, JPG and TIFF formats
offer different options for compression levels.
Output Scale: The output scale edit box displays the current
scale factor that will used when saving to an
Image file. The value is only used when the
“Scale” mode is selected (“Fit to Paper” and
“Current View” by definition can have no scale).
Values are entered in paper units versus real
world coordinates. For example, 1 in = 48 in,
will output the Image at quarter inch scale
(48”/12” = 4’). Paper units are based on the
setting for the Width of the image: pixels,
inches, mm or cm.
Origin: Sets the drawing origin relative to the lower left
corner of the Image. The offset is by default
shown as pixels and not real world coordinates.
Note that while the display of the “Origin” can be
in Inches, Millimetres or Centimeters
(depending on which units the user set in the
“Width” or “Height” settings), image dimensions
are always stored internally as pixels.
Fit to Paper, Current View or Scale: Defines the mode the Image will
use to save to file. The drawing can be scaled
so that the entire drawing will fit on the current
‘page’ (as defined by width and height), scaled
to display the current onscreen view to fit the
page, or to a scale factor entered in the “Output
Scale” edit box.
Presets: When a Preset is created a ‘snapshot’ of all the
current settings on the Export Image dialog is
taken. They are stored to disk and can quickly
be called up from the dropdown list. When
opening the dialog, Default will always show the

settings that were in effect the last time the user
saved an Image with the Default Preset.
Center button: Centers the image in the print preview window.
5.3.12 REPAIR
This utility attempts to repair the current design. It runs through all
objects in the design looking for invalid objects, invalid connections,
misplaced objects and so on. Some of the problems which may occur
and which may be solved by File|Repair are:
 IRRICAD objects which have lost their corresponding CAD

entity.
 Junctions with nothing connected to them remain on the screen.
 Hydraulic objects with insufficient or invalid connections.
 Looped or zero length pipe.
 Mainline objects in a zone or zone objects in a mainline.
 Connected objects which have different coordinates.
 Pipe or sprayline end points do not match their connections.
 Invalid or missing links between associated objects (e.g., outlets
and wetted radii).
Repair also cleans up the internal (design) database, removing unused

items then updates entities from the database, in case any items have
become lost. Repair generates a log of its actions in the file errorlog.txt.
This may be viewed by selecting Reports|View Errors. Repair's actions
cannot be undone but any changes it makes to the design are not saved
until the File|Save is selected.
5.3.13 COMPRESS
When hydraulic entities are deleted in a design gaps will be left in
IRRICAD's internal structures. These gaps take up space both in
memory (i.e. while the program is running) and also on disk when the
design is saved. Other situations, such as importing dxf / dwg / vcd files
into a design containing hydraulic entities, can also give rise to this
situation.
File|Compress reorders the internal IDs of all entities in a design,

removing all gaps in the process.

5.3.14 CONVERT
The Convert options allow the user to convert Version 6 files to Pro
format for use in IRRICAD. Select the type of file the user wishes to
convert.
Figure 5-21
5.3.14.1 CONVERT DATABASE

This tool will convert old database file types .dbs to the new database
file type .mdb.
Figure 5-22
To convert a database:
1. Select File|Convert|Database.
2. Find the correct folder where the old database files are stored,
e.g., IRRICAD5 folder. Click on one .dbs item in the folder.
3. Click [Open].
4. Select where to save the converted file (e.g.,
\IRRICAD\database).
IRRICAD will convert all the .dbs files present in the first folder to one
.mdb file in the second folder. The new .mdb database can be selected
for use in new designs in Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific. The
original Version 6 files remain unchanged.
5.3.14.2 CONVERT DESIGNS
This tool will convert old design file types .dgt to the current design file
type .des. Convert the database used by the old design prior to
converting the design itself.
To convert a design:
1. Select File|Convert|Design.
2. To use the currently selected database (i.e. the default
database) select [Yes]. Select [No] if a different database is to
be used. A dialog will appear in which you can browse for and
select the required database as shown in
Figure 5-23. Click [Open].
Figure 5-23
3. Find the folder where the design file is stored, e.g., IRRICAD5
folder on C drive. Click on the .dgt design the user requires.
Figure 5-24

4. Click [Open]. IRRICAD will convert the .dgt file and display it as
the current design. The original .dgt file remains unchanged.
Tips: Convert the relevant database and any symbols or plot layouts
prior to converting the design.
If the old designs exist in Version 5 format, open the design in

Version 6 before converting. If the user does not have Version 6,
ask for technical support.
Note: The converted design is not saved until File|Save is selected.
5.3.14.3 CONVERT SYMBOLS

This tool will convert the old symbol files (.blk) or default symbol library
(Symbols.dat) to the new .vcs files.
Figure 5-25
To convert a symbol file:
1. Select File|Convert|Symbols.
2. Find the folder where the file is stored, e.g., IRRICAD5 folder on
C drive.
3. Select the symbol library the user wants to convert (.blk file or
Symbols.dat). Click [Open].
4. Select where to save the converted symbols (e.g.,
\IRRICAD\symbols \drawing).
Each symbol in the .blk file will be converted to a .vcs file with the same
name as the symbol and can be selected using Draw|Symbol. The
original Version 6 file remains unchanged.
5.3.14.4 CONVERT PLOT LAYOUTS
This tool will convert old plot layout files (.lay) or the standard plot layout
file type (pl_def.dat) to the new .vcs files.
Note: If the user has symbols associated with a plot layout file (e.g.,
company logo), convert the appropriate symbol libraries prior to
converting plot layouts.
Figure 5-26
To convert a plot layout:
1. Select File|Convert|Plot Layout.

2. Find the folder where the file is stored, e.g., IRRICAD5 folder on
the C drive. Select the .lay or pl_def.dat item in the folder. Click
[Open].
3. Select where to save the converted layouts (e.g., \IRRICAD\
symbols\template. Click [OK].
For each plot layout in the .lay or pl_def.dat file, select the paper size for
which the template will be used, e.g., D (A3). If the “Convert this Layout”
check box is unchecked, that particular layout will not be converted and
the conversion process will skip to the next layout in the file. To stop the
conversion process click [Cancel].
If a layout contains symbols (e.g., a company logo) and the symbol is

not found in the default symbols folder, the user will be prompted to
select the folder where the symbol is to be found.

Each plot layout in the .lay or pl_def.dat file will be converted to a .vcs
file with the same name as the plot layout and can be selected using
Draw|Plot Layout.
5.3.15 MERGE
IRRICAD designs may now be merged together using the Merge…
option in the File menu. This function will merge the drawing and
hydraulic objects, as well as the fittings, management and design
information.
To merge designs:
1. With Design A open, select File|Merge.

2. Select the design to be merged into the open design.
Figure 5-27
3. View Reports|View Errors to see any water supply renaming,

zone renaming or other conflicts.
Given the case where Design B is merged into Design A, the user
should be aware of the following:
 Name Conflicts – water supplies, zones and areas may all be

subject to name conflicts when merged. If a conflict is found the
entity in Design B is renamed by adding an underscore to the
start of the name.
 The user is encouraged to check all names prior to merging
to ensure that no undesirable renaming occurs.
 Symbol Conflicts – IRRICAD cannot load two different symbols
with the same name and existing symbol definitions cannot be
renamed. As such Design A contains the master list of symbols.
If both designs have a (different) Symbol X, the merged design
will use the symbol from Design A.
 Users are strongly encouraged to ensure that, if merging is
intended, both ‘source’ designs use the same symbol set.
 Label Conflicts – IRRICAD labels are symbols. Given the
restrictions on renaming symbols described above, there is a
small possibility that label names in the merged design will
conflict and therefore be out of date. In v10.0, label symbols are
given a unique name and the probability of label name conflicts
when merging two v10.0 designs is very, very small indeed.
However, label symbol names in versions prior to v10.0 are
more likely to conflict. If any ‘old style’ label symbol names are
detected during the merge the user is warned of possible
conflicts.
 For merging older designs, it is suggested that labels be
remade in v11.0 either prior or post merge.
 Databases – merging will copy items from Design B’s internal
database into the internal database of Design A.
 For maximum compatibility and minimum post-merge
problems, users should ensure that the external database
for both ‘source’ designs is the same.
5.3.16 PRINT…
Select File|Print to print the current design. If a Plot Layout (Section
5.6.14) is selected prior to printing, the user will not need to change any
properties in the print dialog. Simply click Print as IRRICAD will have
inserted into the print dialog the required information based on the
choices in the Draw|Plot Layout dialog.
If printing without a plot layout, set the print dialog fields as required,
before clicking [Print].
A Preview is always displayed on the left hand side.
Note: The printing of an image is controlled by the Image Settings

(Section 5.3.7.3) and Settings|Layers.

Figure 5-28
5.3.16.1 PRINT DIALOG

Printer: The printer currently selected. To change the
printer click on the printer description or click
[Setup] and select another printer.
Printer Properties: Click [Setup] to select the printer to use. Click
[Options] to edit printer properties. These vary
between printer drivers and printers.
Margins: Shows the current margin values. To change
the margins click on the description or click the
[Margins] button and enter new margins as
required. Click [Printer Default] to reset the
margins to the default values for the selected
printer.
Paper Size: Shows the dimensions of the currently selected
paper. To change the page size, click on the
description and select another paper size.
Paper Unit: The units for paper size and margins. Select
Metric units or English (Imperial) units.
Printable Area: Based on the select page size. Inches or mm
are selected.
Presets: Presets take a ‘snapshot’ of all the current
settings on the Print dialog. They are stored to
disk and can quickly be called up from the
dropdown list. The buttons are be used to
perform the following functions:
Add - Used to add a new “Preset”.
Make the changes required for the new preset
click the button and select a new preset name.
Modify - Used to modify an existing
“Preset”. Select the “Preset” to be modified,
make the changes then click the [Modify]
button.
Delete - Select the “Preset” to be
deleted then click the [Delete] button.
Print Scale: The scale factor for printing. The value is only
used when the Scale option is selected e.g., 1
inch = 100ft will give the user a scale of 1":100
(1mm = 1.0m will give the user a scale of
1:1000).
Origin: The origin relative to the lower left corner of the
margin in paper units (not world coordinates).
Fit to Paper, Current View or Scale: Defines the type of scaling used
when printing. “Fit to Paper” automatically
scales the whole design to fit the current paper
size. “Current View” automatically scales the
design as seen on the current screen to fit the
current paper size. “Scale” uses the scale
entered in the “Print Scale” field.
Portrait, Landscape: Select the paper orientation “Portrait” for vertical
or “Landscape” for horizontal orientation.
Copies: Enter the number of “Copies” to print.
Rotation Angle: The angle which a design can be rotated on the
page. Click on the arrows to select from 0, 90,
180 and 270 degree angles or enter the angle
as required.
Selection Only: Check this option to print only selected
(highlighted in green) objects.
All Colors to Black: Check this option to print in black and white
printout. Use this option with caution if using a
Plot Layout (Section 5.6.14).
Always Center on Page: When checked, centers the drawing in the
Preview window. It does the same thing as
clicking the [Center] button, and is intended for
use as part of a Preset.
Print to File: Check this option to print to a file. Click [Print] to
print the design. Select the file name and folder
and click [Save] to save as a print file (*.prn).

Line Width 0 has Width: By default lines with a width of zero are drawn
with the minimum line width possible on the
current printer. Checking this option ensures
that lines with zero width are easily visible, in
practice this normally makes them thicker.
Base Line Width: Sets the base or minimum width for line output
from the printer.
Print: Click [Print] to print the design using the current
print settings.
Center: Click this button to center the design on the
page based on the current margin settings.
File Stamp: Includes a File and Date stamp on the printed
page. Pressing the [File Stamp] button opens a
dialog to set the options for the stamp. Options
include font, font height, format of the date, and
location on the drawing sheet. A Watermark can
also be set here by checking the “Use
Watermark” check box and entering the
required watermark, e.g., confidential and the
required text density (darker to the right-hand-
side of the scale).
Figure 5-29
Cancel: Click [Cancel] to cancel the print.
See also:
Plot Layout Section 5.6.14

5.3.17 DIRECT PLOT
IRRICAD contains both a Print and Plot command. The Print command
utilizes the standard Windows drivers for output to the device. The Plot
command is an internal routine allowing more control over vector output
devices by bypassing the Windows drivers. Each of these commands
maintains separate default settings for the print output such as scale,
orientation and page size.
The Direct Plot option should not be used unless the following situations
are evident:
 If a Windows driver for the plotter / printer is not available.

 The user has a Windows driver for an HPGL plotter but it does
not work very well.
If a Plot Layout is required select Draw|Plot Layout before File|Direct

Plot. Select a Windows printer driver by clicking the [Printer] button in
the Plot Layout dialog that will support the paper size the user wishes to
print.
The Plot routine is designed to enhance the control over vector output
devices (old style pen plotters). By using Direct Plot, the Windows
drivers are bypassed allowing IRRICAD to send information directly to
the plotter or to printers not supported through standard Windows
drivers.
The Direct Plot dialog can be accessed from the File menu. In order to
use direct plot, the plotter should be configured to hardware flow control.
Direct plot does not support TrueType fonts. Vector fonts will be
substituted for TrueType fonts when direct plot is used.
The Direct Plot dialog contains many of the same settings found in the
normal print command along with specific settings for controlling pen
mapping and language output. The basic controls allow for standard
output features such as orientation and size. In addition to these
settings, there are many advanced settings for accessing the plotter
pens and the language code for controlling the plotter.
Plotter: The plotter currently selected. To change the

plotter click on the plotter description or click
[Setup] and select another plotter.

Page Size: Shows the dimensions of the currently selected
paper. To change the page size, click on the
description and select another paper size.
Plot Scale: The scale factor for printing. The value is only
used when the “Scale” option is selected e.g., 1
inch = 100ft will give the user a scale of 1":100
(1mm = 1.0m will give the user a scale of
1:1000).
Origin: The origin relative to the lower left corner of the
margin in paper units (not world coordinates).
Fit to Paper, Current View or Scale: Defines the type of scaling used
when printing. “Fit to Paper” automatically
scales the whole design to fit the current paper
size. “Current View” automatically scales the
design as seen on the current screen to fit the
current paper size. “Scale” uses the scale
entered in the “Plot Scale” field.
Plot to File: Check this option to plot to a file. Click [Plot] to
plot the design. Select the file name and folder
and click [Save] to save as a plot file (*.prn).
File / Date Stamp: Check this option to plot the design file name or
date stamp on the page. The location is
controlled by settings in the Windows registry.
Fast Preview: Check this option to see only an outline of the
entire design in the preview window. Speeds
display of complex drawings.
Selection Only: Check this option to plot only selected
(highlighted in green) objects.
All Colors to Black: Check this option to plot in black and white
printout. Use this option with caution if using a
Plot Layout (Section 5.6.14).
Paper Units: The units for paper size and margins. Select
“Metric Paper Unit” or “English (Imperial) Paper
Unit”.
Center: Click this button to center the design on the
page based on the current margin settings.
Plot: Click [Plot] to plot the design using the current
plot settings.
Rotation Angle: Sets the rotation of the drawing relative to the
paper.
Preview: Shows a preview of the drawing as it will plot
using the current settings. After changing the
“Plot Scale” of a drawing, the preview window

allows the drawing to be dragged into the
required position. For example, to plot a detail
of a drawing at a specific scale, set the required
scale and then drag the image on the preview
using the mouse until the required detail is
shown.
Center: Centers the drawing on the given page based
on the current margin settings.
Setup: Click [Setup] to select the plotter to use. Click
[Options] to edit plotter properties. These vary
between plotters. In most cases, IRRICAD
provides a common set of driver information for
popular plotters. If the plotter is not supported,
the settings can be easily manipulated to
achieve the required output by trial and error.
Update: Used to update the plot preview screen after
changes have been made to the plot settings.
5.3.17.1 PLOTTER SETTINGS

The plotter tab contains specific settings describing the device including
hardware ports and number of carousels. When modifying settings for
the communication settings, ensure that the hardware itself is configured
for hardware flow control.
Port: Displays the communications port to which the

plotter is connected.
Baud Rate, Data Bit, Parity and Stop Bit: Specifies the communication
settings for the current port. Please refer to the
hardware documentation for more information.
# Pens: Sets the number of pens in each carousel.
Total: Sets the number of pen carousels to be used.
Use Multiple Carousels: If using more than one carousel this box must
be checked for IRRICAD to switch during
plotting.
New: Creates a new plotter definition.
Default: Sets the current plotter driver as the default for
direct plot.
Sort Color: Activates pen sorting when active. Pen Sorting
will improve plot time by reducing pen changes
and assuring that each pen is only used once.
Optimize Plotting: Activates motion optimization when active.
Motion optimization will improve plot time by

minimizing unnecessary pen movements and
drawing from one end of the paper to the other.
Origin at Lower Left: Places the origin at the lower left corner of the
paper when checked, otherwise the origin is
placed at the center of the paper.
Page Size: Selects the size of the plotter media. This size
reflects the printed area on the page and not the
actual sheet size.
Add: Adds a new page size to the list by using the
values entered in the Length and Width boxes.
Remove: Deletes the current page size from the list.
DPI: Specifies the maximum resolution of the plotter
in dots per inch.
5.3.17.2 PEN MAP

Pen mapping allows colors in the IRRICAD drawing to represent
different pens in the plotter effectively giving precise line width control to
the plotter. Pen mapping involves assigning pens from the plotter
carousel to colors that exist in the drawing. In addition to simply setting a
pen, the map can set the pen width and speed that can improve the
output for the plotter. When using pen mapping, it is important to
remember that many ink jet plotters use pen numbers to represent
different line types. Certain pen numbers or ranges of pens may refer to
lines that are not solid or that are created using gray-scale fills. If the All
Colors to Black option is checked in the plot dialog, all colors will plot
using the pen mapped to color 0, normally black.
New: Creates a new map. The direct plot routine can

store multiple pen mappings for creating
different sets of output.
Default: Sets the current pen map as the default.
IRRICAD Color: The entity color in the drawing the user wishes
to map.
Pen Number: Specifies the pen number assigned to the
individual color.
Pen Width: Adjusts the width of the pen. The width setting
is used to create solid fills and is measured in
millimeters.
Pen Speed: Sets the speed at which the pen moves across
the paper. Speed is measured in millimeters per
second. Specifying a high speed may result in
damage to the pen tip.

5.3.17.3 LANGUAGE
IRRICAD supports many common plotter languages. However, if the
required language is not available, the user can create a language
directly through the interface. A plotter language consists of a delimiter,
initialization string, de-initialization string, pen up, pen move, pen draw,
pen speed and pen change commands. Each of these needs to be
specified when creating a language. The required control codes are
generally listed in the output device's documentation and set to a
specific plotter type.
Delimiter: Specifies the character that separates

commands sent to the plotter. This field can be
left blank.
Init. String: Describes the commands that are sent to the
plotter for initialization.
De-Init. String: Describes the commands that are sent to the
plotter after the plot is complete.
Pen Up: Specifies the characters that raise the pen from
the paper.
Pen Down: Specifies which characters lower the pen to the
paper for drawing.
Pen Move: Specifies the characters that signal the plotter to
move the pen from one location to another in
the up position.
Pen Draw: Specifies the characters that signal the plotter to
move the pen from one location to another in
the down or draw position.
Pen Speed: Specifies the characters that set the pen speed
for the current pen.
Pen Change: Specifies the characters that signal the plotter to
change to a new pen.
New: Creates a new plotter language setting.
Default: Restores the plotter language settings to the
default values for a HP-GL plotter.
Use HP-GL/2 Commands: Enables the use of HP-GL/2. This setting
can improve the quality of arcs and circles and
decrease plot time if the plotter supports HP-
GL/2 graphics language. When utilized the Init.
String must contain values for the plotter to
recognize HP-GL/2 commands.

5.3.18 REPORTS PRINT SETUP
These options allow the settings for the printer to be modified if required
in File|Reports Print Setup. These settings will affect the printing of
reports only.
Figure 5-30
Printer: Selects the Printer to be used to print the report.

Properties: This button allows editing the specific properties
for the printer.
Paper Size: Selects the paper size for the reports.
Paper Source: Selects paper tray required.
Orientation: Select either “Portrait” or “Landscape”
orientation for report printing.
5.3.19 RECENT FILE LIST

Recently used files are listed under the File menu for ease of re-
opening. Simply click on the name of the file the user wishes to reopen.
Note: The file name in the MRU list may be abbreviated, but the full
path and file name can be seen in the application status bar.
5.3.20 EXIT
Use the Exit command the exit IRRICAD. If an unsaved design is
loaded, IRRICAD prompts the user to save the design file before closing
IRRICAD.
To exit IRRICAD:
1. Select File|Exit.
5.4 EDIT
The Edit menu contains:
Figure 5-31
5.4.1 UNDO
Multiple actions mistakenly performed can be reversed.
Undo can also be accessed using the standard Windows <Ctrl>+<Z>

keyboard shortcut or via the File toolbar or File menu. The File toolbar
and menu display the next action which can be undone as seen below:
Figure 5-32
Note that the toolbars can be modified via View|Toolbars Commands.
These actions can be undone:-

- The drawing of geometric items
- The drawing of Zone items
- The drawing of Mainline items
- Zone Design sizing options (the pipes will be returned to their
previous state)
- Mainline Design sizing options (the pipes will be returned to their
previous state)
- Computer Selection of Fittings (the fitting selection will be
returned to the previous state)
- Modify tools (Moving, Changing, Copying, Exploding, Resizing,
Scaling, Breaking, Trimming, Extending). Note Move to
Back/Move to Front cannot be undone
- IRRICAD Tools (Cut Lasso, Trim Spraylines, Move Sizes,
Create Wetted Radii/Sprayline Outlet (one by one), Create
Symbol ("Replace original" option only), Calculate Contours,
Convert to Elevations, Highlight Elevations, Trim Elevations,
Create/Undo Labels, Tapes to Sprayline, Spraylines to Tapes,
Subdivide Block, Connect Valves, Connect Outlets).
These actions cannot be undone:-

- Management (Assign Zones... options)
- Zone Design Configuration
- Design results as displayed in Reports. Re-run the appropriate
Design process to update the reports after setting pipe sizes
back to the previous state.
Undo retains actions for the open design, however some actions will
cause the list of undo-able tasks (the undo stack) to be cleared.
These actions will clear the undo stack:-

- Clear Undo
- Repair
- Compress
- Unloading symbols via the Symbol dialog
- Opening a new design
- Saving a new plot template symbol.
5.4.2 REDO
Actions that have been undone can be redone. Redo is located in the
Edit menu.
Redo can also be accessed using the standard Windows <Ctrl>+<Y>

shortcut or via the File toolbar or File menu. The File toolbar or menu will
display the next action that can be redone as seen in the image below:
Figure 5-33
5.4.3 CLEAR UNDO

Located in the Edit menu this removes all the undo actions from
memory.
Note: The number in parentheses shows the current number of undo

actions stored.

See also:
Settings|Miscellaneous|Undo Section
5.10.12.4
5.4.4 PASTE
Use the Paste command to paste copied items on the IRRICAD screen.
To use Paste:
1. Copy the item required. This may be a report which the user can
copy by using the Edit|Copy option in the Report Viewer.
2. Select Edit|Paste.
3. On the screen click for the bottom left corner.
4. Move the mouse (do NOT drag) and then click to place the top
right corner.
Figure 5-34
Notes:
This option allows only a single instance of the object to be
inserted.
The required data needs to have been copied to the clipboard in

the appropriate application (e.g., the IRRICAD report viewer) or
a file copied in My Computer or Windows Explorer.
Although there is no restriction on the shape of the OLE

rectangle it is advisable to ensure that the relative dimensions of
the rectangle approximate those of the OLE object to be
displayed.

data can be displayed. IRRICAD allows OLE data to be
displayed, printed and exported to PDF. NOTE: in order for
IRRICAD reports to be displayed correctly an application that
can render RTF data, including tables, must be installed on the
system - examples of suitable applications are MS Word, Open
Office etc.

preview screens.
normally not difficult to select it but an alternative is to use a
non-white background color.
See also:
Tools|Insert OLE Section 5.12.18
5.4.5 OPEN OLE ITEM

OLE items that have previously been added can be opened and altered
in the appropriate application. To do this simply, select the OLE item and
then use Open OLE Item from the Edit menu. Any changes made will be
reflected in the inserted item.
To Open the OLE Item
1. Select the rectangle encompassing the OLE Item.

2. Select View|Open OLE Item.
The item, such as the pasted report, will be opened in an appropriate
application.
Note: Any changes made to the opened OLE item will immediately be
reflected on the pasted OLE item on the IRRICAD Screen.
See also:
Tools|Insert OLE Section 5.12.18

Edit|Paste Section 5.4.4
5.5 VIEW
The View menu has the following commands:
Figure 5-35
5.5.1 REDRAW
Use the Redraw tool to refresh the screen. When the user moves or
erases an object, its old location is re-drawn with the background color.
This effect tends to break up or obscure remaining objects that it
overlapped or intersected. The user can use the Redraw tool to clean up
the screen after this happens. This tool is especially useful when editing
lines drawn on top of each other or objects that overlap.
The objects are re-drawn in the order they were created or edited
To redraw the display:
1. Select View|Redraw.
The screen is immediately re-drawn.
5.5.2 ZOOM ALL

Use the Zoom All tool to see the entire design. This helps the user get
an overview of what the has been drawn, and also helps the user find
objects far from the main drawing area that may have been created

inadvertently. These objects can cause problems when the user loads a
design or tries to plot or print using the “Fit to Page” option (File|Print).
Only currently visible layers are displayed and used to calculate the
appropriate zoom factor (see Settings|Drawing Items, Section 5.10.5).
To zoom all:
1. Select View|Zoom All.
The screen is re-drawn at the highest zoom value that will entirely show
all displayed objects.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.3 ZOOM IN
Use the Zoom In tool to quickly magnify the current screen image. This
tool’s zoom is at a set magnification. The user can set or edit this
magnification in Settings|Drawing Items. The center of the screen stays
constant during zooming in.
To zoom in:
1. Select View|Zoom In.
The drawing is re-drawn at the new magnification.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.4 ZOOM OUT

Use the Zoom Out tool to quickly reduce the magnification of the current
screen image. The user can set or edit this magnification in
Settings|Drawing Items. The center of the screen stays constant during
zooming out.
To zoom out:
1. Select View|Zoom Out.

The drawing will be re-drawn at the new magnification.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.5 ZOOM PREVIOUS

Use the Zoom Previous tool to quickly revert to the previous view. This
tool is especially useful during drawing or editing operations where
selecting a point or object accurately requires that the user zoom in
close for detail work. When finished with the detail work, use Zoom
Previous to return to the prior view to continue drawing or editing. Select
the tool again to toggle back to the same enlarged view for accurate
point or object selection.
To return to the previous view:
1. Select View|Zoom Previous.
The previous view is displayed.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.6 ZOOM WINDOW

Use the Zoom Window tool to zoom in on only a portion of the screen.
IRRICAD will take the selection window and enlarge it uniformly until the
width or height meets the limits of the screen. If the zoom window is very
small, the magnification will be large. If the zoom window is large, the
magnification will be small. In the case of a rectangular window where
the width or height is very large relative to the other, the larger
dimension will limit the magnification.
To zoom in to a windowed area:
1. Select View|Zoom Window.

2. Left click to place a corner point.
3. Move the cursor and left click again to place the opposite corner
point.
The area enclosed by the window is enlarged to fill the screen.
Note: Do not hold the left mouse button down and drag the cursor, as
this will not work.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.7 ZOOM SELECTED

Use the Zoom Selected tool to increase the magnification by a factor
determined by the selected objects. Only the selected objects are used
to determine the appropriate zoom factor and view. Unselected objects
may be outside the screen boundaries, even though they are on visible
layers. Zoom Selected can also be used to verify what the user has
selected, since it will fully display all selected objects.
To zoom to view all selected objects:
1. Select the objects the required to zoom in on.

2. Select View|Zoom Selected.
The view will change so that the selected objects just fill the screen.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.8 PAN
Use the Pan tool to pan across the design without changing the
magnification.
To use the Pan tool:
1. Select View|Pan.
2. Place a point where the new view is to be centered.
The screen view is shifted to center about this point.
See also:
View Section 5.5

5.5.9 DYNAMIC PAN
When Dynamic Pan is selected, it allows the drawing to be panned by
clicking and dragging with the left mouse button depressed.
To use Dynamic Pan:
1. Select View|Dynamic Pan.

2. Left click on the screen and keeping the left mouse button
depressed drag the screen in the required direction.
Tips: The dynamic pan tool can be accessed directly by clicking and
holding the center mouse button (or wheel) while dragging the
mouse to move the drawing.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.10 GOTO COORDS

This tool will pan to the x and y coordinates entered.
To use Goto Coords:
1. Select View|Goto Coords.

2. Type in the x and y coordinates for the item / place the user
wishes to go to.
3. Click [OK].
Figure 5-36
The new view will be centered on the x and y coordinates entered.
Tips: The user can use the tab key between the X and Y coordinate
fields.
Two numbers from the clipboard can be pasted directly into the
X and Y fields using the <Ctrl>+<V> shortcut key combination in
either field.
Do not use the mouse to click [OK], instead use the <Enter>
key, and the crosshairs will then go to the coordinates specified.
The dialog retains the last set of coordinates visited.
The dialog can be opened with the <Ctrl>+<G> shortcut key

combination.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.11 BIRDS EYE VIEW

The Birds Eye View tool opens a small window that displays a thumbnail
outline of the whole design. If zoomed in, the area currently displayed on
the screen is shown as a red display box on the Birds Eye View. The
user can change the displayed area by manipulating the red box on the
Birds Eye View. To resize the red window in the Birds Eye View, click
outside the existing red window, and holding the left mouse button
down, drag a new window. When the user release the left mouse button,
the red window will be moved to the position and size the user has
drawn.
To center the view (at the current zoom state) over any particular point
on the design, just click on that point in the Birds Eye View. The display
box can also be dragged to any new position by left clicking anywhere
inside the box and dragging it to the required position. Right-clicking
anywhere in the Birds Eye View brings up a Right-click menu that gives
access to a set of zoom tools that can also be used to re-size or re-
position the view. Using these tools can greatly speed up moving around
a large design by eliminating unnecessary re-draws.
The Birds Eye View window can be resized like any other window by
dragging an edge or corner using the mouse. To close the Birds Eye
View window click on the X or reselect View|Birds Eye View.

Figure 5-37
To use Birds Eye View:
1. Select View|Birds Eye View.

2. Click in the Birds Eye View window to center the view on that
point or right-click for zoom tools.
See also:
View Section 5.5
5.5.12 TOOLBARS
Toolbars provide a fast and convenient way of accessing commonly
used commands and tools, IRRICAD Pro includes many more Toolbars
and Toolbar buttons than previous versions. The location, style and
content of these Toolbars can be customized to suit individual users’
preferences in View|Toolbars or by right-clicking on any toolbar.
5.5.12.1 TOOLBAR LOCATION AND SHAPE

IRRICAD Toolbars conform to the Windows docking standards. They
can be moved from their default locations by left clicking in the toolbar,
anywhere apart from a button, and then dragging. If the toolbar is
dragged into the main view area it will become ‘floating’ and can be
moved by dragging and also resized by clicking and dragging the frame
of the toolbar window. Dragging the Toolbar into one of the frame areas
of the IRRICAD window will cause it to ‘Dock’ to that frame.

5.5.12.2 CUSTOMIZING TOOLBARS
Toolbars can be customized and their viewing controlled through the
View|Toolbars menu. A shortcut is also available by right-clicking on any
toolbar. The operation of this facility is described below.
Toolbars Tab
The display of individual Toolbars may be toggled using the check boxes
provided. At any time when the Toolbar “Customize” dialog is open
buttons may be ‘dragged’ from one toolbar to another, dragging a button
onto the main view area or any other area that is not a Toolbar will
remove a button.
New Button: IRRICAD contains a set of default Toolbars

(Design, Dimension, Drawing, Electric, File,
Hydraulic, Modify, Select, Snap, Tool, and
Zoom). It is possible to add new blank Toolbar
by clicking the [New] button.
Reset Button: When one of the default IRRICAD toolbars is
highlighted the reset button is available. Clicking
this will repopulate the current Toolbar with its
default buttons. If any buttons have been
previously moved to other Toolbars then copies
of these buttons will be retained in those
Toolbars.
Delete Button: User defined Toolbars (created with [New]) can
be removed by selected the desired Toolbar
and clicking the [Delete] button which will be
available. Note that it is not possible to remove
the default IRRICAD Toolbars although they
can be depopulated or hidden.
Show ToolTips: Controls whether tooltips are displayed when
the mouse cursor is paused above a Toolbar
button.
Cool Look: This check box changes the appearance of the
Toolbars to a ‘flat’ style.
Large Buttons: This button will increase the size of the buttons
on the screen.
Commands Tab
This tab contains the commands that can be represented by a button;
they are grouped in a way that matches the default Toolbars. Clicking on
a category shows the buttons that are available; these buttons can then
be dragged onto any existing Toolbar (default or user defined). Note that
the same command/button can exist in more than one Toolbar.
Winicad.ini
The current Toolbar configuration for IRRICAD is stored in an
initialization file called Winicad.ini in the Irricad config folder commonly
located in C:\Program Files\AEI Software\Irricad Pro.
5.5.12.3 CURRENT DRAWING PROPERTIES TOOLBAR

Displays the currently selected drawing properties (colour, line
thickness, line type, and layer) and provides quick access to
Settings|Drawing Items|Geometric Items.
Figure 5-38
The toolbar can be enabled or disabled by selecting View|Toolbars or by

right-clicking on any toolbar, check or uncheck Current as required.
Figure 5-39
The Current toolbar can be customized in the normal way via the
View|Toolbars Commands tab.
Note: This toolbar cannot be docked vertically because of the

horizontal nature of the included dropdown fields.
5.5.13 STATUS BAR

The status bar is located at the bottom of the drawing screen. It can be
switched on or off by checking or unchecking the View|Status Bar
option.
The status bar serves several functions. It is broken into sections, each
of which can give the user valuable visual feedback about the entity or
tool currently in use. The status bar displays messages during design,
flow through connected hydraulic items, prompts for using tools,
distances and angles from the last mouse click and the X and Y
coordinates of the current mouse position.
5.5.13.1 INFO PANEL

This panel displays a variety of information about the currently selected
objects. This includes UID, connections, selected item count, cumulative
length of selected items, elevation and depth, cumulative area and
cumulative nominal flow. The Right-click menu also allows the user to
select the items connected to the current item. The options may also be
cycled with the shortcut key combination <Ctrl>+<Shift>+<I>, while
<Ctrl>+<Shift>+<C> will select the connected items. Note that the
current values of all options are displayed on the popup Right-click
menu.
Figure 5-40

5.5.13.2 SNAP PANEL
This panel shows the currently selected default snap mode (Connect,
Place or Grid) and, through the popup Right-click menu, allows quick
access to the Snap and Grid settings. May be cycled with
<Ctrl>+<Shift>+<S>.
Figure 5-41
5.5.13.3 SELECTION FILTER PANEL

This panel shows the status of the selection filter - a red panel indicates
that the filter is active. The user can also access the filter settings
through the popup Right-click menu and flip the filter status using
<Ctrl>+<Shift>+<F>.
Figure 5-42
When active, a summary of the current filter settings is shown in the

tooltip for this panel:

Figure 5-43
Shown filtering the TEMPORARY layer, items with RGB (0, 128, 0), all
line types (-2), all line widths (-2), all types (<All>) and all groups (<All>).
5.5.14 LAYER BAR

The dockable layer manager can be access through the main View
menu (View|Layer Bar), through the Right-click|Layers menu or can be
toggled with the shortcut key combination CTRL+L. The layer manager
has three panes:
 Layers – this tab display information about the layers in the

current design. It allows the user to see whether a layer is
visible, whether it will print and whether it contains data. Layers
may be added and/or removed and all items on a given layer
may be selected. Any selection of items can be easily moved to
any layer.
 Groups – layer groups define sets of visible layers that may be
associated under a single name and provide a quick way to
access these. A group may relate to different aspects of the
design – an ‘Electrical’ layer group, for instance, could show
topography and electrical items while hiding hydraulic items. A
default set of layer groups can be defined and saved to the
registry. These defaults will be included in any new designs and
can be ‘loaded’ into existing designs.
 Views – named views are shortcuts to different views of a
design. They can be used to move quickly between different
areas of a design, and might typically be defined for each stage
of a multi-stage development, or for each hole of a golf course,
for example. Views can be linked with layer groups (views and
groups with identical names are automatically linked). When a
view with a linked group is activated, that layer group is also
activated.

5.5.14.1 LAYERS TAB
 IRRICAD layers are
displayed in blue, extra
layers in black.
 - this column indicates
the visibility of the layers.
 - this column indicates
whether a layer will print.
 These check boxes can be
toggled individually, by
making a multiple selection
with the mouse or by
selecting the full column by
clicking the icon. The
selection can also be
toggled by pressing the
space bar.
 - indicates an empty
layer.
 - indicates that the layer
has data.
 The lower panel shows the
color, line type and line
width associated with the
selected layer.
 The bottom edit box and
Figure 5-44 buttons ( and ) can be
used to add or remove
layers. Layers may also be
deleted by selecting them
and pressing the <Delete>
or <Backspace> key.
 Layers can be renamed in
situ by clicking in the name
column and typing the new
name. Use the <Esc> key to
cancel an edit.
 A context menu allows
layers to be deleted, all
entities on a layer to be
selected and a selection to
be moved to a layer.
Figure 5-45
5.5.14.2 GROUPS TAB

 The top panel shows the
name of the group, the
bottom panel shows the list
of visible layers that belong
to the selected group.
 Groups can be created and
deleted using the edit box
and buttons under the top
panel ( … ).
 Layers can be added and
removed from groups using
the combo box and buttons
under the bottom panel
( … ).
 - indicates an unlinked
group.
 - indicates a group with
a linked view.
 - indicates an empty
layer.
 - indicates that the layer
has data.
 - this button will save
the currently defined
groups as the default set.
These groups will also be
automatically added to new
Figure 5-46 designs.
 - this button will load the
default set of groups.
 Layer groups can be
activated by double-clicking
the group name in the top
panel, or selecting it and
hitting <Enter>.
 Groups can also be deleted
by selecting and pressing
delete or backspace in the
top panel.
 Layers can be removed
from groups by selecting
and pressing delete or
backspace in the bottom
panel.
 Functions are also
accessible through context
menus:
Figure 5-47
 The Goto View command
switches the focus to the
linked view on the Views
tab.
5.5.14.3 VIEWS TAB

 Views can be created and
deleted using the edit box
and buttons under the top
panel ( … ).
 - indicates an unlinked
view.
 - indicates a view with a
linked group.
 Checking the “Auto sync
layer groups” option will
automatically create a
group to go with new
named views.
 Views can be activated by
double-clicking the name in
the panel, or selecting it
and hitting <Enter>. If a
view has a linked layer
group, the group will also
be activated.
 Views can also be deleted
by selecting and pressing
delete or backspace in the
top panel.
 Functions are also
accessible through context
menus:
Figure 5-48
Figure 5-49
 The Goto Group command
switches the focus to the
linked group on the Groups
tab.

5.5.15 WETTED RADII
This option can be turned on or off to quickly show or hide the arcs
associated with outlets (View|Wetted Radii). It shows or hides the
default layer that the wetted radius arcs are placed in.
Wetted radii need to be created before this tool will work. Wetted radii
can be created with the outlets, or after outlets have been drawn on the
screen.
Note: To turn off sprayline wetted radii, the user must turn off the
SL_WETTED_RADII layer in Settings|Layers.
See also:
Create Wetted Radii Section 5.12.4

Spraylines Settings Section 5.10.8.2
5.5.16 SPRAYLINE OUTLETS

This is a tool that can be turned on or off to quickly show or hide the
outlets associated with connected spraylines (View|Sprayline Outlets). It
shows or hides the default layer that the sprayline outlets are placed in.
Sprayline outlets need to be created before this tool will work. Sprayline
outlets can be created with the drawing of spraylines or created after the
sprayline has been drawn on the screen. If creating sprayline outlets,
turn the layer on by selecting View|Sprayline Outlets.
See also:
Create Sprayline Outlets Section 5.12.5

Spraylines Settings Section 5.10.8.2
5.5.17 VIEW IN GOOGLE EARTH

The View|View in Google Earth option is a one step process for
exporting the design, with the default KML Import/Export settings,
directly into Google Earth. Similarly to the Export to KML function the
coordinates need to be in UTM and the UTM zone specified. See Export
to Google Earth File Format (KML), Section 5.3.9.1.

5.6 DRAW
The Draw menu contains tools that can be used to place geometric
objects on the screen. The Draw menu also has options to enhance the
appearance of the design.
Tools available from the Draw menu are:
Figure 5-50
5.6.1 POINT
Use the Point tool to place a point for use during the construction of
another object or to mark a particular spot.
To place a point:
1. Select Draw|Point.
2. Place a point where the point marker is to be located.
3. Repeat step 2 as required.
Tip: Type in coordinates to place the points (e.g., 30,40) and then
press the <Enter> key. Note that the coordinates the user type

are displayed on the status bar in the left-hand corner before the
user presses <Enter>.
This tool uses the current values of layer, color, line type and line width
to draw the point. These current values are set in Settings|Drawing
Items. To change the properties of a particular point, select
Modify|Change and click on the point the user wishes to change.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.2 LINE
A line can be drawn on the screen by selecting one of the Draw|Line
options:
 Single
 Double
 Continuous
to draw the line. These current values are set in Settings|Drawing Items.
To change the properties of a particular line, select Modify|Change and
click on the line the user wishes to change.
Tip: To draw a line a specified length:

 Select the line from the Draw menu, click to place the start point
on the screen, and type in the length of the line. This number will
appear on the status bar in the left-hand corner. Press <Enter>
on the keyboard and the line will complete the required distance.
Note that the angle the user move the cursor from the first point,
is the angle at which the line will continue at (see a= on the
status bar).
 An angle can be set by following the required length of the line
by a comma, a less than sign (<) and the angle required (e.g.,
30,<180 will result in a line 30ft (m) at an angle of 180°).
 Alternatively, type in coordinates to place the first and
subsequent points (e.g., 30,40) then press the <Enter> key.

See also:
Single Line Section 5.6.2.1

Double Line Section 5.6.2.2
Continuous Line Section 5.6.2.3
Geometric Properties Section 5.10.5.1
5.6.2.1 SINGLE LINE

Use the Single Line tool to draw a single line segment with a start and
end point.
To draw a single line:
1. Select Draw|Line|Single.
2. Place the starting point.
3. Place the ending point.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 as required.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
Line Tips Section 5.6.2
5.6.2.2 DOUBLE LINE

Double lines are useful for drawing walls, roads, and other parallel lines.
To draw a double line:
1. Select Draw|Line|Double.
2. A dialog box will appear where the right and left offsets can be
entered.
Figure 5-51
3. The user may also check the “Solid Fill” box to have the space
between the lines filled with the current drawing color.
4. Click [OK].
6. Place points to define each new bend in the set of double
continuous lines.
7. Finish the line by selecting Done from the pop up Right-click
menu, double-clicking or pressing the <Esc> key. Selecting
Right-click|Close can close the line.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 as required.
Note: The left and right offset directions are defined relative to the
movement of the cursor; the left offset applies to the left of the
cursor’s forward direction, and the right offset applies to the
right. This applies whether the cursor is moving up, down, left or
right on the screen. For example, if drawing from the bottom of
the screen to the top, the left offset line is on the left side of the
double line as the user view the screen. If, however, drawing
from the top to the bottom, the left offset is actually on the right
side of the double line as the user view the screen.
Tip: The user can select, modify and delete each line of a double line
separately.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.2.3 CONTINUOUS LINE

Use the Continuous Line tool to create a continuous line consisting of
one or more line segments.
To draw a continuous line:
1. Select Draw|Line|Continuous.
3. Place the end point of the first line segment. This is also the
starting point for the second segment.
4. Place additional points to create the line segments of the
continuous line.
5. Select Right-click|Done, double-click, or press the <Esc> key to
stop drawing line segments. Alternatively, select Right-
click|Close to create a closed boundary.
6. Repeat Steps 2 to 5 as required.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.3 POLYLINE
Polyline is another name for Continuous Line and is used in exactly the
same way.
See also:
Continuous Line Section 5.6.2.3

Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.10.16.2
5.6.4 RECTANGLE
A rectangle can be drawn on the screen by selecting one of the
Draw|Rectangle options:-
 2 Point (horizontal or vertical rectangles)

 3 Point (rectangles at any angle)
to draw the rectangle. These current values are set in Settings|Drawing
Items. To change the properties of a particular rectangle, select on the
Modify|Change and select the rectangle the user wishes to change.
Tips: To draw a side of a rectangle a specified length:

 Select the rectangle from the Draw menu, click to place the start
point on the screen, and type in the length of the side. This
number will appear on the status bar in the left-hand corner.

Press <Enter> on the keyboard and the line will complete the
required distance. Note that the angle the user move the cursor
from the first point, is the angle at which the side will continue at
(see a= on the status bar).
 An angle can be set by following the required length of the side
30,<180 will result in a side 30ft (m) at an angle of 180°).
 Alternatively, type in coordinates to place the first and
subsequent points (e.g., 30,40) then press the <Enter> key.
See also:
2 Point Rectangle Section 5.6.4.1

3 Point Rectangle Section 5.6.4.2
5.6.4.1 2 POINT RECTANGLE

A two-point rectangle is a rectangle that has been drawn on the screen
by using only two points – the starting point, and the end point. The end
point is the corner diagonally opposite the starting point. Use the 2 Point
Rectangle tool to create a horizontal or vertical rectangle.
To draw a two-point rectangle:
1. Select Draw|Rectangle|2 Point.

2. Place any corner (vertex) of the rectangle.
3. Place the opposite corner.
Tips: To draw a 2 Point rectangle with a specified diagonal distance:

 Select the rectangle from the Draw menu and click to place the
start point on the screen. Type in the length of the diagonal line.
This number will appear on the status bar in the left-hand
corner. Press <Enter> on the keyboard and the line will
complete the required distance.
 Alternatively, type in coordinates to place the first and second
points (e.g., 30,40) then press the <Enter> key.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
Rectangle Tips Section 5.6.4
5.6.4.2 3 POINT RECTANGLE

A three-point rectangle is one that is drawn using three points. The first
two points control the length and direction of one of the sides. The third
point is used to size the width or length of the rectangle. Use the 3 Point
Rectangle tool to create a rectangle by defining its width and height with
three points.
To draw a three-point rectangle:
1. Select Draw|Rectangle|3 Point.

2. Place a point at any corner (vertex) of the rectangle.
3. Place the endpoint of the line.
4. Move the cursor perpendicular to the line the user just drew.
5. Place a third point to complete the rectangle.
Note: In most cases, the second and third points can be placed using
a snap tool.
Tips: To draw a 3 Point Rectangle with specified lengths and widths:

 Select the rectangle from the Draw menu and click to place the
start point on the screen. Type in the length of one side. This
Press <Enter> on the keyboard and the line will complete the
required distance. Note that the angle the user move the cursor
from the first point, is the angle at which the line will continue at
(see a= on the status bar). Type in the length of the other
dimension and press <Enter> to complete the rectangle.
 An angle can be set by following the required length of the line
30,<180 will result in a line 30ft (m) at an angle of 180°).
 Alternatively, type in coordinates to place the first, second and
third points (e.g., 30,40) then press the <Enter> key.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
Rectangle Tips Section 5.6.4

5.6.5 POLYGON
A polygon can be drawn on the screen by selecting one of the
Draw|Polygon options:
 Center
 Side
 Irregular
 Seed
to draw the polygon. These current values are set in Settings|Drawing
Items. To change the properties of a particular polygon, select
Modify|Change and click on the polygon the user wishes to change.
Tips: To draw a polygon with specified lengths:

 Select the polygon from the Draw menu, click to place the start
point on the screen, and type in the length of one side. This
Press <Enter> on the keyboard and the polygon side will
measure the required distance. Note that the angle the user
move the cursor from the first point, is the angle at which the
side will continue at (see a= on the status bar).
by a comma, a less than sign (<)and the angle required (e.g.,
 Alternatively, type in coordinates to place the first and second
points (e.g., 30,40) then press the <Enter> key.
5.6.5.1 POLYGON DIALOG

Number of Sides: The number of sides required for the polygon.
Circumscribe: The second point will represent the midpoint of
a side of the polygon.
Inscribe: The second point used to define the polygon will
represent a vertex of the polygon.
See also:
Center Polygon Section 05.6.5.2

Side Polygon Section 5.6.5.3
Irregular Polygon Section 5.6.5.4
Seed Polygon Section 5.6.5.5
5.6.5.2 CENTER POLYGON

A center polygon is one that uses the center of the object as the pivoting
point for rotation and sizing. Use the Center Polygon tool to draw a
regular polygon.
To draw a regular polygon using center construction:
1. Select Draw|Polygon|Center.
2. Enter the number of sides for the polygon and select
circumscribe or inscribe in the dialog that pops up. Click [OK].
3. Place a point to locate the center of the polygon.
4. Place a point to complete the polygon.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
Polygon Tips Section 5.6.5
5.6.5.3 SIDE POLYGON

Use the Side Polygon tool to draw a regular polygon when the length,
orientation and location of one side are known.
To draw a regular polygon using one-side construction:
1. Select Draw|Polygon|Side.
2. Select the number of sides for the polygon. Click [OK].
3. Place the starting point for one side of the polygon.
4. Place an end point for one side of the polygon.
5. Move the cursor to either side of this line to flip the polygon if
required and click the left mouse button to complete the
polygon.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.10.16.2
5.6.5.4 IRREGULAR POLYGON

Use the Irregular Polygon tool to create a polygon of three or more
sides, each side being of any length or angle. In effect, this tool creates
a closed continuous line.
To draw an irregular polygon:
1. Select Draw|Polygon|Irregular.
2. Click to place the first point.
3. Place additional vertex points around the perimeter of the
polygon.
4. Select Right-click|Done, or double-click to complete the polygon.
An end point does not have to be placed on top of the starting point;
IRRICAD connects the first and last vertices automatically.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.5.5 SEED POLYGON

Draw|Polygon|Seed creates new polygons, from regions defined by
existing concurrent or crossed geometric entities, with a single click.
To use Polygon Seed

1. Select Draw|Polygon|Seed and click inside an unconnected
region.
2. IRRICAD will create an additional polygon matching the shape
of the region.

Draw the objects Click inside the required region
using Draw|Polygon|Seed
Figure 5-52
The new polygon can subsequently be converted into to an irrigation

block or Zone|Area.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.6 CIRCLE
A circle can be drawn on the screen by selecting one of the Draw|Circle
options:
 3 Point
 Diameter
 Center Radius
 Ellipse
to draw the circle. These current values are set in Settings|Drawing
Items. To change the properties of a particular circle, select
Modify|Change and click on the circle the user wishes to change.

Tips: The user can specify the distance between two points by typing
in a length and pressing the <Enter> key to place the second
point. This number will appear on the status bar in the left-hand
corner. Note that the angle the user move the cursor from the
first point, is the angle at which the line will continue at (see a=
on the status bar).
An angle can be set by following the required length of the side

30,<180 will result in a minimum diameter of 30ft (m) at an angle
of 180°).
Alternatively, type in coordinates to place the first, second and

Use any if the snap tools to place a point precisely at any

location (see Snaps, Section 5.1.3).
See also:
3 Point Circle Section 5.6.6.1

Diameter Circle Section 5.6.6.2
Center Radius Circle Section 5.6.6.3
Ellipse Circle Section 5.6.6.4
5.6.6.1 3 POINT CIRCLE

A three-point circle is a circle that needs to have three points in order to
draw it on the screen. When this tool is chosen, the first two points draw
a line, which becomes the smallest possible diameter of the circle. The
third point can be anywhere on the circumference of that circle, and
determines size and placement. The circle can be placed anywhere
about the third point, which acts as a central pivot.
Use the 3 Point Circle tool to create a circle when the center and radius
are not known. The circumference must pass through three specific
points in the drawing.
To draw a three-point circle:
1. Select Draw|Circle|3 Point.

2. Place the first of the three points for the circle to pass through.

3. Place the second point. As the user move the cursor, a new
rubberband connects the second point to the cursor.
4. Place a third point to complete the circle.
5. Repeats steps 2 to 4 as required.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
Circle Tips Section 5.6.6
5.6.6.2 DIAMETER CIRCLE

A diameter circle is a circle that uses the starting point as a pivot for
placement and sizing, with the distance of the cursor from the starting
point determining the size of the circle. Use the Diameter Circle tool to
create a circle whose diameter the user specify by placing two points.
To draw a diameter circle:
1. Select Draw|Circle|Diameter.
2. Place a point that will be on the circumference of the circle. As
the cursor is moved, the user sees a dynamic preview of the
circle.
3. Place a second point to define the circle.
Tip: If the user know the diameter, simply type it while the user are
dragging the preview circle in the required direction and press
the <Enter> key.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.6.3 CENTER RADIUS CIRCLE

A center radius circle is one that uses the center of the circle as a
pivoting point for sizing, the distance of the cursor from the center
determining the size of the circle.
Use the Center Radius Circle tool to create a circle when the user know
the location of the center point, and the circle’s radius or the location of
any point on the circumference of the circle.
To draw a center radius circle:
1. Select Draw|Circle|Center Radius.

2. Place the center point of the circle.
3. Place the second point on the circumference of the circle.
Tips: If the radius is known simply type it as the circle is being

dragged and then press the <Enter> key.
If the diameter is known, type the expression (d)/2 e.g., if the

diameter is 10ft type (10)/2.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.6.4 ELLIPSE CIRCLE

Use the Ellipse Circle tool to draw an ellipse defined by the length and
width at its principal axes.
To draw an ellipse:
1. Select Draw|Circle|Ellipse.
2. Place the starting point of the first axis.
3. Place the endpoint of the first axis. This defines the length and
orientation of the ellipse. As the user move the cursor
perpendicular to the first axis, a preview of the ellipse follows the
cursor.
4. Place a third point to complete the ellipse.
Tip: If the user know the length of the first axis, simply type it while
the user are dragging the preview circle in the required direction
and press the <Enter> key.

See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.7 CURVE
A curve is a line that is not straight. It can be manipulated to any size or
shape. A curve can be drawn on the screen by selecting one of the
following Draw|Curve options:
 Single Bezier
 Continuous Bezier
 Spline
to draw the Curve. These current values are set in Settings|Drawing
Items. To change the properties of a particular curve, select
Modify|Change and click on the curve the user wishes to change.
Tip: IRRICAD provides extensive support for snap and break tools
involving both Bezier and Spline curves. For example, the user
can trim a continuous Bezier curve to a line, circle, or even
another Bezier curve. The user can also use Right-
click|Snaps|Tangent and Right-click|Snaps|Perpendicular to
each of these entities.
See also:
Single Bezier Curve Section 5.6.7.1

Continuous Bezier Curve Section 5.6.7.2
Spline Curve Section 5.6.7.3
5.6.7.1 SINGLE BEZIER CURVE

Use the Single Bezier Curve tool to create a curved line. Two control
points determine the shape of the curve. These control points define
lines that are tangent to the curve at the end points. IRRICAD constructs
a smooth curve connecting the end points and meeting the tangency
constraints.

To draw a single Bezier curve:
1. Select Draw|Curve|Single Bezier.

2. Place the starting and ending points of the curved line. A
preview curve appears, connecting the two end points. Moving
the cursor controls the slope and bulge of the curve at the
starting end.
3. Place the first control point to fix the slope of the curve at the
starting point. The cursor now controls the location of the
second control point. Moving the cursor changes the slope and
bulge at the end of the curve.
4. When the curve is shaped as required, place the second control
point.
Tip: The user can place the points of the curve by typing in the
coordinates and pressing the <Enter> key.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
CurveTips Section 5.6.7
5.6.7.2 CONTINUOUS BEZIER CURVE

Use the Continuous Bezier Curve tool to create a continuous curved
line, consisting of individual Bezier curves joined at each construction
point, but behaving as one entity.
To draw a continuous Bezier curve:
1. Select Draw|Curve|Continuous Bezier.

2. Place the starting point of the curve.
3. Place points to define the remaining segments of the curve (the
curve will pass through these points). Each segment of the
curve is adjusted when the user place the second line of the line
segment, creating a smooth, continuous curve.
complete the curve.

See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.7.3 SPLINE CURVE

Use the Spline Curve tool to draw a spline curve. The user can move
construction points on a spline curve, but the user cannot move control
points independently.
To draw a spline curve:
1. Select Draw|Curve|Spline.
2. Place the starting point of the curve.
3. Place additional construction points to create the required curve.
complete the curve.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.8 ARC
An arc is a part of a circle. An arc can be drawn on the screen by
selecting one of the Draw|Arc options:
 Start Mid End

 Center Start End
 Elliptical
to draw the arc. These current values are set in Settings|Drawing Items.
To change the properties of a particular arc, select Modify|Change and
click on the arc the user wishes to change.

Tips: If the user know the length of the radius or first axis, simply type
it while the user are dragging the preview arc in the required
direction and press the <Enter> key.
An angle can be set by following the required length of the side

30,<180 will result in a radius 30ft (m) at an angle of 180°). The
same rules can apply for the third point.
Alternatively type in coordinates to place the first, second and

See also:
Start Mid End Arc Section 5.6.8.1

Center Start End Arc Section 5.6.8.2
ArcTips Section 5.6.8
Elliptical Arc Section 0
5.6.8.1 START MID END ARC

Use the Start Mid End Arc tool to create an arc when the beginning
point, a point on the arc, and the endpoint is known.
To draw a three-point arc:
1. Select Draw|Arc|Start Mid End.

2. Place the starting point for the arc.
3. Place any intermediate point on the arc. A preview of the arc
appears, connected on one end to the cursor.
4. Place the endpoint of the arc.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2

5.6.8.2 CENTER START END ARC
Two points are placed on the screen that becomes the radius about
which an arc can be drawn. Use the Center Start End Arc tool to create
an arc when the user know its center point, the starting point of the arc,
and any point on the line connecting the center point with the end of the
arc (or the extension of that line).
To draw a center start end arc:
1. Select Draw|Arc|Center Start End.

2. Place a point at the center of the arc. A rubberband connects
the center with the cursor, representing a preview of the radius.
3. Place the first endpoint of the arc. This point determines the
radius as well as one endpoint of the arc.
4. When the arc has been opened to the required angle or
alignment, place another point.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.8.3 ELLIPTICAL ARC

Use the Elliptical Start-Span Arc tool to create an elliptical arc based on
a parent ellipse. First the parent ellipse is created by defining its major
and minor axes. Then define the beginning and end of the elliptical arc
using an angular span originating at the center of the ellipse.
To draw an elliptical start-span arc:
1. Select Draw|Arc|Elliptical.
2. Draw the parent ellipse. Follow the procedure included for the
Ellipse Circle tool (Section 0). When the ellipse is completed, a
rubberband connects the center to the ellipse to the cursor. The
rubberband line represents a cutting line; the intersection of this
line and the ellipse will be the start of the elliptical arc.
3. Place the first endpoint of the elliptical arc.
4. Place a point to complete the elliptical arc.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3

5.10.16.2
5.6.9 HATCH
A hatch is a pattern drawn within an area on the screen to represent
different materials or textures. A hatch can be drawn on the screen by
selecting one of the Draw|Hatch options:
 Selection
 Boundary
 Seed
In order for the hatch to be displayed, the “Display Hatch” check box
must be checked in Settings|Drawing Items.
This tool uses the current values of layer and color to draw the hatch.
These values are set in Settings|Drawing Items.
5.6.9.1 HATCH DIALOG
Figure 5-53

Name: This is the name of the style of hatch to use.
Select from the dropdown list to change the
current style.
Scale: Sets the size of the hatch pattern. If the hatch
tool seems to be unsuccessful, increase the
scale.
Angle: Type in an angle from 0o to 360o to rotate the
hatch pattern as required.
Show Boundary: This option has no effect with Hatch Selection
or Hatch Seed. Displays hatch boundaries as a
line on the screen.
See also:
Hatch Selection Section 5.6.9.2

Hatch Boundary Section 5.6.9.3
Hatch Seed Section 5.6.9.4
5.6.9.2 HATCH SELECTION

Use the Hatch Selection tool to draw a hatch pattern when closed
objects such as circles, polygons, connected single lines, etc. define the
hatch boundaries. Closed objects located inside other closed objects
remain unhatched when all are selected.
To draw a hatch pattern within selected objects:
1. Select the closed objects the user wishes to hatch.

2. Objects the user select must be closed (sharing the same
beginning and end point).
3. Select Draw|Hatch|Selection.
4. Select a hatch pattern and enter a scale and angle in the dialog.
Click [OK].
See also:

Hatch Properties Section 0
5.6.9.3 HATCH BOUNDARY

Use the Hatch Boundary tool to draw a hatch pattern within an area
specified by placing points.
To draw a hatch pattern using points to define a boundary:
1. Select Draw|Hatch|Boundary.
Click [OK].
3. Place points to define an imaginary irregular polygon that would
enclose the hatch pattern.
4. Rubberbands are displayed connecting the cursor to the last
point placed and to the first point placed. These lines provide a
preview of the area to be hatched.
5. When finished defining the area to be hatched, select Right-
click|Done.
6. Repeat Steps 3 to 5 as required
The defined area will be hatched.
Tips: To draw a hatch boundary with specified lengths:

 Select the hatch boundary from the Right-click menu, click to
place the start point on the screen, and type in the length of one
side. This number will appear on the status bar in the left-hand
corner. Press <Enter> on the keyboard and proceed to enter the
length of each side followed by pressing the <Enter> key. Note
that the angle the user move the cursor from the first point, is
the angle at which the side will continue at (see a= on the status
bar).
 Alternatively type in coordinates to place the first, second and
consecutive points (e.g., 30,40) then press the <Enter> key.
See also:

5.6.9.4 HATCH SEED

Use the Seed Hatch tool to add a hatch to closed objects such as
circles, polygons, connected single lines, etc. Closed objects located
inside other closed objects remain unhatched.
To draw a hatch pattern within selected objects:

1. Select Draw|Hatch|Seed.
Click [OK].
3. Click inside the area to be hatched. Remember that the objects
must be closed (sharing the same beginning and end point).
4. Repeat Step 3 as required.
The objects will be filled with the current hatch.
Tips: If there are 100 or more objects on screen when the user selects
Hatch|Seed, IRRICAD will not fill the object.
If the user is not having success with Hatch|Seed, select both

objects and use Hatch|Selection.
See also:

5.6.10 FILL
Fill is a tool that can be used to add a solid-color fill to objects.
A fill can be drawn on the screen by selecting one of the Draw|Fill

options:
 Fill Selection
 Fill Boundary
 Fill Seed
In order for the fill to be drawn the “Display Fills” check box must be
checked in Settings|Drawing Items.
This tool uses the current values of layer and color to draw the hatch.
These values are set in Settings|Drawing Items.
See also:
Fill Selection Section 5.6.10.1

Fill Boundary Section 5.6.10.2
Fill Seed Section 5.6.10.3

5.6.10.1 FILL SELECTION
Use the Fill Selection tool to add a solid-color fill to selected closed
objects such as circles, polygons, connected single lines, etc. Selected
closed objects located inside other closed objects will also be filled.
To draw a solid fill within selected objects:
1. Select the objects the user wishes to fill. Remember that the
objects must be closed (sharing the same beginning and end
point).
2. Select Draw|Fill|Selection.
The selected objects will be filled with the current drawing color.
See also:
Fill Properties Section 5.6.10
5.6.10.2 FILL BOUNDARY

Use the Fill Boundary tool to create a solid-color fill within boundaries
defined by points that the user place. Fills are placed on the current
drawing layer and filled with the current drawing color.
To fill an area using points to define the boundary:
1. Select Draw|Fill|Boundary.
2. Place points to define an imaginary, irregular polygon that
encloses the fill. Rubberbands connect the cursor to the last
point placed and to the first point placed. These lines provide a
preview of the area to be filled.
3. When finished defining the area to be filled, select Right-
click|Done.
4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 as required.
The defined area will be filled.
Tips: To draw a fill boundary with specified lengths:

 Select the fill boundary from the Right-click menu, click to place
the start point on the screen, and type in the length of one side.
This number will appear on the status bar in the left-hand
corner. Press <Enter> on the keyboard and proceed to enter the
length of each side followed by pressing the <Enter> key. Note
that the angle the user move the cursor from the first point, is
the angle at which the side will continue at (see a= on the status
bar).
 Alternatively type in coordinates to place the first, second and
consecutive points (e.g., 30,40) then press the <Enter> key.
See also:
5.6.10.3 FILL SEED

Use the Seed Fill tool to add a solid fill to closed objects such as circles,
polygons, connected single lines, etc. Closed objects located inside
other closed objects remain unfilled.
To draw a solid fill within selected objects:
1. Select Draw|Fill|Seed. Remember that the objects must be

closed (sharing the same beginning and end point).
2. Click inside the area to be filled.
The objects will be filled with the current drawing color.
Tips: If there are 100 or more objects on screen when the user selects
Seed Fill, IRRICAD will not fill the object.
If the user is not having success with Fill|Seed, select both

objects and use Fill|Selection.
See also:
5.6.11 DIMENSION
Use Dimension tools when the user requires an exact measurement to
be displayed.

Selecting one of the first five Dimension tools will bring up the
Dimension Settings dialog.
Linear Dimension Section 5.6.11.4

Angular Dimension Section 5.6.11.5
Radial Dimension Section 5.6.11.6
Diameter Dimension Section 5.6.11.7
Ordinate Dimension Section 5.6.11.8
Selecting either Leader or Datum Dimension tools will bring up the

Leader / Datum Settings dialog.
Leader Dimension Section 5.6.11.9

Datum Dimension Section 5.6.11.10
Tip: IRRICAD gives the user extensive control over the appearance
and other properties of each part of a dimension. The user can
set and edit these properties when selecting any of the
Dimension command tools.
5.6.11.1 DIMENSION SETTINGS - DIMENSION
Figure 5-54

Drawing Properties
The drawing properties can be altered in the preferences.
Layer: Specifies the layer which the item will be

placed. The <DEFAULT> layer for dimension
items is DRAWING. Select a different layer from
the dropdown list if required.
Color: Specifies the color of the displayed element.
Select a new color from the color chart by
clicking on the color edit box, or select the By
Layer option to use the default layer color.
Line Type: Specifies the line type of the displayed element.
Select a different line width from the dropdown
list.
Line Width: Specifies the line width of the displayed
element. Select a different line width from the
dropdown list.
Mode
The options in this section determine whether dimensions are to be
placed individually or in connected groups, and how grouped
dimensions are related.
Single: Dimensions are placed one at a time, as

individual entities. Once a single dimension is
placed, the dimension command is completed.
Cumulative: Places a sequence of dimensions, each
originating from the same point, or baseline.
Partitioned: Places a string or chain of connected
dimensions, placed end-to-end. Dimension lines
are co-linear for the entire chain.
Line Direction
The line direction is the orientation used when measuring a distance and
drawing dimension lines. This direction is not necessarily aligned with
the object being dimensioned. Measured distances on the object are
projected onto the dimension direction. For example, the horizontal
dimension of a line drawn at a 30o angle represents the horizontal
component of the true length of that line.
Horizontal: Sets the dimension direction to horizontal. Only

the horizontal component of the selected object
is measured.
Vertical: Sets the dimension direction to vertical. Only
the vertical component of the selected object is
measured.
Aligned: Sets the dimension direction to parallel the line
selected (or aligned with the points placed).
Aligned dimensions always represent the true
length of the selected line (or distance between
the placed points).
Angle: Sets the degree at which to slant an angled
dimension line.
Note: A horizontal dimension is equivalent to a 0o dimension, and a

vertical dimension is equivalent to a 90 o dimension.
Extension
Extension lines, also called witness lines, visually connect the
dimensioned object to the dimension line. They are always drawn
perpendicular to (and usually beyond) the dimension line. IRRICAD
allows extension lines to be configured as follows:
Offset: Adjusts the space between the drawing object

and the end of the extension lines.
Above: Adjusts the distance that the extension line
extends past the dimension line and away from
the drawing object.
Below: When Stretch is unchecked, adjusts the
distance the extension line extends beyond the
dimension line and toward the drawing object.
Stretch: When checked, the extension lines stretch to
reach the drawing object (minus the Offset
distance). When unchecked, the Offset setting
is ignored, and the extension lines follow the
setting of the Below distance.
Proximity Fixed: Places the dimension line at a fixed distance
(Offset plus Below) from the drawing object.
When “Proximity Fixed” is off, the user can place the dimension line at
any distance away from the dimensioned object. This means that either
the Offset distance or the Below distance must give. If “Stretch” is
checked, the Below section of the extension line will Stretch to fill the
gap between the Offset distance and the dimension line. If “Stretch” is
unchecked, the Below distance will remain constant and the Offset
distance will give to fill the gap.
Arrow
These options determine the type and angle of arrowheads that will
terminate the ends of each dimension line. If terminators are added to
the lines, the user can end lines with arrowheads, circles, or slashes.
Type: Lists the types of arrowhead to place at the end

of the leader.
Size: Sets the length of the arrow, slash, or radius of
circle in real-world drawing units.
Angle: Adjusts the shape of the arrowhead or the angle
of the slash.
Flip: Flips the dimension line so that the arrows point
inward. Use this option when the extension lines
interfere with the dimension text.
Flip Dist Left: Sets the length of the left dimension line
segment when arrowheads are reversed by
checking the Flip box (see above). The left and
right sides of dimension lines correspond to the
view of the dimension if it were to be rotated so
that aligned dimension text would be horizontal.
Flip Dist Right: Sets the length of the right dimension line
segment when arrowheads are reversed by
checking the “Flip” box. The left and right sides
of dimension lines correspond to the view of the
dimension if it were to be rotated so that aligned
dimension text would be horizontal.
5.6.11.2 DIMENSION SETTINGS - DIMENSION TEXT

Tolerance
Tolerances specify allowable variations in dimensions, and are often
used in high-precision work. IRRICAD lets the user specify and display
tolerances.
Type: None. Turns off tolerance display.

Stacked: Tolerance is displayed in stacked-type format,
showing measured distance, followed by
allowable oversize tolerance stacked on top of
allowable undersize tolerance.
Fixed: The measured distance is shown, followed by
the tolerance value. Only a single tolerance
distance is allowed - the +ve and -ve tolerances
are identical.
Min / Max: Shows the maximum allowable distance
stacked on top of the minimum allowable
distance. Measured distance is not shown.
Lower: Sets the maximum distance permitted for a
dimension to be under the specified value
measured by IRRICAD.
Upper: Sets the maximum distance permitted for a
dimension to be over the specified value
measured by IRRICAD.
Figure 5-55
Vector Settings
Char Space: Specifies the spacing between characters of a
text line as a percentage of the character size.
The default is 20%. This option only applies to
vector text.
Slant Angle: Specifies the angle at which vector text is
slanted to emulate italics. The angle must be
between -45º and 45º. This option only applies
to vector text.
Mono Space: When checked, all characters are the same
width. When unchecked, wide characters (M
and W) take up more space than narrow
Fill Text: When checked, characters are solid filled.
When unchecked, characters are displayed in
outline, making both redrawing and printing
faster.
Prefix, Suffix and Overwrite

Normally, the text in a dimension is calculated automatically by
IRRICAD. The Prefix / Suffix options let the user add a custom prefix
and / or suffix to the angle or distance that IRRICAD calculates, without
losing the associative property of the dimension. The box also includes
an Overwrite control that lets the user completely replace the text that
IRRICAD calculates for the dimension.
Prefix: When checked, the text in the adjacent text box

is displayed before the distance or angle text
calculated by IRRICAD. Be sure to add a space
or other appropriate characters after the prefix
text to separate the prefix and the calculated
text.
Suffix: When checked, the text in the adjacent text box
is displayed after the distance or angle text
calculated by IRRICAD but before the tolerance.
Be sure to add a space or other appropriate
characters before the suffix text to separate the
calculated text and the suffix.
Overwrite: Checking this box replaces the calculated
dimension text with text that the user types in
the adjacent text box.
Scale
Sets the real-world size of dimension text in current drawing units.
Centered
When checked, dimension text is placed at the midpoint of the
dimension line, regardless of the orientation or mode chosen above.
When unchecked, the user positions the dimension text by moving the
cursor to position the line. Thus, for the first dimension in a chain, the
user will simultaneously position both the dimension line and the
dimension text.

Location
In Line: Dimension text is inserted and centered in a
break in the dimension line. The gap from the
dimension line to the dimension text is the
Offset distance defined above. Can be used
whether Horizontal or Aligned dimension text
option is chosen.
Above: Specifies that dimension text is placed parallel
to and offset from the dimension line.
Automatically sets dimension text to Aligned
mode.
Orientation
Horizontal: Specifies that dimension text is horizontal
regardless of orientation of the dimension line.
Applies only if dimension text placement is set
to the In Line Dist option (see description
below).
Aligned: Specifies that dimension text will always be
oriented parallel to the dimension line. This
option is set automatically if the dimension text
relationship to the dimension line is set to the
Above option (see description below).
Dimension Text
These options let the user set the font and size of dimension text, and its
orientation with respect to the dimension line. The dimension text is set
in the Dimension Font box in the Dimension Text tab.
Font: Sets the font used for dimension text.

Height: Specifies the size (height) of text characters in
the current drawing unit. The height of the text
is measured in real-world scale.
Aspect Ratio: Adjusts the height-to-width ratio of characters in
text blocks created using a vector font. For
example, with a text height of 1 and an aspect
of 2, the text character will be twice as wide as it
is tall.
Bold: Specifies bold type when checked. This option
applies only to TrueType text.
Italic: Specifies italic type when checked. This option

Underline: Specifies underlined type when checked. This
option applies only to TrueType text.
Line Spacing %: Sets the spacing (as a percentage of one line
height) between lines of text for stacked
tolerance display.
5.6.11.3 LEADER / DATUM SETTINGS

This dialog appears when the Leader or Datum Dimension options are
selected (Draw|Dimension|…).
Figure 5-56
Drawing Properties
The drawing properties can be altered to the preferences.

placed. The <DEFAULT> layer for dimension
items is DRAWING. Select a different layer from
the dropdown list if required.
Color: Specifies the color of the display element.
Line Width: Specifies the line width of the display element.
list.
Line Type: Specifies the line type of the display element.
list.

vector text.
between -45° and 45°. This option only applies
to vector text.
faster.
Text Edit Box

Enter the text the user wishes to be placed with the Leader or Datum
dimension as applicable.
Datum Dimension
Datum Dimension options set the datum dimension style to display X
values, Y values, or both.
Offset
Sets the distance between the tail end of the leader shoulder, and the
leader text.
Shoulder
Adjusts the size of the leader tail’s horizontal segment that is nearest the
text.

Arrow Settings
These options determine the type and angle of arrowheads that will
terminate the ends of each dimension line. If terminators are added to
the lines, the user can end lines with arrowheads, circles, or slashes.
Type: Lists the types of arrowhead to place at the end

of the leader.
Size: Sets the length of the arrow, slash, or radius of
circle in real-world drawing units.
Angle: Adjusts the shape of the arrowhead or the angle
of the slash.
Leader Text
These options let the user set the font and size of dimension text, and its
orientation with respect to the dimension line. The dimension text is set
in the Dimension Font box in the Dimension Text tab.
Font: Sets the font used for dimension text.

is tall.
Line Spacing %: Sets the spacing (as a percentage of one line
height) between lines of text for stacked
tolerance display.
5.6.11.4 LINEAR DIMENSION

Use the Linear Dimension tool to display a length. Typically, linear
dimensions are used to show the length of an object, but they can also
show the distance between objects, or any other distance. Once placed,
a linear dimension is associative - if the dimensioned items are moved,

Stretched or re-scaled, the associated dimension is updated
automatically.
To place a linear dimension:
1. Select Draw|Dimension|Linear. Edit the dialog as required (see

Dimension Settings - Dimension, Section 5.6.11.1). Click [OK].
2. Place the starting point for the dimension. IRRICAD will locate
each endpoint, and start the linear dimension. The first point
should be placed precisely, since it will be the basis for the first
distance measurement. The first point can be positioned via
Snaps, especially if for “Partitioned” or “Cumulative” modes
3. Place the ending point for the first dimension. As the user moves
the cursor, a dynamic preview of the dimension now appears,
constrained to move perpendicular to the dimension direction.
The user can place the dimension on either side of the line
being measured. Depending on the settings for “Proximity Fixed”
and “Extension Stretch”, the user may or may not be able to
freely drag the dimension preview (within its constraints). The
extension lines may Stretch as required to maintain the specified
extension offset, or they may remain constant in length, allowing
the offset distance to vary.
4. Move the dimension line to the required location away from the
dimensioned object, and place a point to set the dimension line.
For single dimensions, this step completes the tool. For
“Partitioned” dimensions, this point sets the first dimension line
and establishes the starting point and offset for the next
dimension line (so the user will not need to place the dimension
line for subsequent dimensions). For “Cumulative” and
“Partitioned” dimensions, place subsequent points to create
each new dimension.
5. Select Right-click|Done or double-click to complete the tool.
See also:
Dimension Settings - Dimension Section 5.6.11.1

Dimension Settings - Dimension Text Section 5.6.11.2
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.6.11.5 ANGULAR DIMENSION

Use the Angular Dimension tool to measure any angle in the drawing by
first identifying a vertex and then a point on each ray. For every angle, a
choice of dimensioning either the inside or the outside measurement is
available. Once placed, angular dimensions are associative. This means
that if the dimensioned angle changes, the associated angular
dimension will be updated automatically.
To place an angular dimension:
1. Select Draw|Dimension|Angular. Edit the dialog as required (see

2. Place a vertex for the angle, snapping to a point on the object
the user is dimensioning.
3. If the user is dimensioning the angle spanned by an arc, click
the arc. IRRICAD will find the end-points and determine the
angle (if this is the case, the user can skip to step 5).
4. Place a second point to identify the first ray of the angle.
5. Place a third point to identify the second ray of the angle.
6. Drag the mouse to choose the smaller or larger angle.
7. A dynamic preview of the angle dimension will now appear.
8. Drag the preview dimension to the required location and place a
point to position the dimension.
Tip: The text is always placed horizontally in angular dimensions.
See also:

Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.6.11.6 RADIAL DIMENSION

Use the Radial Dimension tool to measure the radius of a circle or arc.
Once placed, a radial dimension is associative: if the dimensioned items
are Stretched or re-scaled, the associated dimension will be updated
automatically.
To place a radial dimension:
1. Select Draw|Dimension|Radial. Edit the dialog as required (see

2. Click the circle or arc the user are dimensioning.
3. A preview of the dimension appears along a path, which passes
through the object's center point and the cursor. The dimension
line rotates as necessary to stay aligned with the cursor and the
dimension arrow points outward toward the circle perimeter
when the cursor is inside the circle and inward toward the circle
when the cursor is outside the circle.
4. Drag the dimension to the required position then click to set the
radial dimension.
See also:

Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.6.11.7 DIAMETER DIMENSION

Use the Diameter Dimension tool to measure the diameter of a circle or
arc. Once placed, a diameter dimension is associative; if the
dimensioned items are Stretched or re-scaled, the associated dimension
will be updated automatically.
To place a diameter dimension:
1. Select Draw|Dimension|Diameter. Edit the dialog as required

(see Dimension Settings - Dimension, Section 5.6.11.1). Click
[OK].
2. Click the circle or arc the user are measuring.
3. A preview of the dimension appears along a path, which passes
through the object's center point and the cursor. The dimension
line rotates as necessary to stay aligned with the cursor, and the
dimension arrows point outward toward the circle perimeter
when the cursor is inside the circle and inward toward the circle
when the cursor is outside the circle.
4. Drag the dimension to the required position, and then click to set
the diameter dimension.
See also:

Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.6.11.8 ORDINATE DIMENSION

Ordinate dimensions allow the user to place a series of dimensions
based on a point the user specifies on the drawing.
1. Select Draw|Dimension|Ordinate. Edit the dialog as required
(see Dimension Settings - Dimension, Section 5.6.11.1). Click
[OK].
2. Click a base point from which to measure the dimensions.
3. Click a point that describes the positive axis of the
measurements.
4. Click where the user want to locate the dimension lines.
5. Click the points that the user want to dimension. When done,
select Right-click|Done.
See also:

Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.6.11.9 LEADER DIMENSION

Leaders (or call-outs) are notes that identify or call attention to objects or
areas in the drawing. A multi-segmented, arrowhead-tipped line
connects the object to a block of text.
To place a leader:
1. Select Draw|Dimension|Leader. Edit the dialog as required (see

Leader / Datum Settings, Section 5.6.11.3). Type the leader text
in the empty box in the dialog box screen. Click [OK].
2. Click to set the tip of the arrowhead. An arrowhead-tipped
rubberband will appear between the first point and the cursor
location.
3. Place additional points to set segments of the leader line. By
placing multiple segments, the user can make the leader line
bend around objects in the drawing. Remember that the final
segment or shoulder will be drawn automatically to connect the
leader lines to the text block
4. When finished drawing the leader line segments, select Right-
click|Done. Do not press <Esc> as this will cancel the tool.
5. Click at a point to show which side of the leader line the user
wants the text to appear, as prompted on the Status bar. A
bounding box appears next to the leader shoulder in the
drawing. This box indicates the position of the leader text,
although the user will later be able to shift it to either side of the
leader shoulder. The leader text will appear next to the leader

shoulder. As the user moves the cursor to the left or right, the
leader text will flip to the opposite side of the shoulder.
6. Click to place the leader text.
See also:
Leader / Datum Settings Section 5.6.11.3

Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.6.11.10 DATUM DIMENSION

Use Datum dimensioning to place a leader containing the absolute X, Y
or XY value of a chosen point.
1. Select Draw|Dimension|Datum.
2. Edit the dialog as required (see Leader / Datum Settings,
Section 5.6.11.3). Click [OK].
3. Click the point to dimension.
4. Click additional points to draw the leader. Select Right-
click|Done to complete the leader line.
5. Click to position the datum text.
See also:
Leader / Datum Settings Section 5.6.11.3

Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.6.12 SYMBOL
Symbols are collections of objects that are grouped together, named,
saved, and treated as a single object. The user can insert them
repeatedly in the same drawing, or save them on disk for use in future
designs. This saves the user the time that would be necessary to draw
the same objects over and over.
To place symbols accurately in a design, the user should be familiar with

IRRICAD’s coordinate entry and point placement tools. In general, the
user works with symbols in IRRICAD as described in the following list.
For more information, see the descriptions of the specific tools.
To place a symbol in the design:
1. Select Draw|Symbol.
2. Edit the dialog as required. Click [OK].
3. Place the symbol in the design.
5.6.12.1 SYMBOL DIALOG
Figure 5-57
Layer: The layer the symbol will be stored in. The

<DEFAULT> layer is DRAWING_SYMBOLS.
Use Placement Color: Check to draw the symbol in the current
drawing color. Leave unchecked to draw the
symbol in its definition color i.e., the color is was
when created.
Name: The name of the currently selected symbol.
Symbols available in the dropdown list have
been previously loaded (see Load Symbol,
Section 5.6.12.2).
Width: The width of the symbol in the defined units.
Height: The height of the symbol in the defined units.
Orientation: The orientation (rotation) of the symbol.
Dynamically Size: Check to drag the symbol to any size using a
rubberband rectangle. Uncheck to enter a size.
Maintain Shape: Check to maintain a ratio of the width and
height at which the symbol was created.
Uncheck to Stretch or squash the symbol in one
direction.

Tips: The user can replace all instances of one symbol in the drawing
with another by lassoing the items and choosing Modify|Change
Type.
The user can create a symbol in the drawing by highlighting

(selecting) the existing entities to be included in the symbol and
then selecting Tools|Create Symbol. This also saves the named
symbol to a file for use in other designs.
The user can divide a symbol into its individual component

entities by first selecting it, and then selecting Modify|Explode.
5.6.12.2 LOAD SYMBOL

Before a symbol can be used in a design its definition must first be
loaded. The names of the loaded symbols appear in the dropdown list of
Names in the symbol dialog.
Figure 5-58
To load symbols:
1. Click [Load].
2. In the Open dialog box, select one or more symbol files to be
loaded into the design. The user can browse for .vcs symbol
files in other directories such as symbols\database, to load
database symbols.
3. Click [Open].
The selected symbols will be loaded ready for use.
Tips: The user may need to check the “Placement Color” check box in
the dialog if the symbol has been created in white.
The user can load more than one symbol at a time by holding
down the <Shift> or <Ctrl> key on the keyboard.
5.6.12.3 UNLOAD SYMBOL

Symbols which are unused i.e., which are loaded but not placed in the
design, may be unloaded. This is useful when there are a large number
of symbols in the dropdown list.
To unload symbols:
1. Click [Unload].
2. Select the symbols to unload.
3. Click [OK].
Note: If the user tries to unload a symbol that is used in the design,
IRRICAD will display a message and the symbol will not be
unloaded.
5.6.13 TEXT
This tool allows the user to place text on the screen.
To place text on the screen:
1. Select Draw|Text.
2. Type in the required text or label.
4. Place the text where required on the design. The box displayed
is approximately the size of the text entered.
True type text is shown by the presence of a star to the right of the font
name.

5.6.13.1 TEXT DIALOG
Figure 5-59
Layer: Specifies the layer in which the item will be

placed. The <DEFAULT> layer for text items is
TEXT. Select a different layer from the
dropdown list if required.
Color: Specifies the color of the text. Select a new
color from the color chart by clicking on the
color edit box, or select the By Layer option to
use the default layer color.
Line Width: Specifies the line width of the display element.
list.
Line Type: Specifies the line type of the text. Select a
different line type from the dropdown list.
vector text.
to vector text.
faster.
Font: Sets the font used for attributes. Special font
formatting, such as bold, italics and underline
type styles, are not available for attributes.
IRRICAD can use either Windows TrueType
fonts or vector fonts. TrueType text tends to be
more aesthetically pleasing and to redraw faster
than vector fonts. TrueType fonts, however, are
not as accurate as vector fonts and can present
problems for some vector output devices such
as HP-GL plotters.
Orientation: Specifies the orientation of text from 0° to 360°.
Orientation is counter-clockwise. This field is
non-editable when placing text. The orientation
of the text can be altered when the text is
selected and using Modify|Change, typing in the
required text orientation.
is tall.
Justify: Determines text justification. Text can be
justified left, justified right, or centered
horizontally relative to the placement point.

Line Spacing: Specifies the spacing between lines as a
percentage of the font size. This is measured
from the reference point of the first line to the
reference point of the second line. For example,
using a font height of 2 and line spacing of
200%, the distance between the lines would be
4.
Load ASCII: Loads text from a file into a text box.
Paste: Pastes text previously copied to the clipboard
into the text box.
5.6.14 PLOT LAYOUT

A plot layout is usually placed on the completed design just prior to
printing. The layout will place a border around the design, supply details
such as designer, client, date, company logo etc., and supply a legend
for the pipes and other hydraulic items present in the design.
To place a plot layout on the screen:
1. Zoom in or out as required so that the part of the design (or

whole design) to be printed is visible on the screen.
2. Select Draw|Plot Layout.
3. Edit the dialog as required. Use the [Calculate] button to
determine an appropriate scale if unknown (the scale is
calculated on the current zoom). Click [OK].
4. The plot layout will be created at the specified scale and the
zoom state will be altered so the complete plot layout and
required part of the design can be seen on the screen.
5. Use Modify|Move to move the layout if required.
6. Now select File|Print.
7. Do not change anything in the print dialog, as IRRICAD has set
the print page based on the options in the Draw|Plot Layout
dialog. Simply click [Print].
Tips: Scale Calculate: Clicking the [Calculate] button will automatically

select a scale suitable for the current zoom state; this scale can
be overridden by simply typing in a different scale.
Keep Fills: Check this option if the generated plot layout should
retain any fills in the template. The user will need to do this if
printing only a portion of the plan where the plot layout overlaps
the design so that the parts of the design underneath the plot

layout are not visible. Do NOT check this option if “All Colors to
Black” option has been selected, or using File|Direct Plot to plot
the plan, since the fills will be printed in black or whatever plotter
pen color has been assigned to the color white. In the standard
plotting templates for this version, fills have been added around
the edges of the border and under title blocks.
5.6.14.1 PLOT LAYOUT DIALOG
Figure 5-60

Paper Size: Shows the dimensions of the currently selected
paper. To change the page size, click the down
arrow and select another paper size supported
by the selected printer.
Orientation: Select the paper orientation Portrait for vertical
or Landscape for horizontal orientation.
Margins: Shows the current margin values. Type 0 to get
the minimum default margins for the printer
selected.
Print Scale: The required scale to print the drawing to.
Calculate: IRRICAD will calculate a scale based on the
current zoom.
Drawing Template: The template file used to create the plot layout.
Template Text: Specifies the option selected for the title block
text. Word wrap will create subsequent lines if
the text is longer than the title block. Truncate
will cut off additional text once the border is
reached. Overwrite will print the text beyond the
border of the plot layout.
Keep Fills: Creates the plot layout with white fills around
the border and under the title block area. Used
if printing a section of the design.
Save As Defaults: Saves the currently selected printer, set
margins and template as the default. The
default will be loaded each time Draw|Plot
Layout is selected.
Printer: Select the printer and printer properties
required.
See also:
Convert Plot Layouts Section 5.3.14.4

Print Section 5.3.16
5.6.15 MANAGEMENT SYMBOL

The graphical management process automatically creates a symbol,
representing the current management arrangement, which can be
subsequently drawn onto the plan.
A symbol dialog is displayed and contains the normal symbol placement

and creation options.

The Management Symbol menu item is disabled when unavailable
(before Management has been completed).
Figure 5-61
To place a Management Symbol:
1. Complete a Management option (e.g., Design|Assign…).

2. Select Draw|Management Symbol.
3. Select the required option and click [OK].
4. If “Dynamically Size” and “Maintain Shape” are checked, simply
draw out the required size of the symbol by placing the top left
corner (click on the screen) and the bottom right corner (click on
the screen).
Note: If the Management has changed, the symbol will automatically

be updated.
5.6.16 PIPE REDUCTIONS

Pipe reduction symbols can be automatically placed on the design to
show the location, and direction, of changes in pipe size.
To place the symbols on the plan:
1. Select Draw|Pipe Reductions.

2. Select the type of item or items to be labelled with pipe reduction
symbols.

The items which are labeled with pipe reduction symbols can also be
controlled by using Select tools. Both pipe sizes need to be selected for
the smaller pipe to be labelled with the pipe reduction symbol. If no
items are selected, then all items of the types specified in the “Tool
Options” will be labeled (i.e. this is equivalent to a Select All).
Figure 5-62
Drawing Properties
Layer: The default layer is IRRICAD.
Symbol Name: The default symbol is PipeReduction but can
be replaced by any other symbol.
Symbol Size: The default symbol size is 5.

Tool Options
Symbol Spacing: The spacing in ‘symbol size’ from the junction
i.e 1 is the same length as the symbol itself at
the current “Base Database Symbol Size”: if the
symbol measures 2m in length on the plan, then
the symbol will be placed 2m from the junction
at symbol size 1.
Mainline items: Check this option to place reduction symbols on
Mainline items.
Zone items: Check this option to place reduction symbols on
Zone items.
Include hydraulic items: Any reduction occurring at a valve, pump or
other hydraulic item will not produce a reduction
symbol unless this option is checked.
Use pipe colours: When checked, the reduction symbols will be
the same colour as the smaller pipe. When
unchecked all reduction symbols will be black.
5.6.17 TREE BLOCK

Enables the creation of grids of tree symbols with specified tree and row
spacings. The Tree properties can be modified after construction. The
tree symbols can be moved independently, within the block, or all moved
as a unit by selecting and moving the block boundary.
An existing closed polygon or curve can be converted to a Tree Block by

highlighting and selecting Draw|Tree Block. Imported or an array of
symbols can be specified as a Tree Block.
5.6.17.1 TO CREATE A TREE BLOCK

1. Select an existing boundary.
2. Select Draw|Tree Block.
3. Specify the Tree Properties and Block Properties in the dialog.
Click [OK].
4. If User Defined "Tree Row Direction" was selected place the
start and end point for a representative row of trees. Note if the
Automatic "Tree Row Direction" is selected the first row of tree
symbols will be aligned with the first block boundary drawn.

Figure 5-63
5.6.17.2 TO MODIFY A TREE BLOCK

1. Use Change on the tree block boundary.
2. In the dialog make changes as required.
3. Click [OK].
5.6.17.3 TO CREATE A TREE BLOCK FROM AN EXISTING ARRAY OF

SYMBOLS/ITEMS
1. Have an existing array of symbols or items on the screen.
2. Go to Draw|Tree Block.
3. In Tree Properties enable Select as the "Tree type". Click [OK].
4. Draw a lasso around the extents of the collection of
symbols/items. Close the lasso by clicking on the start point or
by selecting Right-click|Close.
5. Click on one of the symbols/items that represent the trees.
6. Specify the row direction by clicking two representative points
that depict the alignment.
The tree block has now been specified.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 on a new set of symbols/items as required.

8. To finish the tool go to Select Object mode (or press the <Esc>
key twice).
5.6.17.4 TREE BLOCK DIALOG
Figure 5-64
Drawing Properties
Layer: The layer field setting applies to the tree block
boundary only. The <DEFAULT> is DRAWING.
Color: The color of the tree block boundary.
Line Type: The line type for the tree block boundary.
Line Width: The line width for the tree block boundary.

Tree Properties
Tree Type: The 'tree type' can be displayed as a Symbol of
the user’s choice: a Circle, a Point, or existing
items can be specified with the Select option.
Symbol - a tree/shrub/bush symbol to be used
for the 'trees'.
Circle - an open circle will be placed at the tree
positions in the current drawing color.
Point - a point will be placed at the tree
positions in the current drawing color.
Select - an option for use with imported or pre-
drawn tree positions to be converted into Tree
Block.
Name: The pre-loaded symbol name. Used with the
Symbol "Tree Type" option.
Size: The required symbol size. Used with the
Symbol "Tree Type" and "Circle" options.
Use Placement Color: The symbol placement color. When enabled the
symbols will use the current drawing color
rather than the symbol definition color. Used
with the Symbol "Tree Type" option.
Notes:The tree symbols are automatically placed on the

DRAWING_SYMBOLS layer. This can subsequently be
manually changed using the Change Type tool.
Additional symbols can be loaded via Draw|Symbol [Load

Symbol] prior to starting the Tree Block tool.
Block Properties
Block Name: The name of the block.
Tree Row Spacing: The spacing between tree rows within the block.
If the Select "Tree Type" is used this spacing is
nominal only.
Tree Spacing: The spacing between trees along a row. If the
Select "Tree Type" is used this spacing is
nominal only.
Tree Spacing Properties: The type of pattern that the trees are placed
in.
Rectangular - Rectangular tree
configuration in the block.
Triangular - Triangular tree
configuration in the block.
Offset - The distance of the first tree
from the start of the row.
Tree Row Direction: Determines the row direction. All other rows are
placed relative to this, based on the row
spacing. It can be User Defined where the user
specifies the position and alignment of a row, or
Automatic where the row direction is aligned
with either the first boundary drawn or a
selected block side.
Number of Tree Rows: The number of rows to be inserted in the block
when a specific number of rows is required. If
left at zero IRRICAD will fill the area defined by
the block boundaries.
No. Rows per Group: If greater than zero, the number of rows in each
group. If this field is set at zero then the “Group
Spacing” field will be disabled and all rows will
be spaced identically.
Group Spacing: The spacing between groups of rows (which will
be spaced at the tree row spacing).
Reference Tree: Determines a precise tree position. All other
trees are placed relative to this position based
on the tree spacing. This can be User Defined
where the user specifies the tree location or
Automatic where the first tree is placed on the
first row relative to the Offset.
Extra Trees on Ends: When enabled extra trees will be placed on the
ends of the tree rows if the distance from the
last tree to the end of the row is 45% of the tree
spacing or greater.
User Attributes
The [Attributes] button allows the user to attach any extra information to
these items and can subsequently be used in labels and reports.
Note: If making changes to the Tree Block after creation the "Tree
Row Direction" and "Reference Tree" fields will be disabled.
Enable the "Change" option to make any required changes.
5.6.18 CONTOUR
Contours are used to enter topographic information.
To draw contours:
1. Select Draw|Contour.
3. Place the end point of the first segment. This is also the starting
point for the second segment.
4. Place additional points to create the line segments at the
contour line.
5. To finish select Right-click|Done.
5.6.18.1 CONTOUR DIALOG
Figure 5-65
Layer: Specifies the layer contours will be stored in.

The <DEFAULT> layer for the contour is the
ELEVATIONS layer. Select a different layer if
required.
Color: Specifies the default color of contour lines. Click
on the color to change. Contours can also be
specified as By Layer color – will display the
color as specified in Settings|Layers for the
layer the contours are in.
Line Type: Specifies the default line type for contours. To
change click the down arrow and select a new
line type.
Line Width: Specifies the default line width for contours. To
change click the down arrow and select a new
line width.
Height: Specifies the elevation of the contour. Type in
the value. IRRICAD remembers the last
elevation used.
The default settings can be edited in Settings|Irrigation Items.
Notes:
Contours may be closed in a similar manner to polylines.
Contours may be connected to other contours. The height of the

new contour is automatically set to the height of the contour to
which it is connected.
When drawing contours close together, the new contour may

snap to an existing contour. In this case, continue drawing the
contour, then use Move Point to move the points away from the
existing contour.
See also:
Spot Height Section 5.6.19

Convert to Elevations Section 5.12.8
5.6.19 SPOT HEIGHT

Spot heights are used to enter topographic information.
To put in spot heights:
1. Select Draw|Spot Height.

2. Place the points where required. Upon left clicking the mouse on
the screen to place a spot height, a dialog box will appear.
3. Enter the height and edit the drawing properties as required.
4. Click [OK].

5.6.19.1 SPOT HEIGHTS DIALOG
Figure 5-66
Layer: Specifies the layer spot heights will be stored in.

The <DEFAULT> layer for the spot height is the
ELEVATIONS layer. Select a different layer if
required.
Color: Specifies the default color of spot heights. Click
on the color to change. Spot heights can also
be specified as By Layer color – will display the
color as specified in Settings|Layers for the
layer the spot heights are in.
Height: Specifies the elevation of the spot height. Type
in the value. IRRICAD remembers the last
elevation used.
See also:
Contour Section 5.6.18

Convert to Elevations Section 5.12.8
Calculate Contours Section 5.12.7

5.7 ZONE
The Zone menu has the following commands:
Figure 5-67
The Zone menu allows the user to place and connect zone items in the
design. A Zone is defined as connected hydraulic items downstream
from a control valve.
Note: When changing or viewing an item in the design through the

Change dialog, the item name will appear bold black if found
and turned on in the database, bold green if found but turned off
in the database or bold red if not found in the database.
5.7.1 PIPE
Pipes are hydraulic items connecting outlets and valves to water
supplies.
To place a pipe:
1. Select Zone|Pipe.
4. Place the end point. This is also the starting point of the next
pipe. Place additional points to create connected pipes.
5. To finish, select Right-click|Restart.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the pipe to a pipe if the “Default

Snap Mode” is “Connect” (see Settings|Snap, Section 5.10.16.1) and the
cursor is close to the pipe.
5.7.1.1 PIPE DIALOG
Figure 5-68
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is ZONE_PIPES or
MAINLINE_PIPES respectively.
Line Width: The line width can be changed and saved as
default in Settings|Irrigation - Design Specific.
Color and symbol are edited in the Database
Editor only (see Pipes, Section 3.8.1).
Pipe Properties
Item: The currently selected pipe. Pipes available in
the dropdown list have been entered into and
enabled in the pipe database.
Computer Sized: Check to get IRRICAD to select a suitable pipe
size during Design. Uncheck if manually
selecting a pipe or to keep the pipe size
previously selected by IRRICAD during Design.
Permanent Junctions: Check to create permanent junctions at the start
and end of pipe segments. Non-permanent
junctions are removed during design if the pipe
segments are considered to be close to a
straight line.
Depth: The depth of the hydraulic item below ground
level. If the hydraulic item is above ground level
enter this height as a negative number.
Scope: This determines whether this item is to be
designed only, in BOM reports only or both.
User Attributes
This button allows the user to attach any extra information to these items
and subsequently use it in labels and reports.
See also:
Snaps - Right-click menu Section 5.1.3
5.7.2 SPRAYLINE
A method of spacing outlets uniformly along a pipe.
To draw a Sprayline:
1. Select Zone|Sprayline.
4. Place the end point of the first sprayline segment. This is also
the starting point of the second segment. Place additional points
to create the sprayline segments.
5. To finish select Right-click|Restart.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the sprayline to a pipe if the “Default

5.7.2.1 SPRAYLINE DIALOG

Pipe Properties
Pipe: The currently selected pipe. The pipes available
in the dropdown list have been entered into and

Permanent Junctions: Check to create permanent junctions at the start
and end of pipe segments. Non-permanent
junctions are removed during design if the pipe
segments are considered to be close to a
straight line.
Figure 5-69
Sprinkler
Sprinkler: The currently selected outlet body. The outlets
available in the dropdown list have been
entered and enabled in the Database Editor.

Nozzle Properties
Nozzle: The currently selected nozzle. The sprinkler
nozzle currently selected. Nozzles available in
the dropdown list have been entered and
enabled in the Database Editor.
Pressure: Operating pressure for the sprinkler; the default
value is user-defined in the database.
Flow: Flow rate for the sprinkler at the pressure
shown.
Arc: The plan angle over which the sprinkler
operates (in degrees).
Radius: The wetted radius for the selected nozzle at the
selected pressure.
Intensity: Flow rate divided by area of application for a
single sprinkler; used as a simple measure of
precipitation rate.
Riser
Riser: The currently selected riser. The risers available
in the dropdown list have been entered and
Sprayline Properties
Outlet Spacing: The spacing between the outlets on the
sprayline.
Offset: The distance of the first sprinkler from the start
of the sprayline.
Options: Click this button to edit other properties of
spraylines
Scope: This determines whether the item is to be
Connected: If checked, IRRICAD is to treat the sprayline
with outlets as one item. If unchecked, sprayline
is Unconnected. Once placed the spraylines
becomes individual entities of pipes and
sprinklers.
Options – Drawing Properties

Layer: The <DEFAULT> layers are SPRAYLINES for
the sprayline pipe, SPRAYLINE_OUTLETS for
the outlet the user have selected, and
SL_WETTED_RADII for the sprayline outlets
wetted radii. These can be turned on or off in
Settings|Layers. If a sprayline is unconnected,
the default layers are ZONE_PIPES, OUTLETS
and OUTLET_WETTED_RADII respectively.
Wetted radii default settings can be changed in
Settings|Irrigation Items.
Line Width: Select a line width from the dropdown list.
Outlet color and symbol, pipe color and symbol
are edited in the Database Editor only (see
Pipes, Section 3.8.1).
Options – Outlet properties

Orientation: The orientation in degrees for the outlet symbol.
Options – Fixed Spacing

Fixed Spacing: Indicates whether the outlet spacing is fixed or
adjusted to fit between two points.
User Attributes
5.7.3 TAPE
Tapes are laterals with built in emitters.
To draw a Tape:
1. Select Zone|Tape.
2. In the dialog, select the tape item that is required in the design.
3. Type in the required depth, if any, and edit the Inlet Pressure if
required.
4. If the design requires a regulated submain pressure, check the
Regulated box, and type in a minimum submain pressure in the
box below. The nominal SDR is shown at the bottom of this
dialog. This value has been entered in the tape database.
5. Click [OK].
6. Place the start of the tape by clicking the left mouse button. End
the tape by a left click. Bent tapes can be drawn in much the
same way as polylines. Select Right-click|Done to finish.

5.7.3.1 TAPE DIALOG
Figure 5-70
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is SPRAYLINES.
Editor only (see Tapes, Section 3.8.2).
Tape Properties
Tape: The currently selected tape. Tapes available in
enabled in the database.
Inlet Pressure: The pressure is required at the start of each
tape.
Pressure Regulation: Indicates whether or not pressure regulation
(e.g., PRVs, spaghetti tube) will be used to
control the pressure at the tape inlet. During
analysis it is assumed that the regulation device

burns up the difference between the sub-main
pressure and the nominal inlet pressure at the
start of the tape.
Submain Min Pressure: The minimum pressure required in the
submain. Required for pressure regulated
tapes. The difference between the submain
pressure and tape inlet pressure provides a
differential pressure in which the pressure
regulators must operate. If the Regulated option
is unchecked, the submain minimum pressure is
not used.
Nominal SDR: The nominal Specific Discharge Rate specified
in the database and used for Show Flow and
Management reports only. This can be changed
in the Database Editor.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the tape to a pipe if the “Default

User Attributes

5.7.4 CUT PIPE

Cut Pipe is a tool to connect a zone pipe to many existing zone pipes or
laterals.
To use Cut Pipe:
1. Select Zone|Cut Pipe.

2. Choose a pipe, or leave as Computer Selected; edit drawing
properties if required. Click [OK].
3. Place the pipe where required, crossing other pipes as needed.

4. Select Right-click|Restart. The new pipe will now join to all pipes
it has crossed, or is placed close to the ends of.
5.7.4.1 CUT PIPE DIALOG
Figure 5-71
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is ZONE_PIPES.
Pipe Properties

User Attributes
5.7.5 SPRAY BLOCK

Spray Block is used to place spraylines at fixed intervals.
To use Spray Block:
1. Select Zone|Spray Block. A dialog will appear which will require

the user to enter information about pipe properties, sprinkler
selection, nozzle properties, riser selection, and block
properties. Check the “Connected” check box if the user require
connected spraylines.
2. In clicking [Options] the user can enter information about the
lateral, including lateral direction if “User-Defined”, the outlets,
including a reference outlet if “User-Defined”, and layer / line
width properties.
3. Now Click [OK] on both dialogs. The dialog will disappear and
the block boundaries can be drawn using the cursor. Upon
closing the boundaries, the laterals are placed automatically.
4. If the “User-Defined” direction box has been checked, then
another line must be drawn to show the direction and placement
of a reference lateral. Also, if the Reference Outlet “User-
Defined” box has been checked, a point must be entered to
show the required position.
5.7.5.1 BLOCK DIALOG

Pipe Properties
Pipe: The currently selected pipe. The pipes available
in the dropdown list have been entered into and

Figure 5-72
Sprinkler
Sprinkler: The currently selected outlet body. The outlets
Nozzle Properties
shown.
selected pressure.
precipitation rate.
Riser
Riser: The currently selected riser. The risers available
in the dropdown list have been entered and
Block Properties
Lateral Spacing: The spacing between laterals within the block.
Outlet Spacing: The spacing between the emitters along the

sprayline.
Headlands: The distance between the drawn block
boundary and the start and end of the laterals.
Sidelands: The distance between the drawn block
boundary and the edges of the first and last
laterals. Note that if the angle between the
boundary and an edge lateral is greater than 30
degrees then the Headland value is used.
of the sprayline.
Connected: IRRICAD is to treat the sprayline with outlets as
one item.
Options - Laterals
Number of Laterals: This is used when a specific number of laterals
is required in the block. Otherwise IRRICAD will
fill the area defined by the block boundaries.
No. Laterals/Group: If greater than zero the number of laterals in
each group. If this field is set at zero then the
“Group Spacing” field will be disabled and all
laterals will be spaced identically.

Group Spacing: The spacing between groups of laterals (which
will be spaced at the lateral spacing).
Lateral Direction: The direction in which the laterals are required
to run. This can be user defined, or determined
automatically by IRRICAD based upon the first
block boundary that is drawn.
Extra Outlets on Ends: Check this box if an extra outlet is required on
the sprayline ends.
Options – Outlet properties

Reference Outlet: An indication where the first outlet is placed on
the sprayline. This can be user defined ( where
the user can specify where the first outlet is to
be placed), or determined automatically (where
the first outlet is placed at the start of the first
sprayline).
Options – Drawing Properties

Layer: The <DEFAULT> layers are SPRAYLINES for
the sprayline pipe, SPRAYLINE_OUTLETS for
the outlet the user have selected, and
SL_WETTED_RADII for the sprayline outlets
wetted radii. These can be turned on or off in
Settings|Layers. If a sprayline is unconnected,
the default layers are ZONE_PIPES, OUTLETS
and OUTLET_WETTED_RADII respectively.
Wetted radii default settings can be changed in
Settings|Irrigation Items.
Pipes, Section 3.8.1).
User Attributes
See also:

5.7.6 TAPE BLOCK
Tape Block is used to place tapes at fixed intervals.
To use Tape Block:
1. Select Zone|Tape Block.

2. In the dialog, select the tape item that is required in the design.
3. Type in the required depth, if any, and edit the inlet pressure if
required.
4. If the design requires a regulated submain pressure, check / tick
the Regulated box, and type in a minimum submain pressure in
the box below. The nominal SDR is shown at the bottom of this
dialog.
5. Type in the block properties, i.e. the lateral spacing and number
of laterals.
6. Select either the “Determine Automatically” option or the “User
Defined” option.
7. Click [OK]. The dialog will disappear and the block boundaries
can be drawn using the cursor. Upon closing the boundaries, the
tapes are placed automatically.
8. If the “User Defined” direction box has been checked, then
another line must be drawn to show the direction and placement
of a reference tape.
5.7.6.1 TAPE BLOCK DIALOG

Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is SPRAYLINES. These
can be turned on or off in Settings|Layers.
Tapes, Section 3.8.2).
Tape Properties

tape.
Pressure Regulation: Indicates whether or not pressure regulation
start of the tape.
submain.
Required for pressure regulated tapes.
The difference between the submain pressure
and tape inlet pressure provides a differential
pressure in which the pressure regulators must
operate. If the Regulated option is unchecked,
the submain minimum pressure is not used.
Nominal SDR: The nominal “Specific Discharge Rate” specified
Lateral Properties
Spacing: The spacing between laterals within the block.
automatically by IRRICAD upon the first block
boundary that is drawn. If “User Defined” is
selected, the user have has the option to draw
bent tapes by checking the “Polyline” check
box.
No. Laterals/Group: If greater than zero, the number of laterals in

Headlands: The distance between the drawn block
boundary and the start and end of the laterals.
Sidelands: The distance between the drawn block
boundary and the edges of the first and last
laterals. Note that if the angle between the
boundary and an edge lateral is greater than 30
degrees then the Headland value is used.
Figure 5-73
User Attributes

5.7.7 AREA
An Area is a parcel of land that has the same specified water
requirements.
To define an Area:
1. Select Zone|Area.
3. Place the end point of the first segment of the boundary.
4. Continue placing points to create the area boundary.
5. To finish select Right-click|Close.
Where an area cannot be completed in one sequence e.g., while

digitizing, select Done instead of Close.

Note: An Area boundary may be completed later using the Area tool
by connecting a new boundary segment to one end of the
existing boundary and continuing to place points.
5.7.7.1 AREA DIALOG

Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is IRRIGATION_
AREAS.
Color: Change the color of the Area line by selecting a
different color from the color chart when clicking
on the current color edit field. The user can
change the default color of the layer in
Settings|Layers.
Line Type: The line type can be selected from a dropdown
list. The default line type for the layer may be
changed in Settings|Layers for IRRIGATION_
AREAS if required.
Line Width: The line width can also be selected from the
dropdown list in the dialog. The default line
width for the layer may be changed in
Settings|Layers for IRRIGATION_AREAS if
required.

Area Properties
Name: The name of the area.
Set Arc Orientation Using Area: Check this box if all sprinklers that will
be encompassed by the area, require toshould
have their arcs rotated to water within the area
only. Sprinklers added after the area has been
drawn will automatically have their arcs
orientated to water within the area regardless of
this setting.
Max. Intensity: The maximum allowable mean precipitation rate
for the area. Actual precipitation rates are
checked against this value. Can be left as 0 if
the area is used only to orientate sprinkler arcs.
Required Quantity of Water: The amount of water to be applied to the
Irrigation Area on a daily basis expressed as a
depth or as a volume. Can be left as 0 if the
area is used only to orientate sprinkler arcs.
Figure 5-74
Note: Areas work in the opposite way to most other hydraulic tools, i.e.
most tools: Select tool, dialog to set properties, draw or place.
Areas: Select tool, draw area, dialog to set properties.
See also:

System Flow Report Section
5.14.12.2
Water Requirements Section
5.14.12.1
5.7.8 SPRAY IRRIGATION BLOCK

facilitate the automatic placement of submains and manifolds, the
creation of block labels, and simplify the process of changing the type,
spacing etc., of laterals.
At present blocks of Spraylines can be treated in this way. Spray

Irrigation Blocks can be created by selecting Spray Irrigation Blocks from
the Zone menu or by clicking the button on the Toolbar respectively.
Note that the user may need to add these to the Toolbar by selecting the
View|Toolbars menu item (on the Commands tab select “Hydraulic
Tools” and then dragging the button onto the desired toolbar).
Most of the items on this dialogs are self-explanatory. The fields on the
Lateral tab have exactly the same function as those on the Sprayline
Block tool dialogs. Similarly those on the Area tab are identical to those
on the Irrigation Area tool dialog.
5.7.8.1 DRAWING PROPERTIES

Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is
IRRIGATION_AREAS. These can be turned on
or off in Settings|Layers.
Color: The default for Irrigation Areas as per
Settings|Irrigation Items will be displayed.
Line Type: The default for Irrigation Areas as per

Line Width: The default for Irrigation Areas as per
Figure 5-75
Pipe Properties
Pipe: Computer sized or manually selected pipe.
Depth: The depth of the pipe below ground level.
Sprinkler
The currently selected outlet body. The outlets available in the dropdown
list have been entered and enabled in the Database Editor.

Nozzle Properties
selected pressure.
shown.
Riser
The currently selected riser. The risers available in the dropdown list
have been entered and enabled in the Database Editor.
Block Properties
Lateral Spacing: The spacing between laterals within the block.
Scope: This setting is read only in this dialog and
cannot be changed.
Outlet Spacing: The spacing between the emitters along the
sprayline.
Rectangular: Rectangular outlet configuration in the block.
Triangular: Triangular outlet configuration in the block.
of the sprayline.
Connected: IRRICAD is to treat the sprayline with outlets as
one item.
User Attributes

5.7.8.3 OPTIONS
Figure 5-76
Lateral Properties
automatically by IRRICAD when the user
selects the block boundary.

Change: The existing lateral direction can be changed by
checking the “Change” check box and
specifying the new lateral direction on the plan.
Extra Outlets on End: When checked, extra outlets will be placed on
the ends of the laterals.
Outlet Properties
Reference Outlet: An indication where the first outlet is placed on
the sprayline. This can be user defined where
(the user can specify where the first outlet is to
be placed), or determined automatically (where
the first outlet is placed at the start of the first
sprayline).
Tree Block
Figure 5-77
Use: This option is automatically enabled when

converting a Tree Block entity to a Spray
Irrigation Block. Uncheck if the tree block
parameters are not to drive the placement of the
sprinklers.
Outlet every x tree row(s): Specifies the regularity of the outlets in the
tree rows.
Outlet every x tree(s): Specifies the regularity of the outlets within a
row.
Tree-to-tree offset: The distance of the outlets between two trees. A
50% offset places the outlet half way between
the trees.
Trenching Offset: The lateral position distance from the tree row.

Rectangular: Rectangular outlet configuration in the block
relative to the trees and tree rows.
Triangular: Triangular outlet configuration in the block
relative to the trees and tree rows.
5.7.8.4 BLOCK TAB
Figure 5-78
Headlands
of the laterals.
Sidelands

an edge lateral is greater than 30 degrees then the Headland value is
used.
Create Laterals
If checked then laterals are created for the block.
Scope
This determines whether the item is to be designed only, in BOM reports
only or both. This setting is read only during the initial block creation.
Submain Properties
Pipe: Computer sized or manually selected pipe.

Computer Sized: Check box to enable or disable Computer
Sizing.
Default Layer: Defaults to the default layer for zone pipes.
Default Line Width: Defaults the pipe line width for zone pipes as
set in Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific.
Position: Manual – The submain will not be automatically
positioned. Use the Cut-pipe tool to do this after
the block has been created.
Start – The submain will be positioned on the
starting point of the laterals. Note this point is
the one that corresponds to the point on the first
lateral that is closest to the first point of the
lateral direction line (the first point of the block
direction option)
End – The submain will be positioned on the
end point of the laterals.
Center - The submain will be positioned at the
mid-point of all laterals.
Set Distance – The submain will be positioned
at the distance, specified in the “Distance” field,
down the laterals. When the block is created a
direction for submains is specified by selecting
a side of the block polygon. The closest end of
the lateral closest to this direction line
determines where the distance is measured
from. IRRICAD can also allow any line to be

used when specifying the submain direction (i.e.
not just block boundaries).
Distance: If using Set Distance, then select the distance
the user wants the submain to be from the
reference (the line the user specifies as a
parallel guide).If using Set Distance then select
the distance the user want the submain from the
line the user are using as a parallel guide.
Depth: Depth of the Submain.
Stub Length: Length of pipe after the first and last lateral.
Control Valve Properties

Control Valve: The appropriate valve can be selected from the

drop-down list.
Position: Manual – The valve is not automatically placed.
Start – The valve is connected to the start of
the submain. The start of the submain is on the
direction.
End – The valve is connected to the end of the
submain.
Center – The valve is connected in-line halfway
are an odd number of laterals then the valve will
be connected between the middle and
preceding lateral.
Percentage - The valve will be positioned
Even Flow - The valve will be positioned where
the flow is as close to equal on either side of the
valve as can be attained.
Submain Stub: If the valve is positioned at the start or end of
the submain, this stub is the length of pipe
outside of the lateral at the ‘valve’ end of the
submain.
Depth: Depth of the Valve.
Valve Stub: This stub is the length of pipe between the
submain and the valve. The pipe is placed in a
direction parallel to the block laterals and
toward the shortest lateral nearest the valve
(this is generally toward the nearest block
boundary in the lateral direction).

placed the Zone Name assigned to the valve will be defined by the
“Name” field on the Area tab. The valve will be placed in the
User Attributes

This feature allows for flushing manifolds to be created for bill of
materials and manifold numbering purposes only.
Create Manifolds
If checked then flushing manifolds are created for the block.
Scope
only or both. For flushing manifolds, the Scope is BOM only during the
initial block creation and can be edited at a later stage by using the
Change Type tool. The flushing manifolds can then be analyzed if
required.
Note: If more than one type of item is selected to change the Scope,
use the Change tool instead of Change Type.

Figure 5-79
Pipe Properties
Pipe: Select the size of pipe the user wishes to use
for the flushing manifold.
Depth: Depth of the flushing manifold.
Manifold Properties
Max Laterals Per Manifold: The manifold(s) are connected in even
groups of up to the specified number of laterals.

No of Manifolds: The laterals are connected in even numbers to
manifolds).
No of Manifolds (Even Flow): In this mode the user must specify both
a number of manifolds and a target outlet
velocity. This velocity is used to calculate the
outlet flow per lateral and this is combined with
the nominal irrigation (emitter) flow. Laterals are
connected to the manifolds such that the flow is
evenly distributed to each manifold. Please note
that this velocity is used purely to balance the
manifold flows, is does not guarantee that the
Flushing: If two assemblies per manifold are required, the
‘flushing’ assembly is placed at one end of the
manifold and the ‘end’ assembly is placed at the
other. If more than two assemblies per manifold
are specified then the assemblies are placed on
the ends as above, and the required number of
‘flushing’ assemblies are placed at even
intervals along the manifold.
End: If two assemblies per manifold are required, the
Depth: Depth of the flushing assemblies.
Assemblies Per Manifold: The user may also specify up to twonumber
of assemblies that will be automatically attached
to the manifold.
Position: If only one assembly per manifold is required,
the user must specify its location - upstream,
downstream or center.
Stub Length: A stub length may also be specified and it is
applied to the ends of each manifold, prior to
the assembly.

User Attributes
5.7.8.6 AREA TAB
Figure 5-80
Area Properties
User Attributes
5.7.9 TAPE IRRIGATION BLOCK

facilitate the automatic placement of submains and manifolds, the
creation of block labels, and simplify the process of changing the type,
spacing etc., of laterals.
At present for blocks of tapes to be treated in this way theyTape

Irrigation Blocks can be created by selecting Tape Irrigation Blocks from
the Zone menu or by clicking the button on the Toolbar respectively.
Note that the user may need to add these to the Toolbar by selecting the
View|Toolbars menu item (on the Commands tab select “Hydraulic
Tools” and then dragging the button onto the desired toolbar).
5.7.9.1 DRAWING PROPERTIES

Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is
IRRIGATION_AREAS. These can be turned on
or off in Settings|Layers.
Color: The default for Irrigation Areas as per
Line Type: The default for Irrigation Areas as per
Line Width: The default for Irrigation Areas as per

Figure 5-81
Tape Properties
tape.
Regulated: Indicates whether or not pressure regulation
start of the tape.
submain. Required for pressure regulated
tapes. The difference between the submain
pressure and tape inlet pressure provides a
differential pressure in which the pressure
regulators must operate. If the Regulated option
is unchecked, the submain minimum pressure is
not used.
Nominal SDR: The nominal Specific Discharge Rate specified
Scope: This setting is read only in this dialog and
cannot be changed.
Lateral Properties
Spacing: The spacing between laterals within the block.

automatically by IRRICAD when the user
selects the block boundary.
Change: The existing lateral direction can be changed by
checking the “Change” check box and
specifying the new lateral direction on the plan.
User Attributes
5.7.9.3 BLOCK TAB
The Block tab contains a number of fields the use of these is described
below.
Figure 5-82
Headlands
of the laterals.
Sidelands
an edge lateral is greater than 30 degrees then the Headland value is
used.
Create Laterals
If checked then laterals are created for the block.
Scope
only or both. This setting is read only during the initial block creation.
Submain Properties
Pipe: Computer sized or manually selected.

Computer Sized: Check box to enable or disable Computer
Sizing.
Default Layer: Defaults to the default layer for zone pipes.
Default Line Width: Defaults for the pipe line width for zone pipes as
set in Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific.
Position: Manual – The submain will not be automatically
positioned. Use the Cut-pipe tool to do this after
the block has been created.
Start – The submain will be positioned on the
starting point of the laterals. Note this point is
the one that corresponds to the point on the first
lateral that is closest to the first point of the
lateral direction line (the first point of the block
direction option)
End – The submain will be positioned on the
end point of the laterals.
Center - The submain will be positioned at the
mid-point of all laterals.
Set Distance – The submain will be positioned
at the distance, specified in the “Distance” field,
down the laterals. When the block is created a
direction for submains is specified by selecting
a side of the block polygon. The closest end of
the lateral closest to this direction line
determines where the distance is measured
from. IRRICAD can also allow any line to be
used when specifying the submain direction (i.e.
not just block boundaries).
Distance: If using Set Distance, then select the distance
the user wants the submain to be from the
reference line the user are using as a parallel
guide (the line the user specifies as a parallel
guide).
Depth: Depth of the Submain.
Stub Length: Length of pipe after the first and last lateral.

Control Valve: The appropriate valve can be selected from the

drop-down list.
Position: Manual – The valve is not automatically placed.
Start – The valve is connected to the start of
the submain. The start of the submain is on the
direction.
End – The valve is connected to the end of the
submain.
Center – The valve is connected in-line halfway
are an odd number of laterals then the valve will
be connected between the middle and
preceding lateral.
Percentage - The valve will be positioned
Even Flow - The valve will be positioned where
the flow is as close to equal on either side of the
valve as can be attained.
Submain Stub: If the valve is positioned at the start or end of
the submain, this stub is the length of pipe
outside of the lateral at the ‘valve’ end of the
submain.
Depth: Depth of the Valve.
Valve Stub: This stub is the length of pipe between the
submain and the valve. The pipe is placed in a
direction parallel to the block laterals and
toward the shortest lateral nearest the valve

(this is generally toward the nearest block
boundary in the lateral direction).

placed the Zone Name assigned to the valve will be defined by the
“Name” field on the “Area” tab. The valve will be placed in the
User Attributes
Figure 5-83
This feature allows for flushing manifolds to be created for bill of
materials and manifold numbering purposes only.
Create Manifolds
If checked then flushing manifolds are created for the block.
Scope
only or both. For flushing manifolds, the Scope is BOM only during the
initial block creation and should NOT be changed.
Pipe Properties
Pipe: Select the size of pipe the user wishes to use
for the flushing manifold.
Depth: Depth of the flushing manifold.
Manifold Properties
Max Laterals Per Manifold: The manifold(s) are connected in even
groups of up to the specified number of laterals.
No of Manifolds: The laterals are connected in even numbers to
manifolds).
No of Manifolds (Even Flow): In this mode the user must specify both
a number of manifolds and a target outlet
velocity. This velocity is used to calculate the
outlet flow per lateral and this is combined with
the nominal irrigation (emitter) flow. Laterals are
connected to the manifolds such that the flow is
evenly distributed to each manifold. Please note
that this velocity is used purely to balance the
manifold flows, is does not guarantee that the
Flushing: If two assemblies per manifold are required, the

End: If two assemblies per manifold are required, the
Depth: Depth of the flushing assemblies.
Assemblies Per Manifold: The user may also specify up to twonumber
of assemblies that will be automatically attached
to the manifold.
Position: If only one assembly per manifold is required,
the user must specify its location - upstream,
downstream or center.
Stub Length: A stub length may also be specified and it is
applied to the ends of each manifold, prior to
the assembly.
User Attributes
5.7.9.5 AREA TAB

Area Properties
User Attributes

Figure 5-84
5.7.10 AUTOHEAD
The Autohead tool automatically places sprinklers in a given area.
To use Autohead:
1. Place an Irrigation Area (Zone|Area) if the arcs of part circle

sprinklers need to be orientated.
2. Select Zone|Autohead.
4. Select a representative sprinkler body and nozzle and edit other
dialog fields as required. Click [OK].
5. Place the starting point of the boundary.

6. Place additional points to create the boundary of the area to be
filled.
7. To finish select Right-click|Close.
See also:
Outlet Dialog Section 5.7.12.1

Automatically Placing Sprinklers Section 2.5.1
5.7.11 JUNCTION (HYDRAULIC)

A junction denotes where two or more pipes are connected if no other
hydraulic item (e.g., outlet, valve or water supply) is present.
To place a junction:
1. Select Zone|Junction.
3. Click to connect the junction where required.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the junction to a pipe if the “Default

5.7.11.1 JUNCTION DIALOG
Figure 5-85

Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for junctions is
ZONE_JUNCTIONS.
Color: The color for junctions can be edited by
selecting a color from the color chart by clicking
on the color edit field, or by changing the default
layer color in Settings|Layers and selecting the
By Layer option in the junction dialog.
Symbol Name: The default symbol for junctions is the Junction
symbol. Select from the dropdown list in the
dialog if the user wishes to use another symbol
for this junction. Be aware that some symbols
may have their default color as white not black,
and will not be seen unless another color is
selected for the new symbol.
Symbol Size: The symbol size ranges from 0 to 9 and is
relative to the size of the design. For more
details on symbol sizes, see
Settings|Miscellaneous – “Design Size”, Section
5.10.12.3.
Junction Properties
Permanent: Check if the junction is required to be
permanent – i.e., will not be deleted during
design if it is on a straight piece of pipe.
Orientation: The orientation in degrees of the junction
symbol. The orientation of the symbol is purely
visual, e.g., an orientated square is a diamond
shape.
See also:
Irrigation Items - Symbols Section 5.10.9.8
5.7.12 OUTLET
Outlets are devices that discharge water from an irrigation system.

To place outlets on the design:
1. Select Zone|Outlet. Select a sprinkler, nozzle and riser from the

dropdown lists in the dialog.
Note: If the user knows the first letter of a database entry, N for a
Nelson product for example, pressing N on the keyboard will
take the user to the first N entry in the database.

Note: Changing one of the pressure, flow and radius fields for the
nozzle will cause a change in one or both of the other two. Press
the <Enter> key to update the fields.
3. Click to connect this outlet where required.

5. To change to another sprinkler, simply follow steps 1 to 5 again.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the outlet to a pipe if the “Default

5.7.12.1 OUTLET DIALOG
Figure 5-86

Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for outlets is the
OUTLETS layer. Colors and symbols for outlets
can only be edited in the Database Editor (see
Outlets, Section 3.8.11). Wetted radii default
settings can be changed in Settings|Irrigation
Items.
Sprinkler
Sprinkler: The outlet body currently selected. Sprinklers
Nozzle Properties
Nozzle: The sprinkler nozzle currently selected. Nozzles
shown.
defined pressure.
precipitation rate.
Riser
Riser: The riser currently selected. The risers (outlet
connectors) available in the dropdown list have
been entered and enabled in the Database
Editor.
Orientation
Orientation: The orientation in degrees for the nozzle
symbol.

Scope
Demand Point Properties

If the outlet selected is a demand point, then instead of nozzle
properties, demand point properties will appear.
Pressure: The required pressure for the demand point; the

default value is user-defined in the database.
Flow: Flow rate for the demand point.
Symbol: A single character that will be drawn inside the
demand point symbol so the user can identify it.
User Attributes
5.7.13 MISC. HYDRAULIC

Misc. Hydraulic items are items such as pressure reducing valves,
isolating valves, etc.
To place Miscellaneous Hydraulic items:
1. Select Zone|Misc. Hydraulic.

2. Edit the dialog as required click [OK].
3. Place the item at the required position or connect it to a pipe.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the Misc. Hydraulic item to a pipe if

the “Default Snap Mode” is “Connect” (see Settings|Snap, Section
5.10.16.1) and the cursor is close to the pipe.

5.7.13.1 MISC. HYDRAULIC DIALOG
Figure 5-87
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer will place Misc.
Hydraulic items on the MISC_HYDRAULIC
layer. Color and symbol are edited in the
Database Editor only (see Other Hydraulics,
Section 3.8.4).
Item Properties
Item: The Misc. Hydraulic item currently selected. The
miscellaneous hydraulic items available in the
dropdown list have been entered and enabled in
Orientation
Orientation: The Orientation in degrees for the misc.
hydraulic item symbol.
Depth

Pressure
Pressure: If the miscellaneous hydraulic item is a
pressure-reducing valve (PRV), enter a
pressure. This field cannot be edited if the item
is not a PRV.
Scope
User Attributes
5.7.14 CONTROL VALVE

Control Valves are used to control flow to zones (groups of outlets).
To place a Control Valve:
1. Select Zone|Control Valve.

3. Place the Control valve at the required location or connect it to a
pipe. A dialog will then appear allowing the user to enter a zone
name (or accept the default name). Click [OK].
Tip: Holding the <Shift> key when placing the control valve will
bypass the name dialog, accepting the default name.
The default zone names can be changed in Settings|Names, or can be

temporarily changed by selecting Right-click|Default Name before
placing / connecting the control valves on the screen. The temporary
name change will remain in effect until another tool is selected.

IRRICAD will automatically connect the control valve to a pipe if the
“Default Snap Mode” is “Connect” (see Settings|Snap, Section
5.10.16.1) and the cursor is close to the pipe.
5.7.14.1 CONTROL VALVE DIALOG
Figure 5-88
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer is the
CONTROL_VALVES layer. Color and symbol
Control Valves, Section 3.8.3).

Item: The control valve currently selected. Control
valves in the selection list have been entered
and enabled in the Database Editor.
Orientation: The Orientation in degrees for the control valve
symbol.
Pipe Type: Not used in this version of IRRICAD.

Show Fittings
This button allows the fittings to be viewed, added or removed.
User Attributes
See also:

5.8 MAINLINE
The Mainline menu has the following commands:
Figure 5-89
The Mainline menu allows the user to place and connect mainline items
in the design.

5.8.1 WATER SUPPLY

A water supply is a point of supply for the irrigation system.
To place Water Supplies on the screen:
1. Select Mainline|Water Supply and click on the screen at the

required location.
If there are multiple water supplies supplying the same system enter the
“Head” and “Flow” data in the edit boxes provided.

5.8.1.1 WATER SUPPLY DIALOG
Figure 5-90
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for the water supply is
MISC_HYDRAULIC.
Color: To change the color of the water supply symbol
by clicking on the color edit field and selecting a
color from the chart, or by changing the default
layer color in Settings|Layers, and selecting the
By Layer option in the dialog.
Symbol Name: The default symbol is the Water Supply symbol.
Select from the dropdown list in the dialog if the
user wish to changethe user wishes to change
the symbol used. Be aware that some symbols

may have a default color of white, not black.
Change the color as required.
Symbol Size: Select a symbol size for the water supply. The
symbol size ranges from 0-9. This symbol size,
along with the design size will dictate the size of
the symbol on the design. For more information
on symbol size, see Settings|Miscellaneous –
“Design Size”, Section 5.10.12.3.
Water Supply Properties

Water Supply Name: Specifies the name of the water supply. The
default can be changed in Settings|Names, or
from Right-click|Default Names.
Calculate pressure?: When enabled the “Design” and “Maximum”
head fields will be disabled and cause the
supply pressure to be calculated during the
design process.
Design Head: The pressure available from the water supply
that ideally should not be exceeded for the
design. This pressure, if specified, is used in the
calculation of mainline pressures. If a pressure
is not specified, IRRICAD will calculate the
Design Pressure requirement for the system.
Maximum Head: The maximum pressure available from the
water supply that cannot be exceeded under
any circumstances.
Design Flow: The flow available from the water supply that
ideally should not be exceeded for the design. If
the valve operating sequence results in a water
supply that exceeds this value, the user will be
warned but allowed to proceed. If the Design
Flow is left as zero, IRRICAD will calculate the
Design Flow requirement for the system.
Maximum Flow: The maximum flow available from the water
supply that should not be exceeded under any
circumstances.
Calculate running costs for water supply?: Controls whether the cost
of producing the duty for this supply is included
in the calculations. When there is no running
cost directly associated with a supply (for
example when a pump is included downstream,
as part of a water supply scheme, or a gravity
system) then the field should normally be
unchecked. For water supplies where the
automatic calculation of pressure has been
specified this option would usually be enabled.
Tip: To include a pump in the capital costs
without placing a pump in the hydraulic design
add a pump (or item of similar value) via
Design|Miscellaneous Costs.
Orientation: The Orientation in degrees for the water supply
symbol.
User Attributes
See also:

5.8.2 PIPE (MAINLINE)

Refer to Zone|Pipe (see Section 5.7.1).
The default layer for mainline pipes is MAINLINE_PIPES. No zone items

can be connected to mainline items.
5.8.3 CUT PIPE (MAINLINE)

Mainline Cut Pipe is a tool to connect a mainline pipe to many existing
mainline pipes, mainline outlets or valves.
To use Cut Pipe:
1. Select Mainline|Cut Pipe.

2. Choose a pipe, or leave as Computer Selected; edit drawing
properties if required. Click [OK].
3. Place the pipe where required, crossing other pipes as needed.
4. To finish press <Esc> on the keyboard or Right-click|Restart.
The new pipe will now join to all pipes it has crossed, or is
placed close to the ends of.

5.8.3.1 MAINLINE CUT PIPE DIALOG
Figure 5-91
Drawing Properties
Layer: The default layer is MAINLINE_PIPES.
Pipe Properties

User Attributes
This button enables any extra information to be attached to these items
and subsequently used in labels and reports.
5.8.4 SPRAYLINE (MAINLINE)

A mainline sprayline is a tool for placing equally spaced Valve-In-Head
outlets connected by mainline pipes.
Refer to Zone|Sprayline (see Section 5.7.2). No zone items can be

connected to mainline items. All mainline spraylines are unconnected.
Therefore the Mainline|Sprayline tool is a means for placing outlets at a
fixed spacing along a pipe in one action; once placed the pipe and
outlets are separate entities.
Because mainline sprayline outlets are valve-in-head sprinklers each

outlet is a zone. When entering mainline outlets the user will be asked to
name the sprayline and individual outlets, or to accept the default name.
The default name can be edited in Settings|Names, or prior to placing
the sprayline in Right-click|Default Names. The default name can also
be edited when the first point of the sprayline has been placed, and after
the second point has been placed the user are still able to edit the outlet
names, though the sprayline name is now fixed.
Tip: Holding the <Shift> key when placing the sprayline will bypass
the name dialog, accepting the default name.
The default layers for mainline spraylines are MAINLINE_PIPES for the
sprayline pipe, OUTLETS for the outlet the user have selected, and
OUTLET_WETTED_RADII for the outlets wetted radii. These can be
turned on or off in Settings|Layers. Wetted radii default settings can be
changed in Settings|Irrigation Items.
See also:


5.8.5 PUMP
A pump is a device that supplies water with a known pressure discharge
relationship.
To place a pump on the design:
1. Select Mainline|Pump.
3. Click to connect the pump. If the pump is a main supply pump
connect it slightly downstream of the water supply. If it is a
booster pump connect it within a pipeline not at a tee junction.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the pump to a pipe if the “Default

cursor is close to the pump.
5.8.5.1 PUMP DIALOG
Figure 5-92
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for pumps is
MISC_HYDRAULIC. The symbol and color

properties can only be edited in the Database
Editor (see Pumps, Section 3.8.10).
Pump
Item: The pump currently selected. All pumps
Orientation: The orientation in degrees for the pump symbol.
User Attributes
5.8.6 JUNCTION (MAINLINE)

Refer to Zone|Junction (Hydraulic) (see Section 5.7.11). No zone items
can be connected to mainline items
5.8.7 OUTLET (MAINLINE)

Outlets are devices that discharge water from an irrigation system.
Mainline outlets connect to mainline pipes and do not require a control
valve.
To place on outlets on the design:
1. Select Mainline|Outlet. Select a sprinkler, nozzle and riser from

the dropdown lists in the dialog.

Note: Changing one of the pressure, flow and radius fields for the
nozzle will cause a change in one or both of the other two. Press
the <Enter> key to update the fields.
3. Click to connect this outlet where required.

5. To change to another sprinkler, simply follow steps 1 to 5 again.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the outlet to a pipe if the “Default

cursor is close to the wire.
Because mainline outlets are valve-in-head sprinklers, they require a

Zone name. The user can edit the default zone name by typing in a new
name in the edit dialog when the outlet is first placed. The default name
can also be changed for the outlets prior to placing them on the screen
by selecting the Right-click|Default Name option. Type in a new name in
the edit box. Zone names can be changed individually after the outlets
have been placed, by using Modify|Select Object and Modify|Change.
Tip: Holding the <Shift> key when placing the outlet will bypass the
name dialog, accepting the default name.
5.8.7.1 OUTLET DIALOG

Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for outlets is the
OUTLETS layer. Colors and symbols for outlets
can only be edited in the Database Editor (See
Outlets, Section 3.8.11). Wetted radii default
settings can be changed in Settings|Irrigation
Items.
Sprinkler
Sprinkler: The outlet body currently selected. Sprinklers
Nozzle Properties
Nozzle: The sprinkler nozzle currently selected. Nozzles

shown.
defined pressure.
precipitation rate.
Riser
Riser: The riser currently selected. The risers (outlet
connectors) available in the dropdown list have
Editor.
Figure 5-93
Orientation
Orientation: The orientation in degrees for the nozzle
symbol.

Scope
Demand Point Properties

If the outlet selected is a demand point, then instead of nozzle
properties, demand point properties will appear.
Pressure: The required pressure for the demand point; the

default value is user-defined in the database.
Flow: Flow rate for the demand point.
Symbol: A single character that will be drawn inside the
demand point symbol so the user can identify it.
User Attributes
See also:

Outlet component database Section 3.8.11
Zone Junction (Hydraulic) Section 5.7.11
5.8.8 MISC. HYDRAULIC (MAINLINE)

Refer to Zone|Misc. Hydraulic (see Section 5.7.13). For placing Misc.
Hydraulic items on a mainline, select from the Mainline menu. No zone
items can be connected to mainline items.

5.8.9 CONTROL VALVE

Refer to Zone|Control Valve (see Section 5.7.14). The user can select a
Control Valve from the Zone or Mainline menu.

5.8.10 MAINLINE SPRAYLINE BLOCK
A mainline spray block is a precise method to layout mainline outlets in a
block formation or spraylines a specified distance apart. This tool is
useful for solid set systems where each sprinkler is controlled
individually.
Refer to Zone|Spray Block (see Section 5.7.5). No zone items can be

connected to mainline items. All mainline spraylines are unconnected.
Therefore the Mainline Sprayline Block tool is a means for placing
outlets and pipe at a fixed spacing in one action; once placed the pipe
and outlets are separate entities and each outlet is a zone.
To draw a Mainline Sprayline Block:
1. Select Mainline|SprayBlock.
4. Place the end point of the first sprayline segment. This is also
the starting point of the second segment. Place additional points
to create the sprayline segments.
5. To finish press <Esc> on the keyboard.
Because mainline sprayline outlets are valve-in-head sprinklers each

outlet is a zone. When entering mainline outlets enter a name for the
sprayline and individual outlets, or accept the default name. The default
name can be edited in Settings|Names. The default name can also be
edited when the first point of the sprayline has been placed. After the
second point has been placed the the outlet names can still be edited,
though the sprayline name is now fixed.
Tips: Holding the <Shift> key when placing the sprayline will bypass
the name dialog, accepting the default name.
The default layers for mainline spraylines are MAINLINE_PIPES

for the sprayline pipe, OUTLETS for the outlets, and
OUTLET_WETTED_RADII for the outlets wetted radii. Wetted
radii default settings can be changed in Settings|Irrigation Items.

5.9 ELECTRICAL
The Electrical menu has the following commands:
Figure 5-94
The Electrical menu allows the user to place electrical items in the
design for costing purposes only.
5.9.1 LIGHT
Used to place electrical lighting in the design.
To place a light in the design:
1. Select Electrical|Light.
3. Click the place the light where required.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the light to a wire if the “Default

5.9.1.1 LIGHT DIALOG

Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for lights is
ELECTRICAL. Color and symbol are edited in
the Database Editor only (see Lights, Section
3.8.16).

Item Properties
Item: The light currently selected. The lights in the
Orientation: The orientation in degrees for the light symbol.
Figure 5-95

User Attributes
5.9.2 WIRE
Used to place electrical wiring and to connect other electrical items in
this design.
To place a wire:
1. Select Electrical|Wire.
4. Place the end point of the first wire segment. This is also the
starting point of the next segment.
5. Continue placing points to create wire segments.
6. To finish select Right-click|Restart.

IRRICAD will automatically connect the wire to another wire if the

“Default Snap Mode” is “Connect” (see Settings|Snap, Section
5.10.16.1) and the cursor is close to the wire.
5.9.2.1 WIRE DIALOG
Figure 5-96
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for Wire is
ELECTRICAL.
Line Width: The line widths range from 1 to 15. Color and
line types are edited in the Database Editor only
(see Wires, Section 3.8.14).
Wire Properties
Item: The wire currently selected. All wires in the

User Attributes
5.9.3 CONTROLLER
A controller is an electrical device which is able to turn valves on and off
as required.
To place a Controller:
1. Select Electrical|Controller.
3. Click to place the item where required.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the controller to a wire if the “Default

5.9.3.1 CONTROLLER DIALOG
Figure 5-97
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for the controller is
ELECTRICAL. Edit the layer if necessary. Color
and symbol are edited in the Database Editor
only (see Controllers, Section 3.8.15).
Item Properties
Item: The controller currently selected. All items in the
dropdown list have previously been entered and
enabled in the Database editor.
Orientation: The orientation in degrees for the controller
symbol.

User Attributes
5.9.4 MISC. ELECTRICAL

Miscellaneous Electrical items are any electrical items that are not
Controllers, Wires or Lights.
To place Misc. Electrical items:
1. Select Electrical|Misc. Electrical.

3. Click to place the item where required.
IRRICAD will automatically connect the Misc. Electrical items to a wire if

the “Default Snap Mode” is “Connect” (see Settings|Snap, Section
5.10.16.1) and the cursor is close to the wire.
5.9.4.1 MISC. ELECTRICAL DIALOG
Figure 5-98
Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for Misc. Electrical items
is ELECTRICAL. Color and symbol are edited in
the Database Editor only (see Other Electrics,
Section 3.8.17).
Item Properties
Item: The misc. electrical item currently selected. The
misc. electrical items in the dropdown list have
Editor.
Orientation: The orientation in degrees of the misc. electrical
item symbol.

5.9.5 JUNCTION (ELECTRICAL)

A junction is the joining of two to four electrical items, e.g., wires, lights,
controllers etc.
To place a Junction:
1. Select Electrical|Junction.
3. Click to place the junction where required.
5.9.5.1 JUNCTION DIALOG

Drawing Properties
Layer: The <DEFAULT> layer for the electrical junction
is ELECTRICAL.
Color: The color for junctions can be edited by
selecting a color from the color chart by clicking
on the color edit field, or by changing the default
layer color in Settings|Layers and selecting the
By Layer option in the junction dialog.

Symbol name: The default symbol for junctions is the Junction
symbol. Select from the dropdown list if the user
wishes to use another symbol for this junction.
Be aware that some symbols may have their
default color as white not black, and will not be
seen unless another color is selected for the
new symbol.
Symbol Size: The symbol size ranges from 0 to 9 and is
relative to the size of the design. For more
details on symbol sizes, Settings|Miscellaneous
– “Design Size”, Section 5.10.12.3.
Figure 5-99
Junction Properties
Permanent: Has no effect for Electrical Junctions.
Orientation: The orientation in degrees of the junction
symbol. The orientation of the symbol is purely
visual, e.g., an orientated square is a diamond
shape.
See also:

5.10 SETTINGS
The Settings menu has the following commands:
Figure 5-100
Settings are the default values, modes or limits that IRRICAD will use.
System settings are those settings which, once set, will remain in force
from design to design until the user changes them. They will not be reset
when the user starts a new design. Examples of system settings are the
cursor color and IRRICAD units.
Design settings are those settings which are set for each design and
which will be reset to defaults when a new design is started. Examples
of design settings are the selected database and lateral line width.
Design settings are stored with the design and are therefore restored
when the user opens an existing design.

The information entered into the dialogs about the design, company or
client can appear in Reports and Layouts. For Layouts see Appendix I:
Plot Template Keywords, Section 6.10.2.
Save As Defaults: Applies to design settings only. Saves the

current values to the registry so they will be
used as the defaults for a new design.
Restore Defaults: For design settings, restores the default values
from the registry. For system settings, restores
the hardwired default values.
The items in the Settings menu are displayed as tabs on a dialog.
5.10.1 CLIENT
Figure 5-101

5.10.1.1 CLIENT
Name: Full name of client.
Short Name: First name or diminutive form for use in letters
etc.
Client Address: Full address of client.
Client Home Phone: Home phone number of client.
Client Work Phone: Work phone number of client.
Client Fax: Fax number of client (if applicable).
Client Code: A three-character code for the client.
See also:
Plot Template Keywords Section 6.10.2
5.10.2 COMPANY
Figure 5-102

These settings contain information about the company that can be
printed on reports and designs.
To enter company information:
1. Select Settings|Company.
2. Enter the required information.
3. Click [OK].
5.10.2.1 COMPANY
Short Company Name: Abbreviated or popular company name, e.g.,
Acme for use as an adjective in letters etc., e.g.,
The Acme sprinklers ...
Formal Company Name: Normal form of name, e.g., Acme Irrigation,
this may appear on a plot.
Legal Company Name: Full legal company name to be used in
documents such as contracts, e.g., Acme
Irrigation Services Pty. Ltd.
Company Address: Address of company head office (in full).
Company Phone: Phone number of company head office.
Company Fax: Fax number of company head office.
5.10.2.2 BRANCH
Branch Name: Name of local branch of company.
Branch Code: Code of local branch (if company has codes for
branches).
Branch City: City local branch is located in.
Branch Phone: Phone number of local branch.
Branch AH Phone: After hours phone number of local branch (if
applicable).
Branch Fax: Fax number of local branch.
Branch Contact: Name of person for clients to contact.
See also:
5.10.3 CURSOR
The cursor settings control the appearance of the cursor.

Figure 5-103
To change the Cursor:
1. Select Settings|Cursor. This option will take the user to the

Drawing tab.
2. Change settings as required.
3. Click [OK].
5.10.3.1 CURSOR SETTINGS:

Small cross: The cursor is drawn as a small cross.
Cross hairs: The cursor is drawn as crosshairs.
Color: Select the color of the cursor by clicking on the
color.
5.10.3.2 CIRCULAR CURSOR

When “Display Circle” is checked, a circle of the given “Radius” centered
around the main cursor is displayed. Circular cursor may be used to
place sprinklers at a given spacing (the radius of the circle) or draw
spraylines parallel to curved boundaries.
To use Circular Cursor:
1. Select Settings|Cursor. This option will take the user to the

Drawing tab.
2. Check the “Display Circle” check box.
3. Type in the size of radius required (e.g., the distance required
from the existing object)
Note: Circular cursor is automatically turned off if “Snap to Grid” is

turned on.

5.10.4 DESIGN DETAILS
These settings allow the user to enter specifics for the project. The
details will be printed on reports and on the plotted design.
To enter design headings:
1. Select Settings|Design Details.

2. Enter all necessary data.
3. Click [OK].
Figure 5-104

5.10.4.1 HEADINGS
Site: The site of the design or a title for it to be used
for printing and reports.
Date: The date the design is started.
Description: A brief description of the design to be used in
document output.
Notes / Comments: Any comments the user wishes to make about
the design such as which databases the user
used, any other designs the user wishes to refer
to etc.
Note: Use this field to enter additional notes, especially if re-doing the
design in a different way. These will be printed at the start of
each report.
5.10.4.2 MISCELLANEOUS
Rep Name: Name of local branch representative or
salesman.
Rep Code: Code for local branch rep (if company uses
them).
Job Address: Full address of site for the design.
Quote Number: Unique reference for use in documents.
Acceptance Date: Date quote is accepted.
Commencement Date: Date installation is commenced.
Completion Date: Date installation is completed.
Labor: Total number of labor for installation (hours).
Mileage: Total distance traveled (miles or km) for the job.
Installation Cost: Total cost of installation excluding tax.
See also:
5.10.5 DRAWING ITEMS

These settings are system settings for geometric items and drawing
tools. Once set they remain in force until the user changes them, i.e.,
they do not reset when the user starts a new design.
To change the default settings for drawing items:

1. Select Settings|Drawing Items.
2. Change any settings as required.
3. Click [OK].
Figure 5-105
5.10.5.1 GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Geometric items are all items from the Draw menu excluding contours
and spot heights.

Current Color: Either select a specific color by clicking on the
color or select By Layer to use the color
property of the current layer for geometric items.
Current Line Type: Select a specific line type from the dropdown list
or <BYLAYER> to use the line type property of
the current layer for geometric items.
Current Line Width: Select a specific line width from the dropdown
list or <BYLAYER> to use the line width
property of the current layer for geometric items.
5.10.5.2 COLORS
The number of colors available in IRRICAD has been increased to 256.
Using AutoCAD Colors

IRRICAD loads the colors from the file vga.pal (located in the IRRICAD
folder) or, if no file is found, sets up a default palette of colors. If an
AutoCAD palette is required instead of the default palette the user needs
to do the following:
Find the file vga.pal in the IRRICAD folder using Windows Explorer.
Rename it to Vcadd.pal, for example. In the same folder, find either
acadwindows.pal or acaddos.pal, depending on whether t Windows or
DOS AutoCAD colors are required, and rename it to vga.pal.
Note that changing the palette will affect all designs; even those created
with the old palette will have their colors changed.
Mapping AutoCAD Colors

When importing files IRRICAD maps the color from the DWG/DXF file to
IRRICAD screen colors based upon the mapping selected in the
Import/Export Settings under the Settings menu. If the user are using an
AutoCAD palette and want the color numbers to be preserved then
‘Custom’ mappings should be setup as follows. In the Color Import tab of
Import/Export Settings select the “Use Custom Map” radio button. Now
select One to One from the “Map” dropdown box. Repeat this process
on the Color Export tab. Note this method replaces the use of the
‘KeepColorNumbers’ registry setting which is no longer used.
For more information on Import/Export Settings see the section below.

5.10.5.3 CURSOR SETTINGS
See Cursor, Section 5.10.3 and Mouse, Section 5.10.13.
5.10.5.4 MISCELLANEOUS SETTINGS

Rubberband color: The color used for the rubberband line (a
temporary line that provides a dynamic preview
of where the next point would be placed in the
current drawing or editing operation, in relation
to the last point entered and the current cursor
position).
Selection color: The color used for highlighting selected objects.
Background color: The background color of the design. Choosing a
background color changes only how the
drawing appears on the screen. Because
IRRICAD does not print or plot the background,
the output is unaffected.
Zoom factor: Sets the multiplier used to change the drawing
magnification when the Zoom In command is
used. The factor for the Zoom Out command is
the reciprocal of this number.
Drawing Symbols Path: The default path (folder) where IRRICAD looks
for drawing symbols i.e., symbols such as trees
etc. used in the Draw|Symbol tool.
Plot Layout Path: The default path (folder) where IRRICAD looks
for plot templates, i.e., templates containing
pipe legends etc. used in Draw|Plot Layout.
Designs Path: Specifies the default folder for designs for
File|Open and File|Save.
Reports Path: When this setting is changed the reports menu
is automatically rebuilt to reflect the templates
available in the selected folder. This feature
allows for changing between different sets of
reports without moving the reports to the default
folder. This could be useful if different sets (for
different design types) are created to keep
report menus short or to change between
language versions.

Figure 5-106
5.10.5.5 DISPLAY SETTINGS

Hatches, Fills, Line Types, and Line Widths can be turned off in this
dialog. Unchecking will hide hatches and fills, and draw line types as
solid, and line widths as 1 regardless of the actual values. This can
speed up redraws or hide these properties for printing.
5.10.5.6 ORTHO SETTINGS

“Ortho Mode” aligns each new point horizontally or vertically with the
previous point placed. The angle of alignment can be changed from
horizontal and vertical to any specified angle with the Ortho Angle
setting.
Angle: Specifies the Ortho “Angle”.

Ortho Mode: Specifies if “Ortho Mode” is on or off.
Note: Holding the <Ctrl> key down when on “Ortho Mode” with
disengage “Ortho Mode”. Holding the <Ctrl> key down when not
in “Ortho Mode” will engage “Ortho Mode” and at the angle set
in this dialog field.
5.10.6 GRID / ORIGIN / GIS

5.10.6.1 GRID
Grid is a tool that places a grid of points on the screen to aid in drawing.
Figure 5-107
To set grid properties:
1. Select Settings|Grid.
2. Edit the grid properties as required.
3. Click [OK].
Grid Visibility
Display Grid Points: toggles on or off the display of the grid.
Grid Spacing
Spacing: Sets the spacing of grid points to any
convenient spacing in the X and Y directions.
Grid Origin
Origin: Moves the grid so that a specified point of the
drawing falls exactly on a grid point.
Tips: Turning the grid display on or off does not affect the status of
Snap to Grid. This can still be on (constraining cursor movement
to grid points only) even if the grid points themselves are not
visible.
If there are two numbers on the Windows clipboard, they can be

copied to any pair of X,Y boxes using the <Ctrl>+V shortcut key
combination when the focus is in any edit box.
See also:
5.10.6.2 ORIGIN
Typically when data from GPS or GIS software is imported into IRRICAD
(usually via a DXF or DWG file) the resulting coordinates are very large.
This can make it very awkward when viewing reports and entering
coordinates via the keyboard. IRRICAD Pro includes a facility to set a
user defined origin which has the effect of reducing the magnitude of the
coordinates displayed on screen and in IRRICAD reports. The original
origin is retained internally so that if any data is exported it will use the
original coordinate system.
These origins are defined in the “User Origin” section under

Settings|Grid.
Figure 5-108
User Origin
X,Y: The X and Y Coordinates of the user origin, all
coordinates displayed will be relative to this
point.
Enable User Origin: When checked the origin defined in X,Y will be
used.
To use “User Origin”:
1. A DXF file is imported with coordinates ranging from 2431236.0

to 2432257.0 in the X direction and 5733465.0 to 5734532.0 in
the Y direction.
2. Set the “User Origin” to 2431200 in the “X” box and 573300 in
the “Y” box.
3. The resulting coordinates would be approximately between 0
and 1000.0
Notes:
The original world coordinates are still retained internally in
IRRICAD. This means that when importing another drawing
(with the same coordinate system) into the same design, or
exporting the design, the world coordinates will be used.
Toggle between the world coordinates and set user coordinates

by using the “Enable User Origin” check box.

The coordinates may be copied from the Object Info dialog (do
not copy “P1” and pasted directly into the “X” box, where the
corrdinates will be pasted correctly across both boxes.
The exact position of the user origin can be set to a specific item
on the plan e.g., end or corner of a fence line. In this way the
coordinates on the design will reflect the distance from this item
on the plan.
5.10.6.3 GIS OPTIONS

The current UTM zone is displayed in Settings|Grid/Origin/GIS.
Figure 5-109
GIS Settings
Current UTM Zone: Displays the current UTM (imported) zone.
Zone - The zone number e.g., UTM 59
North - If the UTM zone is North, this radio
button will be checked.
South - If the UTM zone is South, this radio
button will be checked.
When importing a GeoTIFF image or KML/KMZ file the current UTM

zone will be set using the geographic information in the imported file.
Conflicting zones, when another geo-referenced file is imported, will
cause a warning message to be displayed.
Conversion Utility:
Converts UTM to WGS84 coordinates and WGS84 coordinates to UTM.
UTM: Set the UTM zone.
Zone - The UTM zone
N - The hemisphere if North.
S - The hemisphere if South.
Convert Buttons: Convert from UTM to WGS84 or from WGS84
to UTM.
WGS84: Set the WGS84 coordinates.
Latitude - The latitude in decimal degrees.
Longitude - The longitude in decimal degrees.
Figure 5-110
For an explanation of UTM see Importing a DXF, VCD DWG, GCD,

SHP, MIF, CSV or KML File, Section 2.4.1.1.
Internal Offset /Scale
Figure 5-111
X: The “X” coordinate of the internal origin based

on the location of the imported plan.
Y: The “Y” coordinate of the internal origin based
on the location of the imported plan.
Scale: The resolution based on the span of items on
the plan.
5.10.7 IMPORT/EXPORT SETTINGS

IRRICAD is based on Visual CADD which uses a different set of colors
than AutoCAD, so colors must be mapped when importing and
exporting. Similarly for Fonts, the user can use font mapping to translate
AutoCAD font names into names of fonts available to IRRICAD (and

vice versa), or the user can choose to translate all fonts to a specific font
the user select.
This section describes the various parameters that can be set that
control the importing and exporting of Autocad DXF and DWG files.
5.10.7.1 DWG SETTINGS TAB
Figure 5-112
Export to AutoCad
Select the required export format.
Xref Conversion
Leave this as Keep as DWG.
Base AutoCAD Unit

Selects the unit of measurement in which the AutoCAD drawing was
created. This is the same setting as the “Imported” unit in Settings|Units.
Font Name Import/Export

Ignore Font Map: When checked, current font mapping in DWG
Font tabs is overridden. All fonts are mapped to
the existing fonts of the same name. If the font
of the same name does not exist, IRRICAD will
map the font to the default font.
Default Export Font: During export, specifies the font name to be
used when no mapping exists for a font.
Default Import Font: During import, specifies the font name to be
used when no mapping exists for a font.
5.10.7.2 DWG FONT IMPORT TAB
Figure 5-113
This tab allows the user to control how fonts in translated AutoCAD
drawings are imported into IRRICAD. The Import AutoCAD Font
Mapping options display list boxes of AutoCAD font names, IRRICAD
font names, and a list box showing which AutoCAD fonts have been
mapped to which IRRICAD fonts.
To map AutoCAD fonts to IRRICAD fonts

1. Click the name of an AutoCAD font the user wishes to translate
to a specific IRRICAD font.
2. Click the name of the IRRICAD font the user wishes to
substitute for the specified AutoCAD font.
3. Click the right arrow button.
The pair of font names will appear in the map table list box.

To delete a mapped pair of fonts from the map list
1. Click and highlight the pair of mapped font names the user
wishes to delete from the map list.
2. Click the left arrow button.
The font pair will be deleted from the map list.
5.10.7.3 DWG FONT EXPORT TAB
Figure 5-114
This tab allows the user to control how fonts will be translated when
IRRICAD drawings are exported into AutoCAD .dwg format. The “Export
AutoCAD Font Mapping” options display list boxes of IRRICAD/Visual
CADD font names, AutoCAD font names, and a list box showing which
IRRICAD fonts have been mapped to which AutoCAD fonts.
To map IRRICAD fonts to AutoCAD fonts

1. Click the name of an IRRICAD font the user wishes to translate
to a specific AutoCAD font.
2. Click the name of the AutoCAD font the user wishes to
substitute for the specified IRRICAD font.
3. Click the right arrow button.
The pair of font names will appear in the map table list box.
To delete a mapped pair of fonts from the map list
1. Click and highlight the pair of mapped font names the user
wishes to delete from the map list.
2. Click the left arrow button.
The font pair will be deleted from the map list.
Tips: IRRICAD will not map one source font to more than one
destination font.
The user can save font maps and then load them for later
conversions
The user can add new fonts and delete fonts from the AutoCAD
font list in both Import and Export to be used in mapping.
5.10.7.4 COLOR MAPPING

IRRICAD/Visual CADD and AutoCAD have very different color indexes.
Because AutoCAD maps colors to pen width for printed output, it is often
important to retain these colors on drawings that the user import and
then must export back to consultants or others the user share drawing
files with. Color mapping provides the ability to match to other color
indexes.
Default maps are provided for both AutoCAD Windows’s colors and a
default of 1-to-1 (DWG color 0 to VCD color 0, DWG color 1 to VCD
color 1, etc.). It is however possible to create maps, for AutoCAD DOS
or any other combination of colors. Line widths can also be mapped to
colors, color mapping ignored on import and all colors forced to a
designated color.
To Create a New Color Import Map:

1. Select the “Use Custom Map” radio button.
2. Press the [New Map] button.
3. Enter a name for the new color map and press [OK].
The new name is shown as current in the dialog dropdown list.
4. In the edit boxes, make changes to IRRICAD colors to

correspond with each DWG color. If the user wants to include
line width mapping, uncheck the “Ignore” box and type a line
width to correspond with each DWG color.
5. Press [OK] to save the new map.
Alternatively, check the “All Colors to:” checkbox and type a color
number in the right hand edit box to force all DWG colors to the one
IRRICAD color.
Figure 5-115
To Create New Color Export Map

1. Select the “Use Custom Map” radio button.
2. Press the [New] button.
3. Enter a name for the new color map and press [OK].
4. The new name is shown as current in the dialog dropdown list.
5. Decide whether to convert color to color or IRRICAD line width
to DWG color.
6. In the edit boxes, make changes to IRRICAD line width and/or
DWG colors.
7. Press [OK] to save the new map.
Warning
Pressing the [Reset] button returns all settings in the current map to the
Default: DWG color 0 is VCD color 0, DWG color 1 is VCD color 1, etc.
The user should never reset the AutoCAD Windows map.
Tip: Prior to AutoCAD 2000, line width in a DWG was not an option.
When importing from an earlier version, the user can map DWG

color to an IRRICAD line width, to approximate VCADD's line
width feature.
Figure 5-116
Database Symbol Color Export

Visual CADD (the CAD engine we use) handles placement color for
symbols differently from AutoCAD. Consequently the color of database
symbols may be lost when exporting to DXF or DWG files (this doesn’t
apply to outlet and nozzle symbols). When exporting use the AutoCAD
Windows Color Export map for the symbol colors to be properly
displayed in AutoCAD.
To export a design to DXF or DWG and maintain the symbol colors:
1. Draw the design plan.

2. When ready to export go to Settings|Import/Export Settings.
3. Click on the Color Export tab.
4. Select the "Use Custom Map" option.
5. Change the map to AutoCAD Windows.
6. Click [OK] to close the dialog.
7. The plan is now ready to export to DXF or DWG.
5.10.8 IRRIGATION – DESIGN SPECIFIC

These settings are design settings for hydraulic items and tools.

Figure 5-117
To change the default settings for Irrigation - Design Specific:
1. Select Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific.

3. Click [OK].
5.10.8.1 COMPONENT DATABASE

Database: The database where all hydraulic information is
stored and from which hydraulic items in the

design are selected. Either type in the path and
name of the database or click [Browse] to select
it.
5.10.8.2 SPRAYLINES
Create Wetted Radii Setting: If checked, a wetted radius arc will be
created for each outlet drawn. If “Create
Sprayline Outlets” is also checked then a wetted
radius arc will also be created for each sprayline
outlet drawn. If this option is left unchecked
when the user places outlets, wetted radii will
not be created. See Tools|Create Wetted Radii,
Section 5.12.4.
Create Sprayline Outlets Setting: If checked, sprinkler symbols will be
created for each connected sprayline drawn. If
this option is left unchecked when the user
places spraylines, sprayline outlet symbols will
not be created. Note: Wetted radii and sprayline
outlets may be created later using Tools|Create
Wetted Radii and Tools|Create Sprayline
Outlets. It is a good idea not to create sprayline
outlets as there tend to be many sprayline
outlets in a sprayline design. The presence of
these sprayline outlets can slow down
redrawing and other tools markedly. See
View|Sprayline Outlets, Section 5.5.16 and
Tools|Create Sprayline Outlets, Section 5.12.5
Rotate Wetted Radii Independently: If checked then a wetted radius
arc may be selected and rotated independently
of its sprinkler symbol. Usually a sprinkler
symbol and its wetted radius arc are rotated
together as a single unit.
5.10.8.3 LINES
Item: The name of the hydraulic item type (pipes or
wires) to which the drawing property applies.
Line Width: Select a specific line width from the dropdown
list or <BY LAYER> to use the line width
property of the current layer for this type of item.

5.10.9 IRRIGATION ITEMS
These settings are system settings for hydraulic items and tools. Once
set they remain in force until the user change them, i.e. they do not get
reset when the user start a new design.
Figure 5-118
To change the default settings for irrigation items:
1. Select Settings|Irrigation Items.

3. Click [OK].
5.10.9.1 AUTOHEAD SPACING LIMITS (%)

The overlap ranges that Autohead uses to space sprinklers can be
restricted to the limits specified.
Autohead, where possible, will space sprinklers so that the overlap lies
between the minimum and maximum values. The default values are
40% minimum to 60% maximum. (A 50% value corresponds to head-to-
head spacing). Reduce these values for closer spacing (e.g., in windy
areas), or increase them for wider spacing.
5.10.9.2 FLOW CHECK

Where limits are placed on the available flow for a system, this setting
aids in keeping a tally of connected zone flows during design input. If the
water supply has a limitation, this would be entered as the maximum
flow allowed in this field.
Check the enabled box and enter the maximum flow required for a zone
into the max field.
As the user connects pipes to outlets or to groups of connected outlets,

the flow required for the group is displayed (f=) on the status line. The
maximum flow (m=) for a zone is also displayed. When the user
connects other outlets to the group, the connected flow is automatically
updated. If the currently connected flow exceeds maximum flow, a
warning is displayed which allows the user to continue or to terminate
the last connection.
5.10.9.3 SIMPLIFY CONTOURS

If this item is checked then all polylines and curves that are converted
into contours either via Import Contours or Convert to Elevations will be
simplified. By default this option is checked.
IRRICAD has an internal limit for the number of contour segments that
can be used during the elevation interpolation process. If contours are
imported from a DXF file it is occasionally possible for this limit to be
exceeded due to a combination of the ‘smoothness’ (i.e. the number of
small line segments making up the line) and the number of contours
lines that are imported. It is also possible for a similar situation to arise
when using the Convert to Elevations tool.
In this version a facility has been added to ‘simplify’ any curves and
polylines, that are imported as contours (or selected by the Convert to
Elevations tool), to avoid exceeding the allowable number of contour
segments. Two new items have been added to the Irrigation Items tab of
the Settings menu (see
Figure 5-118) to control the behavior of this option.
5.10.9.4 CONTOUR SIMPLIFICATION TOLERANCE

A tolerance for the Douglas-Peucker algorithm which is used to simplify
the polylines or curves. Making this value larger will make the resulting
contours coarser. The default value of 0.5 meters should be applicable
to most situations.
Notes:
The number of individual segments is now counted during the
contour importing process. A warning message (UTIL 1606) will
be generated if this number exceeds the internal limit. If this
occurs then there are a number of possible solutions including: -
Turn on contour simplification and re-import the contours.
- Increase the contour simplification tolerance and re-import the
contours.
- Delete some contour lines.
5.10.9.5 DATABASE SYMBOLS PATH

The default path (folder) where IRRICAD looks for database symbols,
i.e. the symbols used for hydraulic items such as sprinklers, valves, etc.
5.10.9.6 UPDATE ENTITIES FROM DATABASE

When the user place hydraulic items in a design IRRICAD copies the
hydraulic information from the current database to a local database it
keeps with the design. When the user open a design file IRRICAD runs
through all the local database items and updates them from the current
database. If this setting is checked IRRICAD will also run through all the
hydraulic objects in the design and update them using the updated local
database. If the user has changed any drawing properties in the
database such as pipe colors or symbol names then check this setting
so that the hydraulic objects in the design will be updated with the new
colors etc. when the user re-loads the design.
5.10.9.7 LINES
Item: The name of the hydraulic item type to which
the drawing properties apply
Color: Either select a specific color by clicking on the
Note that wetted radii have a third alternative By
Nozzle that uses the same color as the sprinkler
nozzle to which the wetted radius belongs.
Line Type: Select a specific line type from the dropdown list
or <BYLAYER> to use the line type property of
the current layer for this type of item.
Line Width: Select a specific line width from the dropdown
list or <BYLAYER> to use the line width
5.10.9.8 SYMBOLS
Item: The name of the hydraulic item type to which
the drawing properties apply
Color: Either select a specific color by clicking on the
Symbol Name: The name of the database symbol for this type
of item.
Symbol Size: The size of the database symbol for this type of
item. Select from the dropdown list or enter a
specific value. Normally the user would use a
value between 1 and 10. The base size is 5 with
other values proportional to this, e.g., a symbol
with size 3 would be 3/5 the base size.
See also:
Design Size Section

5.10.12.3

5.10.10 LABELS
To label hydraulic items on the design:
1. Select Settings|Labels to open the Labels dialog box

2. Check the item type(s) the user wishes to label e.g., Zone Pipes
and Mainline Pipes
3. Add any keyword required by clicking the button in the Label
Text column and edit the text properties. Note a suitable text
height will depend on the design extents.
4. Edit the [Background] properties as needed.
5. Select INLINE, BELOW or ABOVE for the label placement
6. Select the items the user wishes to label (Modify|Select All can
also be used.)
5.10.10.1 PROPERTIES
Label Set 1 / Label Set 2: Selects the label set to edit.
Load Label Set: Load an existing Label Set, from one previously
saved, into the current label set.
Save Label Set: Save the current label set to an .lbl file.
Checkbox: The checkbox beside the description of each
type controls whether labels are constructed for
this type of hydraulic item. If not checked then
labels for this type of item will not be created,
with the label tool, regardless of whether they
are selected/clicked or not.
Label Text: Keywords can be found in Technical Reference
Appendix I: Keywords for Use In Labels,
Section 6.10.1. The other fields in the Text
dialog set the properties of the label text in the
same way as the Draw|Text dialog. One thing to
note is that the size of a label will be determined
solely by the text height selected and the length
of the resulting label string. The text color for
labels can be specified using the color button in
the text dialog.
Background Settings: Sets the properties of the label background. A
background ‘fill’ can be selected and enabled
for display. Note that for items that have in-line
labels specified it is desirable to select a

background fill since this will stop the item
showing through the label.
Border Settings: Sets the color and line thickness properties of
the border surrounding the label text.
Layer: This dropdown allows the layer for the label to
be selected. Note that if <DEFAULT> is
specified then labels will be placed on the
IRRICAD layer, although this behaviour may
change in later versions.
Position: The position of the label relative to the item is
specified using this dropdown box. For line
items (pipes, tapes, spraylines, wires and
contours) there are three possible options, IN
LINE, ABOVE and BELOW. All other items
have two additional options, LEFT and RIGHT.
Combine Pipe Labels: If checked then when labeling Zone or Mainline
pipes any that are connected, and are of the
same type, will be combined and a single label
produced. Zone and Mainline pipes are
considered independently.
Angle Tolerance: For pipes to be combined the total angle
between them must be less than the value set
in the “Angle Tolerance” field
Use Crop Width: If unchecked the irrigation entity area is
calculated by Total Lateral Length * Lateral
Spacing. If checked the irrigation entity area is
calculated based on the total lateral length
divided by the number of laterals in the group *
Crop Width when the keyword IRRAREA is
used.
Crop Width: A value depicting the actual width of the crop
Check Label Length: When checked the label will not be created if
the length of the label symbol exceeds 90% this
fraction of the length of the longest line segment
in the item.
Length Allowance: This value multiplied by multiplied by the length
of the longest segment, gives the maximum
allowable label length for a particular item. Not
used if “Check Label Length” is unchecked.
Move Tolerance: If the distance a label is moved is greater than
this value, the label will remain in its new
position during the Update Labels action.
However, if the label has been moved less than

the current “Move Tolerance”, the label will snap
back to the original position based on the
current label settings during Update Labels.
Use Label Set 1: When checked the settings from Label Set 1 are
used to construct labels for the selected items.
May be used in conjunction with Label Set 2.
Use Label Set 2: When checked the settings from Label Set 2 are
used to construct labels for the selected items.
Can be used in conjunction with Label Set 1.
Figure 5-119
Note: Label sets saved to a file for a later use may be copied and
shared with other Irricad users. The default location for storing
.lbl files is the Irricad “config” folder.

5.10.10.2 LABELS TEXT DIALOG PROPERTIES
Color: Specifies the color of the text. Select a new
color from the color chart by clicking on the
color edit box, or select the By Layer option to
use the default layer color.
vector text.
to vector text.
faster.
Keywords: A drop down box containing the complete set of
keywords for use in Labels.
Font: Sets the font used for attributes. Special font
formatting, such as bold, italics and underline
type styles, are not available for attributes.
IRRICAD can use either Windows TrueType
fonts or vector fonts. TrueType text tends to be
more aesthetically pleasing and to redraw faster
than vector fonts. TrueType fonts, however, are
not as accurate as vector fonts and can present
problems for some vector output devices such
as HP-GL plotters.
Orientation: Specifies the orientation of text from 0° to 360°.
Orientation is counter-clockwise. This field is
non-editable when placing text. The orientation
of the text can be altered when the text is
selected and using Modify|Change, typing in the
required text orientation.
is tall.
Justify: Determines text justification. Text can be
justified left, justified right, or centered
horizontally relative to the placement point.
Line Spacing: Specifies the spacing between lines as a
percentage of the font size. This is measured
from the reference point of the first line to the
reference point of the second line. For example,
using a font height of 2 and line spacing of
200%, the distance between the lines would be
4.
Load Text File: Loads text from a file into a text box.
Paste: Pastes text previously copied to the clipboard
into the text box.
5.10.11 LAYERS
Everything the user draws in IRRICAD is placed on a layer of the
drawing.
5.10.11.1 CURRENT LAYERS

There is one current default layer for each group of items - drawing,
zone, mainline, electrical, and elevation. The user can change the
current layer for any one group.
To select the current layer for a group:
1. Select Settings|Layers.
2. Select a layer from the dropdown list. The value <DEFAULT>
means an object will be placed on the default layer for that type
of object as specified above, e.g., control valves will be placed

on the CONTROL_VALVES layer. If the user select
CONTROL_VALVES to be the current layer for Zone items, all
Zone items will now be placed on the CONTROL_VALVES
layer.
Tip: For hydraulic objects, the current layer acts as a default layer.
The user can change the current layer for a particular of object
in the dialog for that tool when selected from the Zone or
Mainline or Electrical menu.
Figure 5-120
5.10.11.2 LAYER MANAGER

In IRRICAD there are a number of hardwired layers on which objects will
be placed by default. The names of these layers cannot be changed nor
can the layers be deleted but the user can edit the other layer
properties. The <DEFAULT> layers are as follows:
IRRICAD: All other objects

TEMPORARY: Temporary drawing items created by the
program.(Unused at present)
TEXT: Text
DRAWING_SYMBOLS: Symbols
DRAWING: Points, lines, polylines, rectangles, polygons,
circles, curves, arcs, hatches, fills, dimensions,
images
ELEVATIONS: Contours, spot heights
OUTLETS: Outlets
CONTROL_VALVES: Control valves
ZONE_PIPES: Zone pipes
MAINLINE_PIPES: Mainline pipes
SPRAYLINES: Spraylines (connected), tapes
ZONE_JUNCTIONS: Zone junctions
MAINLINE_JUNCTIONS: Mainline junctions
IRRIGATION_AREAS: Areas
MISC_HYDRAULIC: Water supplies, miscellaneous hydraulic items,
pumps
ELECTRICAL: Electrical junctions, lights, controllers,
miscellaneous electrical items, wires
SPRAYLINE_OUTLETS: Spraylines outlets
OUTLET_WETTED_RADII: Outlet wetted radii
SL_WETTED_RADII: Sprayline outlet wetted radii
PLOT_TEMPLATE: Plot layout
If the user does not wish to view a layer, select Settings|Layers, and
uncheck the “Show” column in the Layer Manager corresponding to the
layer the user wishes to turn off. SPRAYLINE_OUTLETS and
OUTLET_WETTED_ RADII can also be turned off and on by checking /
unchecking these two items in the View menu.
Add new layers by clicking on the [New] button. Remove layers (except
hardwired ones) by selecting a layer and clicking on the Remove button.
Layer Properties:
Name: The name of the layer.
Show: Checked means all objects drawn on the layer
are visible, unchecked means they are hidden.

Print: Checked means all objects on this layer will be
printed. Unchecked means all items on this
layer will not be printed. Note that the layer
must have Show ticked for the layer items to be
printed.
Color: The color that objects on this layer are drawn in
if their color property is BYLAYER.
Line Type: The line type that objects on this layer are
drawn with if their line type property is
BYLAYER.
Line Width: The line width that objects on this layer are
drawn with if their line width property is
BYLAYER.
5.10.12 MISCELLANEOUS
Figure 5-121

These settings are those which do not fit into any other category. Note
the Backup folder can be specified.
To edit miscellaneous settings:
1. Select Settings|Miscellaneous.
2. Edit the settings as required.
3. Click [Save As Defaults] if the user wishes to retain these
settings between designs. Click [OK].
5.10.12.1 MISC. COMPANY

Signatory: Name of person signing documents.
Signatory Title: Official title of above person.
Labor Charge: Hourly cost of labor.
Mileage Charge: Travel charge per mile or km.
Tax Rate: % GST, VAT etc. to be added to prices (e.g.,
total price, materials price) in documents.
5.10.12.2 DESIGNER
Designer: Name of person completing the designs.
5.10.12.3 DESIGN SIZE

Rough guidelines for selecting a design size calculated are:
 Small: up to 330 x 330ft (100 x 100m).

 Medium: up to 1640 x 1640ft (500 x 500m).
 Large: larger than 1640ft (>500m).
Selecting a design size will alter the suggested base database symbol
size. The user can type in a base database symbol size instead of
selecting a design size.
Base Database Symbol Size: The world size of a hydraulic item on the
screen corresponding to symbol size 5 in the
database. Other sizes are proportional to this.
Update Database Symbols: Check this box if the user has changed the
“Base Database Symbols Size” so that all the
database symbols already present in the design
will be updated to reflect the new size. If this
box is unchecked, then all existing symbols in
the design will remain unchanged, but all new
symbols inserted into the design will be in the
new world size.
5.10.12.4 UNDO
The number of Undo actions retained is limited only by the available PC
memory. The amount of memory currently used may be displayed by
clicking the [Get Size] button. If a large amount of memory is consumed
by stored actions it can be freed by selecting [Clear].
5.10.12.5 MISCELLANEOUS
Cad Error Checking: If this box is checked, error messages from the
CAD engine will be displayed. Under normal
circumstances leave this option unchecked.
Debug Object Info: When this check box is checked, the Right-
click|Object Info option will include much more
information to help the IRRICAD technician find
the source of a problem. Under normal
circumstances leave this option unchecked.
Hydraulic Object Info: Check this box if the user wishes to view
hydraulic information when viewing Right-
click|Object Info on a selected hydraulic object.
Depending on the type of object selected,
hydraulic information displayed can be
pressure, flow, headloss and / or velocity. The
last values entered or database items selected
in all the dialogs for Hydraulic Item are now
retained with each individual design. Previously
they would revert to the default values.
Supplementary Character Set: A setting for the supplementary
character set (Settings|Miscellaneous). This, in
conjunction with the Windows "Language for
Non-Unicode Programs" setting (Control Panel |
Regional and Language Options), allows non-
western character sets to be displayed
correctly. In addition this setting also controls
the "Codepage" used when exporting DWG and
DXF files (R2004/2006 and older formats). For
more information on using this feature refer to
the V11 release notes.

Automatic Backup: If the “Automatic Backup” check box is selected
a copy of the current design is saved at the
interval specified in the “Minutes” edit box. The
name of the backup design is the name of the
current design with ‘~~backup’ appended.
Backup designs are saved by default to a
\Backup sub-folder of the main IRRICAD
installation folder.
During start-up backup files older than the value
specified in the “Remove Backup Files Older
Than” field are purged. This value may be
between 1 and 365 days.
Backup Folder: The default location of the backup folder can be
changed. Either type in the path or click the
[Browse] button. If the IRRICAD installation is
on a network drive, backup performace may be
improved by specifying a local folder for the
backups.
5.10.13 MOUSE
This section under the Settings menu allows the configuration of the
wheel mouse and scroll functions. IRRICAD Pro supports the use of
‘wheel mouse’ devices to both zoom and pan.
Three specific functions are allowed, zoom, pan vertically and pan
horizontally. Each of these functions can be applied to one of three
mouse wheel actions which are: mouse wheel only; mouse wheel with
the shift key pressed; mouse wheel with the control key pressed. In
addition dragging with the mouse wheel depressed allows ‘dynamic’
panning.
Zoom
Right-click menu on the right. If the “Reverse” checkbox is checked then
the effect of rotating the mouse wheel is reversed relative to the default
effect. The amount of zoom that each mouse wheel ‘click’ represents is
controlled by the “Zoom Factor”. This number is the ratio of the new to
the old zoom state and must greater than 1 and less than 10. For
example 1.5 will give an increase of 50% when zooming out for each
wheel click and a decrease of 2/3 when zooming in.

By default this function is attached to the mouse wheel only action.
Rotating the mouse wheel forwards will zoom out while rotating it
backwards will zoom in.
Figure 5-122
Vertical Scroll
effect.
By default this function is attached to the mouse wheel with the shift
key pressed action. Rotating the mouse wheel forwards will move the
view of the design up while rotating it backwards will move it down.
Horizontal Scroll
effect.
By default this function is attached to the mouse wheel with the

control key pressed action. Rotating the mouse wheel forwards will
move the view of the design to the left while rotating it backwards will
move it to the right.
Note: that if the cursor is on a scroll bar then rotating the mouse
wheel pans by moving the scroll bar slider appropriately
regardless of whether the shift or control keys are pressed.
Show Scroll Bars

When checked the scroll bars will be visible.
When enabled scroll bars allow the user to pan vertically and
horizontally using the standard Windows scroll operations. The user can
move by dragging the slider bars, clicking on the scroll arrows or left
clicking in the body of the scroll bar.
Multi Select
The check box allows the user to toggle between multi-select and single
select.
When the box is unchecked:

 The tool defaults to selecting a single object at a time.
Multiple selections can be made by holding the <Shift> key.
Permanent “Multiselect” can be enabled from the
Settings|Mouse menu by checking this box.
 In the single select mode clicking nothing (empty space) will
clear the current selection.
In both modes:
 Window-select mode can be entered by holding down the
left button and dragging the mouse.
 A block may be automatically selected from a block sub-item
(e.g., a lateral) by holding down the <Alt> key when
selecting. The block outline (irrigation area) must be visible
for this to work.
 Pressing the <Esc> key twice in quick succession will now
clear the current selection and return the user to the default
Select tool.

Note: that if the user has upgraded an existing Version, the default
will be the multi-select.
5.10.14 MOVING GRID

Not available in this version.
5.10.15 NAMES
Sets the default names for Zones, Mainline Spraylines (valve-in-head
sprinklers), Water Supplies and Areas including automatic numbering if
required. The defaults start at number one and name the items
consecutively, e.g., Water Supply No 1, Water Supply No 2, etc.
To change default names:
1. Select Settings|Names.
2. Change the name in the name box as required for any of the
four items: Zones, Mainline Spraylines, Water Supplies or
Areas.
3. Change the numbering if required – the default starts at 1.
4. Click [OK].
Note: If the user has deleted some items, the numbering does not
acknowledge the deletion and will carry on the numbering as if
those items still remained. Simply change the numbering to that
the user wishes to start from e.g., 3 and then continue placing
the items.
5.10.15.1 AUTOMATIC NUMBERING

If the default name contains one or more tilde (~) characters when the
user places an item of that type in the design the tildes will be replaced
by the next consecutive number. For example, if the default zone name
is Green ~~~ and the Number From field is 5, then zone valves will be
named Green 5, Green 6, etc. For mainline spraylines, since each outlet
is a valve-in-head outlet, each outlet will be numbered and therefore the
default name will also contain one or more carat (^) characters. When
the user places a mainline sprayline in the design the carats will be
replaced by the number of the outlet on the sprayline. For example, if
the default name is Sprayline ~~~ - ^^ then the outlets on the first
mainline sprayline will be named Sprayline 1 - 1, Sprayline 1 - 2, etc.

The outlets on the second sprayline will be named Sprayline 2 - 1,
Sprayline 2 - 2, etc. and so on.
Tip: If the user selects Right-click|Default Name after selecting the

Control Valve, Water Supply, Mainline Outlet, Mainline Sprayline
or Area tools then the user can change the default name
temporarily just while using that tool without changing the default
setting above.
Figure 5-123
See also:
Area Section 5.7.7

Control Valve Section 5.7.14
Water Supply Section 5.8.1
Outlet (Mainline) Section 5.8.7
Mainline Cut Pipe Dialog Section 5.8.3

5.10.16 SNAP
Figure 5-124
5.10.16.1 DEFAULT SNAP MODE

Connect: will ensure that all hydraulic items are physically
connected if the cursor is placed close enough
for IRRICAD to recognize the proximity of
another hydraulic item, irrespective of which
layer these items may have been designated.
Connect will also mean that drawing objects are
connected under the same circumstances.

Place: will allow the user to place items near, on or
over existing items without connecting to them.
Snap to Grid: is a tool used for accurate drawing. With or
without the grid displayed, the cursor will only
allow the user to move between grid points.
Note that the circular cursor is automatically
turned off when snap to grid is turned on.
See also:
5.10.16.2 RUNNING SNAPS

Snap tools that are used frequently can be set as running snaps so that
they do not have to be selected repeatedly. Running snaps remain
activated until turned off in the [Running Snaps] dialog. If the “Show
Preview” option is selected, then when the cursor moves within range of
a point for which a running snap is set, an icon for that snap is displayed
beside the cursor. Running snaps is now available for drawing and
hydraulic items.
The [Running Snaps] dialog can be displayed by selecting it from the

Right-click menu, or from Settings|Snap. The functions of the various
fields are described below.
Figure 5-125

Type of Snap
In the [Running Snaps] dialog, select the checkboxes for the snaps
required.
RN Snaps On
If checked turns on the selected running snaps
Show Aperture
The aperture is the circle that is centered on the cross-hairs of the
cursor that provides a visual clue that the cursor is close enough to an
entity to snap, or select it. The “Show Aperture” checkbox allows the
aperture for the cursor to be shown or hidden. If “Show Aperture” is not
selected then the cursor is displayed as cross-hairs without the circle.
The size of the aperture is determined by the “Snap Tolerance” value in
Settings|Snap.
Note: If “Show Aperture” is checked then the aperture is visible even

when Running Snaps are turned off.
Show Preview
When selected, a suitable snap icon will be displayed when the cursor is
within range of a snap point. If “Show Preview” is toggled on, the object
being snapped to will change color when the cursor is in range of the
snap point. The “Color” dropdown box allows this color to be
customized.
Tip: Hold down the alt key to temporarily disable running snaps when
left clicking the mouse to place a point.
See also:
Snaps Section 5.1.3
5.10.16.3 TOLERANCES
Snap Tolerance: The distance to which an item will be connected
to a like item (Drawing or Hydraulic) in inches or
mm on the screen.
Min Tolerance: Indicates the minimum distance in world terms
(ft or m) that an item will need to be placed on
the screen in order to be connected to another
hydraulic item.

Max Tolerance: Indicates the maximum distance in world terms
(ft or m) that an item will need to be placed on
the screen in order to be connected to another
hydraulic item.
Cut Pipe Tolerance: The distance to which cut pipe will connect to
the pipes it crosses or to the end of pipes /
laterals in mm or inches on the screen. In this
case, if the cut pipe tolerance is 0.2 inches, but
in the design the user have laterals 0.1 inches
apart, then only every second lateral will be
connected to the submain.
Cut Pipe Length Factor: This factor is used along with the Cut Pipe
Tolerance to determine if the cut pipe is close
enough to the ends of laterals to be connected
to them. This factor is used as a proportion of
the total length of the cut pipe and is not related
to the zoom state. The larger of the Cut Pipe
Length Factor multiplied by the total length of
the cut pipe, or the world value of the Cut Pipe
Tolerance is used to determine if the ends of
laterals are close enough to snap to.
Valve Connector Tolerance: This tolerance is used by the valve
connector tool. It is the snapping distance for
the pipe connecting the valve to the nearest
mainline pipe segment or junction.
5.10.17 UNITS
These settings control the units displayed and entered for each type of
quantity.
To change units:
1. Select Settings|Units.
2. Edit each measurement as required.
3. Click [OK].
Note: The units that are present when IRRICAD is exited become the
default units. The default units are used in the Database Editor,
but can also be set in the Database Editor for use in IRRICAD.

Figure 5-126
5.10.17.1 NUMBER DECIMAL PLACES

Sets the number of digits that IRRICAD displays to the right of the
decimal point on the status bar.
5.10.17.2 RESET TO DEFAULTS

The units for each quantity can be selected, or simply click the [US]
button if the default set of US units is required, or click the [Metric]
button if the default set of metric units is required.

5.10.18 DIGITIZER
A digitizer is used for tracing scaled drawings attached to the digitizer
tablet.
A WinTab driver must be installed for using a digitizer in IRRICAD.
A WinTab driver can be obtained from:
 Disks which accompanied the digitizer / tablet

 The hardware supplier
 The Internet
 The tablet's manufacturer
Before digitizing the drawing IRRICAD requires the user to either specify
a scale or to enter known reference points on the drawing.
5.10.18.1 TABLET MODE

In normal drawing mode, the user can use the digitizer much like a
mouse to draw and select commands. In Tablet Mode, the user can
digitize paper drawings attached to the digitizer tablet by tracing over
them. Tablet Mode will automatically be turned off when switching to
another Windows application, and turned back on when the user return
to IRRICAD.
To digitize paper drawings using Tablet Mode:
1. Select the Scale or Reference option (Settings|Digitizer). These

options will automatically switch Tablet Mode on.
2. Trace points with the digitizer puck to transfer the drawing to
IRRICAD. Note that when Tablet Mode is on, the digitizer puck
cannot select menus. Use the mouse or keys (e.g., <Alt> <S>
for Settings menu) to select menus and menu options.
3. Select Settings|Digitizer|Tablet Mode (with the middle puck
button, mouse or keys) to turn Tablet Mode off.
When Tablet Mode is on, a box appears around the cursor. When Tablet
Mode is off, the box around the cursor disappears. When Tablet Mode is
on, the puck can not select from the main Right-click menus, hence
Tablet Mode may be turned off temporarily before the Right-click menu
can be used. As well as selecting this command from the Settings menu
to turn Tablet Mode on or off, this mode may also be toggled using the
digitizer puck button assigned to the middle click button. Buttons can be
assigned in the control panel for the digitizer. Tablet Mode is
automatically turned off when the Right-click is invoked and
automatically turned on again when the selection is made and the cursor
is returned to the input screen.
If Tablet Mode is turned off temporarily, scaling or referencing does not

need to be re-done to continue digitizing. As well as selecting this
command from the Settings menu to turn Tablet Mode on or off, this
mode may also be toggled using the digitizer puck button assigned to
the middle click button.
The zoom state does not affect the digitizer referencing. Select the View
menu options with the mouse or keys to zoom in or out as required.
When in Tablet Mode the Zoom, Draw and Settings menus are also
available in all Right-click menus to make it easier to change tools and
settings while digitizing.
Tip: The user can only use Tablet Mode with WinTab compliant
hardware and drivers.
5.10.18.2 SCALE
Select this option to specify the scale of the drawing to digitize into
IRRICAD. Use this option with one-sheet digitizing.
This option can be used when the user know the scale of the drawing. If
a line has a known world distance, the user can use the Reference
option or use it as a check for the scale the user has used.
The initial zoom state automatically spans the whole-proposed drawing

on the screen. The zoom state does not effect the digitizing of the
drawing. Use View menu options or the Right-click menu to zoom in and
out as required.
5.10.18.3 REFERENCE
Use the Reference option to align the reference frames and to determine
the scale factor between the screen and paper drawing. Reference is
used to prepare to digitize a paper drawing, when at least one world
distance or set of coordinates on the paper drawing is known. The
coordinates need to be in a world distance. Reference not only
calculates the scale factor of the paper drawing, but will also give a
warning if the scale entered is more than 5% different to the calculated
scale.
To align and digitize a paper drawing:
1. Securely attach the paper drawing to the digitizer tablet using

tape or other means. Horizontal or vertical alignment is not
critical.
2. Select Reference (Settings|Digitizer|Reference). If it was not
already on, Tablet Mode will automatically be turned on.
3. Place a point at the bottom left corner of the drawing. Place a
second point at the top right corner of the drawing. A dialog will
appear requiring the coordinates of the bottom left corner (X1 &
Y1, e.g., 0,0) and the top right corner coordinates (X2 & Y2, e.g.,
137,99).
4. Type in the scale of the drawing. Click [OK].
5. The ratio between the two distances will be calculated
automatically as the digitizer scale factor.
6. If the calculated scale is more than 5% difference from the scale
the user entered, a warning will be displayed, giving the
calculated scale. Click [Yes] to continue to use the scale the
user entered. Click [No] to discontinue. Go back and enter the
reference points again, making sure the cross hairs are exactly
over the points on the drawing. Enter the scale again, or enter
the scale as calculated by IRRICAD.
7. Proceed to digitize in the drawing. Use the Right-click menu,
mouse or keys to select menu items, e.g.,
Draw|Line|Continuous.
8. Move the paper plan to place another area in active area of the
tablet. Repeat Steps 3 to 7 as required.
Tips: The digitizer scale is only used when in Tablet Mode. When in
drawing mode, the digitizer scale has no effect.
If the scale is unknown, type a scale number larger than 0.

IRRICAD will calculate the scale according to the reference
points entered, and display the calculated scale. Re-enter the
Settings|Digitizer|Reference option as described above.
The initial zoom state spans the reference coordinates.

5.10.19 LANGUAGE
This dialog can be used to change the currently installed language
version.
If IRRICAD was installed without selecting the preferred language install

the steps to change the language are:
In IRRICAD:
1. Select the required language in Settings|Language.
2. Set the plot layout path in Settings|Drawing Items -

Miscellaneous “Plot Layout Path” to point to the required
language sub-folder of layouts by clicking the button.
3. Set the report template path in Settings|Drawing Items

Miscellaneous “Reports Path” to point to the required language
sub-folder of reports by clicking the button.
Plot layouts and report templates are available in English, French,

Spanish, Portuguese or Hebrew and are located in appropriate sub-
folders of the standard locations (e.g., IRRICAD Pro
V13\Symbols\Templates\Spanish, IRRICAD Pro V13\Reports\Spanish).
To enable the use of different layouts or reports (if the language choice
was not selected at installation) the path settings can be found in
Settings|Drawing Items - Miscellaneous. Alternatively the preferred
templates and reports can be copied into the standard locations and the
English templates and reports copied to another folder. Do Not remove
any folders created by the IRRICAD installation.

5.11 MODIFY
The Modify menu has two groups of tools:
1. Tools involved in selecting items:
Figure 5-127
2. Tools involved in modifying items:
Figure 5-128

5.11.1 SELECT OBJECT
Use this tool to select a single object. Selected items become
highlighted in the color specified in the Drawing Settings (green by
default).
To select one or more objects:
1. Select Modify|Select Object

3. Click on an object to select it.
This option is available on the left-hand tool bar.
To de-select an object, click on it again or use the Modify|Clear

Selection option which will de-select all selected objects.
The select tool has the following features:
 The tool defaults to selecting a single object at a time. Multiple

selections can be made by holding the <Shift> key. Permanent
multi-select can be enabled from the Settings|Mouse menu.
 In the single select mode clicking nothing (empty space) will
 Window-select mode can be entered by holding down the left
button and dragging the mouse.
 A block may be automatically selected from a block sub-item
(e.g., a lateral) by holding down the <Alt> key when selecting.
The block outline (irrigation area) must be visible for this to work.
 Pressing the <Esc> key twice in quick succession will clear the
current selection and return the user to the default Select tool.
Note: that if the user has upgraded an existing Pro Version 9, the
default will be the multi-select.
See also:
Selection Filter Section 5.11.4

Select Section 5.11.5

5.11.2 CLEAR SELECTION
Globally de-selects all currently selected objects. This action is
performed immediately.
To clear a selection:
1. Select Modify|Clear Selection.
Note: In the single select mode clicking nothing (empty space) will
5.11.3 INVERT SELECTION

Selects all objects that have not been selected and de-selects all objects
that have been selected.
To invert a selection:
1. Select Modify|Invert Selection.
5.11.4 SELECTION FILTER

Use the Selection Filter tool to define a set of selection criteria based on
entity type and / or properties. When the filter is on, selection operations
capture only those objects meeting all of the filter criteria.
Each setting further defines the properties of the objects to be selected.

Only those objects meeting all of the criteria are selected. If the user
does not want to restrict the selection based on a particular object or
property, click <ALL> in that dropdown list.
To use the selection filter:
1. Select Modify|Selection Filter.

2. Change the object group type, layer, color, line type and line
width text boxes to define the selection criteria the user requires.
3. Check the Filter box to activate the filter. If this box is
unchecked, the filter is inactive and any selections performed
are not filtered.
4. Click [OK].
The filter will apply until the user unchecks the “Filter” check box.

Tip: The status of the selection filter is indicated by the status bar
panel in the lower right corner. A red panel indicates that the
filter is active.
5.11.4.1 SELECTION FILTER DIALOG:
Figure 5-129
Drawing Properties
Layer: Select the specific layer to filter to if required.
E.g.: if DRAWING is selected, only items that
meet the criteria and are on the DRAWING
layer are selected.
Color: Select the specific color to filter to if required.
E.g.: if Red is selected, only items that meet the
criteria and are Red are selected.
Line Type: Select the specific line typer to filter to if
required. E.g.: if DOT is selected, only items
that meet the criteria and are the DOT line type
will be selected.
Line Width: Select the specific line width to filter to if
required. E.g.: if 6 is selected, only items that
meet the criteria and are line width 6 are
selected.

Filter Properties:
Type: Select the type of item to filter to if required.
E.g.: if Spot Height is selected, only items that
meet the criteria and are a Spot Height are
selected.
Group: Select the specific group to filter to if required.
E.g.: if Electrical is selected, only items that are
Electrical items are selected.
Filter: Check the check box to turn the Selection Filter
on.
Note: The selection filter dialog can be viewed by right-clicking the

Selection Filter Panel on the rhight-hand side of the sataus bar.
See also:
Selection Filter Panel Section 5.5.13.3
5.11.5 SELECT
Use a Select tool to specify which objects a subsequent editing tool acts
upon.
The selection operation can be performed as a separate command, prior

to choosing an editing tool, or is initiated automatically if the user selects
an editing tool with no objects pre-selected. However, in the latter case,
only one object at a time can be selected to apply the editing command
to.
Selected items become highlighted in the color specified in the

Settings|Drawing Items (green by default).
See also:
Select Object Section 5.11.1
5.11.5.1 SELECT WINDOW

Selects all objects fully enclosed by a user-drawn rectangular selection
window.
Note: do not confuse this window with the document or application

window as used in Windows products documentation.

To select objects inside a window:
1. Select Modify|Select|Window.
2. Click on the screen to place any corner of the window.
3. Drag the cursor and click again to place the opposite corner.
4. All objects totally inside the Window will be selected. This tool is
also available from the left-hand tool bar
See also:
5.11.5.2 SELECT CROSSING

Selects all objects enclosed or intersecting a user-drawn selection
window (do not confuse this window with the document or application
window as used in Windows products documentation).
To select objects crossing a window:
1. Select Modify|Select|Crossing.
2. Click on the screen to place any corner of the window.
3. Drag the cursor and click again to place the opposite corner.
4. All objects partly or totally inside the window will be selected.
See also:
5.11.5.3 SELECTLASSO
Selects all objects inside an irregularly shaped boundary.
To select objects inside a lasso:
1. Select Modify|Select|Lasso.
3. Place additional points to create the boundary.
4. Select Right-click|Close, or cross the last line segment over the
first corner to stop drawing the boundary.

All objects totally inside the boundary will be selected. This tool is also
available from the left-hand tool bar.
See also:
5.11.5.4 SELECT LAST OBJECT

Selects the last created object.
To select the last created object:
1. Select Modify|Select|Last Object.
See also:
5.11.5.5 SELECT ADJOINING

Selects a series of objects that share end points. Used to select
continuous lines or polygons that have been exploded (see
Modify|Explode, Section 5.11.14), or any other chain of objects that
have end points in common. To select the connected objects, IRRICAD
starts at the object the user click, and checks in both directions for
adjoining objects.
To select adjoining objects:
1. Select Modify|Select|Adjoining.
2. Click on an object joining another object or objects.
See also:
5.11.5.6 SELECT CONNECTED

This options allows the user to select all hydraulic objects that are
connected to the currently selected item. This function only works when
a single hydraulic item is selected.

To select hydraulically connected items:
1. Select a hydraulic item.

2. Select Modify|Select|Connected or press <Shift>+<Ctrl>+<C>
See also:
5.11.5.7 SELECT SCREEN

This option allows the user to select all objects totally or partially visible
on the screen.
To select all objects on the screen:
1. Select Modify|Select|Screen.
See also:
5.11.5.8 SELECT ALL

This tool allows the user to select everything in the design.
To select all objects in a design:
1. Select Modify|Select|All.
See also:
5.11.6 DELETE
Use the Delete tool to delete unwanted objects.
To delete objects:
1. Select Modify|Delete.
2. Click on an object to delete it.

Tip: Delete is reversible. To restore the last item or selection that has
been erased, select Edit|Undo.
5.11.7 DELETE TYPE

This tool is used to delete selected objects of the same type and with the
same properties. The user determines the criteria for which objects are
deleted. For example, the user can delete all ¾“ PVC pipes or all red
lines or all outlets with a wetted radius of 30ft (m) in the Zone 1 layer.
To delete objects by type:
1. Select the objects (see Select, Section 5.11.5).

2. Select Modify|Delete Type.
3. Click on an object which is representative of those to be deleted.
4. A dialog will appear listing properties for that type of object.
Check those properties of the object the user requires matched
for deletion.
Only selected objects of the same type as the representative object and
matching the representative object on the checked properties will be
deleted.
Figure 5-130
See also:
Match / Change Dialog Section 2.4.4.1

5.11.8 CHANGE
This tool is used to change the properties of an object.
To change objects:
1. Select Modify|Change.
2. Select the object to change.
3. Change the properties in the dialog as required. Click [OK].
5.11.8.1 SHOW FITTINGS

When this button is clicked, another dialog will show the fittings selected
for the items connecting at this junction, after running Computer
Selection of Fittings. The dialog will also show where problems have
occurred in selecting items to solve the junction.
 The [Hide Fittings] button will close the dialog and return to the
Junctions dialog.
 The [Delete] button will delete any item on the fittings list which
has been highlighted.
 The [Add] button allows the user to manually add items from the
database that the user requires at the junction. To select an
item, highlight it and click the [Select] button. The item will be
added to the list of selected items (alternatively, click on the gray
box to the left of the item description as this automatically
selects the item). Select all the items required by clicking on the
component groups and selecting items. Click [Close] when
finished.
 The [Replace] button will replace any highlighted fittings item
with one that is selected from the pop-up database. To replace
an item highlight it and click the [Select] button. The item will be
added to the list of selected items (alternatively, click on the gray
box to the left of the item description as this automatically
selects the item). Click [Close] when finished.
To change the quantity of fittings items, click in the “Quantity” column
and type in the required number. Unwanted items or items mistakenly
added from [Add] or [Replace] can be deleted by highlighting and
clicking the [Delete] button.
See also:
Manually Adjusting Fittings Section 2.6.7.1

5.11.9 CHANGE TYPE
This tool is used to change selected objects of the same type and with
the same properties. The user determines the criteria for which objects
are changed and how they are changed. For example, the user can
change all ¾“ PVC pipes to ½“ PVC pipes or all red lines to blue.
Figure 5-131
To change objects by type:
1. Select the objects (see Select, Section 5.11.5).

3. Click on an object which is representative of those to be
changed.

4. The same dialog as for changing an individual object of that type
will appear. Change the properties in the dialog box as required.
Fittings can also be changed as required (see Show Fittings,
Section 5.11.8.1). Click [OK].
5. A dialog will appear listing properties for that type of object.
Check those properties of the object the user wants to be
matched and those the user wants to be changed.
6. Only selected objects of the same type as the representative
object and matching the representative object on the checked
properties will be changed. Also only the checked properties of
the matched object will be changed to new values.
See also:
Match / Change Dialog Section 2.4.4.1
5.11.10 MOVE
Use the Move tool to change the location of selected objects without
changing the orientation or size.
To move an object:
1. Select Modify|Move.
2. Select the object to move.
3. Place a reference point that will define where the object will be
moved from.
Figure 5-132
4. Place a point to define where the object will be moved to.


If a single point hydraulic object (e.g., outlet or junction) is selected then
step 3 is omitted; the reference point is automatically taken to be the
center of the symbol.
If a single point hydraulic object is connected to another non-selected

line hydraulic object (e.g., a junction on the end of a pipe), the line
hydraulic object will Stretch to maintain the connection when the point
hydraulic object is moved. If a line hydraulic object is selected, then all
point hydraulic connections are automatically selected and moved also.
Some objects like Continuous Line are treated as a single object and a
segment cannot be moved on its own, unless the object is first exploded.
To move a group of objects reverse Steps 1 and 2 above i.e., select the
objects first, then the move tool.
5.11.11 MOVE POINT

Use the Move Point tool to reshape or resize objects by moving
definition points.
To move a point of an object:
1. Select Modify|Move Point.

2. Select the object to apply the tool to.
3. Place a reference point that will define where the selection will
be moved from.
After the reference point is placed, the selected object with a definition
point at the location defined in step 3 will drag with the cursor to provide
a dynamic preview of the object after modification.
Figure 5-133
4. Click to set the point in the new location.
The point the user selected is moved to the new location, and the form
or size of the selected object is updated.
Steps 1 and 2 may be reversed but the tool can then only be applied
once.
5.11.12 COPY
Use the Copy tools to duplicate objects already in the design.
See also:
Linear Copy Section

5.11.12.1
Radial Copy Section
5.11.12.2
Array Copy Section
5.11.12.3
Multiple Copy Section5.11.12.4
Mirror Copy Section
5.11.12.5
Offset Copy Section
5.11.12.6
Speeding Up Copy Tools Section 2.2.6.4
Tip: For all the copy tools, the user may hold down the <Shift> key
when using the tool to avoid the copy dialog and repeat the copy
with the previously used settings.
5.11.12.1 LINEAR COPY

Use the Linear Copy tool to duplicate objects already in the design. The
user can make multiple copies arranged in a line; each item in the series
is placed at the same user-defined offset from the previous item.
To make linear copies of an object:
1. Select Modify|Copy|Linear.
2. Select the object to copy.
3. Enter the number of copies required and click [OK].
Figure 5-134
4. Place a point to define the starting point for the relative offset of
each copy.
The distance and angle from this point to the next point will be used as
the offset distance and direction for each new copy relative to the
previous. Neither point has to actually be on, or even near the objects
being copied. After this point is placed, a rubber band will display
between the first point and the cursor location. This line previews the
offset vector. In addition, a bounding box will appear for each copy that
the user specified, each placed at the relative offset defined by the
rubber band line. The location and spacing of these bounding boxes
provides a dynamic preview of where the copies will be placed.
5. Place a point to define the ending point for the relative offset.
To copy a group of objects reverse Steps 1 and 2 above i.e. select the
objects first then the linear copy tool.
See also:
Copy Section 5.11.12
5.11.12.2 RADIAL COPY

Use the Radial Copy tool to create copies in a radial pattern, such as
spokes around the hub of a wheel. This type of tool is sometimes called
a radial or circular array.
To make radial copies of an object:
1. Select Modify|Copy|Radial.

3. Enter the number of copies required and the span angle (the
angle spanned by the array of copies) then click [OK].
Figure 5-135
A dynamic preview will appear, showing the copies in the correct

relationship to the originally selected object(s) and the cursor. The
copies are shown as bounding boxes radiating around the cursor, which
represents the center of the array.
4. Place a point to set the center of the array.
The copies will be placed around the center point, with the copies
spanning the specified angle. Each copy will be the same distance away
from the center point, with the original selection at the beginning of the
angular span, and the last copy at the end of the angular span.
Tip: In addition, a span of 360° is treated as a special case.

Normally, the last copy is placed at the end of the specified span
angle; however, in the case of 360°, this would cause the last
copy to be placed directly on top of the original selection.
Normally, when the user specify a span of 360°, the user want
the original and all copies to be uniformly spaced around a full
circle. IRRICAD does this by not placing the last copy when the
span angle is exactly 360°.
objects first then the radial copy tool.
See also:

5.11.12.3 ARRAY COPY
With the Array Copy tool, the user creates a grid of copies of an object.
For example, the user could easily draw rows of trees of shrubs in a
landscaping plan, a column grid in a structural drawing, or a block of
seats in a theatre, etc. The grid need not be rectangular; it can be
oriented in any direction and shaped like any parallelogram.
To make an array of copies of an object:
1. Select Modify|Copy|Array.
3. Enter the number of copies (number of grid columns excluding
the original selection) and the number of grid rows then click
[OK].
Figure 5-136
4. Place a point to define the starting point for the first relative
offset vector.
The distance and angle from this point to the next point will be used as
the offset distance and direction from copy to copy in the first row.
Neither point has to actually be on or even near the objects being
copied.
5. Place a point to define the ending point for the first relative offset
vector.
The first row of copies will be placed at the first relative offset. A second
rubber band line will appear, tethered to the starting point of the first
vector. A bounding box will appear for each copy that the user specified
for the array, with the spacing between rows determined by the relative
offset defined by the second rubber band line.
6. Place a point to set the endpoint for the vector, which

determines the spacing between the rows of copies.
The specified number of rows of copies will be placed, with the row-to-
row spacing determined by the second offset vector.
objects first then the array copy tool.
See also:
5.11.12.4 MULTIPLE COPY

Use this tool to make multiple copies of objects at user defined points
within the design.
To make multiple copies of an object:
1. Select Modify|Copy|Multiple.
3. Click to define a reference point on the object.
An image of the object now follows the cursor around the drawing area.
4. Click to place a duplicate object.

6. Press the <Esc> key to end the tool or select Right-click|Restart.
objects first then the multiple copy tool.
See also:
5.11.12.5 MIRROR COPY

Use this tool to make a mirrored copy of objects.
To make mirror copies of an object:
1. Select Modify|Copy|Mirror.
3. Click once to define the start of the axis of reflection. An image
of the object is now reflected in the floating axis.
Figure 5-137
4. Click to complete the axis and place the copy.

To copy a group of objects reverse Steps 1 and 2 above i.e., select the
objects first then the mirror copy tool.
See also:
5.11.12.6 OFFSET COPY

Use this tool to make a copy of objects at a user defined offset from the
original. This tool is useful when the distance between two objects must
remain constant (e.g., when drawing paths or roads).
Note: This tool only functions on single items and does not work on
connected hydraulic objects.
To make an offset copy of an object:
1. Select Modify|Copy|Offset.
3. In the dialog, select a fixed or non-fixed offset. A fixed offset will
copy the object at the specified distance. In non-fixed mode, the
user may place the offset copy free hand.

4. Use the mouse to position the offset copy and click to place it.
Tip: Hold down the <Shift> key while the tool is active to quickly
repeat an offset copy.
Figure 5-138
See also:
5.11.13 ROTATE
Use the Rotate tool to rotate a selection around an axis.
To rotate a selection:
1. Select Modify|Rotate.
2. Select the object to be rotated.
3. Place a point to serve as the center of rotation.
The selection will rotate as the cursor moves around the axis point.
Figure 5-139
4. Place a point when the object is rotated to the correct
orientation.
If a single point hydraulic item (e.g., an outlet) is selected then step 3 is

omitted; the reference point is automatically taken to be the center of the
symbol.
Some objects like continuous line are treated as a single object and a
segment cannot be rotated on its own unless the object is first exploded.
To rotate a group of objects reverse Steps 1 and 2 above i.e., select the
objects first then the Rotate tool.
5.11.14 EXPLODE
The Explode tool is normally used when the user want to individually edit
an object contained within a compound object. For example, to change
the color of a single segment within a continuous line, the user must first
explode the continuous line.
To explode an object:
1. Select Modify|Explode.
2. Select the object to be exploded.
3. Repeat Step as required.
Compound objects within the selection will be exploded to the next lower
level.
Tip: Continuous lines, rectangles, regular and irregular polygons,

continuous Bezier curves, symbols, dimensions, fills, and hatch
patterns can be exploded. Single lines, arcs, circles, ellipses,
elliptical arcs, single Bezier curves, spline curves and text are
basic objects which cannot be reduced further.
The results of the explode tool depend on the object being exploded. An
object may contain other objects requiring more than one exploding
operation to reduce it to its elemental parts. The following list
demonstrates the results when the object is exploded:
 Continuous lines, rectangles and regular and irregular polygons

become single lines.
 Continuous Bezier curves become single Bezier curves.
 Symbols become the collection of objects that were used to
create them, including other symbols when appropriate.
 Dimensions become lines, fills and text blocks.
 Hatch patterns become individual lines.
5.11.15 RESIZE
Use the Resize tool to rescale or change the size of an object.
To resize an object:
1. Select Modify|Resize.
2. Enter the scale. Numbers between 0 and 1 will make the object
smaller. Numbers greater than 1 will make the object larger.
Select the reference point required. This is the point about which
an object is scaled. If “Specify Coordinates” is selected then
enter the required coordinates. Click [OK].
Figure 5-140
3. Select the object to be resized.

4. Repeat Step 2 and 3 as required.
To resize a group of objects select the objects first then the resize tool.
Note that in this case, the scale and reference point refer to the extents
of the selected objects.
5.11.16 BREAK
Use the Break command when creating a gap in an object. For example,
the user may want to create an opening in a wall or trim where two
objects intersect. The break tool can only be used on geometric objects
not on hydraulic objects.
To create a break in an object:
1. Select Modify|Break.
2. Select the object to break.
3. Place a point at or near where the break begins.
This point need not be exactly on the object; the break will start at the
point closest to the point the user place. A dynamic preview of the break
appears, shadowing the cursor movement.
4. Place a point at or near where the break ends.

Tip: To trim a line place the first point on the line where the user
want to trim from and the second point beyond the line end. To
break an object without creating a gap click twice in the same
place.
Note: The user cannot use the break tool on a group of objects.
5.11.17 SCALE IMAGE

The scale image tool (Modify|Scale Image) is used to scale an image to
the correct world size. As with other IRRICAD tools it can be applied to
an image that is already selected or set as the current tool and then
applied to images individually. The tool cannot be applied to multiple
images at the same time. The functions of the tool are described in
detail below.
Note that using the change tool to alter the size of the bounding
rectangle of an image is no longer supported and is replaced by this
method.

Figure 5-141
To correctly scale the image the procedure would be:-
1. Using one of the selection tools (e.g., select object) select the
image rectangle or click on the image near the edge.
2. Now select Modify|Scale Image.
3. Click on the start and then the end of the fence line or known
length.
4. Change the length displayed in the “Scaled length” field to the
known length, 200 in this case.
Figure 5-142
5. Click [OK] and the image will be resized so that the fence line
being considered will now be 200ft (m) long.
5.11.18 Z-ORDER
Use these tools to adjust the drawing order of IRRICAD elements.
To change the Z-Order of an object or objects:
1. Select Modify|Z-Order|Move To Front or Modify|Z-Order|Move

To Back.
2. Select the object to move.
3. Repeat as necesssary.
To change the drawing order of multiple objects at once, select those

objects before starting the tool.
Note: Move To Front draws the selected object last, it will be ‘on top’.
Move To Back draws the selected object first, it will be
‘underneath’.
5.11.19 TRIM
Use the Trim tool to trim lines to a common target object (or the
extension of the target object).
To trim an object to a target object:
1. Select the line(s) to be trimmed.

2. Select Modify|Trim.
3. Click the target object or path.
As the cursor is moved back and forth across the target object, a
dynamic preview displays, showing the objects as they would appear
trimmed to that side of the target object.
4. Click the side of the target object to retain.
The first objects will be trimmed to the second object or path.
5.11.20 EXTEND
Use the Extend tool to extend a lines so that they all terminate on a
common target object (or the extension of the target object).
To extend objects to meet a target object:
1. Select the lines to be extended.

2. Select Modify|Extend.
The selected objects will be extended to meet the target object.

5.12 TOOLS
The Tools menu contains tools involved in providing special operations
specifically related to generating the design:
Figure 5-143
5.12.1 CUT LASSO

Cut Lasso is used to make changes to sprayline or zone pipe size and /
or type, when the user require the change to apply to only parts of the
existing pipes, rather than complete pipes. It also can be used to delete
all pipes, including parts of pipes, within the boundaries of the lasso. It
differs from the ordinary change and delete tools, which will only change
or delete a pipe if it is entirely within the boundary.
To use Cut Lasso:
1. Select Tools|Cut Lasso.

2. Draw the lasso, selecting Right-click|Close after placing at least
three points, or crossing the last point over the first, making sure
the lasso boundary cuts the pipe in the required place.
3. Change the junction properties of the new junctions if required
and select the type of cut lasso. Click [OK].
Figure 5-144
Action
Cut Only: Cuts pipe at the intersection of the pipe and the
lasso, inserting a junction at this spot.
Cut and Change: Cuts pipe then invokes the Change Type tool on
pipes inside the lasso. (Click on one of the
pipes to be changed to bring up the Change
Type dialog).

Cut and Delete: Cuts pipes then invokes the Delete Tool on
pipes inside the lasso.
5.12.2 TRIM SPRAYLINES

This tool is used to trim connected spraylines back to the last emitter on
the sprayline. It does not work on unconnected spraylines.
When the Trim Spraylines lasso is closed, all connected sprayline ends
inside the lasso will be trimmed to the nearest emitter provided the end
of the sprayline is not connected to other objects such as submain
pipes, other spraylines or extra outlets.
To trim one end of a sprayline, lasso that end. If both ends are to be
trimmed in one operation, then the entire sprayline must be inside the
lasso. Note that if the starting end of a sprayline is trimmed, the offset is
set to zero.
To trim spraylines:
1. Select Tools|Trim Spraylines.

2. Lasso the sprayline ends to be trimmed.
5.12.3 MOVE SIZES

In most situations, the points at which laterals change size in blocks with
telescoping laterals can greatly vary in a block, making installation
difficult. It is sometimes desirable to square things up so that the position
of lateral size changes is more uniform. The Move Sizes tool is provided
for this purpose.
To move sizes:
1. Select Tools|Move Sizes.

2. Draw a line through the telescoping laterals at a point where the
change in size is required. This line can be continued to consist
of a number of segments.
3. Finish the line by selecting Right-click|Done.
4. Select the lateral size to be moved to the new change size
position.
6. Click [OK].

Figure 5-145
Pipe Size
Close: The junction closest to the line will be moved to
the line.
Small: The smaller pipe will be moved to the line.
Large: The larger pipe size will be moved to the line.
Nearest Outlet: Check the “Nearest Outlet” box if the user wants
the size change to take place at the outlet
closest to the line. Leave it unchecked if the
size change is to be at the intersection of the
line and the laterals.
5.12.4 CREATE WETTED RADII

Use this tool to create wetted radius arcs on outlets that do not already
have them.
When an outlet is placed in the design, whether or not a wetted radius

arc is created for it is controlled by the “Create Wetted Radii” check box
in the Irrigation – Design Specific option (Settings|Irrigation – Design
Specific.
To create wetted radii:
1. Select Tools|Create Wetted Radii.

2. Click on an outlet to select it. A wetted radius arc will be created
for that outlet.
Tip: To quickly show or hide all wetted radii in the default layer, use
View|Wetted Radii. To create wetted radii on a sprayline, the
user does not need to create sprayline outlets first. However, to

view the wetted radii on the sprayline the user must turn on the
SL_WETTED_RADII layer in Settings|Layers.
5.12.5 CREATE SPRAYLINE OUTLETS

Use this tool to create outlet symbols on connected spraylines that do
not already have them.
When a connected sprayline is placed in the design, whether or not

outlet symbols are created for the connected sprayline is controlled by
the “Create Sprayline Outlets” check box in the Irrigation – Design
Specific option (Settings|Irrigation – Design Specific).
To create sprayline outlets:
1. Select Tools|Create Sprayline Outlets.

2. Click on a sprayline to select it. Outlet symbols will be created
for that sprayline.
To quickly show or hide all sprayline outlets in the default layer use
View|Sprayline Outlets.
5.12.6 CREATE SYMBOL

Use the Create Symbol tool to create a symbol made up of existing
objects, which may then be placed repeatedly in the design (rotated and
re-scaled as required) or saved to disk for future use.
To create a symbol:
1. Select the objects that make up the symbol.

2. Select Tools|Create Symbol.
3. Type the name of the symbol in the text box – do not exceed 32
characters.
4. Select “Drawing” or “Database” as the symbol type
5. Browse for the folder the user wishes to save the symbol in, if it
is different to the default database folder currently showing.
Click [OK].
The default folders for drawing or database symbols are specified in

Settings|Drawing Items – “Drawing Symbols Path”, and
Settings|Irrigation Items – “Database Symbols Path” respectively. These
symbols may be accessed through Draw|Symbol. If a database symbol
is required as a drawing symbol, [Browse] for the folder where the
database symbols are stored.
Replace Original with Symbol: Check this box to replace the objects
on the screen that make up the symbol with the
created symbol. Note that if the symbol contains
hydraulic items these items will lose all
hydraulic significance and become one
geometric item (the symbol).
5.12.7 CALCULATE CONTOURS

Contours can be calculated from spot heights using the Calculate
Contours tool (Tools|Calculate Contours). The tool allows the contour
interval and the properties of the calculated contours to be set.
Figure 5-146

5.12.7.1 CALCULATE CONTOURS DIALOG
Figure 5-147
Drawing Properties
placed. The <DEFAULT> layer for calculate
contours is DRAWING. Select a different layer
from the dropdown list if required.
Color: Specifies the color of the displayed element.
Line Type: Specifies the line type of the displayed element.
list.
Line Width: Specifies the line width of the displayed
element. Select a different line width from the
dropdown list.
Contour Properties
Contour Interval: The elevation difference between contours
Minimum Elevation: the minimum elevation based on the exiting
spot height elevations
Maximum Elevation: the maximum elevation based on the exiting
spot height elevations
No. of Contour Levels: Based on the contour interval and the range of
elevation, the number of contours to be
produced will be calculated.
Mark as calculated: This is the default setting. If the setting is
disabled the contours will be "real" (primary)
elevations though this is not recommended.
Note: Calculated contours are for display purposes only and their
elevations cannot be edited. They are classed as secondary
sources of elevation data and do not form inputs to the elevation
interpolation functions.
5.12.8 CONVERT TO ELEVATIONS

Use this tool to convert lines, polylines and curves to contours, and
points and symbols to spot heights.
To convert to elevations:
1. Select Tools|Convert to Elevations.

2. Select the object to be converted.
3. Change the drawing properties if required and enter the height.
Click [OK].
Figure 5-148
4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 as required.
Note: If a symbol is converted to an elevation, it is replaced by the

spot height symbol (+).
If a line segment is selected then IRRICAD will find all connected line
segments and create a single contour.
To convert a group of objects to elevations with the same height reverse

Steps 1 and 2 above i.e., select the objects first then the convert to
elevations tool.
5.12.9 HIGHLIGHT ELEVATIONS

Occasionally elevation data imported from DXF files can be incorrect.
These errors may not be apparent until problems occur during the
design process and can be quite time consuming to locate. The
Highlight Elevations tool color codes contours and spot heights based
on their elevation making any anomalies much easier to locate and
correct.
Figure 5-149

The tool is activated by selecting Highlight Elevations from the Tools
menu. When the tool is selected the range of elevation is displayed on
the dialog. The functions of the various options are described below:
Figure 5-150
Elevation Highlighting
Color Contours By Elevation: The total range of elevation is split into
16 equal graduations and all contours and spot
heights are then colored appropriately. Colors
run from red through yellow, green then blue
with the largest elevation graduation set to red
and the smallest to blue. An example of the
results of this option is shown in
Figure 5-150 above.
Highlight Contour Limits: This option changes the color of all contours
and spot heights that are within the range
specified by the “Min. Limit” and “Max. Limit”
fields to green. Items with elevations larger than
the “Max. Limit” are colored red while those
lower than “Min. Limit” are colored blue.
Reset Contour Color: All contours and spot heights are returned to the
default color as specified in Settings|Irrigation
Items.

5.12.10 TRIM ELEVATIONS
This tool is used to selectively trim contour lines and delete spot heights.
To use Trim Elevations:
1. Select Tools|Trim Elevations.

2. Draw the lasso, selecting Right-click|Close after placing at least
three points, or crossing the last point over the first, making sure
the lasso boundary cuts the countours in the required place.
3. Select the type of action to be taken. Click [OK].
Figure 5-151
Action:
Delete Outside: Contour lines are split where they intersect with
the lasso and all contours and spot heights
outside the lasso are deleted. Use this mode to
retain a defined area of elevation information.
Delete Inside: Contour lines are split where they intersect with
the lasso and all contours and spot heights
within the lasso are deleted. Use this mode to
trim contours.
5.12.11 CREATE LABELS

This tool is accessed via the Tools menu; it works like other IRRICAD
tools in that it can be used, as an action applied to an existing selection,
or a tool that is applied to individual items. When there is no existing
selection the label tool is applied to individual items by clicking on them.
Depending on the options selected in Settings|Labels a suitable label
will be constructed.

To label hydraulic items on the design:
1. Select Settings|Labels to open the Labels dialog box

2. Check the item type(s) the user wishes to label e.g., Zone Pipes
and Mainline Pipes
3. Add any keyword that the user require in the [Text] properties
and edit the text properties. Note that the height will be
determined by the scale of the design.
4. Edit the [Background] properties as needed.
5. Select INLINE, BELOW, ABOVE, LEFT or RIGHT for the label
placement
6. Select the items the user wishes to label (Modify|Select All can
also be used.)
See also:
Settings|Labels Section 5.10.10
5.12.12 UPDATE LABELS

Many actions can occur in IRRICAD that may mean that the information
displayed in labels are no longer up to date, for example changing label
settings, rerunning design etc. The Update Labels tool, which is selected
from the Tools menu, remakes all labels in a design based on the
current settings.
5.12.13 MULTI-LABELS
This tool will will create multiple labels for the selected contour(s) at the
specified spacing when “Contours” are enabled for labelling and based
on the Contour label properties in Settings|Labels.
Figure 5-152
Steps to use the Multi-Label tool are:-
1. Enable the “Contours” label type in Settings|Labels.

2. On the screen select the contours to label.
3. Action Tools|Multi-Label and enter the required label spacing,
for example to produce labels every 100 feet or metres along
the contour enter 100. Click [OK].
5.12.14 SPRAYLINES TO TAPES

This tool is used to change a group or block of spraylines to tapes. The
user can use it to change spraylines back to tapes after flushing analysis
or when the user wants to try another option for designing a block.
To change spraylines to tapes:
1. Select the spraylines to be changed.

2. Select Tools|Spraylines To Tapes.
3. In the tape dialog, select the required tape and enter any other
values required. Click [OK].
Note: If the user wishes to change an Irrigation entity (Spray Irrigation

Block), the Irrigation Area must first be exploded.
See also:
Tapes to Spraylines Section 5.12.15

Tape Section 5.7.3
5.12.15 TAPES TO SPRAYLINES

This tool is used to change a group or block of tapes to spraylines. Use
it when needing to analyze the tapes under flushing conditions which
requires the tapes to be simulated as spraylines. This tool can also be
useful when wanting to try another option for designing a block.
To change tapes to spraylines:
1. Select the tapes to be changed.

2. Select Tools|Tapes To Spraylines.
3. In the sprayline dialog, select the required lateral pipe, sprinkler,
nozzle and riser and enter any other values required. Click [OK].

Notes: Only connected spraylines are allowed and the offset must be
no larger than the spacing.
If the user wishes to change an Irrigation entity (Spray Irrigation

Block), the Irrigation Area must first be exploded.
See also:
Spraylines to Tapes Section 5.12.14

5.12.16 SUBDIVISION TOOL
Figure 5-153
The Subdivision tool allows existing Irrigation entities to be subdivided

into smaller sub blocks. It can be selected from the Tools menu. In
common with the majority of IRRICAD tools it can be applied to an
existing selection or, if no items are selected, applied to a particular
object by clicking on that object. The operation of the tool is described in
the following sections.
When a block entity is selected for subdivision some information about

the block is displayed on the dialog. Information displayed at present
consists of the irrigated area, block flow (as determined by the SDR from
the component database), number of rows and the length of the longest
lateral. Note that this information is only displayed for blocks that have
had laterals created. There are two options for subdividing blocks,
Automatic (checking the “Auto” checkbox) and manual. In this version
only the manual option is available.
Manual subdivision is separated into partitioning a block in the direction

of the laterals, known as ‘slicing’, and splitting the laterals lengthwise or
‘cutting’ (normally perpendicular to the lateral direction). Blocks may be
subdivided by either slicing or cutting or both.
5.12.16.1 SLICES
None: No slices
Distance: Slices of the specified distance will be made
with the specified gap between them (the gap
may be zero). The slices start from the first
lateral, which is defined as the one closest to
the block lateral direction, and are repeated
over the extents of the block. Any remaining
distance will also constitute a slice.
Number: The block will be split into the specified number
of slices as evenly as possible. No gaps are
permitted.
Rows: Similar to the distance option except that the
slices and gaps are specified in terms of
number of rows. Again it is permissible to set
the gap to 0.
Multiple Values: If either the “Distance” or “Rows” option is
selected a series of different values can be
specified by clicking the [Multiple] button and
entering pairs of values into the “Slices” dialog.
These values will be used in the subdivision process if the “Use Multiple
Values” check box is ticked. Note that slices specified by this method
are not repeated and any remaining distance or rows not covered by the
multiple values will not constitute a slice.
Figure 5-154
5.12.16.2 CUTS
None: No cuts.
Distance: Cuts of the specified distance will be made with
the specified gap between them. Note that the
gaps between cuts cannot be zero; the
minimum value allowed is 0.1m while the
minimum recommended value is 0.5m. Cuts
span the block starting from the beginning of the
first lateral (defined as the one closest to the
block lateral direction) and are repeated over
the extents of the block. Any remaining distance
will also constitute a cut.
Number: The block will be split into the specified number
of cuts as evenly as possible with the specified
gap between the cuts.
Multiple Values: If the “Distance” option is selected a series of
different values can be specified by clicking the
[Multiple] button and entering pairs of values
into the “Cuts” dialog. These values will be used
in the subdivision process if the “Use Multiple
Values” check box is ticked. Note that cuts
specified by this method are not repeated and
any remaining distance not covered by the
multiple values will not constitute a cut.
Cut Direction: By default the direction of the cuts is
Perpendicular to Laterals but the cut direction
may also be specified by two other methods.
Select Boundary Line: The cut direction will be
parallel to one of the line segments that make
up the boundary of the block being subdivided.
This segment is selected by left clicking on it
after the subdivision dialog is closed.
Manual: Any direction can be specified by
simply drawing a line that the cuts will be
parallel to. Again this line is drawn once the
subdivision dialog is closed.
5.12.16.3 TOOL OPERATION

When the subdivision dialog has been closed and the cut direction
specified (if the default option isn’t selected) a preview of the subdivision
is displayed (
Figure 5-155) and a dialog listing the proposed sub-areas is shown. The
“Sub Areas” dialog can be moved (by clicking and dragging the title bar)
allowing parts of the preview that are obscured to be viewed. If large
areas are being subdivided opening the Birds Eye View (from the View
menu), before starting the subdivision, will give access to the zoom tools
which can be used to view the preview. Zoom tools can be selected by
right clicking in the BEV or a new zoom window can be created by
clicking and dragging with the left mouse button. For more information
on the Birds Eye View see Section 5.5.11.
Clicking the [Accept/View Changes] button with nothing specified in the

“Join Sub-Areas” table will cause the preview dialog to close and the
block will then be subdivided into the specified sub- areas. Clicking
[Cancel] will return to the “Subdivision” dialog.

Figure 5-155
5.12.16.4 COMBINING SUB-AREAS

Sub-areas may be combined during the preview phase by entering pairs
of sub-area identification numbers into the “Join Sub-Areas” table. Each
pair of sub-areas will be joined together to form a new larger sub-area.
When there are entries in this table clicking [Accept/View Changes] will
cause the preview to be updated and the dialog redisplayed. An
example of is illustrated in
Figure 5-156 below.
This process can be repeated and will in effect allow more than two
areas to be joined together.

Figure 5-156
After clicking [Accept/View Changes] areas 7 and 10 and areas 8 and 11

are combined.
Figure 5-157

5.12.16.5 SUBDIVISION TOOL NOTES
Submain Position
Sub-blocks created by the subdivision process will have the same
submain position as the parent Block. This can be altered using the
Change or Change Type tools. Laterals for sub-blocks are always
created regardless of the setting for the parent block.
Re-subdivision
Blocks may be re-subdivided, when this happens any existing sub-
blocks are removed when [OK] is selected. Subsequently cancelling
from the operation will not restore the original sub-blocks.
Subdividing Sub-Blocks
Any IRRICAD Block Entity can be subdivided. This means that blocks
that are the result of subdivision can be further subdivided themselves.
A useful application of this feature is where an irregular block needs to
be subdivided into a number of equal areas and it is not critical that the
cuts all line up. The block can be sliced without any cuts and then the
resulting sub-blocks cut individually (without any slices).
Restrictions
Prior to Version 9.09 blocks with the “Lateral Group” option selected and
‘Indented’ blocks could not be subdivided.
When subdividing blocks that contain lateral groups there is however a

restriction on the minimum size of ‘slice’ that can be used. If the width of
a ‘slice’ is less than twice the total spacing (group spacing + the distance
the laterals in a group occupy) then the position of the laterals in the
resulting block may not match those in the parent block. A warning
message (INPT 39) will be issued if this situation is encountered.
5.12.17 OBJECT INFO

Object Info can be accessed from the Tools menu, from the Right-click
menu. In common with other IRRICAD tools Object Info can be used to
apply to an existing selection (information for multiple objects can be
displayed simultaneously), or if no items are selected operated by
clicking on individual objects.

Figure 5-158
Select All
This button will select everything in the current Object Info window.
Select All can also be achieved by using the <Ctrl> + <A> keys.
Copy
This button will copy the selected text on to the clipboard. Copy can also
be achieved by using the <Ctrl> + <C> keys.
Close
This button will close the Object Info window.
Pasting in to Dialogs
The automatic pasting of coordinates into Go To Coordinates and into
the Settings|Grid / Origin dialogs has been enabled. This means that a
coordinate string copied from the Object Info screen which includes both
X and Y coordinates, units and descriptors (e.g., x = 25.28 m, y = 8.46
m) can be inserted in one action into the appropriate fields in these
dialogs.
Note: that the copied string can only contain two numbers for this
function to work correctly (i.e don't include the ‘P1:’ from object
info when selecting the coordinate string).
5.12.17.1 HYDRAULIC OBJECT INFO

The “Hydraulic Object Info” check box can be checked (turned on) in this
Object Info window or in Settings|Miscellaneous. Object Info then will

show a summary of the hydraulic information for that particular hydraulic
item. The start and end pressure, the dynamic headloss, the elevation
change, the in and out flows and the velocity are all displayed.
5.12.17.2 DEBUG OBJECT INFO

This option can be turned on if IRRICAD Support asks the user to when
troubleshooting or problem solving. “Debug Object Info” shows all the
properties of the selected item(s).
5.12.18 INSERT OLE

Items such as IRRICAD reports, spreadsheets, documents etc. can now
be inserted into the IRRICAD design. The methods available to do this
are described below.
Tools|Insert OLE allows multiple instances of the object to be inserted.
Notes:
The required data needs to have been copied to the clipboard in
the appropriate application (e.g., the IRRICAD report viewer) or
a file copied in ‘My Computer’/’Windows Explorer’. The size and
shape of the OLE object is selected by specifying two corners of
a rectangle (clicking one corner then moving the cursor to the
desired second corner and clicking again - NOT click and drag).
Although there is no restriction on the shape of the OLE
rectangle it is advisable to ensure that the relative dimensions of
the rectangle approximate those of the OLE object to be
displayed.

data can be displayed. IRRICAD allows OLE data to be
displayed, printed and exported to PDF. NOTE: in order for
IRRICAD reports to be displayed correctly an application that
can render RTF data, including tables, must be installed on the
system - examples of suitable applications are MS Word, Open
Office etc.

preview screens.
normally not difficult to select it but an alternative is to use a
non-white background color.
See also:
Edit|Paste Section 5.4.4

Edit|Open OLE Item Section 5.4.5
5.12.19 CONNECT VALVES

IRRICAD has a tool that automatically connects control valves to the
nearest existing mainline.
Figure 5-159
5.12.19.1 CONNECTION PROPERTIES

Match nearest mainline pipe: If this option is checked then the
properties of the pipe selected to join valves to
the mainline will be taken from the mainline pipe
that is closest to each of the control valves.
Maximum length of connecting pipe: This field controls whether a
control valve will be automatically connected to
the mainline. If the distance from the closest
mainline pipe exceeds this value then no
connecting pipe will be placed.
Other fields
If “Match nearest mainline pipe” is not checked then the remaining pipe
property fields are available. In this case control valves will be
connected to the closest mainline pipe with a pipe that has the
properties specified in the fields.
Note: If the valve is very close to the nearest mainline, then the valve
will be connected directly to the mainline.
5.12.20 CONNECT OUTLETS
Figure 5-160
IRRICAD has a tool that automatically connects outlets to the nearest

piece of mainline or zone pipe, depending on the outlet type.
5.12.20.1 CONNECTION PROPERTIES

Match nearest pipe: If this option is checked then the properties of
the pipe selected to join mainline outlets to the
mainline will be taken from the mainline pipe
that is closest to each of the outlets and zone

outlets to the zone will be taken from the zone
pipe that is closest to each of the outlets.
Maximum length of connecting pipe: This field controls whether an
outlet will be automatically connected to the
pipe. If the distance from the closest pipe
exceeds this value then no connecting pipe will
be placed.
Other fields
If “Match nearest pipe” is not checked then the remaining pipe property
fields are available. In this case outlets will be connected to the closest
mainline pipe with a pipe that has the properties specified in the fields.
Note: If the outlet is very close to the nearest pipe, then the outlet will
be connected directly to the pipe.
5.12.21 SHOW AREA

Tools|Show Area is used to calculate the area inside a closed boundary.
Clicking inside the region will highlight the boundary and display the
area enclosed by it.
This tool can be used to:-
 Quickly find the area within a region. For example, the paddock
corners outside of a centre pivot circle.
 Manually subdivide an area.
Figure 5-161

5.13 DESIGN
The Design menu includes settings and commands involved in the
hydraulic design process.
The Design menu contains the following commands:
Figure 5-162
5.13.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS

These parameters influence the design process. The design parameters
are in three sections accessible from tabs in the dialog.
Hydraulic Parameters: Hydraulic constraints.

Economic Parameters: Values used in the capital versus running costs
trade-off.
Analysis Parameters: Internal mathematical tolerances used in the
design engine.
To set design parameters:
1. Select Design|Design Parameters.

2. Make any changes required.
3. The [Save as Defaults] button saves the new values as default
values for all subsequent designs. The [Restore Defaults] button
sets all the parameters to the currently saved default values.
4. Click [OK].
5.13.1.1 HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS
Figure 5-163
Maximum Zone Pipe Velocity

The maximum fluid velocity used in the computer selection of zone pipe
diameters by the Velocity method. Zone pipes are pipes downstream
from a control valve. The LP Design method checks actual velocities
against this value and warns if it is exceeded but it does not form an
absolute constraint.
Maximum Mainline Pipe Velocity

The maximum fluid velocity used in the computer selection of mainline
pipe diameters by the Velocity method. Mainline pipes are pipes
upstream from a control valve. The LP Design method checks actual

velocities against this value and warns if it is exceeded but it does not
form an absolute constraint.
Minimum Lateral Length

If laterals shorter than the specified length arise during the placement of
laterals they will be discarded. This helps to avoid possible problem
occurring during Zone Design and helps to avoid placing unrealistic
lateral lengths accidentally.
Flushing Parameters
Required velocity: The minimum required flushing velocity for the
tapes. If the resultant velocity is below the
required velocity warning messages will be
issued during the analysis process and these
tapes will be indicated in the Flushing report by
"**".
Manifold back pressure: The estimated back pressure in the manifold.
This value indicates the pressure that must be
overcome for the flow to exit. It includes the
headloss as the flow exits the tapes, the
headloss along the manifold (if used) and the
headloss through the flush valve (if used). If no
manifold exists, and the tapes will be flushed by
simply opening the ends of the tapes, enter a
small value close to 0.
Assign Virtual Manifolds: In zones without physical manifolds this flag
controls the use of virtual manifolds. The flag
has no effect if manifolds have been created via
the tape irrigation block tool. If all laterals are to
be flushed at the same time, leave this box
unchecked; all laterals will be assigned to "0"
which can then be specified in Zone Design
Configuration.
Virtual manifold size: Controls how many tapes are to be flushing at
any one time. This value has no effect if
manifolds have been created via the tape
irrigation block tool or if "Assign Virtual
Manifolds" is not enabled.
The results of the flushing calculations will be displayed in the Zone

Flushing report.
Hazen-Williams C Factor Adjustment

The Hazen-Williams C Factor (HWC) can be adjusted where it may be
desirable to adjust the roughness factors for pipes in a particular design.
A common example would be to make allowances for pipe aging. The
options are:-
None Uses the Roughness C Factor (HWC) from the

database.
Scale Multiplies the existing C Factor by the specified
factor (HWCnew = HWC * factor). To increase
the friction loss enter a number smaller than
1.0, to decrease the friction loss enter a number
larger than 1.0.
Absolute Adds the specified factor to the existing C
Factor (HWCnew = HWC + factor). To increase
the friction loss enter a negative number, e.g., -
5, to decrease the friction loss enter a positive
number, e.g., 5.
Note that these adjustments do not affect the database in any way and
are transient in that they are only active during the design process when
the option is specified.
The zone and mainline design reports will include the message “Hazen-
Williams C Factor has been globally adjusted” if an adjustment was
specified for the last design run.
Rationalization Parameters
Zone Pipe Sizes: When enabled, sizes will be logically rearranged
from large to small, in submains and zone
pipes, to produce a more practical arrangement.
The rationalization process occurs after LP
Design has selected pipe sizes and set the
valve pressure. The resulting arrangement of
pipe sizes is then re-analyzed based on the
valve pressure already selected.
Mainline Pipe Sizes: When enabled sizes will be logically rearranged
from large to small pipes to produce a more
practical arrangement. The rationalization
process occurs after LP Design has selected
pipe sizes and set the water supply pressure (if
not user-defined). The rationalized arrangement
of pipe sizes is then re-analyzed based on the
water supply pressure already selected.

Misc Paramaters
Calculate travel times: This option calculates the time it takes for water
and solutes to travel through an irrigation
system. Travel times from the water supply to
mainline outlets or control valves and from the
control valves to all emitters may be calculated
and reported. This setting is disabled by default
as the calculations may take additional
processing time on large designs. Three reports
that display travel times are Zone Design
Summary, Zone Design Travel Time Report and
Mainline Design Travel Time Report.
Exclude mainline minor losses: Mainline minor losses may be
excluded from the mainline design process via
this check box. This is useful if you wish to use
an external method to calculate minor losses in
the mainline. This setting is off by default and,
unless enabled, minor losses will be calculated
as in previous versions of IRRICAD.
5.13.1.2 ECONOMIC PARAMETERS:
Figure 5-164
Default Pricing Type

The method for calculating the prices of components used for Bill of
Materials Reports.
Wholesale: Prices for materials and components will be
based on wholesale cost as listed in the
database.
Retail: Prices for materials and components will be
based on retail prices as listed in the database.
Multiplier: Prices for materials and components will be
calculated from a base price (either the
wholesale or retail price in the database)
multiplied by up to a maximum of four factors or
multipliers.
Margin or Discount
A modifier that can be applied to the prices of components calculated
using the default pricing type. If the default pricing type is Wholesale
then the percentage entered will be added as a margin to the wholesale
price otherwise it will be subtracted as a discount from the component
price.
Default Pump Efficiency, Power Cost

These are used to determine the annual operating cost of zones and
mainline so that pumping costs can be taken into account.
Default Interest Rate

This value is used along with "Economic Term" to determine the annual
capital cost of pipe by calculating and applying a capital recovery factor.
Trade Capital Cost vs Running Cost

This option can now be turned on or off as required for both mainline
and zone LP Design. It is more usual to turn this function off when using
Zone LP Design because running costs are generally not a
consideration for pipe selection within a zone.
Operating Hours per Year

This value is used when trading capital costs vs running costs in
Mainline Design|LP Design. The value is the total running time for the
water supply or pump with a default of 2000 hours.
When "Trade capital cost vs running cost" is not enabled, pipe selection
will select the least expensive pipe(s), within the velocity limit, where the
outlet pressure tolerance is met.

Zone Operating Hours / Yr
This value is used when trading capital costs vs running costs in Zone
Design|LP Design and is required because management (Assign
Zones...) may not have been completed prior to Zone Design. The value
is the average annual individual running time for all control valves with a
default of 500 hours.
Economic Term (years)

This value is used along with "Default Interest Rate" to determine the
annual capital cost of pipe by calculating and applying a capital recovery
factor.
Cycle Time
The maximum time in days that the irrigation system is likely to require
to complete an irrigation cycle. Its main purpose is to check that any
operating times entered in the management dialogs fall within the cycle.
The allowable range is 1-21 days.
See also:
Supplier Code Multipliers Section 5.14.17
5.13.1.3 ANALYSIS PARAMETERS
Figure 5-165
These parameters should not be changed under normal circumstances.
Iterations
Maximum for Velocity & LP: The maximum number of iterations
allowed to achieve a solution during computer
pipe sizing.
Maximum for Detailed Analysis: The maximum number of iterations
allowed to achieve a solution during Detailed
Analysis. The user can increase this number, if
required; however, this will not guarantee that
the solution will converge.
Miscellaneous
Info Delay Time: Information warnings, which appear during
design, will stay on the screen for the length of
time set here. If the user does not wish to get
such messages, set the “Delay Time” option to
zero. Note the units are in milliseconds, i.e.,
2500 equals 2.5 seconds.
Tolerances
Tape Calculation: Pressure tolerance used to check convergence,
i.e., to decide when the iterations have finished
when doing tape calculations.
LP Convergence: A tolerance used to determine when LP has a
close enough solution.
Detailed Analysis Flow Close Fraction: Determines how accurate the
final emitter flows are – the smaller the value,
the more accurate the flows. A value of 0.001
gives flows to 0.1%.
Convergence Ratios
Mainline Analysis Factor: Do not change this under any circumstances
unless specifically told to do so by the technical
support person. The default is 0.001.
Detailed Analysis Factor: The default value is 0.75 and in normal
circumstances this should not be changed.
Valid values are however between 0.0 (fastest)
and 0.99 slowest), using a smaller factor may
mean some systems will not converge at all.

Tape Parameters
Number of Virtual Emitters: The maximum number of virtual emitters
used in the tape calculations. The smaller the
number, the faster but less accurate the
calculations. A value of 200 barely affects the
flows and headlosses and is reasonably quick.
IRRICAD uses the physical number of emitters
on the tape if there are less than this number.
Elevation Calculation Method: This version includes a method of
analyzing tapes where the elevation at each
emitter (or virtual emitter) is used in the
calculations. To enable this method select DEM
Elevations in the “Elevation Calculation
Method” dropdown box of the Analysis tab
under the Design|Design Parameters menu
item. Note that the other two options available
are essentially the same and simply use the
slope, one of these will be removed in future
versions.
Calculation Formula: Either Darcy-Weisbach (accounting for laminar,
transition, and turbulent zones) which is the
current method or Diskin (which uses different
coefficients depending on the Reynolds
number).
Kinematic Viscosity: Used in the calculation of the Reynolds number
and Darcy-Weisbach calculations. The default
value is 1.13 (which was used in previous
versions of IRRICAD) based on water at 60° F.
D.E.M. Options
Interpolation Method: The DEM (Digital Elevation Model) used by
Irricad has been greatly improved with the
implementation of an ABOS system
(Approximation Based On Smoothing). The
ABOS method is much quicker than the old AEI
method, and is much better at representing
likely topography, especially when based on a
low number of height points. It does not show
the artefacts sometimes generated by the old
method. The ABOS method is the default, but
the user may switch back to using the old AEI
method if required.

The images below show a height map generated from five spot heights
by both DEM methods
AEI Method ABOS method

Figure 5-166
The ABOS method also provides an interpolation summary after

calculation (see Calculate Elevation Errors, Section 5.13.5).
D.E.M. Resolution: The ABOS method internally represents

contours as individual points. These points are
automatically generated along contour lines at
this resolution.
D.E.M. Accuracy: The target precision of the ABOS method. It is
the maximum difference between the source
height point data and the surface generated by
ABOS and is defined as a percentage of the
height range – i.e., a percentage of the
difference between the maximum and minimum
heights.
D.E.M. Grid Size: If this value is set to 0 then IRRICAD will
choose a suitable grid size. However this may
result in a large number of grid points and
consequently slow the generation and loading
of the 3D DEM.
The grid spans the contours and not the hydraulic parts of the design.
This means that a large area of elevation data effectively reduces the
resolution. Increase the DEM Grid Size to increase accuracy in these
situations or leave as 0.

5.13.2 CHECK OUTLET CONNECTIVITY
Unconnected outlets, tapes, spraylines and valves are indicated on
screen by a special symbol. The coordinates of the unconnected items
are no longer displayed in warning messages but are logged to the error
log file and can be viewed with View Errors under the Reports menu.
The size of the symbol used is 20% larger than the “Base database
symbol Size” in the Miscellaneous Settings tab. Note that the symbol
used is named ‘Unconnected.vcs’ and is located in the Symbols\Drawing
folder – users may alter this symbol as they wish.
Note: This check is optional but it should be used immediately after

entering the irrigation system on the screen and after making
any significant changes to the layout.
To check the design for unconnected items:
1. Select Design|Check Outlet Connectivity.
IRRICAD will check that all hydraulic items in the design are connected.
Figure 5-167
If there are any unconnected items, a warning message will tell the user
the coordinates of the item(s).
5.13.3 CLEAR CONNECTIVITY MARKS

The Clear Connectivity Marks menu item will remove all connectivity
symbols, any existing symbols are also removed as part of the
connectivity check.

5.13.4 INTERPOLATE ELEVATIONS
This option causes IRRICAD to completely re-interpolate elevations for
all irrigation components in the design, regardless of whether elevations
had been previously interpolated, and also regenerates the DEM.
This tool should only be used if changes to contours or spot heights

have been made during the course of the design causing the elevation
of objects already included in the design to change.
It is not necessary to select this option for a new design, as elevation will
be automatically calculated for all objects. For subsequent runs of
design, elevations for new objects that have been added will also be
automatically calculated. Elevations for objects, which previously had
elevations calculated, would not have elevations recalculated unless
Interpolate Elevations is first selected.
The elevation interpolation is automatically performed when Zone

Design is selected, or when Mainline Design is selected if it had not
previously been completed in Zone Design.
To interpolate elevations:
1. Select Design|Interpolate Elevations.

2. Wait until the process has finished.
5.13.5 CALCULATE ELEVATION ERRORS

The Calculate Elevation Errors tool provides an interpolation summary
after the DEM Calculation or Interpolate Elevations if the ABOS Method
is used (see Analysis Parameters, Section 5.13.1.3). This tool can also
be actioned from Design|Calculate Elevation Errors. The tool will provide
information if the "AEI Method" is used however it is only relevant if the
"ABOS Method" is selected in Design|Design Parameters|Analysis
Parameters.
To go to the coordinates in the message (for example to find any

errounous heights) click on the blue coordinates. In this way errors can
be found and fixed. Note that the 'errors' are simply the differences
between the interpolated DEM grid and the values used to create it.
Reasons for this could be insufficeint data, the grid size is too coarse, or
incorrect values. Check the surrounding elevations to determine if the
values are acceptable.

Figure 5-168
Tip: If changes have been made (e.g., erroneous spot heights or

contours deleted or changed) re-run Design|Interpolate
Contours to update the DEM information.
5.13.6 ZONE DESIGN

To design the system, there are four options:
Analyze: Calculate flows and pressures when the

designer has manually specified zone pipe
sizes or IRRICAD has previously sized
Computer Sized pipes.
LP Design: LP (Linear Programming) is a method that
attempts to select pipe diameters such that the
required pressures of the zone outlets are met.
Note that LP sizing cannot be used for looped
systems.
Velocity Design: This method of computer sizing selects the
smallest diameter, for the flow in the given pipe,
such that he maximum velocity (specified in
Design Parameters) is not exceeded. When
sizing pipes in a looped system Velocity Design
must be used.
Detailed Analysis: An iterative process to exactly match the flow of
an emitter or sprayline to the pressure at that
point. Used after all pipes have been sized and
a valve pressure has been specified in Zone
Design Configuration (Design|Zone Design
Configuration).

5.13.7 ZONE DESIGN CONFIGURATION
This table allows the user to select zones to be sized or analyzed and to
specify the number of lateral and submain sizes to be used in computer
sizing. Selection of zones to be sized or analyzed is particularly useful
where the majority of zones in a design are successfully completed and
one or two zones only need to be modified and reanalyzed as reanalysis
of all the zones is not required. It also allows progressive or staged
design where the basic design parameters of some blocks (e.g., lateral
pipe types) may be different.
Figure 5-169
To specify the Zone Design Configuration:
1. Select Design|Zone Design Configuration.

2. Change the settings for any zone as required.
3. Click [OK].
Process: Check this box if the named zone is to be

processed (analyzed or have pipes computer
selected).
Flushing: A flag to control whether this zone is to be
analyzed for flushing
Manifold: The ID of the manifold operating under flushing
conditions. Enter a negative number to denote a
virtual manifold. See Manifold Numbering,
Section 2.6.5.2.
Allow for Minor Losses: Check this box if minor losses should be
included when processing the zone. Note that
for tape blocks, minor losses are not included.
Change Diameter at Outlet: Check this box if pipe size changes in
spraylines with telescoping diameters is to take
place at sprinkler locations. Leave unchecked
for the size change to take place at the position
calculated by IRRICAD.
Number of Lateral Sizes: The maximum number of pipe sizes that can
be used during computer selection of pipe sizes
for each lateral. The options are 1, 2 or 3.
Number of Submain Sizes: The maximum number of pipe sizes that
can be used during computer selection of pipe
diameters for submain pipes (non-laterals). The
options are 1-9, with 0 (the default) being used
to indicate no restriction.
D/S Valve Pressure: Pressure on the downstream of the control
valve. If LP Design is used, IRRICAD treats this
pressure as a maximum allowable pressure and
may calculate a lower value if it is necessary or
more economical to do so. If Velocity Design,
Detailed Analysis or Analyze is used, IRRICAD
fixes the downstream control valve pressure at
the specified value. If IRRICAD is to calculate
the required valve pressure, leave this at the
default value of zero.
Actual Valve Pressure: Shows the actual valve pressure resulting from
the last design/analysis run. Note - these fields
are not editable.
Min/Max Emitter Pressures: Shows the actual minimum and maximum
emitter pressures in each zone resulting from
the last design/analysis run. Note - these fields
are not editable.
Overriding Database Pressure Envelope

Normally the pressure window (envelope) used during design and
analysis is determined by values in the database. Depending on the
particular emitters in the design, a combination of percentage flow
/pressure ranges and the minimum and maximum allowable emitter
pressure is used. In the revised dialog the database ranges can be
overridden, on a zone by zone basis, by checking the “Don’t Use
Database Envelope” column. In this case the pressure range specified
by the values in the “Minimum Allowable Pressure” and “Maximum
Allowable Pressure” columns is used.
Note: No range checking is done for these values, it is the user’s

responsibility to make sure that the pressures chosen are
appropriate for the emitters/tapes used in the zone.
5.13.7.1 EDIT OPERATIONS

Selection
Three methods of selecting values are available. Simply clicking on any
editable cell will select the value in it. Clicking and dragging (including
not editable cells) will select multiple values. All items in a column may
be selected by clicking on the description at the head of the column.
Setting/Unsetting
The [Set Selected] and [Unset Selected] buttons set and unset all
selected checkbox values. For example to turn off the processing for all
zones the “Process” column would be clicked and then [Unset Selected].
Note these buttons only affect checkbox cells. The Space bar may also
be used to toggle the state.
Copying
A selection is copied to the windows clipboard by using the standard
windows shortcut <Ctrl> + <C> (hold the Ctrl key down and press ‘c’).
Paste Selected
This button pastes a single value from the clipboard into all selected
cells. For example to set all D/S valve pressures to 30.0 the following
process would be used.
1. Enter 30.0 as the valve pressure for a single zone.

2. Select this by clicking on the cell then copy it by <Ctrl> + <C>.
3. Select all valve pressure cells by clicking on the column
description.
4. Click [Paste Selected] - all cells in the valve pressure column will
be set to 30.0.
Note: only numeric cells are affected by this button.
Pasting
Cells that have been selected and copied may be pasted by using the
standard windows shortcut <Ctrl> + <V>. For example to set all the D/S
Valve pressures to the results of the last zone design (as a precursor to
running detailed analysis, for example) the following process would be
used.
1. Select the “Actual Valve Pressure” values by clicking on the

column description.
2. Press <Ctrl> + <C> to copy.
3. Select the “D/S Valve Pressure” column by clicking on the
column description.

4. Press <Ctrl> + <V> to paste. All the values in the “Actual Valve
Pressure” column will be transferred into the “D/S Valve
Pressure” column.
Note: that groups of cells may be selected and pasted into the same
or other columns. Data may not however be pasted into any
non-editable cells.
Undo
The results of previous pasting operations may be ‘undone’ by using the
<Ctrl> + <Z> undo shortcut.
5.13.8 VALVE SPECIFICATION SUMMARY

After running Zone Design open this dialog to see the valves and their
design flows. Valves that have flows outside of their specified range will
be displayed in red. Individual zone valves can be changed in this drop
down dialog, which shows the available valves and their flow ranges.
Valve Analysis is rerun automatically when the dialog is closed.
List suitable valves: Only valves which have flow ranges appropriate
for the zone flow will be listed as well as the
currently selected valve.
List all valves: All valves enabled in the database will be listed.
Figure 5-170
The Valve Summary dialog can also be used to streamline pressure

changes to mainline outlets and pressure and flow changes to mainline
demand points.
Mainline Outlet: the new “Pressure” field can be edited and the
“Zone Flow” field will be updated with the new
flow.
Mainline Demand Point: both the “Pressure” and “Zone Flow” fields are
available for editing.
Zone Control Valve: the “Pressure” field displays the upstream
pressure however it cannot be edited.
Note that after making changes in the dialog you should re-run Mainline
Design/Analysis to incorporate the revised pressures and/or flows.
5.13.9 ASSIGN ZONES TO SYSTEM FLOWS

This is a graphically based management tool. It works by displaying
symbols of all zones and water supplies (when more than one) on
screen, these symbols can then be selected individually, or in groups,
and then assigned to a particular system flow. The process works as
follows:-
1. Select Design|Assign Zones to System Flows. A dialog

specifying the number of systems flows is displayed. The
system flow times default to the running time of one hour. These
times can be changed as required.
Figure 5-171
2. On clicking [OK] hatched symbols are displayed for all zones

and water supplies (if more than one) in the design.
3. The floating ‘System Flows’ window shows the total flow
currently assigned to each system flow.
4. Zones are selected by simply left clicking on them. Multiple
zones can be selected at once. Zones can be deselected by left
clicking or using the Clear Selection tool. Note that the status
bar displays the cumulative flow of the selected zones and the
total Design Flow from all water supplies.
5. The selected zones are then assigned to a particular system
flows by either clicking the [Assign Zones to Sys Flows] button
on the ‘System Flows’ window, or by selecting the Assign to Sys
Flow item from the Right-click menu.
6. The required system flow number can be specified in the
“System Flow Number” field. If “Replace Existing System Flows
in Zones” is checked (the default) then the selected Zones will
be assigned to the specified system flow and removed from any
others. By leaving this field unchecked zones can be assigned
to more than one system flow.
Figure 5-172
7. When the arrangement of zones is acceptable (see

Figure 5-172) it can be saved by clicking the [Save & Exit]
button or choosing Save and Exit from the Right-click menu.
8. Clicking the [Cancel & Exit] button will exit from the tool without
saving the current arrangement. This option is also available
from the Right-click menu or by pressing the <ESC> key.
9. The process can be restarted (all changes made will be
discarded) by selecting Restart from the Right-click menu.
5.13.10 ASSIGN ALL ZONES TO ONE SYSTEM FLOW
This method of entering zone management information saves time by
automatically assigning all zones in the design to one system flow,
operating all zones at one time.
Figure 5-173
To assign all zones to one system flow:
1. Select Design|Assign All Zones To One System Flow.

2. Make any changes required in the dialog.
3. Click [OK].
The default On / Off times are set for one hour, one hour apart. The user
can change the On / Off times if the actual starting and stopping times
are important.
See also:

Assign System Flows to Zones Section
5.13.13.3
Partial Management Section 2.6.2
5.13.11 ASSIGN EACH ZONE TO A UNIQUE SYSTEM FLOW
This method of entering zone management information saves time by
automatically assigning each zone in the design to a unique system
flow, operating the zones sequentially.
Figure 5-174
To assign each zone to a unique system flow:
1. Select Design|Assign Each Zone to a Unique System Flow.

2. Make any changes required in the dialog.
3. Click [OK]
are important.
If more than one water supply is present, it is still necessary to allocate

which system flow will operate on which water supply.
Note: If the number of zones exceeds 23, and the cycle time is 1 day,
a warning message will occur. To fix this, the user can either
allocate less than 1 hour to each system flow, or increase the
cycle time in Design|DesignParameters|Economic Parameters.
See also:

Assign System Flows to Zones Section
5.13.13.3
5.13.12 CLEAR MANAGEMENT

The Clear Management option in the Design menu deletes all the
current zone and water supply management information.
5.13.13 OTHER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

5.13.13.1 WATER SUPPLY TIMES
This table will allow the user to enter and designate On times and Off
times for the water supply.
Figure 5-175
The water supply can be specified as being available at specific times

during the irrigation cycle time.
Examples of where this may occur are:
 Where the water supply may be turned off for weekends, or

 Where irrigation cannot take place during certain hours of the
day.
Up to 10 start and stop times for each water supply can be specified.
Where the Assign System Flow… options are used, multiple water
supplies can be designated to operate on certain system flows or groups
of zones. If Zone Operating Times are used, Water Supply Times must
be entered if more than one water supply is present. This ensures that
the resulting system flows from overlapping operating times will have the
information required to know which water supply they are running on.
5.13.13.2 ZONE OPERATING TIMES
Figure 5-176
To specify operating times:
1. Select Design|Other Management Options|Zone Operating

Times.
2. Enter up to 3 On and Off times for each zone valve. The times
for any zone may overlap or be the same as times for other
zones.
3. Click [OK].

Use the scroll bar or the arrow keys to move up and down the screen.
5.13.13.3 ASSIGN SYSTEM FLOWS TO ZONES

This method of entering zone management information allows the
designer to choose the number of system flows (stations) and their
operating times, and then to select which of these system flows each
zone will operate on. It is the preferred option for larger systems where
valve grouping rather than actual valve start and stop times are
important.
Allocate times to the system flows and designate which zones will
operate on which system flows.
Times allocated to system flows must not overlap otherwise a warning

will be issued requesting the data to be corrected. Likewise, the times
must not violate the irrigation cycle time (as set in Design|Design
Parameters|Economic Parameters) and the water supply availability (if
used).
For systems with two or more water supplies, each supply can be
assigned to any or all of the system flows. This means the user can
control which water supply will supply each valve. If there is only one
water supply, the supply is not mentioned as all system flows operate on
the one water supply.
To assign system flows to zones:
1. Select Design|Other Management Options|Assign System Flows

To Zones.
2. Enter the number of system flows and the on / off times for each
system flow. Allocate the system flows to the water supplies and
zones. More than one zone can operate on a system flow.
3. Click [OK].
Tip: This method can also be used for partial management.
If the user increases or decreases the number of system flows, the user
may need to click on the screen, for this change to take place.
are important.

Figure 5-177
If more than one water supply is present, it is still necessary to allocate

which system flow will operate on which water supply.
See also:

5.13.14 MAINLINE DESIGN

To design the system, there are four options:
Figure 5-178
Analyze: Calculate flows and pressures when the

designer has manually specified mainline pipe
sizes or IRRICAD has previously sized
Computer Sized pipes.

LP Design: LP (Linear Programming) is a method that
attempts to select pipe diameters so that the
required pressures of the mainline outlets or
control valves are met. Note LP sizing cannot
be used for looped systems or in systems with
multiple water supplies.
Velocity Design: This method of computer sizing is selects the
smallest diameter, for the flow in the given pipe,
such that the maximum velocity for pipes
(specified in Design Parameters) is not
exceeded. When sizing pipes in a looped
system Velocity Design must be used.
Detailed Analysis: An iterative process to exactly match the flow of
an outlet or control valve to the pressure at that
point. Used after all the pipes have been sized
and a water supply pressure has been specified
in the water supply dialog.
5.13.15 COMPUTER SELECTION OF FITTINGS

When this option is selected, IRRICAD refers to the databases and
chooses the fittings required to connect the pipes and components,
which have been previously selected. Before any fitting selection takes
place, junctions that should not require any fittings (such as when two
straight pipes are joined together) are removed.
To computer select fittings:
1. Select Design|Computer Selection of Fittings.

2. IRRICAD will automatically select the required fittings at each
junction.
3. Refer to the Costings/BOM Reports for any fitting selection
errors.
See also
IRRICAD Selecting Fittings for the Design Section 2.6.6
5.13.16 MISCELLANEOUS COSTS

This feature allows the inclusion of any additional items that may be
required to complete Bill of Materials or Costing reports.

To use Miscellaneous Costs:-
1. Select Design|Miscellaneous Costs.
2. Click the [Add] button to add new items from the database.
3. Click the [Replace] or [Delete] buttons to make changes if
required.
4. Click [OK] to save the changes.
5. Open a Costing/BOM report to see the miscellaneous items
added to the design costings.
Figure 5-179
Note that items specified in Design|Miscellaneous Costs are persistent

and will not be affected if Design|Computer Selection of Fittings is
subsequently run.
5.13.17 RISER SELECTION RULES

When entering hydraulic components into a design, depths can be
specified for spraylines, zone and mainline pipes, control valves and
miscellaneous hydraulic items.
To over ride the default riser selection rules, select the selection rules for
the specified depths or select a riser pipe to be used.
To edit the Riser Rules:
1. Select Design|Riser Selection Rules.

2. Edit the dialog as required.
3. Click [OK].

Figure 5-180
Depth 1: The higher of the two depths.

Depth 2: The lower of the two depths.
Riser: Select Rule or User. If Rule is selected, specify
the Rule in the “Size” and “Type” fields. If User
is selected specify the pipe to be used in the
“Riser Description” field.
Size: Specifies if the size of the riser is to match the
top pipe or the bottom pipe size
Type: Specifies if the pipe type of the riser is to match
the top pipe or the bottom pipe type.
Riser Description: Selects a pipe from the database to be used as
the riser.
See also:
Entering Items at Different Levels Section 2.4.2.3
5.13.18 PIPE FITTING MATCHING TABLE

This table is very important in that it sets out which fittings can be used
with which pipes. This information then governs the selection of fittings
for all junctions and hence the cost.
To edit the Pipe Fitting Matching Table:
1. Select Design|Pipe Fitting Matching Table.

2. Make any changes required. Use the [Insert] and [Remove]
buttons to add rows to and remove rows from the table.

3. Click [OK].
Figure 5-181
Pipe Type: A code that defines the material and

construction of the pipe. The codes from this
table provide the dropdown list used when
entering pipe data in the database editor. Enter
a new code into this table before using it in the
database. This code can not contain more than
4 characters.
Connection Gender: The gender of the pipe connection. Note that all
pipes are assumed to have only one connection
gender and pipes that actually have both (i.e.
socketed one end) are always assumed to have
the same gender as specified in this table. This
means that in practice the socketed end would
be cut off or removed if it was required to
connect to a fitting. This convention applies in
practice to virtually all types of fitting.
Connection Type: A single character code that signifies whether
the pipe connection is threaded, press-fit,
flanged, etc. The code used must be consistent
with that used in the database.
Fitting Type: A connector matching code that defines the
particular fittings that this pipe type can be
connected to. The matching codes used must
be consistent with the system of matching
codes used when entering data in the database
editor. This code must not contain more than
four characters.

Maximum Angle: The maximum angle that the pipe system can
safely be deflected through without the use of a
specific fitting. For rigid pipes, such as asbestos
cement, it will be the maximum angle of the
pipe-to-pipe connection system used. For semi-
rigid pipes, such as smaller diameter PVC, it will
be the allowable joint deflection plus an
allowance for bending the pipe itself. For flexible
pipe, such as polyethylene it will be the
maximum angle the pipe can be safely bent
through. Typical data for these values should be
available from the various pipe manufacturers’
handbooks.
Extra Allowance: After determining the total length of each pipe
required for a design, IRRICAD adds an
additional length which is calculated by applying
the extra allowable percentage to the total
length to give a final reported length. The new
lengths apply to all Bill of Materials reports. This
does not affect the quantities reported in any
Costing reports.
Rounding: After the extra allowance has been added to the
original pipe lengths determined by IRRICAD,
the new total is rounded up to the nearest figure
defined by the rounding figure. This rounding
applies to all Bill of Materials reports except the
Zone / Mainline BOM. This does not affect the
quantities reported in any Costing reports.
Roll / Len: The length of a roll or length of pipe. IRRICAD
will use this value to determine how many rolls
or lengths of pipe are required for a design and
this number will be reported in the Bill of
Materials reports. A value of zero tells IRRICAD
to report the total length of pipe required. This
does not affect the quantities reported in any
Costing reports.

5.14 REPORTS
Reports are formatted correctly for specific printers and can be
customized by users, distributors, or AEI Software without the need for
reprogramming IRRICAD.
The reports available in the Management Reports, Zone Design

Reports, Mainline Design Reports and Costing/BOM Reports sub-menus
are determined by the report templates present in the \Reports sub-
folder. These menus are populated on startup.
All reports have a header showing the client, job address, quote number,
date and description as entered in Settings|Design Details and
Settings|Client.
The Reports menu contains the following commands:
 Report Settings
 Show Flow
 View Errors
 3D DEM View
 Show Zone Pressure Limits
 Show Zone Pressure Map
 Show Zone Flow Map
 Show Allowable Submain Position
 Hydraulic Gradeline
 Management Reports
 Zone Design Reports
 Mainline Design Reports
 Costing/BOM Reports
 Miscellaneous Costs
 Supplier Code Multipliers
 Costing Reports Options
 Zone Design Reports Configuration
 Mainline Design Reports Configuration
5.14.1.1 VIEWING AND PRINTING REPORTS

When a report is selected IRRICAD collects the information and renders
it for the printer. During this process, which can take a moment for large
reports, counters showing the pages and records processed are
displayed. Once the report is visible it can be viewed using the scroll
bars and normal keyboard commands (<Page Up>, <Page Down>,
<Home>, <End> arrow keys etc.). The functions of the menu items are
as follows.
File
Save: Saves the report to a file. To do this select the
file type required in the “Save as Type”
dropdown, Enter a filename, navigate to the
desired folder using “Save In” and click the
[Save] button. Four different file formats are
supported.
Rich Text Format (*.rtf): this format can be read by most word
processing software, graphics and formatting
are retained.
Html Format (*.htm): readable by web browsers and most word
processors. Graphics and formatting are
retained but .rtf is generally better.
Text Format (*.txt): Simple text format that can be opened in almost
all word processors and text editors. Although
graphics and formatting are not retained this
format can be useful to import inventory reports
into other programs (Microsoft Excel ® for
example).
Native Format (*.frc): Native format of the report writer, not
recommended.
Print: Opens the standard Windows Print dialog and is
used to print the report.
Preview: If checked shows a complete page in the report
viewer window.
Exit: Closes the report.
Edit
Jump: Moves to the page number specified.
Copy: Copies individual pages or the complete report
to the clipboard.
5.14.1.2 SETTING THE DEFAULT PRINTER

The default printer for reports can be specified under File|Reports Print
Setup option.

5.14.1.3 CUSTOMIZING REPORTS
The content, formatting and appearance of Reports is determined by
predefined report templates located in the \Reports sub-folder. It is
possible to create completely new, or modify existing, report templates.
Creating new reports from scratch, or making substantial changes to
existing reports, is beyond the scope of most users and is normally best
left to Lincoln Agritech Ltd or their distributors. Consequently detailed
documentation on report customization is contained elsewhere.
It is however quite feasible for users to make minor or cosmetic changes

to the existing reports by using the following procedures:
1. Open the standalone report editor; this is available under the

Start/Programs/IRRICAD Pro menu or by navigating to the
IRRICAD installation folder and double clicking on
ReportEditor.exe.
2. On the File menu choose Edit Report.
3. Select the template file; these are located in the \Reports sub-
folder which should be the default location.
The selected template will now be displayed.
It is generally desirable to make any significant changes in new template

so that the original one, shipped with IRRICAD, remains intact. To do
this, select Save As from the File menu and choose a new file name for
the template. Note that in order for templates to be added to the
IRRICAD report menus they need to be saved in the \Reports sub-
folder.
The report menus are constructed by using the ‘Report Name’ from the
template not the filename. It is therefore important to change this to
avoid having two items with the same name in the menu. The report
name can be changed via the File|Report Parameters menu item. Note
that if #Sort# appears at the end of the report name it MUST be retained
(it will not be displayed in the menu).
Now make the changes that are required. On-line help can be found
under the Help menu, note that double clicking with the left mouse
button opens a dialog for editing an item while double clicking with the
right button allows the font properties to be altered.
It is not recommended that any Filters or Sections are added, deleted or

altered by users.
Save the template when all changes have been made then exit both the
template and Report Editor application.
When IRRICAD is restarted any new templates will be added to the

appropriate Reports menu. Change to existing templates will be
reflected when the report is next run.
Requests for new reports may be made to AEI Software.
5.14.1.4 VERSION 7 REPORTS

It is possible to display the old version 7 style reports although this
feature is not enabled by default. To display these, the value of the
registry key HKCU\Software\AEI Software\IRRICAD\Appsettings\Misc\
ShowOldReports needs to be changed to ‘1’. The old style reports can
now be accessed under an Old Reports item in the Reports menu. Note
IRRICAD must not be open when these settings are being changed and
it is recommended that editing the Registry is only attempted by
experienced Windows users.
5.14.2 REPORTS SETTINGS
Figure 5-182
5.14.2.1 TEXT REPORTS

The “Page Length” and “Border Type” fields available through
Reports|Reports Settings menu item only apply to the Version 7 style
reports. A font can be selected in the report screen by selecting Edit|Set
Font. Only fixed width fonts are displayed, as proportional fonts change
the length of each line and distort the borders (if used).
This dialog allows the user to change settings that affect the reports.
Printer Page Length: The maximum number of lines that will fit on
one printed page. Used for automatic pagination
of reports.
Report Border Type: Controls the appearance of the border around
each report. Note not all fonts can display an
IBM type border.
The “Page Length” and “Border Type” fields only apply to the Version 7
style reports.
5.14.2.2 MIN / MAX PRESSURE INDICATORS

These settings available in Reports|Report Settings control the Show
Zone Pressure Limits labels.
Min Pressure
When checked, the minimum zone pressure will be labelled, based on
the following settings:
Text: The text size of the label

Background: The background, border and line thickness
properties
Layer: The layer, if changed, that the label will be on
Position: The position of the label – INLINE, ABOVE,
BELOW, LEFT, RIGHT
Max Pressure
When checked, the maximum zone pressure will be labelled, based on
the following settings:
Text: The text size of the label

Background: The background, border and line thickness
properties
Layer: The layer, if changed, that the label will be on
Position: The position of the label – INLINE, ABOVE,
BELOW, LEFT, RIGHT

Symbol Size
The size of the pressure gauge symbol on the plan. Adjust according to
the scale of the plan.
5.14.3 SHOW FLOW

This tool makes the process of zoning or grouping sprinklers easier by
giving the flow required to service a particular area in the design.
The following information is displayed on the screen:
Area: The plan area enclosed by the lasso.

Outlets: The number of outlets in the enclosed area.
Flow: The total flow of all outlets in the enclosed area.
Precipitation rate: The average intensity of application within the
enclosed area.
To show the flow for an area:
1. Select Reports|Show Flow.

2. Draw a lasso on the screen around the area the user which to
view. Close the lasso by clicking on the starting point or by
selecting Right-click|Close.
3. Upon closing the lasso, a dialog appears which displays the
area, outlets, flow and precipitation rate. Click [Close] to exit, or
highlight the required text and click the [Copy] button to copy
selected information to the clipboard.
Note: Keep in mind that in calculating the precipitation rate, IRRICAD

assumes that all the water from the enclosed sprinklers falls in
the area lassoed.
5.14.4 VIEW ERRORS

This option will let the user view a list of the errors that have occurred
during the last IRRICAD session, e.g., Zone Design. The report will
show all the error messages that were displayed during the design
process. If the user has set design to run and had to leave the computer,
the error messages can be viewed here. Alternatively, if the Delay Time
for information warnings is zero (hence, does not display error
messages during design) then the errors can be viewed in this report.

5.14.5 3D DEM VIEW
If DEM Elevations has been selected for the “Elevation Calculation
Method” in Design Parameters|Analysis Parameters then it is also
possible to view a 3D representation of the resulting ground surface.
The advantage of this 3D view is that small inconsistencies in
elevations, that are not apparent with color coding, can be located
visually.
Figure 5-183
5.14.5.1 OPERATION
This facility is available by selecting 3D DEM View from the Reports
menu. Elevations of the DEM points are color coded in a similar fashion
to contours - from red through yellow green and then blue.
The 3D view can be: rotated by Left-click and dragging; zoomed with
<Shift> Left-Click and drag; panned with Right-click and drag.
The scale of the Z axis can be altered by holding down the shift key and
using the mouse wheel.

Figure 5-183 above shows and example of a 3D DEM view.
Note: Pausing the mouse pointer over the grid will display a tooltip
showing the X,Y location and elevation (Z value).
5.14.6 SHOW ZONE PRESSURE LIMITS

A graphical report that indicates the position and value of the minimum
and maximum pressure emitters in a zone. This report can be accessed
via Show Pressure Limits on the Reports menu. Options available are:-
Figure 5-184
Format
The size, format and colors of the indicator text and the size of the
indicator are specified via the Report Settings option in the Reports
menu.
This dialog operates in exactly the same way as for Label Settings . The
size of the indicator symbol is determined by the “Symbol Size” field.
Figure 5-185
Note: Zone design must be completed before this tool can be used.
The markers and labels, which make up the graphical indication,
can be moved and or deleted independently from each other.
This is useful, for example, when the indicators obscure each
other or parts of the design.
5.14.6.1 ALL VALVES

This displays the minimum and maximum pressure markers and labels
for all control valves (i.e. zones) in the design.
5.14.6.2 SELECTED VALVES

Display the markers for the selected valves only.
5.14.6.3 CLEAR MARKERS

Removes all the markers and labels.
5.14.7 SHOW ZONE PRESSURE MAP

A graphical representation of the pressures in a zone can be created
using the Reports|Show Zone Pressure Map function.
5.14.7.1 SELECTED VALVES

Select a control valve (Design / Analyse needs to have been completed
for the zone) and choose Reports|Show Zone Pressure Map|Selected
Valve.
The pressure map dialog shows the pressure limits from zone
configuration, as well as the actual maximum and minimum emitter
pressures in the zone.
Map Info
Zone Pressure Limits: The minimum and maximum allowable zone
pressure limits.

Actual Limits: The minimum and maximum actual pressure
limits within the zone.
Number of Emitters: Number of emitters within the Zone.
Figure 5-186
Map Properties
The pressure map can be created using the zone pressure limits or
custom limits may be specified on the dialog.

Use Zone Pressure Limits: Select this option if the actual pressure
limits are outside of the allowable pressure
limits
Use Custom pressure limits: Select this option if the actual pressure
limits are inside of the allowable pressure limits
and set custom limits to give the view of where
the outlets which are just in or just out of the
pressure limits are.
Min Pressure: Editable when “Use Custom pressure limits” is
selected. Set a minimum pressure limit above
the actual minimum pressure limit to view the
outlets which are just in range.
Max Pressure: Editable when “Use Custom pressure limits” is
selected. Set a maximum pressure limit below
the actual maximum pressure limit to view the
Individual markers on connected spraylines: Individual circular fills
can be placed at the location of each emitter by
enabling the check box (as below in the Spray
Block image). This can cause slow redrawing at
higher numbers of emitters, uncheck the
“Individual markers on connected spraylines”
check box.
Create Legend: A legend can be created and placed on the left-
hand side of the pressure map. The legend can
be moved using the Move tool.
Tape Block:
Figure 5-187
Spray Block:
Figure 5-188
The pressure map symbol is colour coded as follows:
Emitter pressure is below the minimum allowable pressure.
Emitter flow is above the minimum flow, but inside the lower 10%
of the flow range.
Emitter pressure is within the allowable pressure range
Emitter flow is below the maximum flow, but inside the upper 10%
of the flow range..
Emitter pressure is above the maximum allowable pressure.

5.14.8 SHOW ZONE FLOW MAP

A graphical representation of the flow variation in a zone can now be
created using the Reports|Show Zone Flow Map function.

5.14.8.1 SELECTED VALVE
Select a control valve (Design / Analyse needs to have been completed
for the zone) and choose Reports|Show Zone Flow Map|Selected Valve.
Figure 5-189
Map Info
The flow map dialog shows the flow limits for the zone, as well as the
actual maximum and minimum emitter flows in the zone.
Zone Flow Limits: The minimum and maximum allowable zone

flow limits.

Actual Limits: The minimum and maximum actual pressure
limits within the zone.
Number of Emitters: Number of emitters within the Zone.
Map Properties
The flow map can be created using the zone limits or custom limits may
be specified on the dialog. Custom limits could be used to show the
range within a smaller tolerance if required e.g., 0.86lpm– 0.90lpm.
Use Zone Pressure Limits: Select this option if the actual pressure
limits are outside of the allowable pressure
limits
Use Custom pressure limits: Select this option if the actual pressure
limits are inside of the allowable pressure limits
and set custom limits to give the view of where
the outlets which are just in or just out of the
pressure limits are.
Min Pressure: Editable when “Use Custom pressure limits” is
selected. Set a minimum pressure limit above
the actual minimum pressure limit to view the
Max Pressure: Editable when “Use Custom pressure limits” is
selected. Set a maximum pressure limit below
the actual maximum pressure limit to view the
Individual markers on connected spraylines: Individual circular fills
can be placed at the location of each emitter by
enabling this check box (as below in the Spray
Block image). This can cause slow redrawing at
higher numbers of emitters.
Create Legend: A legend can be created and placed on the left-
hand side of the flow map. The legend can be
moved using the Move tool.

Tape Block Spray Block
Figure 5-190
The flow map symbol is color coded as follows:
Emitter flow is above the maximum allowable flow.
Emitter flow is below the maximum flow, but inside the upper 10%
of the flow range.
Emitter flow is within the allowable flow range
Emitter flow is above the minimum flow, but inside the lower 10% of
the flow range.
Emitter flow is below the minimum allowable flow.

5.14.9 SHOW ALLOWABLE SUBMAIN POSITION

The Show Allowable Submain Position, in the Reports menu, provides a
visual representation of the possible locations for submains such that

hydraulic design constraints for laterals are met. The optimum position
may also be shown.
5.14.9.1 DECIDING ON SUITABLE SUBMAIN LOCATIONS

Sometimes it can be difficult to decide on the best submain positions for
zones or blocks. This is especially true in situations where laterals have
significant differences in length or elevation. Therefore it is helpful to
know where laterals can be fed so that emitter pressures are maintained
within a specified range. To find the area in which submains could be
positioned use Reports|Show Allowable Submain Position. Each lateral
is analysed individually and the possible and optimal submain positions
are determined, and shaded, as specified in the dialog.
It is important to note that this tool inherently does not take into account
any zoning considerations (i.e. the location or number of control valves).
The shaded area simply shows where submains (i.e. not necessarily a
single submain and valve) could be placed such that the resulting lateral
lengths are acceptable. Obviously if the shaded area doesn’t exist, or
span all laterals, it is an indication that laterals are too long and need
further subdivision.
Multiple laterals or blocks can be selected, before invoking the tool, thus
aiding in the decision on the best placement of mainlines.
Figure 5-191
It is generally a good idea to use the "Customize Pressure Limits" to set

a pressure range that is smaller than the allowable range. This allows for
any submain headloss and ensures that submains placed near the edge
of the shaded area will provide adequate pressure.

5.14.9.2 HOW TO OPERATE THE TOOL
1. Select the required laterals or Irrigation Blocks.
2. Select Reports|Show Allowable Submain Position|Selected
Items.
3. Modify the settings in the dialog as required.
4. Click [OK].
5.14.9.3 ALLOWABLE SUBMAIN POSITION DIALOG

Drawing Properties
Layer: The layer on which the submain placement
envelope will be placed. The default is
DRAWING.
Envelope Color: The color of the envelope depicting possible
submain locations.
Optimum Color: The color of the symbol depicting the optimum
submain location.
Options
Show Envelope: Unchecking “Show Envelope” will turn off the
display of the submain placement.
Selecting “Fill” or “Points” determines how the
envelope is displayed – “Fill” shows the area as
a filled polygon, whilst “Points” displays the
points that define the polygon individually. The
points can have a specified size.
Show Optimum Submain Position: Checking this will display the
optimum submain position point on each lateral
in the “Optimum Color”.
Pressure Range: The allowable pressure range from the
database or from Zone Design Configuration.
Show Pressure Limits: Checking this option will display the allowable,
or customized, pressure limits as text in the
centre of the envelope.
Customize Pressure Limits: Overrides the pressure limits displayed in
the pressure range field.

Figure 5-192
5.14.9.4 NOTES
Show Allowable Submain Position is a guide only and other
considerations (e.g., suitable pipes available in the database,
elevation changes along the submain etc.) may mean that it is
not possible to successfully design a submain placed within the
designated area. This will be more likely near the edge of the
area. Conversely it does mean that it will not be possible to
design submains placed outside the area.
If required remember to allow for some submain headloss by

choosing a suitable custom pressure range.
The visual representation of the possible sub-main locations

given assumes that suitable pipe sizes are available in the
database.
This tool works on complete laterals. If a lateral is already cut by

a submain, solutions will be shown for either side of the existing
submain.
Multiple laterals or blocks can be selected before running the
Show Allowable Submain Position tool.
The laterals must have been sized for this tool to work. Tapes
are inherently pre-sized.
This tool uses the Slope Elevation method when calculating the
possible and optimum submain locations.
5.14.10 HYDRAULIC GRADELINE

After a design is completed view the hydraulic gradeline (HGL) of
mainline pipes, zone pipes, spraylines and tapes. The tool can be
access from the Reports menu.
The selection methods are:-
 Click on a mainline, junction, outlet, misc. hydraulic item, pump

or valve and action Hydraulic Gradeline to view the gradeline
from the selected item back to the water supply.
 Select single or contiguous multiple mainline pipes and action
Hydraulic Gradeline to view the hydraulic gradeline for that
section of selected pipes, as in previous versions.
 Select one submain pipe and action Hydraulic Gradeline to view
the hydraulic gradeline for zone, complete with latreal pressure
band.
 Select one lateral and action Hydraulic Gradeline to view the
hydraulic gradeline for the lateral.
5.14.10.1 GRADELINE TOOLBAR
Figure 5-193
This button copies the current chart to the clipboard. It

Copy may then be inserted into the design using the ‘Insert
OLE’ tool.
Save This button allows the users to save the current chart to
file in one of several graphic formats (BMP, JPEG, WMF,
EMF, GIF, PNG, PCX, EPS and PDF).
This button opens a preview dialog allowing the user to
print the current chart.
Print
Figure 5-194
Legend This button toggles the visibility of the legend(s).
Elevation This button toggles the visibility of the elevation series.
Limits This button toggles the visibility of the limit(s) series.
Pipe This button controls whether the pipe head series are
Colors displayed using the pipe colors from the design
Exit Closes the dialog.
5.14.11 ELEVATION PROFILE

This feature is available for depicting high and low elevation points in
your design and can be useful to ascertain air-release valve placements.
The tool creates a height profile based on a non-branched path by

selecting one pipe segment, line segment, or based on a contiguous
selection of pipes.

Clicking specific locations along the profile will place green markers on
the design. These markers are placed on the DRAWING layer. In the
dialog clicking on a marker will remove it or, alternatively, they can be
individually deleted in the main window.
Figure 5-195
This tool will profile:-
 a singly-selected drawing entity (lines, polylines, curves)

 a singly selected pipe (zone or mainline), by tracing to the
nearest branch (tee or cross intersections)
 a multiple selection of contiguous mainline pipes.

Automatic High and Low Options
 High and Low points may be automatically marked by clicking
the [High] and/or [Low] buttons.
 Change the sensitivity via the sliders to filter out unwanted
points for both the high and low points as required. A larger
number will tend to ignore small changes in topography.
 To manually add extra high points (a brown marker) use Shift-
Click. To manually add extra low points (blue marker) use Ctrl-
Click.
Profile Resolution
The “Profile Resolution” slider controls the distance between points on
the profile where elevations are interpolated. Note that this also
inherently affects where manual or automatic markers can be placed.

Note: Advanced settings that modify the elevation profile dialog, such
as chart theme, can be accessed by pressing the E and D keys
on the keyboard at the same time. Please note that these
changes are not retained after exiting the Elevation Profile tool.
5.14.12 MANAGEMENT REPORTS

These reports are produced from the management strategy entered.
The Management Report options are:
Figure 5-196
Note if Zone Design is performed prior to assigning zones to system

flows, actual flows, will be used during the management process.
However, as per previous versions, it is possible to run Management

initially and in this case the nominal flows will be indicated as such by
parentheses on the management symbol during Assign Zones To
System Flows.
The Management Reports use actual flows if they are available.
5.14.12.1 WATER REQUIREMENTS

This report only applies if Irrigation Areas have been previously defined.
So that a check can be made to ensure that the required amount of

water is applied to each Irrigation Area, this report summarizes the
calculated and required applications made to each area on a zone-by-
zone basis.
Name: The name of the zone contributing to the area.

Flow: The flow that the zone is contributing to the
Area. Outlets outside of the Irrigation Area are
not included.
Contrib. Area: The area within the Irrigation Area that the zone
is assumed to be applying water.

Depth App.: The depth of water the zone is calculated to be
applying to the contributing area, based on the
operating times specified for the zone by the
designer.
Depth Req.: The required depth of water for the area.
Volume App.: The calculated volume of water the zone is
applying to the contributing area based on the
specified operating times.
Volume Req.: The required volume of water for the
contributing area.
The above information for each zone is summarized for the Irrigation
Area, where:
Name: Name of the Irrigation Area.

Flow: The total flow into the Area.
Contrib. Area: The total area of the Irrigation Area.
Depth App: The mean depth of water applied to the
Irrigation Area.
Depth Req.: The mean depth of water required for the
Irrigation Area.
Volume App: The total volume of water applied to the area.
Volume Req.: The total volume of water required for the area.
Note: The amount of water applied is based on the current operating

time specified for the zone. This may be the default run time of 1
hour. Reset the operating times to that specified in the Zone
Flows report for the Depth Applied and the Volume Applied to be
that of the recommended run time.
See also:
Management Reports Section 5.14.12
5.14.12.2 SYSTEM FLOW REPORT

This report gives a summary of total flows in the irrigation system
resulting from the management strategy entered.
It is divided into sections or time intervals according to the irrigation

system flows. A new system flow time interval is created when there is a
change in the flow required by the system due to valves being turned on
or off in particular time intervals or due to changes in water supply

operation. In this way, each system flow is unique in that it has a
discrete time interval and flow.
Within each system flow section listed in the report the following
information is presented:
System flow No: Generated internally by IRRICAD.

Flow: Flow required at the Water Supply.
Design flow: From Water Supply dialog.
Maximum flow: From Water Supply dialog.
On time: Beginning of time interval.
Off time: End of time interval.
Zones operating: In the above time interval.
Water supplies: Operating at the time.
See also:
5.14.12.3 ZONE FLOW REPORT

This report provides a summary of zone flows, required operating times
and precipitation rates for all zones.
This report includes:
Zone Name: A name to identify the zone.

# Outlets: The total number of outlets in the zone.
Flow: The total flow into the zone regardless of
whether any outlets fall outside Irrigation Areas.
If an Irrigation Area has been specified:
Operating Time: The time in days, hours and minutes within the
irrigation cycle that the zone needs to operate to
apply the amount of water specified in Irrigated
Areas dialogs.
Precip. Rate: The mean precipitation rate for the zone and the
water supplies operational at the time.
Maximum Precip. Rate: The maximum allowable mean precipitation
rate for the Irrigation Area.
Note: For a design which contains tapes, the zone flows reported in
this and other management reports will be based on the nominal
specific discharge rate of the tape as specified in the Tape
component group in the database.
In determining zone operating times, only those zone outlets

that are placed within an Irrigation Area are assumed to
contribute to the area. The operating time for the area (and
therefore the zone operating times) is determined by dividing the
total volume requirement of the Irrigation Area by the total flow
into the area. For this reason, all zones that contribute to the
same area will have the same operating times and precipitation
rates regardless of how the outlets are physically placed within
the area.
Operating time, precipitation rate and maximum precipitation

rate are only calculated if Irrigation Areas have been previously
defined.
If in reality zones within a common Irrigation Area are known to

have different precipitation rates and should therefore have
different operating times then create separate Irrigation Areas
for each of these zones.
See also:
5.14.13 ZONE DESIGN REPORTS

These reports are produced from the design analysis process and tell
the user what is happening hydraulically in each area of interest.
The Zone Design Report options are:
Figure 5-197

5.14.13.1 ZONE FLUSHING
Flushing calculation and reporting is available for Tapes, Tape Blocks
and Tape Irrigation Blocks. The flushing report is located in
Reports|Zone Design Reports. After running Design|Zone
Design|Analyse or Detailed Analysis, under Flushing conditions, this
report will display results for each zone as per the image below:-
Figure 5-198
The report displays information for both tapes and manifolds (virtual if no
physical ones are defined) that are operating under flushing conditions
and those in irrigation mode. The tapes that are currently flushing are
indicated by ** in the right-hand column. Values displayed are:-
 Total Flow for each tape – total emitter flow plus any flushing
flow.
 End Flow for each tape.
 End Velocity for each tape
 Manifold Flushing Total Flow - the total combined irrigation plus
flushing flow.
 Manifold Irrigation Flow - the total combined irrigation flow.
 Manifold End Flushing Flow - the total combined flushing flow.

See also:
Flushing Calculations Section 2.6.5
5.14.13.2 ZONE DESIGN SUMMARY

This report gives a summary of the hydraulic performance of each zone.
Zone: The name of the zone.

Total zone flow: The total flow for the zone.
Min allowable outlet pressure: The minimum allowable outlet pressure
based on the flow tolerance given in the Outlet
Database.
Max allowable outlet pressure: The maximum allowable outlet
pressure based on flow tolerance given in the
Outlet Database.
Allowable outlet pressure variation: The difference between the
minimum and maximum allowable outlet
pressures expressed as a % of the nominal
outlet pressure.
Actual outlet pressure variation: The difference between the actual
minimum and maximum outlet pressures
expressed as a % of the nominal outlet
pressure.
Present pressure downstream of valve: The actual pressure
downstream of the zone control valve.
Pressure loss through valve: The actual pressure loss through the
zone control valve.
Present min outlet pressure: The actual minimum outlet pressure in
this zone.
Present max outlet pressure: The actual maximum outlet pressure in
this zone.
All reports have a header showing the Client, Site, Designer and Date
information as entered in Settings|Design Details.
See also:
Zone Design Reports Section 5.14.13

Zone Design Reports Configuration Section 5.14.19
5.14.13.3 ZONE DESIGN SUM. (UNIFORMITY MULTI EMIT)

For emitter spacing of 2-10 emitters per plant, use this uniformity report.
Note: Zone Analysis or Design need to be rerun to make the uniformity
values available in existing designs.
The design process calculates a number of zone uniformity parameters,

which are available in the zone reports. The parameters are:
Distribution uniformity (DU):
Low Quarter Mean Emitter Flow

DU 
Total Mean Emitter Flow
Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (CU):

1  D  n n
X X
1 1
CU  100  D i M M i
 M  n i 1
n i 1
where:
CU: Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (%)
D: Average absolute deviation from the mean
M: Mean application
Xi: Individual application
n: number of individual applications
Emission uniformity (EU):
CVM: is the manufacturers’ coefficient of variation for emitters,

n: is the number of emitters per plant
Qlq: is the mean of low-quarter emitter flows, and
Qavg: is the mean of emitter flows
Note: that it is assumed that all emitters in the zone have the same
coefficient of variation.
Mean Emitter Flow

Simply the mean of the emitter flows in a zone. Note that in the case of
Tapes the mean is calculated from the flows resulting from the
pressures at virtual emitters, this however will normally be extremely
close to the actual mean.

See also:

5.14.13.4 ZONE DESIGN SUMMARY (UNIFORMITY1 EMIT)

For emitter spacing of one emitter per plant, use this uniformity report.
Note: Zone Analysis or Design need to be rerun to make the uniformity

values available in existing designs.
The design process calculates a number of zone uniformity parameters,

which are available in the zone reports. The parameters are:
Distribution uniformity (DU):

Low Quarter Mean Emitter Flow
DU 
Total Mean Emitter Flow
Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (CU):

1  D  1 n n
CU  100
 M 
 D  Xi  M
n i 1
M
1
n X i
i 1
where:
CU: Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (%)
D: Average absolute deviation from the mean
M: Mean application
Xi: Individual application
n: number of individual applications
Emission uniformity (EU):
CVM: is the manufacturers’ coefficient of variation for emitters,

n: is the number of emitters per plant
Qlq: is the mean of low-quarter emitter flows, and
Qavg: is the mean of emitter flows
Note: that it is assumed that all emitters in the zone have the same
coefficient of variation.
Mean Emitter Flow

Simply the mean of the emitter flows in a zone. Note that in the case of
Tapes the mean is calculated from the flows resulting from the
pressures at virtual emitters, this however will normally be extremely
close to the actual mean.
See also:

5.14.13.5 ZONE DESIGN PIPE REPORT

Detailed pressure and flow information is listed for each zone in the
system.
For each pipe in the zone (listed zone by zone):
From (x,y,z): The x, y, z coordinates at the start of the pipe. Z

is the elevation of the start of the pipe.
To (x,y,z): The x, y, z coordinates at the end of the pipe. Z
is the elevation of the end of the pipe.
Pressure (Start): The pressure at the beginning of the pipe.
Pressure (End): The pressure at the end of the pipe.
Pressure (Allow): The pipe pressure rating (from the pipe
database).
Flow (Start): The flow at the start of the pipe.
Flow (End): The flow at the end of the pipe.
Size: The nominal diameter of the pipe.
Code: The pipe type code from the database.
Note: If actual pipe pressure exceeds the pressure rating for the pipe,
a + will be printed at the end of the entry (after the type code) for
the pipe.
See also:

5.14.13.6 ZONE CV TABLE
This report is useful for Block Entities. It will display:
Zone Name: Name of the zone

Area: The area encomplased by the Irrigation Area
Valve: Description of control valve
Flow: Flow for the zone
Required Pressure: Actual Valve Pressure
Mean Flow: Average flow for the zone
Flow Variation: The difference between the minimum and
maximum allowable outlet flows expressed as a
% of the nominal outlet flow
See also:

5.14.13.7 ZONE CONTROL VALVE SUMMARY

A report which lists the control valves used for each zone.
Zone: The name of the zone

Valve: Description of control valve
Flow: Flow for the zone
Pressure: The downstream valve pressure
See also:

5.14.13.8 ZONE DESIGN FULL

Detailed pressure and flow information is presented for each zone in the
design.
Zone: The name of the zone.

Flow: Total zone flow.
Valve: Description of control valve.
Valve pres. upstream: The pressure on the upstream side of the
control valve.

Valve pres. downstream: The pressure downstream of the control
valve.
Note: The flow reported in this and other design reports for zones that
contain tapes is based on the calculated flow into each tape, not
based on the nominal specific discharge rate for the tapes. The
calculated flow takes into account the length, slope and nominal
inlet pressure of the tape.
A + or - sign following the zone flow indicates the maximum or minimum

flow limits for the control valve have been exceeded.
For each pipe in the zone:
From: The x, y coordinates at the start of the pipe.

To: The x, y coordinates at the end of the pipe.
Pipe Size: The diameter of the pipe.
Pipe Code: The pipe type code from the pipe database.
Flow (start): The flow at the start of the pipe.
Flow (end): The flow at the end of the pipe.
Vel: The velocity at the end of the pipe with the
highest flow.
Length: The length of the pipe.
H Diff: The pressure loss from the start to the end of
the pipe including elevation change.
Notes:
A negative flow indicates that the flow direction in the pipe is
from the end coordinate of the pipe to the start coordinate.
A negative pressure loss indicates a gain in pressure from the

start to the end of the pipe.
If the allowable velocity has been exceeded, a * will be printed

beside that value.
For each pipe in the zone the flow is reported at the start of the pipe and
at the end. For ordinary zone pipes these two values will be the same,
but for connected spraylines or tapes the end flow will be less than the
start by an amount equal to the total outlet flow which has occurred
between the two points.

For each outflow or inflow in the zone:
Location (x,y,z): The x, y coordinates of the outlet and its

elevation (ground level).
Out loss: The pressure loss in the outlet connector, if any.
Flow: The flow from the outlet.
Pres.: The actual pressure at the outlet.
Min Pres.: The minimum allowable pressure at the outlet.
Max Pres.: The maximum allowable pressure at the outlet.
Note: Outlets operating above or below the allowable pressure range

will have a + or - beside them.
Junctions with negative flows indicate a net inflow into the

junction (normally the inflow at the valve).
Max Pres. and Min Pres. are the maximum and minimum
allowable pressures which result from the flow tolerance
specified in the emitter database when applied to the nominal
flow of the emitter.
Valve-in-Head Outlets
For a valve-in-head sprinkler the zone pressure loss is zero because
there are no pipes in the zone - the sprinkler is a zone in itself.
If an outlet connector such as a swing joint is used to connect the outlet

to the mainline pipe the pressure loss for the connector is shown as a
control valve pressure loss in the Zone Full Design report.
If an outlet connector is not used, no pressure loss will be shown.
The pressure required for the zone is the pressure required at the valve
inlet of the VIH sprinkler.
Valve-under-Head Outlets
Where an outlet is connected directly to a control valve (i.e. a valve and
outlet are connected at the same position), the pressure loss through the
valve is shown in the Zone Full Design report as the difference between
upstream and downstream pressure loss at the control valve.
Where an outlet connector is used, the pressure loss through the

connector is added to the pressure on both the upstream sides and
downstream side of the valve.

The required pressure for the outlet excludes the connector pressure
loss.
The required pressure at the valve includes the connector pressure loss.
Connected Spraylines (Laterals) and Tapes

Each section of a lateral with a given diameter is reported as a separate
length of pipe in the Sprayline part of the report (and also in the Pipe
part of the report mentioned above). For each pipe in the sprayline the
report includes:
From: The x, y coordinates at the start of the sprayline

section.
To: The x, y coordinates at the end of the section.
Start Pressure: The pressure at the outlet closest to the start of
the sprayline section.
End Pressure: The pressure at the outlet closest to end of the
sprayline section.
Min Pres.: The minimum allowable outlet pressure.
Max Pres.: The maximum allowable outlet pressure.
Flow: The flow from a single outlet used in this
sprayline section or, if a tape, the inlet flow for
the tape.
O/Loss: The pressure loss in the outlet connector, if any.
Note: Outlets on a sprayline section which are operating above or

below the allowable pressure range will have a + or -
respectively in the most right hand column of the report. A single
symbol (+ or -) indicates the pressure at one end of the sprayline
is out of range while a double symbol (++ or --) indicates the
outlets at both ends of the sprayline section are out of range.
See also:


5.14.14 MAINLINE DESIGN REPORTS
Figure 5-199
5.14.14.1 MAINLINE SUMMARY REPORT

A summary of pressures at each of the water supplies and zone control
valves is given for each grouping of valves.
Zone Name: The name given to the zone control valve.

x,y: The x and y coordinates of the zone valve.
Valve Pressure: The pressure on the upstream side of the valve
resulting from the specified or calculated water
supply pressure.
Required Pressure: The pressure required on the upstream side of
the zone control valve.
Water Supply: The name of the water supply.
x,y: The x and y coordinates of the water supply.
Pressure: The pressure at the water supply for the valve
grouping.
Flow: The flow at the water supply for the valve
grouping.
The above information is repeated for the different flow conditions

(System Duties) arising from the management for the system.
See also:
Mainline Design Reports Configuration Section 5.14.20
5.14.14.2 SYSTEM DUTY REPORT

This report is a summary of the duty required at each water supply for
each system flow.
Water Supply: The name of the water supply referred to.

Duty No: The system flow number.
Time On: Beginning of time interval for which the duty
applies.
Time Off: End of time interval.
Pressure: Pressure required at water supply during the
above time interval.
Flow: Flow required at the water supply during the
above time interval.
See also:
Mainline Design Reports Section 5.14.14

5.14.14.3 MAINLINE DESIGN FULL

Detailed pressure and flow information is presented for each system
flow in the mainline.
System flow Name: As defined in Management.

Flow: The flow required at the first water supply.
Pressure: The pressure required or specified at the first
water supply.
Main Supply: The name of the water supply supplying the
system flow.
The information printed for each pipe in the mainline system is the same
as for zone pipes in the Zone Full Design Report.
For each inflow, outflow or junction in the mainline system:
Location (x,y,z): The x, y coordinates and elevation of the

junction, valve or water supply.
Out Loss: The pressure loss in the outlet connector, if any.
Flow: The flow from the valves operating during the
time of the system flow operation (the negative
flow represents the inflow from the water
supplies).
Pres: The actual pressure at each junction, valve or
water supply.
Min Pres: The minimum allowable pressure at the zone
valves that are operating at that time.
Max Pres: The maximum allowable pressure at the zone
valves that are operating at that time.
Note: An * alongside the valve entry in this report indicates that the
flow rate through the valve is outside of specification.
See also:

5.14.14.4 ML DESIGN PIPE REPORT – NODES

A version of the Mainline Design Pipe Report that lists nodes rather than
coordinates has been added. Normally this would be used in conjunction
with labeling using the ‘UID’ keyword to identify junctions on the plan.
See also:
5.14.14.5 MAINLINE DESIGN PIPE REPORT

Detailed pressure and flow information is listed for each system duty.
For each mainline pipe:
From: The x, y, z coordinates at the start of the pipe. Z

To: The x, y, z coordinates at the end of the pipe. Z
Pressure (Start): The pressure at the beginning of the pipe.
Pressure (End): The pressure at the end of the pipe.
Pressure (Allow): The pipe pressure rating (from the pipe
database).
Flow (Start): The flow at the start of the pipe.
Flow (End): The flow at the end of the pipe.
Size: The nominal diameter of the pipe.
Code: The pipe type code from the database.
Note: If actual pipe pressure exceeds the pressure rating for the pipe,
a + will be printed at the end of the entry (after the type code) for
the pipe.

See also:

5.14.15 COSTING/BOM REPORTS

These reports are primarily intended for the designer to view. They
contain detailed technical and costing information that is not usually
provided to clients. They also contain options for transferring basic
information into inventory systems.
The component costs are calculated using the default pricing type (only
as set in Design|Design Parameters|Economic Parameters from the
costs entered in the database.
The component costs are calculated using the default pricing type in
conjunction with the costs entered in the database - Retail, Wholesale,
or Multiplier. If Multiplier is selected (Design|Design
Parameters|Economic Parameters) and the multipliers are set in
Reports|Supplier Code Multipliers the multiplier used is reported at the
start of each Costing report. Multipliers do not affect the BOM with Costs
report.
Pipe lengths include the extra allowance and are rounded according to
the settings in the Design|Pipe Fitting Matching Table. If “Roll / Length”
is used in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table, then the number of rolls is
reported instead of the total length.
All reports have a header showing the client, job address, quote number,
date and description as entered in Irricad Options|Design Details and
Irricad Options|Client.
Screen Selection for Costing/BOM Reports

The Bill of Materials and Costing reports can be based on the current
screen selection. This feature can be useful for a number of procedures
including, but not limited to:-
 Obtaining a staged BOM/Costing report.

 Costing different sections separately
 Comparing costs between different design options for the
selected section

Note that only items which are visible will be included in the selection
report. For example if the junction display is off then any fittings selected
at junctions will not be included in the report.
Steps to use the selection filter for BOM/Costing reports are:-
1. Select the required items on the screen.

2. Select a Bill of Materials or Costing report.
3. Enter a name for the selection. This name will be displayed in
the report and can be used to identify the selection set used
when viewing saved reports at a later time.
Figure 5-200
4. Click [Yes] to include only the selected items in the report. Note
that if items are selected when accessing a BOM/Costing report
and a filtered report is not required simply click [No].
5. The report will open displaying the name given in step 3 and
listing only the selected items:-

Figure 5-201
Assemblies
The reporting of assemblies is controlled by the usage codes given to
the assemblies in the databases.
Where the usage code Y is used, any assemblies used in a design will
be broken down into their individual components and these components
will be listed in the report.
Where the usage code A is used, the assemblies will be listed in the
reports as an assembly description and not be broken down into
individual components.
Where the usage code X is used, the assemblies will be listed in the
reports as in A above but will also be listed at the end of each report with
a list of their components.

The Costing Report options are:
Figure 5-202
5.14.15.1 ZONE / MAINLINE SUMMARY

This report lists each zone separately and the mainline below.
Length / No: Length of pipe or wire or number of items. Note

that no rounding allowance is included in these
lengths.
Description: Description of item.
Unit Price: The price of the item used for the costing.
Price: The total cost for the number of items.
See also:
Costing/BOM Reports Section 5.14.15

Costing Reports Options Section 5.14.18

5.14.15.2 ZONE SUMMARY / MAINLINE BOM
This reports combines the Zone items however separates from the
Mainline items. A cost for the combined zones is given as well as a cost
for the mainline items. A combined total cost is also given.

lengths.
Description: Description of item.
Warehouse code: The item’s warehouse code.
See also:

5.14.15.3 ZONE / MAINLINE BOM

A bill of materials on an individual zone and mainline basis is provided in
this report.
Length / No: Length of pipe or wire or number of items.

Includes any extra allowance, rounding and / or
number of rolls / lengths.
Description: Full description of item.
Warehouse Code: The warehouse code of the item.
Pipe lengths include the extra allowance but do not include the rounding.
The length is rounded so as not to have any decimal places to the
nearest number (down if less than 0.5, up if greater than 0.5). The extra
allowance is also rounded up or down to the nearest whole number,
instead of rounding up as in all other BOM reports. If “Roll / Length” is
used in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table, then the number of rolls is
reported instead of the total length.
Fittings errors are also listed.
See also:


5.14.15.4 ZONE / MAINLINE DETAILED COSTING
Costs and full details of connection types are given. This makes this
report useful for identifying problems in the database that may have
caused fitting selection errors.
Zone name (or Mainline): Name of each zone

lengths.
Fitting: The fitting type code for the pipe or major
diameter of the item.
Size: The nominal diameter of pipe or major diameter
of item.
Fitting: The fitting type code for the minor diameter of
the fitting.
Size: The nominal diameter of the minor connection.
Total Price: The total price for each zone on the mainline.
Following each zone or mainline report, fitting selection error messages

are given.
Finally, a summary of all items used in the design is given in the same
format as the data presented above.
A total final cost is also given.
Note: Unit prices (and therefore total prices) can also be adjusted
according to the settings for “Default Pricing Type” in
Design|Design Parameters|Economic Parameters, and therefore
may not necessarily be the same as those listed in the
databases.
See also:


5.14.15.5 INVENTORY BY W / H CODE
So that a summary of materials required for a design can be easily
transferred into inventory packages, a simplified list containing the
number of items required and the warehouse code for those items is
given. All titles, borders and paging have been removed.
This report can be saved as an ASCII file (using File|Print) and has the
following format:
Number of items: Columns 1 to 7

Comma: Column 8
Warehouse code: Columns 9 to 20
the settings in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table. If “Roll / Length” is used
in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table, then the number of rolls is reported
instead of the total length.
See also:

5.14.15.6 JUNCTION BOM

This report shows each fitting at each junction.
Junction ID: The Unique ID of the item

Loctaion: The X and Y coordinate of the location of the
item
lengths.
See also:


5.14.15.7 INVENTORY BY DESCRIPTION
number of items required and the description for those items is given. All
title, borders and paging have been removed.
following format:

Comma: Column 8
Item Description: Columns 9 to 48
See also:

5.14.15.8 DESIGN DETAILED COSTING

A full costing of all components in the design is given.

lengths.
Description: A full description of the item.
Unit Wholesale: The wholesale cost of the item listed in the
database or the buying price calculated from the
base price and multiplier A.
Unit Retail: The retail price of the item listed in the database
or the selling price calculated from the base
price and all the enabled multipliers.
Total Wholesale: The total wholesale or buying price of the items.
Total Retail: The total retail or selling price of the items.
Margin: The difference between the total retail (or
selling) price and wholesale (or buying) price for
the item.

databases.
See also:

5.14.15.9 INVENTORY
number of items required and the description and warehouse code for
those items is given. All title, borders and paging have been removed.
following format:

Comma: Column 8
Item Description: Columns 9 to 48
Comma: Column 49
Warehouse code: Columns 50 to 61
See also:

5.14.15.10 BOM WITH COSTS

A summarized list of all items used in the design is given.

Price: Total price of each item.
Total Price: The total price for the design.
Any fittings errors are also listed.
databases.
See also:

5.14.15.11 COSTING REPORT BY SUPPLIER

This costing report groups by supplier code.
Supplier Code: Name of supplier

lengths.
Fitting: The fitting type code for the pipe or major
diameter of the item.
Size: The nominal diameter of pipe or major diameter
of item.
Fitting: The fitting type code for the minor diameter of
the fitting.
Size: The nominal diameter of the minor connection.
Total Price: The total price for each supplier.

See also:

5.14.15.12 UNCONNECTED ITEMS

This report will list unconnected items. Note that if zone items are
connected to a valve, but the valve is not connected to the water supply,
only mainline pipes connected to the valve will be listed.

lengths.
X: X coordinate of unconnected item
Y: Y coordinate of unconnected item
See also:

5.14.15.13 DESIGN SUMMARY COSTING

A summary of all items used in the design is given in this report. The
items are grouped in the following order:
 Pipes
 Zone control valves
 Couplers
 Bends
 Tees
 Emitters
 Connectors
 Miscellaneous

lengths.
Unit Price: The price used for the costing.
Price: The total price of the individual items.

Total Price: The total price for the design.
This information is followed by a summarized list of fitting selection

errors.
databases.
See also:

5.14.15.14 BOM BY SUPPLIER

This report provides a list of all items used in the design summarized on
a supplier code basis. All items with the same supplier code are grouped
together with each supplier code list beginning a new page to make
distribution of these lists easier.

Warehouse Code: The warehouse code of the item.
See also:


5.14.15.15 BOM
This report is a listing of the number and description of all items used in
the design. No prices are given.

See also:

5.14.16 MISCELLANEOUS COSTS

Not available in this version.
5.14.17 SUPPLIER CODE MULTIPLIERS

This table has three major functions:
 To define the four character Supplier Codes that the designer

wishes to use to identify suppliers and / or product groups for
the various components in the databases
 To associate with each code a base price and up to four
multipliers which are then used to calculate the cost of each
database item for the costing reports
 To allow the user to select which of the four multipliers should
be used in any given design.

Figure 5-203
To edit the Supplier Code Multipliers:
1. Select Reports|Supplier Code Multipliers.

2. Make any changes required. Use the Insert and Remove
buttons to add rows to and remove rows from the table.
3. Click [OK].
Note: For multipliers to be used in Costing reports, the user must first
enable Multiplier as the “Default Pricing Type” in Design|Design
Parameters|Economic Parameters.
Multipliers Enabled: Indicates which of the multipliers will be used to

calculate prices. Multiplier A must always be
checked as it is used to calculate the buying
price from the base price but there are no
restrictions on the use of the other three
multipliers.
Description: A purely informative description that can be
used to identify the particular supplier or product
group represented by the Supplier Code.
Supplier Code: A four-character code the designer wishes to
use to identify suppliers or product groups for
the components in the database. The code has
two functions: firstly, to link database items with
the costing multipliers used to calculate prices
for the Costing and Bill of Materials reports and,
secondly, it is used for making global changes
to the prices recorded in the databases. When

entering database items, the list of supplier
codes is taken from this table so new supplier
codes must be added to the table before they
can be used in the database. Up to 260 different
supplier codes can be entered.
Base Price: Indicates whether the database wholesale or
retail price is to be used as the base price for
the costing calculations.
Multiplier A,B,C,D: Any value between 0.0001 and 9.9999 can be
entered for each multiplier.
5.14.18 COSTING REPORTS OPTIONS

Sometimes it is desirable to provide Costing or Bill of Material reports
that contain a restricted group of components. For example, a list of
pipes or fittings only, or sprinklers and nozzles only is required. This
dialog allows the user to select which groups of items are to be included
in any Costing or Bill of Materials report.
The groups are:
Figure 5-204
The last group is used to include or exclude the listing of assembly

components at the end of a report for assemblies with usage code X.
To generate a report for a selection of hydraulic items:
1. Select Reports|Costing Report Options.

2. Check those items to be included and uncheck those to be
excluded.
3. Click [OK].
4. Select one of the BOM reports. Only the selected hydraulic
items will be reported.
5.14.19 ZONE DESIGN REPORTS CONFIGURATION

Design reports can be generated on a single or multiple zone basis. This
removes the necessity to generate a report that includes all zones, when
the user only requires details of a few zones.
The default setting is that all zones are included in the reports.
Figure 5-205
To generate a report for a selection of zones:
1. Select Reports|Zone Design Reports Configuration.

2. Check those zones to be included and uncheck those to be
excluded.
3. Click [OK].

4. Select one of the zone design reports. Only the selected zones
will be reported.
5.14.20 MAINLINE DESIGN REPORTS CONFIGURATION

Design reports can be generated on a single or multiple system flow
basis. This removes the necessity to generate a report that includes all
system flows, when the user only requires details of a few system flows.
The default setting is that all system flows are included in the reports.
Figure 5-206
To generate a report for a selection of system flows:
1. Select Reports|Mainline Design Reports Configuration.

2. Check those system flows to be included and uncheck those to
be excluded.
3. Click [OK].
4. Select one of the mainline design reports. Only the selected
system flows will be reported.
5.15 PLOT TEMPLATE
The Plot Template menu allows the user to customize the templates
used to generate the plot layout in Draw|Plot Layout. A plot layout
contains text, logos, symbols, legends, title blocks etc., that will be
printed on the final plan. The user can edit an existing template
(recommended) or create a new template.
Note: Start a new design in order to have a clean screen when editing
templates.
5.15.1 EDIT TEMPLATE

Use this option to select an existing template to edit.
To edit a template:
1. Select Plot Template|Edit Template.

2. By default, IRRICAD lists templates found in the folder specified
in Settings|Drawing Items – “Plot Layout Path”. If necessary,
change the path and drive to locate the template to open.
3. Select a template by double-clicking the file name or by
selecting the file name and clicking [Open].
The template will be drawn on the screen.
See also:
Using Plot Layouts Section 2.8.2.1

Editing Plot Templates Section 2.9.8
5.15.1.1 KEYWORDS
Keywords created as text objects may form part of the template. When
IRRICAD generates the plot layout in Draw|Plot Layout it recognizes
these keywords and replaces them with the required information.
Keywords start and end with #.
See also:
Keywords For Use in Plot Templates Section 6.10.2

5.15.2 MAKE ACTIVE AREA
The active area of a plot layout defines the area of the layout that will fit
on the paper minus the margins. It is drawn as a dashed yellow
rectangle. Every plot template must have an active area.
To make an active area:
1. Select the entity or entities whose extents will define the active
area.
2. Select Plot Template|Make Active Area.
See also:

Creating a New Template Section 2.9.8.2
5.15.3 MAKE LEGEND

Use this option to create a legend object as part of a template.
To make a legend object:
1. Select the objects making up the legend.
Tip: Use a selection window or lasso for this as clicking on a fill will
only select the fill not the objects behind it.
2. Select Plot Template|Make Legend.

3. Fill in the “Legend” dialog. Click [OK].
See also:

Creating Legends Section 2.9.8.3
5.15.3.1 LEGEND DIALOG

Type
Type: The type of legend to create. Pipe lists the pipes
and wires used in the design. Symbol lists the
outlets, valves, pumps, electrical and misc.

hydraulic items used in the design. Combined
combines both pipe and symbol legends.
Order: The order in which legends are filled when there
is more than one of the same type in the
template. The lowest number is filled first.
Between Line Spacing: The space between items in the legend as a
percentage of the text height.
5.15.4 MOVE FILLS TO BACK

Use this option to move any fills that are obscuring text or other items
occupying the same space to behind those items.
1. Select the fill(s) and objects being obscured.
Tip: Use a selection window or lasso for this as clicking on a fill will
only select the fill not the objects behind it.
2. Select Plot Template|Move Fills To Back.
Note: Move Fills to Back can be used for normal drawing items and
fills. However, Fills cannot be moved behind hydraulic items.
See also:

Creating Legends Section 2.9.8.3
Fills Section 2.9.8.4
Moving Fills to Back Section 2.9.8.5
Z-Order Section 5.11.18
5.15.5 SAVE TEMPLATE

Use this option to save a template.
1. Select the objects that will be part of the template (usually all
objects).
2. Select Plot Template|Save Template.
3. Type a template name in the dialog. Click [OK].

Notes:
The template is saved in the folder specified in Settings|Drawing
Items – “Plot Layout Path”. If the name is the same as an
existing template it will be overwritten.
If the template does not contain an active area object then a

default one is created whose area is defined by the extents of all
the selected objects.
See also:

Editing Plot Templates Section 2.9.8

5.16 USER TOOLS
The User Tools menu item allows menu items to be added to IRRICAD
for commonly used external programs (for example, the Windows
Calculator).
5.16.1 CUSTOMIZE
Figure 5-207
New entries may be added using the following method.
1. Select the Customize item from the User Tools menu.

2. Click the [Add] button.
3. Give the menu item a name in the “Menu Text” field.
4. Type or browse to (with the […] button) the executable file of the
required program. For example, the windows calculator is
normally located in C:\Windows\System32\Calc.exe.
5. Add any required command line arguments and set the initial
working folder (directory). Normally the user will not need to add
anything into these fields.

To delete an item simply select it in the “Contents” area and click the
[Delete] button. The order of items can be altered with the [Move Up]
and [Move Down] buttons.

5.17 HELP
This menu allows the user to access the on-line Help and information
about this version of IRRICAD
5.17.1 RELEASE NOTES

This option allows the user to access a help file that contains information
on the changes for the previous version to this version and the use
thereof.
The Release Notes follow the same layout as the Help Topics. (See
Help Topics, Section 5.17.2).
5.17.2 HELP TOPICS

Help|Help Topics opens the manual on-line help. It is the same manual
as the hard copy and is laid out in the same way. The user will notice 6
main sections:
 Overview
 User Manual
 Database Editor Manual
 Tutorials
 Tool & Command Reference
 Technical Reference
The help file can be loaded as WinHelp or HTML Help.
5.17.2.1 HTML HELP

At the top of the help dialog are icons: Hide, Back, Print, Options.

HIDE / SHOW
search option is visible, clicking Hide will hide the left hand side. If the
dialog.
Contents
If this tab is selected, the manual's content page is displayed. Each
heading with a ‘+’ sign can be opened to reveal its sub-headings. The
sub-headings can be hidden by clicking on the ‘-‘ sign.
Clicking any heading will take the user directly to that section of the
manual. The text is displayed on the right hand side of the help window.
Index
been selected to aid the user in finding topics. Select a topic and click
the Display button.
Search
To use Search:
1. Type in the word the user wishes to find. Make the word as
specific as possible e.g., type X to find the meaning of this
usage code for assemblies.
2. Click List Topics.
4. Click [Display]. The selected topic will be displayed on the right
hand side.
BACK
Back takes the user back to the last topic accessed, whether the user
has selected the topic by using Contents, Index or Search or used the
yellow arrows at the end of each topic to navigate.

PRINT
Select Print to print any part of the on-line help. A print dialog will
appear. Fill in the print dialog accordingly.
OPTIONS
Options include:
 Hide Tabs / Show Tabs (See above)

 Back (See above)
 Forward
 Home
 Stop
 Refresh
 Internet Options
 Print (See above)
 Search Highlight On / Off
Forward
Select Options|Forward if have used Options|Back and wish to return to
the previous document.
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Select Options|Home if require to connect to our website
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5.17.2.2 WINHELP
Contents
If this tab is selected, the contents of the manual are displayed. Each
heading containing a sub-heading can be opened by double-clicking on
the book icon to the left of the heading name. Double-clicking on the
book icon can hide the sub-headings.
Clicking on any heading will take the user directly to the appropriate
section of the manual. The text is displayed on the right hand side of the
help window.
Index
been selected to aid in finding topics. Select a topic and click Display.
Find
Use Find to search for a topic. Find lists all the places the word is found
5.17.3 IRRICAD ON THE WEB

This link takes the user to the IRRICAD website (www.IRRICAD.com)
using the default internet browser.
5.17.4 SUPPORT FORUM

This link takes the user to the IRRICAD Users forum on the IRRICAD
website.
To sign up to the Forum:

1. Scroll to below the posts and click on REGISTER
2. Fill in the Registration form
3. We will activate you as a member of the IRRICAD Forum.
4. Once your account is activated login and subscribe for all the
topics you are interested in.
To subscribe to topics to receive notifications of posts:

1. Login to the Irricad forum
2. Click on the Topic Heading - e.g., Tip of the Week.

3. Scroll to the bottom of the page and find and click on the
‘Subscribe Forum’ link.
4. Subscribe to each forum as required e.g., Annoucements and
Support FAQs.
5.17.5 SEND PROBLEM REPORT

Used to email a problem design to IRRICAD Support:-
1. Select Help|Send Problem Report and click [Yes] and then [OK]
on the messages.
Figure 5-208
Figure 5-209
2. The process may take some time as IRRICAD creates the

reports required to be sent and is attaching the design (if [Yes]
was selected) to the error message. The email message with
the attachments will display in the default email program.

Figure 5-210
3. Add any information regarding the issue experienced.

4. Click [Send] to complete sending the report to IRRICAD
Software.
Note: The design must be saved (i.e have a design name) before it
can be sent using this method.
5.17.6 ABOUT IRRICAD
To find the version of IRRICAD:
1. Select Help|About IRRICAD.

2. The dialog tells the user the version of IRRICAD, the CAD
version, the dongle version and the dongle Serial number.

6 Technical Reference
This reference guide contains the technical information and appendices.
IRRICAD User Guide Technical Reference  897

898  Technical Reference IRRICAD User Guide
6.1 TECHNICAL SUPPORT, SALES AND
TRAINING SERVICES
This chapter outlines the contact details for local distributor and
technical support.
6.1.1 CONTACT DETAILS

6.1.1.1 USA, CANADA, CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA:
Nelson Irrigation Corporation
Mike Noftle or Graham Hutchinson

Route 4, Box 169
Airport Road
Walla Walla
WA 99362-6426
USA
Telephone: +1 509 524 7230

Facsimile: +1 509 525 7907
Email: [email protected]
6.1.1.2 AUSTRALIA:
Netafim Australia Pty Ltd.
Matt Forward or or Gennaro Vellotti

P.O. Box 3173, Melbourne St
Adelaide
Australia
Mobile: +61 407 501 527 or +61 419362845

Email: [email protected] or
[email protected]

6.1.1.3 MIDDLE EAST:
Aiattec
Bassim Awad
Daheyet al Rasheed,
Al Za'tari St.
Amman
Jordan
Mobile: +962 799578854

Fax: +962 65159039
6.1.1.4 EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA, TURKEY AND ISRAEL

Netafim Ltd. Corporate Headquarters
Eliezer Gilary
Derech Hashalom 10,
Tel Aviv,
Israel 67892
Tel: +972 4 628 7595 or +972 4 628 7208

Fax: +972 4 628 7704
E-Mail: [email protected]
6.1.1.5 SOUTHERN AFRICA

Danamix
Fredo van Zyl

10 Paul Kruger Street
Somerset West
Western Cape 7130
South Africa
Tel: +27 21 945 2919

Fax: +27 828 075 901
E-Mail: [email protected]

6.1.1.6 NEW ZEALAND & THE REST OF THE WORLD:
Lincoln Agritech Ltd
Jo Vivier or Phil Dewar

PO Box 69133
Lincoln
Christchurch 7640
Canterbury
New Zealand
Telephone: +64 3 325 3718

Fax: +64 3 325 3725

6.2 APPENDIX A: IRRICAD LIMITS
Limits in IRRICAD are:
Number of connections at a junction 4
Number of contour line segments / point spot heights Unlimited
(ABOS)
Number of database items which can be loaded to solve 40
an IRRICAD internal connection
Number of different fittings that can be selected at a 40
junction
Number of flagged pipe sizes available for mainlines 40
Number of flagged pipe sizes available for zones 40
Number of irrigation areas 50
Number of irrigation areas within another 20
Number of junctions in a mainline 12500
Number of junctions in a zone 12500
Number of on / off times per supply 10
Number of on / off times per zone 3
Number of pipes in a mainline 5000
Number of pipes in a zone 5000
Number of system duties 6000
Number of system flows per zone 10
Number of system flows in total 6000
Number of unique database items for costing 2000
Number of water supplies 20
Number of zones (fitting selection, reporting, plotting) 2000

6.3 APPENDIX B: DESIGN GENERATED FILES
Files generated by IRRICAD during the course of a design are saved
within the dez file. Files generated by IRRICAD during the course of a
design, their file extension and where they are created:
File Extension IRRICAD Files Where Created

.mdb internal File|New / File|Save
database file
.des design file File|New / File|Save
.vcd visual cadd file File|New / File|Save
.stn system flow file Design|Assign Zones to
System Flows… /
Design|Other Management
Options
.wsp water supply file Design|Assign Zones to
System Flows… /
Options
.zne zone file Design|Assign Zones to
System Flows… /
Options
.ztm zone time file Design|Assign Zones to
System Flows… /
Options
.dzf zone design Design|Zone Design
configuration Configuration
file
.dzn zone design file Design|Zone Design
.dml mainline design Design|Mainline Design
file
.cer costing error file Design|Computer Selection
of Fittings
The single *.dez file can be uncompressed with any zip utility (e.g., 7-
Zip, PKZip, WinZip). If extracting the design manually, the *.dbm file
should be renamed *.mdb before opening the design in IRRICAD. Note
internal databases should not be used as the component database for
the design. Note the *.dez file contains a renamed internal database file
(*.dbm) to facilitate emailing through spam and virus filters.
6.4 APPENDIX C: HAZEN-WILLIAMS C
VALUES
The Hazen-Williams C values listed below apply to hydraulically smooth
pipes with flow velocities of 3.3ft/s (1m/s). Do not use these values for
tapes or driplines with built-in emitters. Contact technical support for
these values.
Pipe Diameter
Inches MM C Value
½ 13 137.2
- 16 137.8
¾ 19 138.8
1 25 140.0
1¼ 32 141.2
1½ 40 143.0
2 50 144.4
2½ 65 146.0
3 80 147.2
4 100 148.0
5 125 148.6
6 155 149.0
8 190 149.3
9 225 149.5
12 300 150.0

6.5 APPENDIX D: DEFAULT DATABASE
ORDER
The databases have an in-built ordering system that determines the
order items are displayed in the Database editor and drop down list in
IRRICAD. This is set out below to help with understanding the ordering
of items in each component group. Items in each component group are
ordered alphabetically or numerically in ascending order based upon
each of the fields below in turn. For example, Controllers are ordered
numerically by the [Order] field then alphabetically by [Description] and
so on.
Note that the [order] field is an internal one that is not available in the
IRRICAD Database Editor. It can, however, be accessed via Microsoft
Access. By default, the order field for all items is the same and therefore
has no effect. To give the order field another number to change the
ordering, do so in the column labeled Order Number.
Group Default Ordering

Controllers [Order],
[Description],
[Number of Stations]
Couplers [Order],
[Major Connection Type],
[Minor Connection Type],
[Major Diameter],
[Minor Diameter],
[Description]
Crosses [Order],
[Major Diameter],
[Minor Diameter],
[Description]
Elbows / Bends [Order],


[Major Diameter],
[Bend Angle],
[Minor Diameter],
[Description]
LTOs [Order],
[Major Pipe Type],
[Minimum Submain Diameter],
[Lateral Diameter],
[Description]
Lights [Order],
[Description],
[Rating]
Misc. Items [Order],

[Description],
[Size / Diameter 1],
[Size / Diameter 2]
Nozzles [Order],
[Description],
[Arc],
[Constant]
Other Elec. [Order],

[Description],
[Rating]
Other Hyd. [Order],

[Inlet Connection Type],
[Outlet Connection Type],
[Inlet Diameter],
[Outlet Diameter],
[Description]
Outlet Conn. [Order],


[Inlet Diameter],
[Outlet Diameter],
[Description]
Outlets [Order],
[Description],
[Inlet Diameter]
Pipes [Order],
[Pipe Type],
[Nominal Diameter],
[Allowable Pressure],
[Description]
Pumps [Order],
[Inlet Diameter],
[Outlet Diameter],
[Description]
Tapes [Order],
[Description],
[Nominal Diameter]
Tees [Order],
[Major Diameter],
[Minor Diameter],
[Description]
Valves [Order],
[Inlet Diameter],
[Outlet Diameter],
[Description]

Wires [Order],
[Description],
[Nominal Diameter]

6.6 APPENDIX E: AVAILABLE LINE TYPES
This chapter lists the available line types. These line types are available
for geometric items, such as lines, rectangles, etc. and hydraulic items,
such as pipes, tapes and wires.

6.7 APPENDIX F: DESIGN TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
This chapter outlines the design technical information relevant to the
design process and pipe selection process.
6.7.1 USE OF ELEVATIONS IN DESIGN

Where elevations have been entered as either contour lines or spot
heights, IRRICAD interpolates between these to calculate elevations at
all points in the design (excluding physical items such as landmarks and
text).
The general method used is direct linear interpolation between contour

lines with some triangulation / linear interpolation where spot heights are
used. Where objects such as sprinklers or pipe junctions fall on contour
lines, the height of these objects is set to the height of the contour.
Where objects fall between contour lines or spot heights, linear
interpolation is used to find the height of the object.
Where objects fall outside the contour lines, but are close to a contour
line, the height of the object is set equal to the height of the closest
contour line or spot height. If objects are placed outside the contour lines
but not close to them, again the object height is set equal to the closest
contour height and the user is warned by a message displayed on the
screen that this has happened.
If a small number of spot heights or contours are used to define

elevations, then provided objects are placed within these heights or
contours, elevations will usually be calculated for the objects. A warning
message will be displayed if there are insufficient contours or spot
heights and elevations for some points may be set to zero.
It is the user's responsibility to ensure that sufficient contour lines or spot

heights have been entered to allow an accurate interpolation to be
made.
Note: Elevations for pipes are only calculated and reported at pipe
junctions.

If long straight pipelines are being designed, particularly if they are
undulating, the designer must ensure that sufficient permanent junctions
are incorporated to characterize the changes in elevation. This can be
achieved by connecting a suitable fitting into the pipeline at the
appropriate points. Elevations and pressures will then be calculated for
these points.
It is suggested that a pressure point fitting be added to the Other

Hydraulics component group in the database for this purpose. Give the
fitting a distinctive symbol, zero cost and some non-standard connection
type. After the design is finalized this component can be deleted before
the final plans and reports are prepared (delete the item from the design
and re-run Design|Computer Selection of Fittings but do not repeat
Design).
The counter visible on the status bar during interpolation of elevations

gives an indication of the number of objects that have had elevations
interpolated in the design.
6.7.2 ZERO FLOW PIPES

A number of situations can arise during pipe diameter selection that
results in pipes with zero flow in them.
Typical examples are:
 In zones where a pipe or pipes have no outlets on their

downstream end, i.e. dead end pipes or pipes with
miscellaneous hydraulic items on their ends.
 In looped systems, some pipes, because of the symmetry of the
system, may effectively be redundant and have zero flow or very
small flow.
 Where a small group of valves are selected to represent a worst
case situation, it is likely that some mainline pipes will not have
flow in them during mainline design, particularly in systems that
contain a number of side branches
Because of the methods used to calculate pipe size, IRRICAD cannot

size zero-flow pipes. IRRICAD checks for these situations and identifies
these pipes on the screen as yellow pipes. The message NO PIPE
SELECTED also appears on the plan. This pipe has a diameter of 0.04"
(1mm) and is so described in the reports.

Note: IRRICAD is only able to detect situations where there is zero
flow in the pipe. In all other situations pipe sizing or analysis is
based solely on the schedule the designer has entered in
Management.
Diameters can be given to these pipes by manually sizing the pipes, or

by entering an operating schedule in Management, which will result in
flow in the pipes.
6.7.3 VALVE PRESSURE CALCULATION

The method used to calculate the pressure on the downstream side of
zone control valves varies according to the type of outlets in the zone.
For zones containing outlets or spraylines, the valve pressure is set so

that the sum of the squares of the pressure difference between the
average actual outlet pressures and the average specified nominal
pressures for the outlets is minimized. This ensures that the outlet
pressures are as close as possible to the required nominal pressures.
For zones containing pressure regulated tapes, the valve pressure is

calculated so as to provide at least the user specified minimum required
submain pressure at all points on the submain.
For zones containing unregulated tape inlet pressures, a nominal tape

pressure is calculated as the average of the minimum and maximum
allowable inlet pressures according to the tolerance specified in the
database for the tape. This nominal tape pressure is then used in the
same way as for a zone not containing tapes.
If the zone contains both regulated and unregulated tapes, the highest
value resulting form the calculation of the regulated and unregulated
cases is used.
6.7.4 PIPE DIAMETER SELECTION

If the designer has selected Computer Sizing when positioning pipes or
laterals, IRRICAD will calculate the diameters for these pipes.
With computer sizing, any pipes which have their Computer Sized check
box checked will have their diameters calculated or recalculated
regardless of whether or not they have been previously sized.
If a particular size is required for a pipe, then that pipe must be manually
specified or having been previously computer sized have the automatic
“Computer Sized” check box unchecked. This is achieved via the
Change tool (See Making Changes to the Design or Drawing, Section
2.4.4).
If Analyse or Detailed Analysis is selected and pipes exist that have not
been previously sized either manually or by IRRICAD, an error message
will appear indicating this.
For diameter selection of spraylines, each connected sprayline is

converted within IRRICAD into two pipes (with diameters specified as
computer selected rather than of fixed diameter) and a single outlet. This
is done in such a way that the hydraulics of the two pipes and single
outlet represent the hydraulics of the original lateral.
Using these simulated pipes and outlets, all pipes are sized according to
the sizing method selected (LP or Velocity). The system is analyzed to
provide the start and end pressures for the laterals. The laterals are then
sized using one, two or three diameters (as specified in Design|Zone
Design Configuration) using specially developed lateral sizing
techniques. Each of these new laterals is converted to pipes and outlets
for final analysis and reporting.
If a zone or block has a central submain and has laterals in three sizes
each size of the submain, internally within IRRICAD there will be six
pipes and three outlets each side of the submain. In terms of the limits
on the number of pipes used for analysis, each of these pipes is treated
as an individual pipe. This means, for example, that a block with
50 laterals, three sizes each side of the submain, will be treated as a
zone with 650 pipes and 300 outlets. Similarly, a block with 50 laterals in
one diameter fed from one end will be treated as a zone with 150 pipes
and 50 outlets.
Driplines or tapes are treated differently so that a 50 lateral tape block

with a central submain will be treated as a zone with 150 pipes and 100
outlets.
6.7.5 HIGHLY LOOPED MAINLINES

Due to memory constraints, there is a limit to the size of network
analysis that can be analyzed using IRRICAD. For a branched system
(no loops) with a single water supply, the limit for the number of pipes in
the network will be described in IRRICAD Limits in Appendix A:
IRRICAD Limits (Section 6.2). If loops or multiple water supplies are
present, the number of pipes that can be handled within the limits of
analysis is reduced. The more loops the fewer pipes that can be
accepted. For this reason, highly looped systems may not be able to be
analysed, even though the total number of pipes in the system does not
exceed the stated limits.
If highly looped networks, which exceed the design limits, are to be

analyzed, it is necessary to reduce, firstly, the number of loops and,
secondly, the number of pipes in the system until analysis can be run.
Taking out non-critical connecting pipes in loops and replacing
secondary branched sections with demand points are possible ways to
do this.

6.8 APPENDIX G: FITTING SELECTION
DETAILS
This chapter explains the how and why of computer selection of fittings.
Understanding these rules means it is possible to make IRRICAD select
the types of fittings required in specific types of designs.
The number, the diameter and the type of pipes in any junction, and the
angle at which those pipes enter the junction determine which fittings
are required to make up that junction.
6.8.1 TWO PIPE JUNCTIONS

Two-pipe junctions can be broadly divided into two groups:
 Straight connections
 Connections with a change in angle
6.8.1.1 STRAIGHT CONNECTIONS

IRRICAD looks at the matching codes and diameters of the components
that are required to be straight connected and searches the current
database for one fitting which will make the connection so that the
matching codes of the component and each end of the coupling are
compatible. The pipe code must be the same, the gender must change,
and the connection type must be the same. The diameters for each
component in the joint must also be equal.
For example, consider the following:
Two pipes are to be joined, one 3" (80mm), one 4" (100mm). Both are
PVC with a slip fit (glued).
Codes for the pipe are: PVC M S (4" / 100mm)

PVC M S (3" / 80mm)
The Pipe Fitting Matching table (Design|Pipe Fitting Matching Table)

lists PVC fittings as being able to be connected to PVC pipe.

A suitable fitting (reducing socket) to join the above pipes could be:
Major diameter: 4" code PVC F S

Minor diameter: 3" code PVC F S
as a 4" PVC M S pipe fits into a 4" PVC F S end of fitting and a 3" PVC
M S pipe fits into a 3" PVC F S end of fitting.
If a fitting cannot be found which directly solves the connection,

IRRICAD tries two or three fittings to make the connection.
Where more than one solution to the junction can be found, IRRICAD
chooses the arrangement that is cheapest.
6.8.1.2 BENT CONNECTIONS

Bends can change diameter within a junction.
To join two pipes (or a pipe and component) meeting at an angle,

IRRICAD first tries to fit a bend to the angle with a major and minor
diameter equal to each of the pipe diameters in turn. If two bends can be
found, the cheapest is chosen.
If a bend has been selected, the connection between the bend and each
pipe (or other component) is treated as straight coupling.
If a single bend of either diameter cannot be found, IRRICAD tries two or

three bends to make up the junction. The cheapest option is chosen. As
with a single bend, the connection between any two components within
the junction is treated as a straight connection.
Notes: With any straight connection, a maximum of three fittings can

be used.
With any bent connection, a maximum of three elbows can be

used.
This means for a bent two-pipe junction, up to 15 separate

elements can be used to make up the junction.
During the selection of bends, gender is not taken in to account

when making up the angles.

Having selected the bends required to satisfy an angle, the
straight connection routines account for any gender changes or
diameter changes within the junction.
6.8.2 THREE-PIPE JUNCTIONS

All three-pipe junctions use a tee (or saddle) and associated fittings to
resolve the junction.
The method for selecting tees is:
1. Orient the tee in the most suitable position

2. Select the diameter of the tee
3. Add any bends if required
4. Resolve the straight connections within the junction
6.8.2.1 TEE ORIENTATION

Before any tee selections can be carried out, the orientation of the tee
with respect to pipes in the junction is determined.
Figure 6-1

Major Axis
The major axis of the junction and hence the tee orientation is
determined as follows:
IRRICAD determines the angles between the pipes entering the junction
(Angles A, B, C above).
The largest angle determines the two pipes that could form the major
axis. The remaining pipe forms the minor axis.
E.g.:
 Angle B is the largest, so the major axis will be aligned with

either pipe (a) or pipe (c).
 If Angle A equals 90o, the major axis is aligned with pipe (c).
 If Angle C equals 90o, the major axis is aligned with pipe (a).
 If neither Angle A nor Angle C is 90o, the major axis is aligned
with the shorter of pipes (a) and (c).
The reason for this is that it is more difficult to bend short pipes to
accommodate angle changes than to bend long pipes.
6.8.2.2 DIAMETER SELECTION

Diameter selection is as follows:
1. All diameters equal

A plain tee of equivalent diameter is selected.
2. Major axis diameters equal, minor axis diameters different

Either a reducing tee, increasing tee or, if these are not available, a plain
tee with diameter equal to the major axis diameters will be selected.
3. One major diameter and one minor diameter equal

A plain tee of major diameter is selected.
4. All pipe diameters different

The largest diameter in the junction sets the major axis diameter of the
tee. If a reducing tee can be found to suit the reduction in minor axis
diameter, it will be selected in preference to a plain tee of largest
diameter.
If a tee diameter cannot be found to satisfy the above conditions, the
costing reports will state that a solution to the junction cannot be found.
6.8.2.3 ADDITIONAL BENDS

The routines used for solving bends in two pipe junctions are now used
to fit any bends.
At least one of the three branches of the tee will already be aligned with
one pipe. If necessary, up to three bends can be used to resolve angles
on either of the two remaining branches of the junction.
6.8.2.4 STRAIGHT CONNECTIONS

Any straight connections (couplings) remaining after the tee has been
chosen and bends added are now resolved to complete the junction.
Gender and connection types are matched and diameter reductions

made if necessary.
6.8.3 FOUR-PIPE JUNCTIONS

The solution of fittings for four-pipe junctions depends on the entry
angles of the pipes into the junction.
IRRICAD counts up the occurrences of near 90o angles in the junction to

enable a decision to be made whether to use crosses or two tees.
If the number of near 90o entry angles is greater than two, then the
remaining angle is also near 90o. A cross can be selected for this
situation.
If there are any adjacent 90o entry angles, a cross can also be selected.
If either of the above two conditions does not hold, then two tees will be
selected.

6.8.3.1 CROSSES
Figure 6-2
In the above example, two adjacent angles (A and B) are approximately

90o. A cross can be selected for this junction.
To determine the diameter of the cross, IRRICAD first finds the

maximum diameter of pipes (a) and (c), and of (b) and (d).
A reducing cross of diameter equal to the maximum diameters of each

axis can be selected. If a reducing cross is not available, a plain cross is
selected with diameter equal to the maximum of the four-pipe diameters.
If a cross cannot be found, then two tees will be used in the junction.
Having selected a suitable cross, any remaining bends and diameter

changes are resolved with the two-pipe junction routines.
6.8.3.2 TWO TEES

When using two tees to solve a four-pipe junction, the following
procedure is used.
Figure 6-3
The junction is categorized into one of three possible groups, according

to the following conditions:
 One of the angles is approximately 180o

 Two of the angles opposite each other are approximately 90o
 The junction does not fall into the above two groups
Group 1
If an angle is near 180o (for example, Angle D above), the major axis of
the two tees as aligned with the average direction of the two pipes
forming the near 180o bend (pipes (a) and (b) above).
Having positioned the major axis of the two tees, the three-pipe junction
routines are used to resolve what are effectively two three-pipe
junctions. The connection between the two tees is resolved with the
straight coupler routines.
Group 2
If any two opposite angles are approximately 90o (i.e. in the above
example if Angle C and Angle A were approximately 90o), one tee is
aligned so that its major axis is in the same direction as pipe (b) with

minor axis pipe (c). The other tee is aligned with pipe (d) with minor axis
pipe (a).
Having fixed the major and minor axis for the two tees, the three-pipe
junction routines are used to resolve two three-pipe junctions:
 Junction 1 major axis along pipe (b)

minor axis of pipe (c) in general direction
 Junction 2 major axis along pipe (d)
minor axis in general direction of pipe (a)
Two-pipe junction routines select the necessary bends and finally solve
the diameter reductions, gender and connecting types.
The connection between the two tees is resolved as follows:
 The connecting side of one of the tees is assumed to be of male

gender rather than female. This implies that a short section of
pipe is fitted into the tee.
 Bends are then chosen to satisfy the angle between two tees.
 Finally, the straight coupler routines connect the bends to the
two tees.
It is possible to get extra fittings in the junction when gender changes in

the bend.
Group 3
If the junction does not fall into the above two categories, then angles A
and B, and angles B and C are summed.
The total that is closest to 180o defines the two pipes that form the major
axes of the two tees.
The major axes of the two tees are aligned with these two pipes.
The process to solve the junction is then the same as that used in Group
2.
6.8.4 FIVE-PIPE JUNCTION

Because a check during the drawing / input stage of a design prevents
users from creating junctions that contain more than four pipes, there is
no requirement for IRRICAD to resolve junctions containing five or more
pipes.
6.8.5 ANGLE TOLERANCE
A tolerance is placed on angles to allow bends whose angle is close to
the angle required for a junction to be used.
The angle tolerance is entered in Design|Pipe Fitting Matching Table.

This tolerance can be set for each pipe type.
A bend can be selected for a junction if the required angle lies within the
bend plus or minus the angle tolerance.
If pipe type differs in a two-pipe junction, IRRICAD uses the average of

the tolerance set for each pipe as the allowable tolerance.
Angle tolerance can have quite an effect on the number of bends

selected in a junction. Care therefore must be taken to ensure realistic
tolerance values are entered in the Pipe Fitting Matching Table.
6.8.6 FITTINGS FOR VALVE-UNDER-HEAD SYSTEMS

Care must be taken in those special cases where a separate control
valve and outlet are positioned together to form a valve-under-head
system.
When the fitting selection routines encounter a control valve they

assume the valve is part of a normal zone configuration and choose the
fittings accordingly. For a valve-under-head system this results in the
correct selection as long as the outlet is placed within a straight section
of pipe. For outlets at the end of a pipe or located at the change of
direction the appropriate bend to place the valve and outlet in the
vertical position will not be selected.
Two solutions are possible. The first is to create an assembly using the
appropriate control valve plus the necessary bend and fittings. This
assembly is then selected for use at the appropriate locations in the
design. Alternatively the required additional fittings can be added after
fitting selection by using the [Show Fittings] button on a hydraulic dialog.

6.9 APPENDIX H: FORM OF THE EQUATIONS
This appendix lists the formula used in pressure / flow calculations.
The actual forms of the equations for the four types of components are
described below. The units shown are those output by the Curve Fit
utility (see Section 3.5.1) and used internally by IRRICAD in its
calculations.
Pumps: H = AQ2 + BQ + C
H – pump pressure (meters)

Q – pump flow (litres/sec)
A, B, C – constants
Outlet Flow: Q = K Hn
Q – outlet flow rate (litres/hour)

H – outlet pressure (meters)
K – constant
n – index or exponent
Outlet Radius: R = K Hn
R – wetted radius of outlet (meters)

H – outlet pressure (meters)
K – constant
n – index or exponent
Valves: H = K Qn + C
H – pressure loss through valve (meters)

Q – valve flow (cubic meters/hour)
K – headloss equation constant
n – headloss equation index
C – intercept or start up head

6.10 APPENDIX I: KEYWORDS FOR LABELS
AND PLOT TEMPLATES
6.10.1 LABEL KEYWORDS

Automatic labelling uses pre-programmed keywords to know which
information to extract and place on the screen as text. These keywords
are available in the dropdown list in the Label creator (Settings|Labels).
For an explanation of what each keyword represents please see the
table below:-
General Keywords Use

#DEPTH# Depth of object
#DEPTHUNIT# Unit of Depth as per Irricad Options|Units
#DESC# Description field from the database
#DIA1# First diameter field from database (nominal for
pipes /tapes, inlet, major etc.)
#DIA2# Second diameter field from database (actual
for pipes/tapes, outlet, minor etc.)
#DIAUNIT# Current unit selected for diameters (mm, inch
etc.)
#ELEV# Elevation of item, applies to point items and
contours only
#ELEVUNIT# Current unit of elevation
#FITTINGS# Lists the fittings selected for junctions, outlets,
valves and misc. hydraulic items. The
expansion of assemblies is controlled in a
similar way to BOM/Costing reports. If the
assembly usage code is Y or X then the
assembly will be expanded, if “A” only the
assembly description will be displayed.
#FITTINGSNOTAB# As above, but in a non-tabbed format when
left justification is used.
#FLUSHID# The manifold ID. Label Tapes or Misc
Hydraulic items with the assigned flushing
manifold number. For physical manifolds,
numbers are positive, e.g., 1,2,3, etc. For

virtual manifolds, numbers are negative, e.g., -
1, -2,-3, etc.
#HY_ELVCHG# Elevation change in elevation units
#HY_ELVPCHG# Elevation change in pressure units
#HY_FLOW# Flow for zones items, control vlaves and
mainline outlets
#HY_HL# Head loss for zone items and mainline outlets.
Show outlet connector loss when used on
outlets
#HY_MAX_F# Maximum flow out of all system flows
#HY_MAX_HL# Maximum head loss out of all system flows
#HY_MAX_P# Maximum pressure out of all system flows
#HY_MAX_PABS# Maximum absolute pressure out of all system
flows
#HY_MAX_STATP# Maximum static pressure, from all systems
flows, at mainline outlets or valves
#HY_MAX_V# Maximum velocity out of all system flows
#HY_MIN_F# Minimum flow out of all system flows
#HY_MIN_HL# Minimum head loss out of all system flows
#HY_MIN_P# Minimum pressure out of all system flows
#HY_MIN_PABS# Minimum absolute pressure out of all system
flows
#HY_MIN_STATP# Minimum static pressure, from all systems
flows, at mainline outlets or valves
#HY_MIN_V# Minimum velocity out of all system flows
#HY_PRESS# Pressure for Zone items. For Control valves
this shows the required upstream pressure
#HY_PABS# Absolute Pressure – gauge pressure +
elevation for zone items. For Control valves
this shows the required upstream absolute
pressure
#HYN_MAX_F# System flow # with maximum flow
#HYN_MAX_HL# System flow # with maximum head loss
#HYN_MAX_P# System flow # with maximum pressure
#HYN_MAX_STATP# System flow # with maximum static pressure
at mainline outlets or valves
#HYN_MAX_V# System flow # with maximum velocity
#HYN_MIN_F# System flow # with minimum flow
#HYN_MIN_HL# System flow # with minimum head loss
#HYN_MIN_P# System flow # with minimum pressure
#HYN_MIN_STATP# System flow # with minimum static pressure at

mainline outlets or valves
#HYN_MIN_V# System flow # with minimum velocity
#LABEL# Label field from database (for primary item)
#LENGTH# 2D length of item, applies only to pipes, tapes,
wires
#LENGTH3D# 3D length of item, applies only to pipes, tapes,
wires
#LENGTH;0.5# Length (to nearest 0.5)
#LENUNIT# Current unit of length
#NAME# Zone or Water Supply name
#NOZDESC# Nozzle description, applies to connected
spraylines only
#NOZLABEL# Nozzle label, applies to connected spraylines
only
#NUMTREE# The number of trees in a Irricad Tools|Tree
Block.
#OUTDESC# Outlet description, applies to connected
spraylines only
#OUTLABEL# Outlet label, applies to connected spraylines
only
#OUTSPACE# Outlet spacing in spraylines, sprayline blocks
and Spray Irrigation Blocks
#POS_X1# Start X Coordinate of any item
#POS_Y1# Start Y Coordinate of any item
#POS_Z1# Start Z Coordinate of any item
#POS_X2# End X Coordinate – for pipes, tapes,
spraylines, and wires
#POS_Y2# End Y Coordinate – for pipes, tapes,
#POS_Z2# End Z Coordinate – for pipes, tapes,
#PRESSUNIT# Current pressure unit
#RISDESC# Riser description, applies to connected
spraylines only
#RISLABEL# Riser label, applies to connected spraylines
only
#ROLLS# 2D pipe lengths as a number of rolls based on
the roll length of the pipe type in the Pipe
Fitting Matching Table
#ROLLS3D# 3D pipe lengths as a number of rolls based on
the roll length of the pipe type in the Pipe

Fitting Matching Table
#ROLLS;1# Rolls (to nearest 1)
#SCOPE# Object Scope – Design + BOM, Design Only
or BOM Only
#SHIFT# Lists the system flows that the zone operates
in
#TREEROWSPACE# The spacing between tree rows in a Irricad
Tools|Tree Block.
#TREESPACE# The spacing between trees along a row in a
Irricad Tools|Tree Block.
#TYPE# Pipe type, applies to pipes and tapes only
#UID# Internal unique ID for item
#USER# Displays the entire contents of the User
Attribute string.
#VELUNIT# Velocity unit
Irrigation Block Entity Labels

Block Entity Keywords Use
#ACTFLOW# The flow for the block as calculated during
the design process. If the design is
incomplete, then the nominal flow is
displayed
#APPLICATIONRATE# Block application rate (intensity) - depth per
hour. Based on the irrigated area.
#AREA# Total plan area within block boundary
#AREAUNIT# Current area unit
#DESC# When used in a block displays the
description of the Tape
#FLOWUNIT# Current large (sys flow/zone) flow unit
#FLOW_VAR# Block outlet flow variation (%) as per the
Zone Design Summary report
#FLOWPERAREA# The flow per unit area for the block
#GRPLATS# Number of Laterals per Group
#GRPSPACE# Group Spacing
#H2OQUANT# Water requirements either volume or depth
#IRRAREA# Normally the total length of laterals (2D) *
lateral spacing unless “Crop Width” is other
than 1
#LATSPACE# Lateral spacing

#MAXEMITFLOW# The maximum emitter flow in the block.
#MAXEMITPRESS# The maximum emitter pressure in the block,
from design
#MAXINTENS# Maximum allowable intensity
#MAXLATHL# Maximum lateral frictional headloss in the
block
#MAXLATHLABS# Maximum lateral absolute headloss (greatest
pressure change) in the block
#MEANPRESS# The mean tape inlet pressure in the block
#MINEMITFLOW# The minimum emitter flow in the block.
#MINEMITPRESS# The minimum emitter pressure in the block,
from design
#NOMFLOW# Block flow based on nominal SDR from
database
#MINLATHL# Minimum lateral frictional headloss in the
block
#MINLATHLABS# Minimum lateral absolute headloss (smallest
pressure change) in the block
#NOMPRESS# Nominal Inlet pressure of Tape laterals
#NUMEMIT# Number of emitters in block
#NUMLAT# Number of lateral segments
#NUMROW# Number rows or laterals
#OUTDESC# Outlet description for Spray Irrigation Blocks
#OUTLABEL# Outlet label (from database) for Spray
Irrigation Blocks
#PRESS_VAR# Block outlet pressure variation (%) as per the
Zone Design Summary report
#ROWSPACE# The row spacing in the Block
#SUBMAINHL# The frictional headloss in the block submain,
from the valve to the last lateral. If the
submain is branched then the headloss
reported is that of the branch having the
largest headloss
#TOTLATLEN# Total 3D length of laterals (calculated with
slope method)
#VALVEPRESS# The calculated downstream pressure for the
control valve attached to the block entity.
Note: that labels can also be created for individual laterals and sub-
main segments that are part of a block.

User Attributes Key Words
To have the User Attributes displayed as labels on the plan, use the
keywords listed below.
User Use
Attributes
Keywords
#USER# Displays the entire contents of the user attribute
string.
#USERn# Displays line n from the user attribute string (n is an
integer).
#USER<tag># Displays tagged information from the user attribute
string. Data should be tagged with XML style tags
e.g., <mytag>My data goes here</mytag>. tag may
be any string that excludes the characters <,>, and
#.
How to use the Hydraulic Keywords

Control
Keyword Description Mainline Zone Lateral Valve Outlets Junction Pipe Comments
HY_ELVCHG Elevation change. Applies to

both Zone
and
mainline
pipes,
Y Y Y Y connected
spraylines
and tapes.
Will be 0.0
for any poin
items.
HY_ELVPCHG As above except in Applies to
pressure units (e.g., both Zone
kPa, psi etc.) Y Y Y Y and
mainline
pipes,
connected
spraylines
and tapes.
Will be 0.0
for any poin
items.
HY_FLOW Flow for zone pipes, Doesn't
outlets, tapes, really apply
spraylines (inflow to mainline
for tapes and items
spraylines) although wi
give flow for
control
Y Y Y Y y Y valves and
outlets.
Minimum or
last flow is
set for other
mainline
items.
HY_HL Headloss (friction For outlets

only for pipes, (mainline as
tapes, Spraylines) well) this is
* Y Y Y Y Y
for zone items. the outlet
connector
loss.
HY_MAX_F Maximum flow (i.e If used for
for all system flows) Zone items
for mainline items this simply
equates to
HY_FLOW.
Will show
Y y y Y Y Y
the "Total
zone flow"
for Control
Valves and
Mainline
outlets.
HY_MAX_HL Maximum (i.e for all For outlets
system flows) this is the
Y y y Y Y Y
headloss (friction outlet
only for pipes) for connector
mainline items. loss. If used
for Zone
items this
simply
equates to
HY_HL.
HY_MAX_P Maximum (i.e for all For control
system flows) valves this
gauge pressure for gives the
mainline items. resultant
upstream
pressure.
For pipes
both ends
Y y y Y Y Y Y
are
considered.
For point
Zone items
(not control
valves)
equates to
HY_PRESS
HY_MAX_V Maximum (i.e for all Will also
system flows) work for
velocity for mainline zone pipes,
pipes. tapes and
Y y y Y spraylines
(inlet
velocity for
tapes and
spraylines)
HY_MIN_F Minimum flow (i.e If used for
for all system flows) Zone items
for mainline items this simply
equates to
HY_FLOW.
Will show
Y y y Y Y Y
the "Total
zone flow"
for Control
Valves and
Mainline
outlets.
HY_MIN_HL Minimum (i.e for all For outlets
system flows) this is the
headloss (friction outlet
only for pipes) for connector
mainline items in loss. If used
Y y y Y Y Y
current pressure for Zone
units. items this
simply
equates to
HY_HL.
HY_MIN_P Minimum (i.e for all For control
system flows) valves this
gauge pressure for gives the
mainline items. resultant
upstream
pressure.
For pipes
both ends
Y y y Y Y Y Y
are
considered.
For point
Zone items
(not control
valves)
equates to
HY_PRESS
HY_MIN_V Minimum (i.e for all Will also
system flows) work for
velocity for mainline zone pipes,
pipes. tapes and
Y y y Y spraylines
(inlet
velocity for
tapes and
spraylines)
HY_PRESS Pressure for zone Doesn't
items. For control really apply
valves this shows to other
the required mainline
Y Y Y Y
upstream pressure items
although wi
get the
minimum
value if
used.
HY_MAX_PABS Maximum (i.e for all For zone

system flows) items this
absolute pressure equates to
Y y y Y Y Y
(gauge pressure + HY_PABS
elevation) for
mainline items.
HY_MIN_PABS Minimum (i.e for all For zone
system flows) items this
absolute pressure equates to
Y y y Y Y Y
(gauge pressure + HY_PABS
elevation) for
mainline items.
HY_PABS Absolute pressure Doesn't
(gauge pressure + really apply
elevation) for zone to other
items. For control mainline
valves this shows items
Y Y Y Y
the required although wi
upstream absolute get the
pressure minimum
value if
used.
HYN_MAX_F Number of the Doesn't
system flow in apply to
which the maximum zone items
Y Y
flow occurs. will always
be "1" if
used.
HYN_MAX_HL Number of the Doesn't
Y Y
headloss occurs. will always
be "1" if
used.
HYN_MAX_P Number of the Doesn't
which the maximum Y Y zone items
pressure occurs. will always
be "1" if

used.
HYN_MAX_V Number of the Doesn't

Y Y
velocity occurs. will always
be "1" if
used.
HYN_MIN_F Number of the Doesn't
which the minimum zone items
Y Y
flow occurs. will always
be "1" if
used.
HYN_MIN_HL Number of the Doesn't
Y Y
headloss occurs. will always
be "1" if
used.
HYN_MIN_P Number of the Doesn't
Y Y
pressure occurs. will always
be "1" if
used.
HYN_MIN_V Number of the Doesn't
Y Y
velocity occurs. will always
be "1" if
used.
VALVEPRESS For Control Valves
and Irrigation
Blocks only,
displays the Y Y
required/set
downstream valve
pressure.

6.10.2 PLOT TEMPLATE
Template keywords can be entered and saved in the template by editing
via the Template|Edit Template function.
Plot Template Keywords Use

#FLAG# } Company name - from Settings|Company -
#CONA# } Company Formal Name
#NUMB# Design name (.des file name)
#SCLE# Plan scale (number only)
#SCAL# Full US / Metric scale
#XDTE# } Design date – from Settings|Design Details -
#DATE# } Headings Date.
Date is created when design is started
#CDAT# Current date
# LDAT# The current date in the Windows long date
format.
#DESG# } Designer – from Settings|Miscellaneous -
#DESR# } Designer
#TITL# Design title / site – from Settings|Design
Details - Headings Site
#CLNT# } Client name – from Settings|Client - Client
#CLNA# } Name
#NOTE# Design notes – from Settings|Design Details

- Headings Notes / Comments
#BRCI# Branch city – from Settings|Company -
Branch City
#COAD# Company address – from Settings|Company
- Company Address
#COPH# Company phone – from Settings|Company -
Company Phone
#COFA# Company fax – from Settings|Company -
Company Fax
#JOAD# Job address – from Settings|Design Details
– Miscellaneous Job Address
#QNUM# Quote number – from Settings|Design
Details – Miscellaneous Quote Number
#DDES# Design Details Description
#CLSN# Client Details Short Name
#CLAD# Client Details Address

#CLHP# Client Details Home Phone
#CLPH# Client Details Work Phone
#CLFA# Client Details Fax
#CLCO# Client Details Code (3 chars only)
#EDATE# End Date
#SDATE# Start Date
#ADATE# Acceptance date
#REPCO# Rep Code
#REPNM# Rep Name
#LHRS# Labor Hours
#MILE# Mileage
#ICOST# Installation Cost
#SIGNT# Signitary
#SIGTL# Signitary Title
#LCOST# Labor Cost
#MCOST# Mileage Cost
#TAXR# Tax Rate
#COSN# Company Short Name
#COLN# Company Full Name
#BRCO# Branch Code
#BRNM# Branch Name
#BRPH# Branch Phone
#BRFX# Branch Fax
#BRAP# Branch After Hours Phone
#BRCT# Branch Contact
Redundant Keywords:
Redundant Keywords Use
#COA1# } Company address
#COA2# }
#COA3# }
#NOT1# } Design notes
#NOT2# }
#NOT3# }
#NOT4# }
#NOT5# }
#DNUM# Drawing number
#JOA1# } Job address
#JOA2# }
#JOA3# }
6.11 APPENDIX J: INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
FOR NETWORK OPERATION
Requirements
 Windows Network of computers.
 USB network version of the IRRICAD dongle.
 Access to www.IRRICAD.com to download the installation and
patches, or a current installation CD.
 An internet connection for the duration of the installation
process.
Install IRRICAD on the client computers

 Log in as Administrator and open an internet browser (for
example Internet Explorer, or FireFox) and browse to an
external website. This step is required for successful registration
of the CAD Engine.
 Insert the IRRICAD CD or download the required installation and
patch files to your hard disk or flash drive from
http://www.irricad.com/irricadpro/irricad-software-upgrades.
 Run the installation process.
 After installation, run any available upgrade patches.
Install the dongle driver on the server or computer that the dongle is
attached to
 Connect the USB IRRICAD dongle to the server or computer on

the network.
 Download the latest Sentinel Protection Installer from
http://www.irricad.com/irricad/download/Drivers/Rainbow/ and
save to the hard disk or flash drive. Alternatively insert the
IRRICAD CD and CANCEL out of the automatic installation
process. Explore the CD to find the driver for the dongle. The file
name and path should be as follows, the version number may
change over time:- \Install\Sentinel Protection Installer 7.6.7.exe
 Run the Sentinel Protection Installer from the CD or where
saved on the hard disk or flash drive.
 Select the option for Custom Install and ensure the USB System
Driver and the Sentinel Protection Server are selected.

 Click [No] on the important note about Windows Firewalls on the
next screen when asked to modify these setting now.
 When the installation is complete, go to the command prompt by
typing cmd in to the search programs and folders field and press
the Enter key on the keyboard. Type ipconfig and press Enter to
get the IP address of the server / computer. The IP address
may be presented as “IPv4 Address”. Write this down, it will be
needed to set up the client computers.
Direct the client computers to look at the server for the dongle.
Windows 7:-
 Click on Start then right click on Computer

 Click on Advanced system settings, the Advanced tab, then
Environment variables
 Locate the variable NSP_HOST
 Edit the variable so the value is the IP address of the server.
Windows 8:
 Swipe to select Settings | PC Info.
 Click on Advanced system settings, the Advanced tab, then
Environment Variables.
 Locate the variable NSP_HOST.
 Edit the variable so the value is the IP address of the server
presenter’s computer.
Figure 6-4
Create exceptions to the firewall on all computers

It is necessary to create exceptions to the Windows Firewall for the
Sentinel driver. The firewall exceptions can be accessed via:

Windows 7:
 Go to Control Panel | System and Security | Windows Firewall
 Click on “Allow a program through Windows Firewall”.
Windows 8:
 Swipe and select Settings | Control Panel | System and Security
| Windows Firewall
 Click on “Allow an app or feature program through Windows
Firewall”.
On the computers that have IRRICAD installed check the Exceptions as

shown in the image below for IRRICAD and the IRRICAD Database
Editor.
Figure 6-5
Run IRRICAD on a client computer

Test the installation by opening IRRICAD on several client computers.
Note that each IRRICAD network dongle has a user limit coded into the
dongle.

6.12 APPENDIX K: ABOS METHOD SETTINGS
Registry Parameters
These are available in the registry to tweak the ABOS method.
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Lincoln Agritech
Ltd\Irricad\SurgeParam
Key Values Defa Description
ult
FileName string surge These provide the base name
in for the input files to surgef.exe.
Suffix characte a The files can be found in the
r Irricad directory:-
surgein.dta – a text file defining
the xyz input points for the
interpolation:
30.62016 72.07022 50.00000

1
86.27451 64.85408 49.00000
2
14.89968 15.61788 48.00000
3
81.31555 14.91108 47.00000
4
51.17419 33.84633 46.00000
5
Boundary Y / N /C N A bounding envelope of points
has (Y) / has not (N) been
provided. If C is used, the
boundary will be created as a
convex envelope of input
points. Up to 100 polyline
boundaries can be defined in
the surgein.HR file.
surgein.HR is a text file that

should be placed in the Irricad
directory, each boundary is
defined by an integer number

of points, n, on the first line,
followed by n lines of xy float
data e.g.:
5
42.03890 59.33450
68.42004 52.51179
58.71664 21.58217
33.70004 26.73711
42.03890 59.33450
5
75.69760 57.66673
67.35873 14.75947
24.60309 20.21763
35.97427 66.00559
75.69760 57.66673
Boundary float 1.1 If a convex hull is defined
Scale above (‘C’), this parameter
defines how much the
boundary is expanded outside
the bounding points
Faults Y/N N A set of discontinuities (faults)
provided. Faults are lines that
represent vertical
discontinuities in the data (e.g.,
cliffs). Up to 1000 can be
defined in the file surgein.ZL, a
text file that should be placed
in the Irricad directory. Each
fault line is defined by two xy
points on each line of the file:
39.76467 65.55075 35.51942
56.15057
35.51942 56.15057 35.51942
45.53746
35.51942 45.53746 38.24851
35.83406
38.24851 35.83406 45.82930
28.70812
45.82930 28.70812 54.92624
24.46287
54.92624 24.46287 67.05550
23.40156

AddPts Y/N N A set of additional points has
(Y) / has not (N) been
provided. Additional points can
be defined in the file
surgein.DBa, a text file that
should be placed in the Irricad
directory. Each point is defined
by xyz data on each line
followed by the point number
(following on from the point
number in surgein.dta):
68.57166 59.94096 45.00000
##6
74.78790 45.99231 45.00000
##7
73.87821 31.74043 45.00000
##8
Polylines Y/N N A set of additional polylines
provided. Surface features can
be explicitly defined as
polylines. There can be up to
300 spatial polylines containing
up to 10000 points. Each
endpoint of the polyline
segment can have undefined
value (1E29) or defined value
(less than 1E29). There must
be at least two defined values
for each polyline - the
remaining values are computed
as soon as the digitization
mode is finished.
The polylines can be defined in

the file surgein.LNa, a text file
that should be placed in the
Irricad directory. The first line
for each polyline defines the
number of source and internal
points. Each subsequent line
defines the xyz data for the
Polyline:

6 50
42.03890 62.36681 45.00000
39.30982 56.45380 45.00000
38.85497 48.26655 45.00000
39.30982 41.89868 46.00000
40.21951 36.44052 47.00000
42.94859 30.37589 48.00000
42
66.60065 62.06358 48.00000
75.09114 50.69240 48.00000
72.96851 40.68576 48.00000
66.14581 31.13397 48.00000
BasicPts Y/N Y The input data is (Y) / is not (N)

a set of basic points, defined in
the surgein.gta file.
Filter 0-9999 0 The filter reduces the number
of input points by averaging
points that are closer to each
other than the grid spacing. If
the horizontal distance
between two points [Xi,Yi,Zi]
and [Xj,Yj,Zj] is greater than
max{(xmax - xmin),(ymax -ymin)} /
filter, then these two points are
replaced by one point [Xk,Yk,Zk]
with average coordinates Xk =
(Xi + Xj) / 2, Yk = (Yi + Yj) / 2
and Zk = (Zi + Zj) / 2
The default value of 0 only

eliminates input point with
identical coordinates.
GridEnlar 5-99 99 This parameter allows the grid
gement to be enlarged by the specified
number of columns and rows.
This improves the shape of the
surface near the boundary. The
value of the parameter should
be set to approximately (i+j)/10
(where i and j are grid sizes).
The default value of 99 causes

surgef to estimate this
internally.
GridX 0 / 5- 0 The number of grid steps in the
5555 x direction can be explicitly set
with this parameter.

surgef to calculate this
internally.
GridY 0 / 5- 0 The number of grid steps in the
5555 y direction can be explicitly set
with this parameter.

internally.
Tensionin 0-3 1 This parameter specifies the
g degree of linear tensioning
performed during the
interpolation. It controls the
‘sharpness’ of the resulting
surface.
no linear tensioning
medium linear tensioning
strong linear tensioning
full linear tensioning
FastConv 0/1 1 Fast convergence on (1) or off

ergence (0) (generally reduces the
number of iteration steps by
20-50%, but produces a
smoother surface)
Accuracy 0-99 0.0 The target accuracy as a
percentage of the Z range.

Smoothne 0-999.99 0.5 The smoothness of the
ss resulting surface. Typical
values are:
0.00 - 0.30 for smooth
interpolation
0.40 - 0.60 for normal
interpolation (default value is
0.50)
0.70 - 1.50 for sharp
interpolation.
The sharp / smooth model can

be improved at local extremes
by extending the smoothing
parameter. This parameter can
have two formats:
number 0.00 - 9.99, which is
equivalent to the above
number 100.00 - 999.99, where
the first two digits divided by 10
determine so called shape
factor, which has an influence
on the shape of surface
surrounding sharp local
extremes. The smallest value
1.0 means, the shape will not
be changed and any greater
value (1.1-9.9) means, the
local extreme will be sharper.
The remaining digits have the
original meaning.
If the smoothing parameter has
the first format, the shape
factor has the default value 1.0
Smoothin 0-999.99 0 The number of smoothing

gCycles cycles to be performed.

internally.
BlankBou Y/N N Controls whether the grid
ndary should be blanked (Y) outside

any defined boundaries.
NPFile Y/N N Surface values for a finite
difference model grid (requires
model grid input file)
ASCIIGrid Y/N N Output the calculated grid as
an XYZ ASCII file
(surgein.GRa).
XYInFile Filenam Input file name specifying XY
e data. The format of the input
file rows must be:
X Y [any-text]
XYZOutFil filename Output filename specifying
e XYZ data, as calculated by
interpolating from the grid. XY
data corresponds to the input
as per XYInFile. The format of
the output file rows is:
X Y Z [any-text]

6.13 SCREEN MESSAGES
This chapter looks at common reasons for problems, and explains the
error and warning messages which appear on the screen.
6.13.1 INTRODUCTION
During the operation of IRRICAD it is possible that mistakes will be
made or problems arise that cause warning messages to be displayed
on the screen. Because of space limitations it is often not practical to
display a detailed description of the problem, nor of the best course of
action to remedy the situation. This section has been prepared to
answer both of these questions.
Messages are displayed in a window that appears in the center of the

screen. Figure AG1 shows a typical example.
Figure 6-6
For example the message in Figure 6-6, IDE_MAN_308: IDE applies to

all screen messages and is therefore ignored, MAN indicates that the
message has occurred in the management section; 308 is the message
number. To seek help with the message look up MAN 308 in Error
Messages, Section 6.13.3 in alphabetical order and then numerical
order. The word in the top right corner is an internal name indicating the
program module where the error occurred (this is no interest to the user
but it is useful to the technical support person if help is sought. The
actual message is in the center of the window. A button or two buttons
informs the user as to the options available for continuing. These are
usually [Yes], [No] or [OK] .

In some cases an additional error number might be displayed for
example 6414 File not found in the body of the message. This is a
program language error statement, rather than an IRRICAD message,
and is of value to the support programmer only. The IRRICAD message
number is still displayed at the top of the message.
Note: If a problem is encountered which cannot be resolved and

support for contacted for help, please quote the message
number and the program language error number if both occur.
Problems can occur for many reasons but can roughly be classified into
two groups:
 Those relating to opening, reading or writing to the various files

that are used by IRRICAD.
 Those that are caused by performing tasks out of sequence or
exceeding the limitations or capacity of the program itself.
Because difficulties with file operations are numerous in number and

have very similar causes and solutions a special section is included to
deal with these. This is followed by the main list of messages, their
probable cause and suggested solution. For ease of use all the files
handling messages are included in the main numerical list but the reader
is referred to the appropriate part of the file handling section where this
is appropriate.
6.13.2 IRRICAD FILE HANDLING MESSAGES

IRRICAD uses and generates a large number of files during the normal
course of its operation. These files can be grouped into four categories:
 IRRICAD Program Files - The actual program files.

 IRRICAD Design Files - Files generated during the course of a
particular design.
 IRRICAD Database Files - These contain details of all fittings,
sprinklers etc. that IRRICAD can use.
 IRRICAD System Files - A small group of files used by the
program to store definitions, menu text, graphic items etc.
The IRRICAD program resides in a number of files, all of which must be

present for the program to run successfully. If IRRICAD is having trouble

running, take note of any error messages that occur and contact the
local technical support or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
The files that are generated by IRRICAD during the course of a design,
their file extension, and the location in IRRICAD where they are created
are:-
File Type File Extension Created by:

Costing Error File .CER Fittings Selection
IRRICAD file .DES Running IRRICAD
Mainline Design File .DML Design|Mainline
Zone Design File .DZN Design|Zone
Internal Database File .MDB Running IRRICAD
System Flow File .STN Management / Water
Supply
Visual CADD Objects .VCD Running IRRICAD
File
Water Supply File .WSP Mainline|Water
Supply
Zone File .ZNE Placing Zone items
Zone Time File .ZTM Management / Water
Supply
The messages associated with these files include:
6.13.2.1 DIFFICULTY OPENING…FILE

Error numbers: 300, 320, 330, 335, 341, 418, 447, 500, 1112, 1124
The most likely causes of this message are:
 An attempt has been made to run a section of IRRICAD that

requires the use of a file that has not yet been created. Return to
the section of IRRICAD where the file is created and re-run the
appropriate part of the program.
 The generated file is not present therefore re-run the appropriate
part of the program.
 A sharing violation may be occurring where another process has
got the file. Shut down all programs and restart the computer.
 If the file is present in the Irricad\Designs directory but the
Difficulty Opening File message still occurs there is the
possibility that the file has become corrupted in some way.
Delete the offending file and re-run the appropriate and
subsequent sections of IRRICAD to generate a completely new
version of the file.
 The files are Read Only or the temporary files created in the
\Temp folder are Read Only. Change the properties of all files so
they are no longer Read Only.
 There is not enough virtual memory available to allow the file to
be used. If insufficient memory is available close all other
programs, or increase the amount of Virtual memory available
for use.
If none of the above options solve the problem take careful note of the
warning error message, save the design files and contact the service
agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
6.13.2.2 DIFFICULTY READING…FILE

Message numbers: 301, 321, 331, 336, 342, 419, 448, 501, 1111, 1125
File reading problems can be caused by:
 The generated file is not present therefore re-run the appropriate

part of the program.
 An attempt has been made to run a section of IRRICAD that
requires the use of a file that has not yet been created. Return to
the section of IRRICAD where the file is created and re-run the
appropriate part of the program.
 If the file is present in the Irricad\Designs directory but the
Difficulty Reading File message still occurs there is the
possibility that the file has become corrupted in some way.
Delete the offending file and re-run the appropriate and
subsequent sections of IRRICAD to generate a completely new
version of the file.
 There is a hardware fault. This is very unlikely and should be
considered only after all other possibilities have been
exhausted. Contact the service agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.

6.13.2.3 DIFFICULTY WRITING TO…FILE
Message numbers: 302, 322, 332, 337, 343, 420, 449, 502, 1117, 1126
The likely cause of this problem includes:
 The hard disk is full; that is, there is no more room to continue
writing information to the hard disk. Delete unwanted files or
transfer files to floppy disk.
 There is a hardware fault i.e. a faulty disk drive or a device not
properly connected.
 The file has been made Read Only. Find the file in the
Irricad\Designs directory and check the properties of the file by
right clicking on it and selecting Properties. Make sure the Read
Only check box is not checked.
 If the file is on a network drive and the network connection has
been broken.
6.13.3 ERROR MESSAGES

CAD 2 : Cad error
Appears if a CAD error occurs with CAD error checking enabled
(Settings|Miscellaneous).
CAD error checking is normally only enabled to help locate a problem in

IRRICAD. Contact the local technical support.
CAD 3 : Cad initialization failed

The CAD engine in IRRICAD failed to initialize. Exit IRRICAD and
restart. If the problem persists contact the local technical support.
CAD 4 : Problem in internal symbol table.

Vcadd file (header only) has been corrupted in some way. Save the
design and reopen, if the message continues contact your technical
support.
CAD 5 : Vcadd Dll missing - reinstall Irricad

One of the Vcadd dll files is either missing or cannot be loaded into
memory. Restart. If this fails try Repair or Re-install IRRICAD.

CHECK LOCATION: Check %1, at =>%2
A problem has been identified at the recorded location. . Click the
coordinates link to locate the junction and use [Show Fittings] to view the
error.
CONVERT 2 : Cannot find assembly item

While converting an assembly from DOS IRRICAD databases, IRRICAD
has failed to find one of its components. IRRICAD will attempt to make a
new component in the Miscellaneous component group of the new
database but check the item using the database editor.
CONVERT 3 : Old IRRICAD 5 format file must be converted to IRRICAD

6 format before Windows IRRICAD can convert it
Conversion can only handle IRRICAD Version 6 designs and symbol
files. Convert Version 5 files to Version 6 before converting to IRRICAD
Pro.
COORDS: At x,y = %1 x,y = %2

A problem has been identified at the recorded pipe or wire. Click the
coordinates link to locate the item and use [Show Fittings] to view the
error.
CST 219 : Second depth must be larger than first - please re-enter
Where editing the Riser Selection Rules (Design menu) Depth 1 must
always be the smaller of the two depths and Depth 2 the larger.
CST 1100 : Nothing connected to object

An object is not connected to any other object. Either delete the object if
it is not required or connect something to it.
CST 1101 : An item is not connected to the pipe system

A warning that a pipe or object has nothing connected to it at that
particular location so fittings cannot be selected at that point.
CST 1102 : Number of items required to connect this object exceeds

maximum limit
IRRICAD has a limit for the items, which can be selected to join objects
at a junction (See Appendix A: IRRICAD Limits, Section 6.2). If this limit
is exceeded it suggests that the user has attempted to connect several
very dissimilar components and / or the database does not contain an
appropriate selection of fittings for the type of components being used in

the design. Check also that the connection types and diameters for the
components concerned are correctly entered in the database.
CST 1103 : Fitting type for item does not exist

IRRICAD is trying to find a connection type to connect a junction to a
junction. Normally these connections are removed as redundant
junctions. If not, the error may occur. Check the output to see if the
object is a valid one. If not, ignore the message.
CST 1104 : Unable to find required item in databases

Since an item was selected for use in the design, information pertaining
to that item has been changed or deleted. Use Tools|Change to reselect
the item.
CST 1105 : Non zone or mainline item connected to system

This error should only occur if for some reason IRRICAD has lost track
of the correct connectivity among the components. Run Repair
(File|Repair).
CST 1106 : More than two items connected to inline object

This error should only occur if for some reason IRRICAD has lost track
of the correct connectivity among the components. Run Repair
(File|Repair).
CST 1107 : More than the maximum number of fittings could be

chosen
More than the number of possible fittings (see Appendix A: IRRICAD
Limits, Section 6.2) to be used on a particular two pipe or two
component connection within a band between the component diameters
could be selected from the Coupler component group of the database.
The first x items (where x is the limit) will be used. If likely items are
further down the database, take the usage flag from some of the earlier
items.
CST 1108 : No of database items exceeds limit, design too big to cost
The costing section of IRRICAD can deal with a maximum number of
unique database items up to the limit set in Appendix A: IRRICAD
Limits, Section 6.2 for any one design. If this limit is reached the design
is too large to be costed. It may be possible to reduce the complexity of
the design or break it into smaller sections for costing purposes.

CST 1109 : The maximum number of water supplies has been
exceeded
A maximum number of water supplies are specified for any one design.
Reduce the number used to the limit or less (Appendix A: IRRICAD
Limits, Section 6.2).
CST 1110 : The maximum number of control valves has been

exceeded
A maximum number of control valves, or zones, can be used in any one
design (see Appendix A: IRRICAD Limits, Section 6.2).
CST 1111-1117 : Refer to IRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2)
CST 1119 : Can only edit fittings (non-hydraulic items)

This message occurs if a user attempts to delete the original item in
“Edit Fittings” in a Change dialog. Only fittings can be removed from the
Fittings list. The hydraulic item cannot be changed in this dialog.
CST 1121 : Not all fittings loaded into memory, costing may be
slowed
At the beginning of costing IRRICAD attempts to load the fittings data
into memory to speed up this part of the program. If there is insufficient
room to do this the costing process may take longer than normal.
CST 1122 : Two point objects connected. Unable to solve junction

This message indicates that more than one point object, e.g., misc.
hydraulic item, outlet, etc has been placed at the same position. This
usually results from an error when connecting items in the design.
Because the two items are at the same location it is impossible to detect
visually. Run Repair (File|Repair). If this fails to fix the problem,
determine which zone the problem occurs in by watching the zone
number displayed on the status bar while design is taking place. It is
then a matter of examining each point object in turn until a location is
found where two objects exist. Using selection cycling delete one and
re-run design.
CST 1123 : Pipe to be computer sized has not been sized

Computer Selection of Fittings has been selected before Design has
been completed and one or more computer sized pipes has been
entered in the design. Fittings cannot be selected for junctions that
involve pipes that have not been sized.
CST 1124-1126 : Refer to IRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2)
CST 1127 : Invalid Connection, report may be incomplete - please run

repair
An invalid connection exists in the design. Run File|Repair. If this does
not resolve the issue, please contact the local support of Lincoln
Agritech Ltd
DBS 1 : Internal database item not found in external database

Since an item was selected for use in the design, information pertaining
to that item has been changed or deleted in the IRRICAD database.
Click [OK] and select the changed item or an item to replace it from the
list.
DBS 2 : Internal database item key changed

This message should not occur! Somehow the internal database has
become corrupted. Contact the local technical support.
DBS 3 : Invalid database name

The file selected for conversion is not a valid DOS IRRICAD database.
Repeat the command (File|Convert|Database) and select a DOS
IRRICAD or IRRICAD database.
DBS 4 : Database could not be created

An IRRICAD database or design file could not be created. Take careful
note of the reason given which should give some indication what action
to take. Common reasons are disk full and sharing violation. If the disk is
full make some space available by deleting some files. Exit IRRICAD
and restart.
DBS 5 : Database exception error

Some problem has occurred with the IRRICAD database. Take careful
note of the reason given and contact the local technical support if the
problem is unable to be fixed.
DBS 6 : No items, or none enabled, in database

The database does not contain any items of the type required, or no
items in the component group have been enabled. Run IRRICAD
databases and change the usage flag to Y (or L, Z, M in the case of
pipes or tapes).

DBS 7 : Assembly of itself detected. Please fix database
An assembly contains itself in the database. This can happen if the
assembly has the same name and code as an item in database, usually
the item is was created from. Find the assembly in question and remove
the item of itself in the database by selecting the item in the assembly
and deleting it. Rename the Assembly so that it differs from it main item
and re-select the required item to be added to the assembly.
DBS 8 : Cannot open database for use because it is read only.

Please check all files for the current design
The database is read only or it is being accessed on a CD. Copy from
the CD on to the computer, or right-click on the file itself and uncheck
the “Read Only” attribute. This applies to both the external database (i.e.
working database) and internal database (i.e. the database with that
design name).
DBS 9: No items in assembly – check database

This can only occur in old databases. Delete the empty assembly or add
items to it via the Database Editor.
DBS 153 : Invalid supplier code entered

This error can occur when using the Multiplier “Default Pricing Type”
(Design Parameters|Economic Parameters) and the “Supplier Code” for
an item cannot be found in the table in the external database when
trying to calculate the price. The external Database does not match the
one used to create a design.
DBS 160 : No items in current assembly

The assembly cannot be saved without any items added to it. Select
items to add to the assembly by clicking the [Add to Assembly] button
after highlighting an item in the Database Editor.
DBS 166 : More than one different outlet in assembly

An outlet assembly can only contain one outlet. Remove any extra
outlets in the Database Editor.

DBS 187 : Cannot find item in database
A pipe, outlet, valve or outlet connector has been used in the design and
then subsequently modified or deleted from the database. IRRICAD can
no longer find the object later in the design process. Re-run Design
before opening reports.
Be very careful when modifying any of the databases to avoid deleting

items which may later be wanted.
DBS 188 : Too many pipes enabled for use - only the first 40 loaded
The number of pipes with L, Z or M flags, i.e., pipes available for use is
greater than that allowed.
IRRICAD will continue to run but the pipes listed in the database beyond
the limit for the appropriate pipe type will not be used. To be sure that all
valid pipes are considered in the design, reduce the number of pipes
with L, Z or M codes to the limit allowed. See Appendix A: IRRICAD
Limits, Section 6.2 for limits
DES 230 : Unable to rename file

If this message appears exit the program and check for a file called
nnn.dzt in the \Irricad\Designs folder (where nnn is the name of the
design currently being worked on). If this exists delete it and return to
the program. If the problem is still present exit the program and delete
the nnn.dzn file as well as the nnn.dzt file. Return to the program and
repeat the design step. Note that all zones will need to be designed as
all previous design information has now been deleted.
DES 300-302 : Refer to IRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2)

DES 324 : Data not entered for all irrigation areas

Water requirements or maximum precipitation rate data has not been
entered for one or more irrigation areas.
DES 333 : More than max. number outlets on a branch within a zone
The pipe network for the zone cannot be interpreted due to its
complexity.
The solution to this problem is to rearrange the pipe network layout for
the zone so that the limit in any one branch within the zone is not
exceeded. See Appendix A: IRRICAD Limits, Section 6.2.
DES 334 : Too many unique junctions and outlets in a zone
The number of different sprinklers / nozzle types used in a zone is such
that the maximum number of unique junctions and outlets is exceeded.
Change the layout of the zone to reduce this number. See Appendix A:
IRRICAD Limits, Section 6.2.
DES 403 : Two outlets or outlet and valve connected at same

position
An outlet has been directly connected to another outlet without a pipe
connecting them. Although this is possible to do when drawing the
design, it is regarded as an error in Design.
An outlet has been directly connected to a valve that is already

connected to a zone pipe. Again this is possible to do when drawing the
design; it is treated as an error in Design.
Delete the outlet. If the outlet is required at a position close to another

outlet or valve, make sure that a small length of pipe is placed between
the two items.
An outlet may be directly connected to a valve (as in a valve-in-head

sprinkler, or a valve-under-head sprinkler) but objects other than
mainline pipes cannot be connected to the valve.
DES 404 : The maximum number of pipe connections has been

exceeded
The number of items in the zone has exceeded the limit. Reduce the
number of items. If using spraylines enable the “Connected” option.
DES 405 : Two pipes connected without junction

This should not normally occur. Run Repair (File|Repair).
DES 406 : Two spraylines connected without junction

This should not normally occur. Run Repair (File|Repair).
DES 407 : Two control valves connected at the same position

A control valve has been directly connected to another control valve
without an intermediate-connecting pipe.

Delete one of the valves, reposition it away from the remaining valve,
and if required place a connecting mainline pipe between the two valves.
DES 408 : Invalid item detected in mainline

The mainline program has found an item that cannot be included in the
analysis.
Run Repair (File|Repair).
If this does not solve the problem, the only solution is to delete and re-
insert sections of the mainline until the error is removed. If the error
persists save the design and contact the local agent or Lincoln Agritech
Ltd.
DES 409 : Attempt to find location of non-point object

IRRICAD has tried to find the position of an object that does not have a
point location.
Run Repair (File|Repair).
In some cases re-running management (Assigning Zone to System

Flows…), particularly when more than one water supply is present, may
solve this issue.
If this does not solve the problem, the only solution is to delete and re-
insert sections of the design until the error is removed. If the error
persists save the design and contact the local agent or Lincoln Agritech
Ltd.
DES 410 : The maximum number of junctions has been exceeded

The number of junctions in the mainline exceeds the limit (see Appendix
A: IRRICAD Limits, Section 6.2). Re-arrange the system so there are
fewer junctions. If this restriction is a frequent limitation to the users’s
normal design work please contact the local agent or Lincoln Agritech
Ltd.
DES 411 : Water supply pressure not specified in water supply data
The mainline analysis program cannot find a water supply pressure to
use as a reference.
Select Tools|Change and highlight each water supply separately,

checking to see supply has a pressure entered.

DES 412 : No water supply specified
A main water supply has not been entered. Enter at least one water
supply. Mainline design cannot be completed without first defining a
water supply.
DES 413 : Two water supplies directly connected in series

Two water supplies have been entered in series with a pipe connecting
them directly together.
It is necessary to modify the situation so that an item other than a direct

pipe linkage is present between the supplies, i.e. connect the second
water supply via a tee on the mainline.
DES 414 : Zone Management has not been completed

Either zones have not been entered in the design or some zones have
been turned off for processing in Design|Zone Design Configuration and
their information has been lost. Ensure that that at least one zone has
been entered (Mainline Outlets or Control Valves), turn all zones on for
processing, complete zone management data entry (Assign Zones or
Zone Operating Times) and proceed to Zone Design.
DES 415 : Water supply data has changed - re-run Management /

Design
This problem is most likely to occur if a design has been completed (or
partially completed) and then some feature of the water supply (position,
name, data etc) has been changed. It is necessary to re-run
management (Assign Zones or Zone Operating Times) before
continuing with the design in this case.
If the problem persists delete the .management files associated with the
design via Design|Clear Management abnd re-run management as
described above.
DES 416 : Zone design has not been completed

Mainline design is being attempted before zone design has been
successfully completed.

Make sure that zone design has been successfully completed before
attempting mainline design.
DES 417 : No water supplies entered in Design Input

A water supply has not been entered. Enter at least one water supply
(Mainline|Water Supply).
DES 421 : Nozzle pressure outside specified operating range

The pressure at one or more outlets within a zone is outside the
allowable pressure range for the outlet as defined in the database.
View Reports|Zone Design Reports|Zone Design Full to identify the

location of outlets outside the range and the actual operating pressures
of the outlets. If the pressure at these outlets is unacceptable, return to
the IRRICAD screen to rectify the problem.
DES 422 : Zone design or analysis has not been completed

Zone design or zone analysis has not been completed because a
problem has arisen during the pipe sizing process or analysis sections.
Where pipe sizing is based on maximum allowable velocity, this error
sometimes occurs because the maximum allowable velocity criteria
cannot be achieved with the pipes enabled in the database.
The solution is to:
 Add larger pipes to the database

 Increase the allowable maximum velocity in Design|Design
Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters
 Rearrange or reduce the size of the zone on the screen
DES 423 : Zone operating times not entered

Some zones have not had operating times entered for them in
management. Return to Design|Zone Operating Times and enter the
required information.
DES 424 : Insufficient pressure available for control valves

The pressure specified at the water supply is insufficient to provide the
required pressure at the zone control valves with the current mainline
pipe sizes.

Suggested solutions are:
 Reduce the required pressure at critical control valves

 Increase mainline pipe sizes to reduce the pressure loss to the
valves
 Increase the water supply pressure
DES 425 : Water supply pressures / operating times not entered

When two or more water supplies are being used operating times and
pressures for all water supplies must be entered. Return to Design|Other
Management|Water Supply Times and enter operating times for all
water supplies, or use Change on each water supply symbol to enter
pressures for all water supplies.
DES 426 : Mainline analysis cannot be completed

The network analysis routines have not converged to a specific accuracy
during zone analysis or mainline analysis.
Check the design reports to ensure that the resulting flows are
acceptable (if strange flows are reported this indicates the analysis was
not converging).
If the flows are reasonable but further accuracy is required, try

increasing the maximum number of iterations in Design|Design
Parameters|Analysis Parameters. If the system is not converging
towards a solution, change the configuration of the pipe network slightly
and re-run. If problems are still experienced contact the local agent or
Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
DES 427 : No pipe size specified for analysis

Either zone analysis or mainline analysis has been selected while one or
more pipes have not been sized, either by computer select or manually
specified.
Select computer sizing, or manually specify unsized pipes using the

change tool.
DES 428 : Max velocity criteria exceeded with available pipe sizes
The pipe sizes available from the database cannot meet the maximum
velocity criteria specified for the design. The solution is to:
 Add larger pipes to the database

 Increase the allowable maximum velocity in Design|Design
Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters
 Rearrange or reduce the size of the zone on the screen
DES 430 - 431 : Refer to IRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2)
DES 432 : Control valve flow is outside valve specification

The flow through a control valve is outside the range specified by the
minimum and maximum flow rate limits set in the database.
DES 433 : No outlets entered for a zone

A control valve has been entered but there are no outlets connected to
it. Because this zone has no flow it cannot be designed. Add the missing
outlets or delete the control valve.
DES 434 : Warnings issued during design process

During the actual design processes (zone and mainline design, etc)
warning messages may occur if, for example, a valve or pipe pressure is
outside its specified range etc. These messages only appear briefly and
if the user is not watching the screen for the entire time they may be
missed. This message will appear at the end of the relevant designs etc
if any warnings have been issued. The user is advised to check the View
Errors report and then the appropriate design reports to determine the
exact nature of the problem.
DES 435 : Pipe pressure greater than maximum allowable pressure

Additional information listing the number of pipes and the zone number
where the over pressure occurred will follow this message.
The cause of this problem is that the pressure calculated for a particular
size pipe exceeds the maximum allowable pressure specified for that
pipe in the database. It will be necessary to either select or enable pipe
types of a higher pressure rating or modify the design to reduce the
actual pipe pressures.
During sizing or analysis of very complex looped systems that contain

more than one water supply point, three of these messages in particular
may occur.
DES 436 : More than 2 pipes connected to Misc. hydraulic item

A Miscellaneous Hydraulic item is considered to have only two
connection points, an inlet and an outlet. It cannot be used at a three-
pipe junction. If a junction is required, shift the connection point a short
distance from the hydraulic item.
DES 437 : Duplicate pipe detected in network

Two separate pipes have been used to connect the same pair of
junctions. Run Repair (File|Repair). If the problem is still present it will
be necessary, using selection cycling, to examine each pipe in turn until
two are found in the same place. Delete one of the pipes.
DES 438 : Suitable pipes unavailable to size sprayline(s)

The range of pipe sizes enabled (or entered) as spraylines (Usage code
L) is insufficient to allow one or more spraylines to be sized. Add more
sprayline pipes to the database or enable more if they have already
been entered.
DES 440 : Pipe velocity greater than maximum allowable velocity

One or more pipe sizes determined by the LP method or manually
selected have resulted in flow velocities exceeding the limits specified in
Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters. The pipes in which
this occurs and the actual velocities can be obtained from either the
Zone Design Full or Mainline Design Full reports. If the high velocities
are of concern it may be necessary for the designer to fix some of the
critical pipe sizes in the design and then re-run pipe sizing to obtain the
remaining sizes, or increase the pipe diameter when manually selected.
Note that this action is likely to lead to some of the pressure limits not
being met or failure of the LP method to find a solution.
DES 441 : LP pipe sizing failed - unbounded objective function

DES 442 : LP pipe sizing failed because of the constraints given
In general terms these messages indicate that the designer has set
some constraints on the design in terms of flows and / or pressures
which are impossible to meet. It is impossible to cover all the
possibilities but likely problems include:
 specifying some pipe diameters which are too small or too big
 incorporating some high headloss Miscellaneous Hydraulic
items
 not having a sufficient range of pipe sizes enabled in the
database
 velocities too low, etc.

DES 443 : Upstream pressure is less than required downstream
pressure
During the selection of candidate diameters used to set up the LP
problem, a reverse hydraulic gradient was detected. This is most likely
due to the designer specifying some hydraulic conditions (in terms of
pressures and / or flows) which are impossible to meet. Things to look
for include setting the maximum water supply pressure (or valve
pressure) which is lower than the required outlet pressure (accounting
for the variable flow variation), or placing outlets with widely different
pressure requirements on the same lateral pipe, etc.
DES 444 : Difficulty opening temporary zone design file

DES 445 : Difficulty reading temporary zone design file
DES 446 : Difficulty renaming design file to temporary design file
Should any of these messages occur run Design|Clear Management
and run management (Assign Zone to System Flows… options) and
zone design again.
One cause of this message can also be that not all the zones are on for
processing and IRRICAD has lost the previous information from the
zones that are currently not being processed. Turn all zones on for
processing in Design|Zone Design Configuration and re-run Zone
Design.
DES 447-449 : Refer toIRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2)
DES 450-469 :
This group of messages relates to the program used to analyze zone
and mainline pipe systems. Trouble shooting in this area is very difficult
but in the unlikely event of problems arising the following steps are
suggested:
 Check there is nothing unusual about the water supplies,

especially for messages 451 and 452. Delete and re-enter the
water supplies and re-enter the water supply data in
Design|Other Management|Water Supply Times if more than
one is present. Re-run Management (Zone Operating Times or
Assign Zones).
 Check for impossible design situations. These include:

The water supply is not connected to the mainline
One or more zone control valves are not connected to the mainline
The zone control valves are not all directly connected to the water
supply through the mainline system, i.e. two distinct sections of mainline
exist.
DES 451 : Root node out of range

This is usually caused by an error in specifying water supply pressures,
particularly with multiple supplies. As a first step, check the water supply
data has been entered correctly by using Change on each water supply
symbol. Re-run Management (Zone Operating Times or Assign
Zones) and then Design. If the problem persists delete one or more of
the water supplies. Successively re-position them, give them a different
name to prevent possible confusion with previous supplies, and re-run
Management (Zone Operating Times or Assign Zones) and Design
after the addition of each water supply.
If the error occurs during zone design, rerun management. This error
can also be caused by loops of pipe in the zone.
This error can occur also when a flush valve has been manually placed
on the flushing manifold where a tape end also connects.
DES 452 : Reference node out of range

This means that the pipe system cannot be analyzed because the limits
set within IRRICAD have been exceeded. The number of loops rather
than the number of pipes in the network primarily determine whether the
limits will be exceeded. If the above messages occur, change the
configuration of the system by removing pipes to reduce the number of
loops until the system can be analyzed. Also consider reducing the
number of water supply points in the system to a single supply.
Successively add water supplies or loops until the limit is again reached.
Trial and error will be required to determine which loops or water
supplies can be included.
DES 453 : Out of array space for pipes

DES 454 : Out of space in 1st permutation vector

DES 455 : Difficulty solving linear system

DES 456 : Too many elements for Ra


DES 457 : Too many elements for Rb
DES 458 : Matrix element lies outside of F & G

Zone control valves not connected to a water supply usually causes this
message. To check run Design|Check Outlet Connectivity. This will
identify any problems of this nature. If all valves are connected to at
least one water supply, try changing the configuration of the system, or
manually specifying some pipe sizes.
If any of the above messages occur and the reason for the problem
cannot be found, save the design and contact the local agent or Lincoln
Agritech Ltd.
DES 459 : No elements in row of F

Zone control valves not connected to a water supply usually causes this
message. To check run Design|Check Outlet Connectivity. This will
identify any problems of this nature. If all valves are connected to at
least one water supply, try changing the configuration of the system, or
manually specifying some pipe sizes. Check the management to ensure
the valves are connected to the water supply specified to operate that
system flow.
If any of the above messages occur and the reason for the problem
cannot be found, save the design and contact the local agent or Lincoln
Agritech Ltd.
DES 460 : Some elements of matrix A lost !

Re-run Management before re-trying Design. If problem persists, please
contact the local agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.

DES 461 : Insufficient storage in EXT1 matrix
If the above messages occur, change the configuration of the system by
removing pipes to reduce the number of loops until the system can be
analyzed. Also consider reducing the number of water supply points in
the system to a single supply. Successively add water supplies or loops
until the limit is again reached. Trial and error will be required to
determine which loops or water supplies can be included.
DES 462 : Storage for C exceeded in F & G

DES 463 : Invalid reference node: using ref. head = 0.0

DES 464 : Different number of elements in C transpose

DES 465 : Insufficient storage available for EXT2 - refer to manual

DES 466 : NETSOLV ended with fatal error - refer to manual

Re-run Management before re-trying Design. If the above messages
occur, change the configuration of the system by removing pipes to
reduce the number of loops until the system can be analyzed. Also
consider reducing the number of water supply points in the system to a
single supply. Successively add water supplies or loops until the limit is
again reached. Trial and error will be required to determine which loops
or water supplies can be included. If problem persists, please contact
the local agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.

DES 467 : Error in connectivity matrix - refer to manual
DES 468 : No reference node specified, using main supply

DES 469 : Circular queue is full

DES 470 : Couldn't find pipe in design file

If this message appears it is likely that the design files have become
corrupted. Exit from IRRICAD and delete the mainline or zone design file
in the \Irricad\Designs folder (nnn.dml or nnn.dzn), return to IRRICAD
and re-run design again (where nnn = the current design name).
DES 471 : Storage available for MAXY exceeded - refer to Manual

The size of MAXY depends on the complexity of the design
configuration, which is the number of pipes in the design and the
number of closed loops. Unfortunately there is not simple rule which can
be used to determine this value beforehand as it is virtually design
specific. Reduce the number of pipes or loops in the design and try
again.
If the user is analyzing a flushing main (see How to Simulate Tapes

Using Spraylines, Section 2.9.2), combine multiple spraylines into one to
reduce the number of loops (see Modeling Multiple Driplines as a Single
Line, Section 2.9.4).
DES 472 : Network imbalance in pressure or flow - refer to Manual

The system is too complex for IRRICAD to handle. Try reducing the
number of loops, the number of water supplies and / or the number of
pipes in the network.
In some instances the network imbalance is minimal and can be

ignored. Check the Design Full report. Decreasing the “Mainline analysis
factor” in Design|Design Parameters – Analysis Parameters can remove
these differences.
DES 473 : Valve / WS pressure not specified for detailed analysis

In order to use the Detailed Analysis options a Valve pressure must be
specified for each zone control valve for zone design (Design|Zone
Design Configuration) and a water supply pressure must be specified for
each water supply for mainline design (use change on the water supply
symbol).
DES 475 : Pipe has zero diameter or HW constant - please check

A pipe has been entered or edited in the database so that the pipe
actual diameter or the Hazen-Williams Pipe Roughness C factor has
been entered as 0. Run the Database Editor and rectify for the pipe
used in the design.
DES 476 : Maximum number of iterations exceeded, detailed

analysis
Detailed analysis uses an iteration method to determine actual flows and
pressures. This message indicates one of two things:
The calculations were not completed to the accuracy required. Try

increasing the number of maximum iterations or increasing the “Detailed
Analysis Flow Close Fraction” in Design|Design Parameters|Analysis
Parameters.
The network analysis routines have not converged to a specific

accuracy. If strange flows are reported in the Design Reports this
indicates the analysis was not converging towards a solution. Change
the configuration of the pipe network slightly and re-run. If problems are
still experienced contact the local agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
DES 479 : Two contours coincide. Using average elevation

Two contour lines or spot heights cross or are at the same position. The
average of the two heights will be used.
DES 480 : No elevation for point, setting to 0.0 - refer to manual

An elevation for a point in the design could not be determined. Check
that contour lines and spot heights have been entered correctly and
span the entire deign. The user may have to enter more contours.

Re-interpolate Elevations (in the Design menu) to try to solve the
problem.
DES 481 : Insufficient contour or height info to calculate elevation

A warning to say that an item is either outside of all the contour lines and
spot heights or that it is too far away from the contours line or point, its
elevation may be set to zero. If this occurs, add more contour lines,
estimated if necessary, until no elevations are set to zero.
DES 482 : Re-interpolate elevations if pipe slope lengths required

The design is using elevations but a particular pipe has been found with
no associated elevation data. This could arise if extra pipes and / or
height data have been added to a design and the re-interpolate option
has not been used. Run Design|Re-interpolate Elevations.
DES 483 : Water supply flow exceeded. Rezone or increase WS flow

The flow required by the system as designed exceeds that available
from the water supply. Either increase the water supply flow (if possible)
or re-arrange the zone layout to reduce the system flow.
DES 484 : Too many contour line segments. Some contours ignored
A maximum of 4000 line segments may be used to define contour lines.
If more than this number is entered there will be some loss of elevation
information over part of the design area.
DES 485 : System flow (zone valve or outlet) not connected to

Mainline
Either a zone valve or a VIH outlet is not connected to the mainline
system but is listed in the Management option (Zone Operating Times or
Assign Zones). Make the necessary connection in the system or go
into Management (Zone Operating Times or Assign Zones) and
reduce the number of system flows accordingly.
This message may also occur if one of the water supplies is not
connected to the system. Check the water supply connections.
DES 486 : Tape inlet pressure outside required range

The minimum submain pressure specified for a pressure-regulated tape
or dripline has not been met.
Check pipe reports to determine the extent of the variation. If LP has

been used for the design, the differences should only be small (due to
the selection of the smaller of the two possible diameters for a given
pipe segment. If the velocity method has been used and the error is
large it will be necessary to adjust the zone pipe velocity in
Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters.
DES 487 : Branches or bends in tapes or driplines are not allowed

Tape designs can only be done on single, straight tapes that do not
have any other pipes or outlets attached to them.
Make the necessary changes to the tape identified (note that only one
end of the tape will be listed, the problem however may be anywhere
along this tape).
DES 488 : Tape pressure outside the specified operating range

The pressure in one or more tapes is outside the allowable pressure
range specified in the database. (This message refers to the tape
operating pressure not the absolute pressure limit of the tape).
DES 489 : Tape pressure range cannot be met for conditions given
The combination of tape length and elevation changes is such that the
allowable pressure range specified for the tape in the database is
exceeded. Check that the input data is correct and that the specified
tape pressure range is realistic. If the user wants to see how far out of
range the pressures are likely to be, use the Velocity option to design
the zone.
DES 490 : Valve pressure set < = specified minimum submain

pressure
A pressure compensated tape has been used in a zone and the
minimum submain pressure set. The zone valve pressure has then been
set at a value less than this minimum pressure. The zone valve pressure
must be greater than the minimum submain pressure.
DES 491 : Two different minimum submain pressures have been

specified
Two tapes with pressure controlled inlets have been used in a given
zone and minimum submain pressure for each is different. The minimum
submain pressure for PC tapes must be the same throughout a zone.

DES 492 : Pump flow rate outside specification limits
The flow through one or more of the pumps in the design is outside the
range for the pump as specified in the database. Check the validity of
the pump selection for the actual flows in the design.
DES 493 : Pump head near zero, check pump choice & water supply
head
During the network analysis, the flow through a pump is such that the
required pump head is close to zero. The network analysis may fail
under these conditions. Check the pump selected has the right
characteristics for the expected duty, and that the water supply pressure
is correctly specified.
DES 494 : Only five pumps are permitted in any looped system
A maximum of 5 pumps is allowed in a looped system. If more than 5
pumps are encountered, the above message is given, and Design
terminated.
DES 495 : Available heads across PRV not enough for proper
regulation
There is insufficient head across one or more PRVs to ensure their
proper operation, i.e. the required downstream pressure cannot be
achieved. Check pressure settings for any upstream PRVs and the valve
or water supply pressure (if set).
DES 496 : DO NOT use PRVs in loops or with multiple water

supplies
Make sure PRVs are not placed in the looped section of a design. If
used in loops, the design will either fail or the results will be incorrect.
PRVs may be used in designs containing loops, but only in branching
sections.
DES 498 : Negative pressure in pipes detected - PLEASE CHECK

REPORTS
One or more node pressures have been found which are below zero.
The pipes with negative pressures are indicated with a '-' in the RHS
column of the zone or mainline pipe report. Increase the zone valve
pressure (Design|Zone Design Configuration) or water supply pressure
by an amount equal to the most negative pressure and re-analyze to
ensure all node pressures are positive.

Note: that pressures may be negative on the suction side of pumps.
This is acceptable provided the negative pressure does not
exceed 19-23ft (6-7m).
DES 499 : Tapes must not be connected directly to control valves

Tapes must not be connected directly to control valves. Make sure that
there is a piece of zone pipe between any control valve and a tape or
dripline.
DES 550 : Maximum number of pipes exceeded for Demo version

The Demo version has a limitation in the number of pipes that can be
used in a design. Delete pipes or decrease the number of spraylines in
the design and try Design again.
DES 551 : Constraint counts don't match in input data to LP solver

DES 552 : Negative values appear in LHS of array passed to LP
solver
Both these messages indicate that the data passed to the Linear
Program solver has been corrupted in some way. Re-running Design
may overcome the problem, but if it still occurs please save your design
and contact the local agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd. The user should be
able to complete the design using the Velocity option.
DES 553 : Maximum number of iterations for LP exceeded

For the particular design configuration the Linear Program solver is not
converging towards a solution. It will be necessary to either use the
Velocity option or to change the design layout in some way. If this
problem does occur please save the design details and contact the local
agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
DES 554 : Only use LP with single water supplies and branched
systems
At present the LP pipe-sizing method in use can only handle branched
(i.e. no loops in the pipe network) systems with single water supplies.
For multiple water supplies or looped systems use the Velocity option.

DES 555 : Your system is too big to use LP pipe sizing
Available memory limits the size of the design problem that can be
solved using the LP method. It is difficult to give guidance on the size of
the system that can be handled because it is dependent on a number of
factors relating to the configuration, number of pipe sizes enabled, etc.
Note that spraylines contribute far less to the size of the problem
compared to a similar number of discrete pipes and outlets. Another
option is to increase the amount of Virtual Memory available on the
machine.
DES 556 : Large enough pipe not enabled - LP may not achieve
solution
Prior to performing the LP analysis, IRRICAD selects a range of
candidate diameters. During this process the program wanted to choose
a diameter larger than the largest pipe enabled in the database. If the
user continue it is likely that the program will find a solution. There is a
possibility, however, that the LP solver will fail. If this occurs, enable (or
add) a larger pipe size in the database and re-run Design.
DES 557 : Iterations exceeded - tape probably too long - flow set to
0
This message can mean that the tape runs are too long. Decrease the
length of the tapes and re-run design.
DES 558 : Headloss too high:- fixed pipe sizes or PRV etc, too small
A fixed diameter pipe (either user specified, or fixed due to pipes flagged
in the database if computer selected), or a Miscellaneous Hydraulic item
(e.g., PRV) has a pressure loss which is too high to allow the required
maximum or minimum heads at the outlets to be met. If manually fixed,
increase the diameter of the pipe at the indicated location. If computer
sized, make larger pipes available in the database.
DES 559 : User selected pipe diameter too large - headloss too low
A fixed diameter pipe (either user specified, or fixed due to pipes flagged
in the database if computer selected), or a Miscellaneous Hydraulic item
(e.g., PRV) has a pressure loss which is too low to allow the required
maximum or minimum heads at the outlets to be met. If manually fixed,
reduce the diameter of the pipe at the location given or change the pipe
to computer selected.

DES 560 : Zero pipe diameter detected during velocity check
This message should rarely occur as it indicates that one of the design
files has become corrupt. Please save the design to floppy disk and call
the local agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
DES 561 : No pipe sizes have been enabled for:-

During Design, IRRICAD is trying to size pipes of the indicated type
(zone, sprayline or mainline) but no pipes of this type have been
enabled in the database. Run the Database Editor and in the Pipe tab,
make sure pipes of the appropriate type are flagged for use.
DES 562 : Solution not found - fixed pipe sizes too big in path:-
This message indicates the LP analysis was unable to find a design
solution that meets both the pressure requirements at the outlets and
the pipe velocity limits set in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic
Parameters, using the pipe sizes available. The analysis indicates that a
likely reason is that some of the pipes in the path indicated by the
coordinates given have been fixed in diameter and are too large. This
could be because small enough pipes (of the correct usage) have not
been enabled in the database, or the user has selected a pipe in the
design that is too big, or because the pipe size has been limited by the
velocity specified in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters.
Check for any manually specified pipe sizes first. If there are none or
they are suitable, check the Database and make sure an appropriate
range of sizes have been flagged as available with the correct usage
flag.
If the design still fails with this message try increasing (temporarily) the
velocity limit in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic Parameters until
the zone or mainline section will design. Check the Zone Design Full
report to see what actual velocities resulted and if necessary return to
the IRRICAD screen and fix the diameters of the offending pipes
manually and then run Analyse to determine the effects of these
changes on the pressure distribution.
DES 563 : Solution not found - fixed pipe sizes too small in path:-
This message indicates the LP analysis was unable to find a design
solution that meets both the pressure requirements at the outlets and
the pipe velocity limits set in Design|Design Parameters|Hydraulic
Parameters, using the pipe sizes available. The analysis indicates that a
likely reason is that some of the pipes in the path indicated by the
coordinates given have been fixed in diameter and are too small. This

could be because large enough pipes (of the correct usage) have not
been enabled in the database, or the user has selected a pipe in the
design that is too small. Check the Database and enable some larger
pipes with the appropriate usage flag.
DES 564 : Invalid outlet data, Pmax less than Pmin, re-select outlet
IRRICAD has detected inconsistent data for the minimum and maximum
allowable pressures for a nozzle. This could be an error in the database
or some other problem. Check the pressures of the nozzle for the outlet,
and if OK, go back to the IRRICAD screen and re-select the outlet.
DES 565 : Not enough memory for LP sizing

Close all other programs that are currently running and / or increase
Virtual memory.
DES 566 : Insufficient contour or height info to calculate elevation

for some points. Please check the error log
The elevation information does not span the hydraulic items or the
elevation data is not rectangular. Check the hydraulic items are spanned
by the elevation information. The location of these points will be reported
in the error log.
DES 567: Could not set the elevation for items. THIS MAY CAUSE
SEVERE ERRORS IN PRESSURE AND FLOW
CALCULATIONS. Please check the error log for details.
This warning will occur if there is insufficient elevation data, typically due
to the elevation data not covering the extents of the hydraulic design.
Either add more elevation data or check the elevation assigned to the
items to ensure that a reasonable elevation has been assigned.
DES 600 : Make sure Pumps are NOT placed within loops - PLEASE
CHECK
A warning to say that the presence of both pumps and loops in the
system has been detected. If pumps are included within a looped
system, the analysis will fail or the results will be in error. Make sure
pumps are placed only in the branched sections of a design.

DES 601 : Design incomplete. Please fix problems before
proceeding
The IRRICAD design module has failed to complete design. Note the
reasons given and fix the problems. If the problem persists contact your
technical support.
DES 602 : Pressure too low to operate PRV. No adjustments made

The water supply pressure is not high enough to maintain at least one
PRV in the zone at a pressure sufficient to operate correctly. Increase
the water supply pressure or change or adjust the PRV. When this
problem occurs, the pressures throughout the zone are not adjusted.
DES 603 : No zones with flow found in any system flows. Possibly
re-run management
Run Design|Check Outlet Connectivity and then re-run Management
before running Design.
DES 604 : Warning no Water Supply specified for System Flow

Occurs when more than one water supply is present but no water supply
has been selected for a system flow. Go back into Management and
assign the water supplies to the appropriate system flows.
DES 605 : Could not interpolate elevations. Please check error log
file
Currently not used.
DES_606: Valve pressure not specified for flushing analysis.

In order to analyze under flushing conditions set the valve pressure for
the zone in Zone Design Configuration "D/S Valve Pressure" column.
DES_607: Zone was marked for flushing but this was ignored for a
Design run.
The zones have been marked for flushing in the Zone Design
Configuration. However flushing analysis cannot be undertaken when
designing the system, the flushing flag has been ignored.
DES_608: Tape end velocity insufficeint.

Based on the set valve pressure and assumed back pressure the end
velocity is below the required velocity.

DIG 1 : Tablet X and Y scales are not the same, tablet not enabled
Use Control panel Tablet settings to set the x and y scales the same or
contact your technical support.
DIG 2 : Unable to open default tablet context, tablet not enabled

Turn off your computer and restart. Check the digitizer is working.
Contact your technical support.
DIG 3 : Unable to open tablet context, tablet not enabled

Contact your technical support.
DIG 4 : No tablet scale entered, use Scale or Reference first

Tablet mode has been selected before a scale has been entered. Select
Settings|Digitizer|Scale or Settings|Digitizer|Reference.
DIG 5 : Entered scale different from calculated scale

When referencing a plan using the digitizer IRRICAD calculates a scale
from the reference point coordinates. This message will appear if this
calculated scale is more than 5% different from the plan scale already
entered. Carefully check the plan scale is correctly entered, that the
coordinates of the reference points have been correctly calculated and
entered, and that the appropriate reference points have been correctly
digitized.
DIG 6 : Tablet points identical, tablet not enabled

The two coordinates entered in the reference dialog box are the same.
IRRICAD requires the two points to be different to calculate a scale.
Enter two different points.
DIG 7 : Unable to retrieve tablet device information, tablet not

enabled
Contact technical support.
END CAP ERROR: Problem completing end cap selection

IRRICAD could not find any end caps enabled in the database. To solve
the fitting selection at the end of the laterasl/pipes eneter or enable an
end cap in the Coupler component group.
FILE 1 : File could not be opened
FILE 2 : File could not be closed
FILE 3 : File could not be read
FILE 4 : File could not be written
FILE 5 : File record could not be found: Seek failed
Refer to IRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2).
FILE 29 : Error trying to set file pointer

When the design was saved in to a.dez file something occurred during
the zipping process. This could be in relation to a hard-disk error. The
file may be able to be repaired, contact the local support team.
FILE 35 : File is not a IRRICAD design

The selected file is not an IRRICAD design file. Repeat the command
(File|Open) and select an IRRICAD design file.
FILE 38 : Please note: AutoSaving unavailable for backup design

please use File|Save As
AutoSave uses the reserved file name ~IRRICAD~Backup.dez where
IRRICAD is the name of your design. The current design name is this so
AutoSave cannot run. Manually save the design using File|Save As and
save the design under a new name.
FILE 39 : AutoSave Error

AutoSave has failed to save the design. Manually save the design using
File|Save.
FILE 40 : Cannot find IRRICAD component database

IRRICAD cannot find the component database. This can happen if the
database has been shifted to another folder or computer. Click [OK] and
select the required database or another one to replace it.
FILE 41 : Please check all settings and objects as IRRICAD had

difficulty reading the design file
IRRICAD has had problems reading the design file. Some objects may
be missing or invalid. Some settings may have changed. Check settings
using the Settings menu and Design|Design Parameters. If the user has
problems with objects in the design, try running repair.

File 42: There was a problem creating the design archive, the file
may not be valid. Please try again. If the error persists, try
saving to DES format.
The DEZ file cannot be created. Check the latest patch for your version
has been installed from http://www.irricad.com/irricadpro/irricad-
software-upgrades.
The DEZ is a zip archive file containing the designs files. If there is a
problem saving to the DEZ it may that it is open in another program.
Close other programs and try again. Alternatively, when saving overwrite
the file extension with DES.
If the problem persists please contact your IRRICAD Support Team.
File 43: There was a problem extracting files from the archive.
Please try again.
The DEZ file cannot be opened. Check the latest patch for your version
has been installed from http://www.irricad.com/irricadpro/irricad-
software-upgrades.
The DEZ is a zip archive file containing the designs files. If there is a
problem opening the DEZ it may that it is open in another program.
Close other programs and try again.
If the problem persists please contact your IRRICAD Support Team.
FILE OPEN ERR : Failed to open file

IRRICAD was unable to open the error log file errorlog.txt.
FILE VERSION : Attempting to open an Irricad v%.2 file in Irricad %.2

Irricad must be patched or updated to read this file
A design from a higher version cannot be opened in the current version.
Upgrade or contact the person who sent the design. The person who
sent the file should export to the older version before sending the file.
FIT 1 : Too many fittings added - only the first 40 kept

More than 40 unique items have been added in the [Show Fittings] part
of Change dialog.

FIT 1119 : Can only edit fittings (non-hydraulic items)
When in [Show Fittings] section of a hydraulic dialog the user cannot
edit any component (such as a sprinkler for example) which would affect
the hydraulic performance of the design (i.e. affect pressure or flow)
FLOW IMBALANCE: Flow imbalance of %1

If this flow imbalance is small it can be ignored. However, if the
imbalance is large a change must be made to the system such as
network configuration, different pressures in the water supplies, or
different pumps.
GEO BADUTM: Some entities in this design do not have valid UTM
coordinates. They will not be exported.
Though geographical information has been located this information is
not in an expected format and has not been exported.
GEOLOCATE : GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION FOUND

IRRICAD found GEOTIFF information. For additional help see Import
Image, Section 5.3.7.
GEO_MULTIPLE_ZONES : Input spans multiple UTM zones. Results may

be inconsistent
When importing a KML file, Irricad checks that the north-east and south-
west corners of the import are in the same UTM zone. Unless it is close
to a UTM boundary this is quite unlikely. In any case, the UTM zone that
is actually used is the UTM zone for the centre point of the import.
Warning Only.
GEO_NOUTM : UTM Zone is not defined. Export cannot continue. Please

set UTM Zone and try again
Set the UTM zone in Settings|Grid / Origin / GIS prior to exporting the
plan.
GEOPLACE : Would you like Irricad to position this image?

IRRICAD will place the TIFF image at the position and scale described
in the geographical information. To allow IRRICAD to do so click OK.

GEOPLACE_ERR : Coordinates could not be converted to UTM. See the
error log for more information. Please position the image
manually
Though geographical information has been located this information is
not in an expected format and has not been converted to UTM. The
image can still be imported and positioned manually.
GEO UTM ERR: UTM Error

The KML import data conflicts with the current UTM zone. Either adjust
the import file before importing or set a new UTM zone via
Settings|Miscellaneous.
GEO UTM ZERR: NOTE: UTM Zone conflicts with existing zone: %d %s
When a UTM zone has been set or specified via IRR_SHOWSETTINGS
– Misc tab (Miscellaneous) this messge will occur when importing a file
that specfies a different UTM zone. Either adjust the import file before
importing or set a new UTM zone via IRR_SHOWSETTINGS – Misc tab
(Miscellaneous).
HEAD IMBALANCE: Head imbalance of %1

If this head imbalance is small it can be ignored. However, if the
imbalance is large a change must be made to the system such as
network configuration, different pressures in the water supplies, or
different pumps.
HTML HELP : Unable to create HTML style help, reverting to Windows

help
Either IRRICAD cannot find the IRRICAD Html file or it cannot find the
HTML help viewer (Internet Explorer 3.01 or later). IRRICAD Help will be
displayed using the standard Windows help.
IDS FAILED LOAD PRINT : Failed to load print values into the print dialog
This is unlikely to occur. If it does, exit IRRICAD and restart. If it persists
contact your technical support.
IDS INVALID INPUT : Invalid input

The value entered in the dialog is invalid. Take note of the reason given
and click [OK] to return to the dialog and correct the problem.

IDS IRRICAD RUNNING : IRRICAD is already running
The user is trying to start IRRICAD when it is already running. Only one
instance at a time can be running.
IDS NO OBJECT PLACED : No object placed

IRRICAD was unable to connect or place the hydraulic object. Probably
the user was trying to connect two objects of the same type or to place
one object directly on top of another.
IDS NO SPLASH SCREEN : Failed to create splash screen

IRRICAD has a problem displaying its splash screen.
INLETS ABOVE MAX: %1 tape inlets in %2 above max pressure

The inlet pressure entered is above the allowable inlet pressure. Enter a
smaller number.
INLETS BELOW MIN: %1 tape inlets in %2 below min pressure

The inlet pressure entered is below the allowable inlet pressure. Enter a
larger number.
INP 215 : Unable to calculate flow for sprayline / tape, try again
The lasso defining a Show Flow area must not cut a sprayline into more
than one section unless it includes a sprayline end. Redefine the
boundary and try again.
INP 1030 : More than 4 connections at one position

Only four connections should be present at one position. Run
File|Repair. If this does not resolve the issue, contact local support or
Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
INP 1032 : Can't continue pipe as 4 items already connected

After connecting a pipe to a junction which already has three objects
connected to it, this last pipe cannot be continued as a further pipe
leaving the junction would create five objects at that junction.
As the maximum number of objects connected at a junction is four, the

pipe being connected to the junction is discontinued at the junction.
INP 1033 : Delete mainline or zone pipe before deleting valve

A valve within a pipeline has, on its upstream side a mainline pipe, and
on its downstream side, a zone pipe.

If the valve were deleted, a mainline pipe would be connected directly to
a zone pipe that is an invalid connection in IRRICAD.
IRRICAD, because of this, requires the user to delete either the

upstream mainline pipe or the downstream zone pipe before the valve
can be deleted. Error 1033 warns the user that this must be done.
INP 1034 : This action is not recommended. If you are sure you wish
to proceed, please click OK."
The calculated contours are about to change to real contours. This
action is not recommended however, if the original spot heights have
been removed click [OK] to proceed.
INP 1035: This action will permanently disconnect this entity from
the associated tree block.
Exploding the tree block will mean that each item is an individual symbol
and they cannot be re-arranged via the Tree Block dialog
INP 1055 : An outlet assembly cannot be used in an outlet assembly

The outlet assembly contains another outlet assembly. This usually
suggests the database may be corrupt as in theory this cannot happen
INP 1701 : Can't position lateral boundaries

Under normal circumstances the user should not encounter this
message. If this message does occur please save the design and
INP 1702 : Too many boundary lines crossed

This message may occur when automatically laying out laterals in block
which have re-entrant boundaries. In this case some laterals will have to
stop and then re-start on the other side of the re-entrant part of the
boundary. The maximum number of such crossings is limited to four.
(This would occur for example in a block shaped like a capital E with
laterals running vertical).
INP 1703 : Odd number of lateral boundaries crossed

In some circumstances a lateral may just contact a boundary line at one
point, i.e. it appears to cross only one boundary. In this case the lateral
concerned will not be drawn and the above message displayed. Either
place the missing lateral manually or make a small adjustment to the
position of the boundary.
INP 1704 : Couldn't position specified number of laterals
For the given spacing the specified number of laterals would not fit
within the block boundaries. Check for incorrectly entered (or calculated)
spacing and lateral numbers.
INP 1705 : Block indented - cannot position submain

Due to the shape of the block the submain cannot be positioned in the
required position e.g., if the user make a block entity with an ‘indent’ so
that some laterals are ‘split’ and then tell it to put the submain on the end
it isn’t possible. Try changing the position of the submain in the Irrigation
Block dialog.
INP 1706 : Block indented - cannot create manifolds

Due to the shape of the block the manifold cannot be positioned in the
required position e.g., if the user make a block entity with an ‘indent’ so
that some laterals are ‘split’ and then tell it to put the manifold on the end
it isn’t possible. Try changing the position of the manifold in the Irrigation
Block dialog.
INP 1707: A system flow number exceeds the maximum number of

system flows
IRRICAD is limited to 6000 system flows and the naming of the system
flows in use must be less than 6001.
INP 1708: A range of system flow numbers is incorrectly specified.

Ensure the min-max format is followed.
When entering ranges make sure the smaller numberal is first. The
format of ranges for graphical management is similar to 1-10, 15-20, the
format fr the tabular management is -1 in column B, -10 in column C, -15
in column D and -20 in column E.
INP 1709: Could not parse system flow number. Please check
formatting.
Use only commas and/or dashes to indicate individual system flows or
ranges of system flows.
INP 1710: Too many system flows specified. You may specify up to
18 single system flows, or 9 system flow ranges.
Each zone can only be assigned to 18 different system flows, or 9
system flow ranges.

INP 1900 : Cannot correctly space selected sprinkler along area
edge
The selected sprinkler cannot be spaced along an area edge using the
constraints that the spacing must lie between the specified minimum and
maximum percentages of the wetted diameter. The edge concerned
appears immediately following this message. If the spacing used is of
concern the user will have to select another sprinkler type or change the
nozzle / pressure combination.
INP 1901 : Required nozzle arc not found for selected sprinkler
The shape of the irrigated area is such that nozzle arcs are required that
are not listed in the database for the particular sprinkler selected.
INP 1903 : Too many edges in area to split

INP 1904 : Fill stack full
Both these messages indicate that the irrigation area the user has
designated is too complex in shape for automatic head placement to
work. The solution is to subdivide the area into smaller sections; two will
usually be sufficient.
INP 1951 : No water supply found - Flow check not done

If no water supply has been entered the check made when connecting
outlets together cannot be made. This message warns this is the case.
INP 1975 : Too many zones

The number of zones has exceeded the hard limit for number of zones.
INP 1976: Mismatch of zones

INP 1977: Zone not found
These two messages indicate that a zone name has ben changed
however Management is out of date. Re-run Management.
INP 1979 : Only one water supply allowed

Only one water supply can be used for any given design. Remove the
extra water supplies.
INP 1980: Maximum precipitation rate for zone exceeded

The precitation rate for the rrigated are exceeds the allowable max.
precipitation specified in the Area lasso.

INP 1981 : Invalid Input
This tool cannot be used on that type of item. The Show Allowable
Submain tool cannot be used on an unconnected spray irrigation block.
INP 1982: Calculated zone run time exceeds one day - setting to
zero
To apply the required amount of water to the area the zone must run for
more than 23 hrs 59 minutes. Change the amount required, for example
if required amount is for the week change to per day or per two days.
Alternatively change the outlets to apply a higher volume of water.
INPT 1 : This value is below the recommended minimum

A value entered in a dialog is below the recommended minimum. Click
[OK] to accept the value and continue or cancel to return to the dialog
and correct the value.
INPT 2 : This value is above the recommended maximum

A value entered in a dialog is below the recommended maximum. Click
[OK] to accept the value and continue or cancel to return to the dialog
and correct the value.
INPT 3 : Nozzle pressure out of range

The user has tried to select a nozzle pressure that is outside the
minimum and maximum limits set for that nozzle in the database. Either
change your selected pressure, or change the pressure limits for the
nozzle in the database.
INPT 4 : Select row(s) to remove

In a dialog with a table select the rows to delete before clicking the
Delete or Remove button or pressing the Delete key.
INPT 5 : Select file containing symbol definition

IRRICAD is trying to load a drawing, database or template symbol but
cannot find the symbol file in the default path (folder) specified in
Settings. Click [OK] then select the required file from the appropriate
folder.

INPT 7 : Intensity changed. Selected nozzle may no longer be
appropriate
Due the editing the wetted radius arc of a variable nozzle the angle has
changed by more than 150o. This means the intensity has changed and
the nozzle associated with this arc may no longer be appropriate.
INPT 8 : Arc change is inconsistent with nozzle-arc combination

selected
Since the nozzle type is Fixed the arc change is cosmetic i.e. the arc is
drawn at the new angle on the screen but the underlying hydraulic
characteristics have not changed.
To change to another fixed nozzle-arc combination select the outlet with

the Change tool and edit the nozzle in the outlet dialog.
INPT 9 : Cannot use this copy tool on these objects

Linear, Radial and Array copy can only be used on geometric and
unconnected hydraulic objects. Use the Multiple Copy tool for connected
hydraulic objects.
INPT 10 : Too many items selected

Too many symbols or DXF contour layers have been selected at one
time. A maximum of 256 symbols will be unloaded or contour layers
imported. Repeat the procedure for the rest of the items.
INPT 11 : Cannot unload symbol definition because the design

contains instances of it
A symbol definition can only be unloaded if the design does not contain
any instances of it. Delete all instances of the symbol before unloading
it.
INPT 12 : Select objects to make symbol, legend or template from

before invoking tool
The Create Symbol, Make Legend and Save Template tools require
selected objects to act on. Select the required objects then select the
appropriate tool.
INPT 13 : Cannot explode hydraulic objects

Only geometric objects, i.e. objects with no hydraulic significance, can
be exploded using the Explode tool.

INPT 14 : Cannot convert this type of object to an elevation
Only geometric objects that are points, symbols, lines, polylines and
curves can be converted to elevations. An object other than these has
been selected.
INPT 15 : This object is already an elevation!

A spot height or contour has been selected for the Convert to Elevations
tool. It cannot be converted as it is already an elevation.
INPT 16 : Cannot resize hydraulic objects

be resized using the Resize tool.
To resize pipes, tapes and spraylines delete them and place new ones
in the design at the new length.
To resize outlets and other point hydraulic objects (including water

supplies and junctions) change the base database symbol size and
check the Update Database Symbol Size check box in
Settings|Miscellaneous.
Junction, water supply and spot height sizes can be changed in

Settings|Irrigation Items but existing ones will have to be deleted and re-
entered for the new size to take effect.
INPT 17 : Select objects before invoking tool

The Spraylines To Tapes, Tapes To Spraylines, Change Type, Move
Fills To Back, Make Active Area tools require objects to be selected
before acting. Select required objects then select the appropriate tool.
INPT 19 : Hydraulic object placed not connected

The hydraulic object being moved has been placed rather than
connected to another hydraulic object. This is usually due to trying to
connect to another object of the same type e.g., Outlet to outlet, or to
some other invalid connection.
INPT 20 : Legends must have a fill rectangle, placeholder text and

line or symbol
Legend symbols consist of a fill rectangle, placeholder text and line (pipe
legend) or symbol (sprinkler / valve legend). One or more of these
entities is missing from the selected objects so a legend symbol cannot
be created.
INPT 21 : A symbol with this name is already loaded
The name entered for a symbol is the same as an existing name and
there are instances of that symbol in the design. Either delete the
existing symbols in the design or give the symbol definition being
created / saved a different name.
INPT 23 : Cannot break hydraulic objects

be broken using the Break tool.
INPT 24 : Too many points in boundary. Maximum of 91 allowed

Design has a restriction that irrigation areas must not have more than 91
points. Re-enter the area using longer line segments and therefore
fewer points.
INPT 25 : Cannot place selected sprinkler in area. Radius too small

Drippers and outlets with very small wetted radii or flow cannot be used
for Autohead placement.
INPT 26 : Only one item may be selected for Move Point

Deselect all items and only select one item for Move Point.
INPT 27 : Please use move tool to move ends of hydraulic entities

Only use Move to move junctions or hydraulic entities.
INPT 28 : Unable to use this tool for Bitmap images

Images cannot be changed or altered. If more than one image is
selected when Adjust Image is actioned, this message will also occur. In
this case, deselect and then select one image boundary to adjust.
INPT 29 : Extraneous objects found while creating the legend. They

will be ignored when drawing the plot layout.
Happens if the user is creating/editing a plot layout/legend and the user
has selected something odd e.g., a curve. Only a warning.
INPT 30 : Roll length is not a multiple of the rounding. In some

circumstances the number of rolls reported in BOM
reports may greater than required
Check the Pipe Fitting Matching Table in the Design menu and check
that the Roll Length is a multiple of the rounding entered.

INPT 32 : Selection contains hydraulic objects therefore not
replaced by symbol
This warning occurs if the user has “Replace with Symbol” checked
INPT 33 : Internal Database Symbol not loaded

To fix this error, run Repair, then Save the design and close IRRICAD.
Re-open the design for the symbols to be reloaded.
INPT 34 : Two actions use the same wheel/key combination, please

change one
The same wheel/key action cannot be set to more than one zoom/scroll
action. Change one of the actions so they are all different.
INPT 35 : Block Laterals cannot be deleted independently

In an Irrigation Entity, the block laterals cannot be modified
independently. To remove an outside lateral move the Area lasso using
Move Point.
INPT 36 : Block items cannot be Moved/Rotated independently of

Block
In an Irrigation Entity, the block laterals cannot be modified
independently. To move or rotate, select the entire block to do so.
INPT 37 : Tool can only be used with a single item selected

Deselect all items and select the one required item.
INPT 38 : Subdivision Tool only operates on Block Entities

Only Spray Irrigation Block or Tape Irrigation Block can be subdivided by
the Subdivision tool.
INPT 39 : Slices too small for group option. Laterals in sub blocks
may be displaced
Happens when subdividing a ‘grouped’ block and the slices are too
small to contain a “Group”. Make the slices larger to include at least one
“Group”.
INPT 41 : Unable to Create Block from Selected Entities

Either the user is trying to create a block from something that has less
that 3 vertices (i.e. a single line) or from a hydraulic entity that isn’t
allowed (i.e. another block).

INPT 43 : Block laterals cannot be converted independently
Select the entire Irrigation Block before converting Tapes to Spraylines
or Spraylines to Tapes. The user can’t try and change only some of the
laterals in a block entity.
INPT 44 : Unable to use this tool for OLE items

Some tools cannot be used for OLE items such as copy, rotate, move
point etc.
INPT 45 : Function not available for non "ITER" tapes.

The tape the user has selected for a Hydraulic Gradeline or for a Zone
Design Summary Uniformity report does not have “Iteration” data in the
database. Find the updated data for the tape and check the “Iteration”
check box.
INPT 46 : Cannot find item in Design Files

Re-run Management and Design so the Tape information can be found.
INPT 47 : Could not find connected junctions. Pipe may be looped

This warning occurs because the Hydraulic Gradeline cannot be
created. Check for extra junctions and short pieces of pipes (Select
Window and Object Info will indicate how many items are actually within
the selection. Delete any extra ones).
INPT 48 : Corrupted Block Entity - Unable to subdivide

This error would happen in subdivision if lateral spacing in less than
0.001 meters – essentially would mean that the block entity has been
corrupted. Try recreating the laterals or delete and re-enter it.
INPT 49 : Tool may only be used on pipes, tapes and spraylines

Warning when using Hydraulic Gradeline tool. Select only pipes, tapes
or spraylines.
INPT 50 : At least one lateral has no free end. Cannot create

manifolds
Warning when trying to create manifolds or recreate the block. Manually
select and delete the manual manifold first and then create the new
manifold in the Irrigation Block dialog.

INPT 51 : Invalid number of manifolds specified
The user has specified more manifolds to be created than there are
laterals present. Please specify a smaller number of manifolds.
INPT 52 : Invalid number of assemblies specified

The user has specified more assemblies than there are laterals. Please
specify a smaller number of assemblies.
INPT 53 : No submain found, cannot create manifolds

A submain must be created in order to create manifolds. Select a
“Position” for the “Submain Properties” in the Block tab.
INPT 54 : At least one lateral is not connected to the submain.

Cannot create manifolds
Edit the outside Area or change the submain position to ensure that all
laterals connect to the submain before manifolds can be created.
INPT 55 : No mainline pipes selected

No mainline pipes selected when using the Hydraulic Grade Line. If
selecting submain and lateral pipe, a mainline pipe must be selected
also.
INPT81: Unable to populate selected entity

This type of object cannot be converted to an Autohead boundary.
INPUT82: Warning, coordinate range too large please correct and

then run Compress
The span of the drawing is too large. Delete the items beyond the
extents of the plan and run Compress.
INPT84: Unable to convert to Spraylines when the offset is larger

than emitter spacing
When the offset is larger than 1.1 times the emitter spacing the tapes
cannot be converted to spraylines. Change the offset value to be 1.1
times or less than the outlet spacing.
LOOPS AND PRVS: Loops and PRVs detected

If a design contains loops and PRVs this message will always occur.
Please check that PRVs are located on the branches only and not within
the loop.

MAN 1: Database not entered for %1 zones/water supplies
Management is incomplete. Re-run Management.
MAN 3: On time after off time

Change the on/off times in the management tables so that the off time
occurs chronologically after the on time.
MAN 4: Operating time exceeds cycle

MAN 5: Total operating time exceeds cycle
These messages will occur if the number of system flows exceeds the
number of hours within the nominated cycle time. Either decrease the
run time by reducing the automatic 1 hour, or increase the cycle time
days in Design Parameters|Economic Parameters . Each day allows for
24 system flows at the default run time of 1 hour each.
MAN 6: Row %1 in table of system flows

There is an error in the system flow table. Only whole digits may be
entered.
MAN 300-302 : Refer to IRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2)
MAN 303 : Operating cycle time not entered

The operating cycle time for the design has not been entered in
Design|Design Parameters|Economic Parameters. Enter a cycle time in
days.
MAN 306 : Invalid time(s) entered

The operating times for the water supply or the zones are either outside
of the management cycle time (see Design|Design
Parameters|Economic Parameters) or the times entered are outside of
the standard conventions used (0-23 for hours, 0-59 for minutes).
MAN 308 : No water supplies have been entered

This error will appear in Mainline Design if no Water Supplies have been
entered at all. A water supply for the design has not been entered into
your design. If data for a water supply is to be entered or mainline
design attempted, a water supply must be entered.

MAN 309 : The maximum number of water supplies has been
exceeded
More than the maximum number of water supplies (10) has been
entered. The user will have to reduce the number to the limit or less.
MAN 310 : Difficulty opening/reading/writing water supply file

The .wsp file for the design is missing, has not been created or there
was a problem reading from the file. Re-run Management. (or if that fails
delete the temporary design files then rerun management).
MAN 326 : The maximum number of irrigation areas has been

exceeded
The number of irrigation areas entered exceeds the limit (1000). Please
delete the excess areas before continuing.
MAN 329: Control valve not connected to water supply

Look for junctions at the water supply or control valve(s); if junctions are
visible then the object is not connected to the pipe. Alternatively, look
for a break in the pipeline between the water supply and unconnected
valve(s).

MAN 338 : More than one control valve connected to a zone

Each zone can have one control valve only. If more than one valve is
connected to a zone the excess valves must be deleted, or more zones
created.
MAN 339 : Mainline item in zone - refer to manual

An item normally associated with a mainline (e.g., pipe, headworks,
valve-in-head sprinkler) is connected to a zone downstream of the zone
control valve. As this cannot normally occur it suggests that design files
have been corrupted.
Clear management (Design|Clear Management) and then run a

management option. If this does not help run Repair (File|Repair).

MAN 340 : Data not entered for all zones / system flows
On and off times have not been entered for all of the zones listed in the
Zone Operating Times or the Assign Zones to System Flows data
entry screen.
Times for all zones must be entered to continue through mainline

design.
MAN 344 : The maximum number of system flows has been

exceeded
The total number of system flows for the zones is greater than the limit.
It will be necessary to reduce the number of on / off time combinations
by perhaps timing some zones to operate at exactly the same time as
other zones.
MAN 345 : Zone flow exceeds water supply maximum flow

The flow required for a zone is greater than the maximum water supply
flow available (as specified when the user entered the water supply). As
the system cannot operate under this condition, reducing the number of
outlets in the zone must reduce the flow requirement of the zone.
MAN 346: Problem finding valve from design file. Please re-run
management.
Re-run Management.
MAN 347 : No zones have been entered in design input

No zone control valves have been entered in to your design. Zones are
defined by the name given to the zone control valves.
MAN 348 : System flow exceeds water supply maximum flow

The system flow resulting from the zone management (Zone Operating
Times) exceeds the maximum flow available from all water supplies.
The operating times for the zones must be rescheduled so that the
resulting flow required is less than the maximum flow available.

MAN 349 : System flow exceeds WS design flow, press Yes to
accept, No to quit.
The system flow resulting from the zone management (Zone Operating
Times) exceeds the maximum flow available from all water supplies.
The operating times for the zones must be rescheduled so that the
resulting flow required is less than the maximum flow available.
MAN 350 : The same zone name has been used twice
Two or more zones have been given the same name.
Change the zone name given to the duplicate zone control valve (use
the Change tool).
MAN 351 : Zone item in mainline - refer to manual

An object normally included as part of a zone has become part of the
mainline system. IRRICAD has been structured to prevent this from
happening. If it does, run Repair (File|Repair).
MAN 352 : The maximum number of mainline items has been

exceeded
More than the maximum number of outlet types (valves, valve-in-heads
etc) have been used in the mainline. Try to reduce the number of unique
items to remove this error. If the problem occurs frequently, contact your
servicing agent or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
MAN 353 : Outlet not connected to a zone valve

A warning during the connectivity check that an outlet is not connected
to a valve. If outlets are to be included in zones they must be connected
to valves, either directly or through a pipe network.
MAN 355 : Times for system duties overlap

When specifying the system duty on / off times (Assign System Flows)
it is necessary to ensure that one set of duty times does not overlap with
another.
MAN 356 : Zones are not permitted to span irrigation areas

When defining irrigation areas it is important to ensure that the area
encompasses only complete zones. An area boundary must not divide a
zone into two sections.

MAN 357 : Irrigation area not closed
An irrigation area must be completely closed. Make sure that the end of
the boundary line forming the area is joined to the start point (use Right-
click|Close when drawing the last boundary line).
MAN 358 : Overlapping irrigation areas not allowed

The boundary of one irrigation area must not cross the boundary of any
other irrigation area.
MAN 359 : The Number of irrigation areas within another exceeds

the limit
Irrigation areas can be defined which completely enclose other irrigation
areas. The maximum number of areas that can be enclosed by any
other irrigation area is limited. Reduce the number of enclosed irrigation
areas to this value.
MAN 360 : No water supply available for system flow

This message results from a mismatch between the times when a water
supply is available and the zone operating times. The solution is to
change either the water supply availability (in Design|Other
Management|Water Supply Times) or the zone operating times (in
Design|Zone Operating Times) to ensure that water is available during
all zone operating times.
MAN 361 : Valve / Outlet / Sprayline not connected to water supply

A warning message that one of the items does not have a path back to
the water supply. If this was intentional it is possible to proceed, but note
that if a valve (or valve-in-head outlet) is not connected to the water
supply the partial management option must be selected (Assign System
Flows) and the corresponding zone excluded from consideration (do
not assign a system flow to this zone). Otherwise the design process will
fail.
MAN 362 : Unable to find zone, please rerun management

This message will appear if design has been completed and then a zone
deleted and an attempt made to re-run Design. Re-running Management
(Zone Operating Times or Assign System Flows) takes account of the
deleted zone and Design will then run correctly.

MAN 363: Total zone operating time exceeds one day
If the cycle time days in Design Parameters|Economic Parameters is set
to one day the total zone operating time cannot exceed 24 hours.
MAN 364 : Outlet cannot be connected directly to water supply

Outlets are part of a zone e.g., downstream of a control valve. There
must be a control valve between an outlet and the water supply.
MAN 365 : All Outlets / Valves connected

After running Design|Check Outlet Connectivity, IRRICAD is telling the
user that all hydraulic items in the design are connected.
MAN 366 : The maximum number of zones has been exceeded

IRRICAD has a limit for the number of zones that can be used a design
(see Appendix A: IRRICAD Limits, Section 6.2).
MAN 367 : Outlets not connected to Zone Valve detected

This is the message from the connectivity check when outlets are not
connected to a zone valve.
MAN 368 : Control Valves or Mainline Outlets not connected to

Water supply detected
This is the message from the connectivity check when valves or
mainline outlets are not connected to a water supply.
MAN 369 : Too many points in area - area discarded

If an Irrigation area (or block boundary) has more than 91 points, this
area will not be used to calculate zone areas or used in zone time
calculations.
MAN 370 : Area nesting exceeded - areas may be incorrect

When Irrigation areas (or block boundaries) are nested more than 10
deep the area will not be used to calculate zone areas or used in zone
time calculations.
MRG 700 : Renamed entity

A warning when merging designs to let the user know that something
with a name (e.g., Water Supply, Control Valve, Block, Area etc.) in the
source design has the same name as an item in the destination design
so it needs to be renamed.

MERGE 0 : A file cannot be merged with itself
Select a different design to merge into the open design.
MERGE 1 : Cannot open merge design file

Cannot open the source design file (.des) when merging. Check the file
is not Read Only. Restart IRRICAD and try again. If this fails, restart
your computer and try again.
MERGE 2 : Cannot open merge database

Cannot open the source internal mdb file when merging. This message
will only appear in error log file. Check the file is not Read Only. Restart
IRRICAD and try again. If this fails, restart your computer and try again.
MERGE 3 : Cannot open merge CAD file

Cannot open the source vcd file when merging. This message will only
appear in error log file. Check the file is not Read Only. Restart
IRRICAD and try again. If this fails, restart your computer and try again.
MERGE 4 : Possible label symbol conflict

In v10.0, label symbols are given a unique name and the probability of
label name conflicts when merging two v10.0 designs is very, very small
indeed. However, label symbol names in versions prior to v10.0 are
more likely to conflict. If any ‘old style’ label symbol names are detected
during the merge the user is warned of possible conflicts.
MERGE 6 : Designs merged. See errorlog.txt for details

Simply tells the user the merge has finished.
MISC 1 : Value out of range

The value entered in the dialog is out of range. Enter a value within the
range given.
MISC 3 : Windows error

An operating system error, text following it will describe the problem.
Contact your local IRRICAD Representative or Lincoln Agritech Ltd.
MISC 4 : Too many selected objects to display all information

Too many objects have been selected for object info. Information will
only be displayed for a limited number of them. Reduce the number of
objects selected to see all the information for them.

MISC 5 : This layer cannot be removed because it contains entities
A layer which contains entities cannot be deleted. Delete the items first
or move them to another layer before deleting the layer.
MISC 6 : Internal UID's too large - export and re-import dxf/dwg file
Can happen very occasionally when importing DWG/DXF files. Can be
the cause of problems later on (e.g., connectivity check failing when it
shouldn’t etc.) Solution is to re-import into a clean design then export
and re-import.
MISC 7 : Too many reports not all items will be displayed in

menus. Remove some FPC files from Reports folder
There is a limit of 100 for the number of reports (total from all menus i.e.
management, zone / ML design, costing etc.). To fix it remove some
unwanted report templates from the \reports folder and restart IRRICAD.
MISC 8 : No report templates found

Check that there are some report templates (.fpc files) in the \Reports
sub-folder in the current Irricad Pro folder.
NO PIPES : No pipes
No pipes (of any type) enabled in pipe database. Enable pipe before
continuing with LP sizing.
OOP 1 : Object could not be read

IRRICAD has encountered an object or setting it cannot read while
opening a design. Check the version numbers given. A newer version
design cannot be read with an older version of IRRICAD.
OOP 4 : Cannot get elevation of non point object

This means that some process (design, reporting, costing) tried to find
the elevation of a non-point hydraulic object. Generally this would
indicate some sort of file corruption. Re-run Management, delete design
files, or run Repair. If this fails try restarting IRRICAD and your
computer. If the problem persists contact your technical support.
OOP 7 : Invalid point number

IRRICAD has attempted to access a second point in a point object or a
third point in a line object, for example. Generally this would indicate
some sort of file corruption. Re-run Management, delete design files, or

run Repair. If this fails try restarting IRRICAD and your computer. If the
problem persists contact your technical support.
OOP 8 : Cannot get distance between non-point objects

This means that some process (design, reporting, costing) tried to find
the 3D length between two point hydraulic objects. Generally this would
indicate some sort of file corruption. Re-run Management, delete design
files, or run Repair. If this fails try restarting IRRICAD and your
computer. If the problem persists contact your technical support.
OOP 10 : UID indexing error - please delete entity created, close

and or save design and run FILE REPAIR
When this message appears, please delete the entity created, save the
design and run Repair.
PERM 164 : The user cannot select the current item

An attempt is being made to select the assembly being created as an
item in the assembly.
PERM 166 : More than one different outlet in assembly

Two or more different outlets have been selected in an outlet assembly.
Only one is permitted.
PERM 167 : Curve fitting unsuccessful

The curve fitting routine is not able to handle the data as entered. Check
that the user has entered the data correctly. If this is correct make sure
that the type of curve the user is trying to fit can approximate the data.
See Curve Fit, Section 3.5.1.
PERM 168 : Cannot have negative or zero values for power curves
Negative data values cannot be used in the curve fitting utilities.
PERM 169 : Not enough points entered (Minimum 3)

At least three sets of data points must be entered (excluding the 0,0
points) for curve fitting to take place.
PERM 174 : This is low, please check your data

The r2 value is below 90%, which implies a bad fit. Recheck the data the
user has entered.

PERM 179 : Duplicate pressure entered: Please check data
Two identical pressure values have been entered. This is not valid for
the relationship the user is trying to generate.
PERM 192 : Same flow value entered twice: Please check data
Two identical flow rate values have been entered. This is not valid for
the relationship the user is trying to generate.
PIPE TYPE ERROR: Could not find pipe type in default file
The database used for this design does not contact a pipe type table.
Locate a component (external) database for use in this design.
PUMPS AND LOOPS: Pumps and loops detected in this zone or system
flow
If a design contains loops and pumps this message will always occur.
Please check that pumps are located on the branches only and not
within the loop.
REP 500-502 : Refer to IRRICAD File Handling Messages (Section 6.13.2)
SENT NODRIVER : Sentinel Driver not found - reinstall

The sentinel driver has not been installed. With the IRRICAD installation
CD in the CD_ROM drive, browse the CD for the Drivers folder. Open
the folder and double-click on the Driver.bat file. This will install the
sentinel driver. A computer restart may be required after the installation
is completed. The driver can also be downloaded from
http://www.irricad.com/irricad/download/Drivers/Rainbow/SentinelProtect
ionInstaller7.6.9.exe.
SENT NOTTHERE : Sentinel missing or faulty

The hardware protection device used to protect the IRRICAD program is
not plugged into the computer parallel port, or has become damaged in
some way. See the above message (SENT NODRIVER) to re-install. If a
previous version of the driver has been installed to run IRRICAD this will
need to be removed before installing the new driver. Check the correct
installation for your dongle type has been used.
SENT WRONG VERSION: Incorrect Sentinel Version - Upgrade required.

Contact your supplier
The user is trying to run a version more recent than the sentinel has
been enabled for.
TEMPLATE NOT FOUND: Report template not found.
Ensure that the folder path for “Reports Path” is pointing to that folder
that currently contains the report templates (.fpc files). The path can be
changed in Settings|Drawing Items.
Tool Error: Seed Boundary was invalid. Make sure entities are a
closed boundary and then try the seed tool again
This message can occur if the magnitude or span of coordinates in a
design is large and an internal origin (Offset) and scale hasn’t been, or
cannot be, correctly set. Delete the items outside of the plan drawing
and run Compress.
UTIL 1604 : Invalid group code in DXF file

UTIL 1605 : Invalid Y coordinate code in DXF file
In normal circumstances these conditions should not occur as they
indicate that something is wrong with the DXF file the user is trying to
use. If possible, obtain another copy of the file from the original source
and try again.
UTIL 1606 : Maximum Number of Contour Segments Exceeded

Warning that happens when importing contours and there are more than
32,750 segments. Ignoring this may cause problems later on in design.
The solution is to delete some unnecessary contours or re-import with
“Contour Simplification” turned on or “Contour Simplification Factor”
increased.
UTIL 1608 : Could not convert file. Please check error logs
The conversion to DXF of a .SHP or .CSV file has failed in some way.
When Irricad imports contours from a .SHP or CSV file it first converts
the file to a DXF in the background and this conversion will have failed.
Check the Reports|View Errors.

Allowable Pressure 279, 281
Analysis Parameters 805
Analyze 36, 40, 80, 95, 145,
813, 914
7 Index
Analyze (Existing Sizes) 146
Analyzing Existing Systems 95
Angle Tolerance 826, 924
Angular Dimension 176, 607
Arc Orientation 94, 97
Arc tool 588
centre start end 590
elliptical 590
start mid end 589
Arc Type 76, 296
demand point 76, 136
< fixed 76
matched 76
<DEFAULT> 23, 24, 70, 729, variable 76
731 Arcs 300
aligning 97
2 Area 739
arc orientation 94, 97
2 Point Rectangle 577 arcs 93, 97, 647
subdivide 99
3 Area tool 97, 126, 128, 646
dialog details 646
3 Point Circle 583 Areas 64
3 Point Rectangle 578 odd shaped 129
3D DEM View 835, 943 Array Copy 765
Assemblies 78, 133, 234, 275
A about 275
add 265
A Simple Orchard Design 327 creating 264, 276, 291, 450,
Actual Diameter 279, 281 924
Add Item (database button) 263 example of construction 276
Add Nozzles .. (database finish 266
button) 299 listing components 248, 266,
Add to Assembly .. (database 868, 880
button) 265 modifying 265, 452
Add,nozzles (database button) remove 266
267 reporting 263, 270, 275, 868
Aids 24 usage codes 276, 868
Aligning Arcs 97
Allow Extra Pipe 826
IRRICAD User Guide Index  7-1
Assembly Construction 264, zone Summary / mainline bom
276 870
Assign All Zones to One Birds Eye View 560
System Flow 137, 142, 818 Block
Assign Each Zone to a Unique automatic 648
System Flow 137, 142, 819 definition 17
Assign System Flows to Zones mainline spray 690
94, 137, 822 spray 639
Assign Zones to System Flows symbols 457
137, 816 user defined lat. direction 122
Assigning System Flows to Block of Symbols 457, 765
Zones 143 Block tool 85, 270
Autocad dialog details 639
colors 21, 716 group spacing 101
Autohead 127, 129 laterals per group 101
Autohead tool 669 user defined lat. direction 639,
spacing 128, 722 642, 643
Automatic BOM Report 866, 878
labeling 184 BOM with Costs Report 874
submains and valves 100 pricing options 803
AutoSave 20, 232 Break tool 771
Available Line Types 63, 79,
263, 706, 909 C
Calculate Contours 779
B
notes 49
Background Information 34 Capital Cost 803
importing 34 Center Polygon 580
Backup 20, 734 Center Radius Circle 584
Basic Initial Design 333 Center Start End Arc 590
Bend Angle 291 Change 98
Bill of Materials Reports 160, fittings 160
803, 828, 879 layers 70
bom 878 scope globally 71
bom by supplier 877 shortcut 502
bom with costs 874 spraylines to tapes 786
inventory 874 tapes to spraylines 786
inventory by description 873 Change tool 56, 63, 72, 98,
inventory by w/h code 872 499, 511, 758
junction 872 Change Type tool 56, 66, 162,
unconnected items 876 759
zone / mainline bom 869, 870 groups of items 65, 98, 162
7-2  Index IRRICAD User Guide

Check Outlet Connectivity 56, paste 256
809 pipe types 251, 271, 826, 906,
clear marks 809 924
Circle tool 582 plotting color 263
3 point 583 retail price 268, 271, 804, 880
centre radius 584 supplier code 269
diameter 584 supplier cost code 263, 268
ellipse 585 symbol size 263, 273, 356,
Circular Cursor 34, 120, 123, 362, 371
702, 741 usage code 55, 235, 245, 263,
use 24 270, 275, 279, 868, 880
Clean Fields Utility 314 warehouse code 263, 268
Clear Management 820 wholesale cost 268, 270, 804
Clear Selection 489 Compress Files 535
Clear Selection tool 751 Computer Selected 68, 82, 146,
Clear Undo 552 914
Client details 699 fittings 160
Close 165, 489, 500 pipe 35, 64, 80, 82, 631, 637,
database 252 638, 639, 682, 683, 812,
Closed 36, 94, 165, 497, 575, 914
581 Computer Selected Pipe 149
Coefficient of Variation 281, 300 Computer Sized Pipe 35, 64,
Combining 67, 80, 82, 631, 638, 639,
subdivided irrigation areas 683, 914
112, 791 Computer Sizing 64, 79, 92,
Company Details 700 146, 149, 811, 812, 824,
Company settings 701 913
Component Configuration
connection codes 161, 272 mainline design reports 882
connection types 233, 271, zone design reports 881
272, 920 Connect Outlets 797
copy 256 Connect Valves 796
database symbols 273, 778 Connected Spraylines 74, 84,
description 263, 268 86, 145, 207, 634, 639,
disable 235, 247, 279 778, 787, 860
enabled 55, 74, 90, 234, 270 definition 17
gender code 272 move sizes 776
group 247, 249, 259, 268, trim 776
270, 275, 279, 289, 320, Connecting Hydraulic Items 24
758, 905 Connection Codes 161, 272
label 270 inlet 296
line type 79, 263, 271, 909 Connection Types 233, 271,
menu 263 272, 826, 920

minor 288 old databases 536
Connectivity 241 old designs 537
snap mode 242 old symbols 538
Constant 284, 286 old templates 539
Contact Details Coordinate Navigation 559
technical support 899 Copy
Continuous Bezier Curve 587 array 765
Continuous Line 575 component 256
Contour Importing 510 database 256
Contour tool 73, 627 linear 762
dialog 627 mirror 766
Contours 72, 781, 810 multiple 766
simplify 722, 723 offset 767
Contours from Spot Heights radial 763
779 Copy tool 30, 762
Control Valve 36, 79, 96, 130, Copying Designs 508
249, 676, 689, 739 Copyright 7, 319
set pressure 82 Costing Reports 41, 160, 233,
specification summary 815 866, 878, 920
Control Valve Summary 859 by supplier 875
Control Valve Table report 859 design summary 876
Control Valve tool 676 detailed costs 873
dialog details 677 margin or discount 803
Controller tool 694 options 880
dialog details 694 zone / mainline detailed 871
Controllers 250, 306 Couplers 249, 272, 289, 905
database details 306 database details 289
number of stations 306 end caps 290
Convergence 806 Create Labels 784
detailed analysis 806 Create Laterals option 102
lp 806 Create Sprayline Outlets
mainline analysis 806 settings 720
tapes 806 tool 75, 122, 778
Convert 536 Create Symbol tool 191, 273,
databases 536 778
designs 537 Create Wetted Radii
plot layouts 539 tool 75, 777
symbols 538 Creating 268, 273, 277, 297
Convert to Elevations 42, 48 Creating and Modifying
Convert to Elevations tool 781 Assemblies 327, 449
Converting 506 Creating and Modifying
CAD in to hydraulic items 61 Symbols 327, 452
file types 521 Creating Assemblies 276

Crosses 249, 293, 905, 920 elbows / bends 291
database details 293 entering new outlets 441
Current Drawing Properties entering new pipes 440
toolbar 563 exit 253
Cursor settings 702 file menu 251
ortho mode 708 find 257
Curve Fit 78, 91, 131, 259 find next 258
pump factors 294 find previous 258
Curve tool 586 function 245
continuous bezier 587 gender codes 272
single bezier 586 help contents 318
spline 588 help menu 318
Customizing Your Database issues 238
316 item description 268
Cut label 270
database 256 lateral take offs 288
Cut Lasso tool 92, 120, 775 lights 307
Cut Pipe 279 line types 271, 274
tolerance 743 list of open 313
Cut Pipe Factor 743 loading 19, 54
Cut Pipe tool 80, 92, 119, 125, merge 239, 253
637 miscellaneous 309
dialog details 638, 683 new 251
mainline 682 nozzles 300
Cycle Time 805 open 252
options 315
D other electrics 308
other hydraulics 286
Database 506, 698, 733, 758, outlet connections 303
826, 853, 902, 916, 951 outlets 296
about editor 319 paste 256
close 252 pipe color 273
codes 271 pipe type 271
connection codes 272 pipe usage codes 279
connection types 272 pipes 279
controllers 306 pumps 294
conversion 536 redo 255
copy 256 repair 535
couplers 289 replace 257
crosses 293 retail price 271
customising 439 save copy as 252
cut 256 status bar 262
default 20, 191, 247 structure 249

supplier code 269 Delete Query 312
symbol color 273 Delete tool 756
tapes 281 Delete Type tool 67, 757
tees 292 DEM 805
tools 314 Demand Points 74, 76, 132,
undo 255 136, 145, 296, 298, 674,
undo record 255 915
updating internal 240 Depth 56, 59, 94, 643, 647,
usage code 270 660, 668, 826, 858, 865
valves 284 Design 86, 94, 145
warehouse code 268 analyze 32, 36, 40, 80, 95,
wholesale cost 270 145, 146, 813, 914
window 313 auto back up 734
wires 305 background 34
x 254 basic initial 333
Database Codes 271 check outlet connectivity 809
Symbols & Line Types 263 clear connectivity marks 809
Database Editor computer sizing 64, 79, 92,
details 268, 309 146, 811, 812, 824, 913
toolbars 316 conversion 537
use 247 database 719
Database Order detailed analysis 80, 82, 89,
default 320, 905 148, 813, 914
Database Symbols 31, 273, issue 893
613, 723, 733, 778 lp design 36, 79, 83, 96, 145,
screen size 164 147, 150, 800, 813
Datum Dimension 178, 181, mainline 435
611 mainline design 40, 148, 823
Debug Object Info 795 micro irrigation 383
Decimal Places 744 multi-valve 378
Default Database 20, 191, 247 orchard 370
Default Database Order 320 pressure compensating notes
appendix d 905 209
Default Name 31, 82, 94, 130, residential 406
489, 499, 681, 687, 738 rural water supply 436
Default Nozzle 76, 298, 300 simple drip tape 355
Default Pressure 281, 296 simple turf 338
Default Snap Mode 54, 56, 492 solid set 397
Defaults 19, 64, 144, 247, 619, technical information 911
698, 733, 738, 744, 800 using a pump 477
Delete Item (database button) using demand points 435
264 using pumps in parallel 484
Delete Orphan Nozzles 314 using pumps in series 485

valve analysis 37, 40, 132 zone summary uniformity 855,
velocity design 36, 79, 83, 96, 857
145, 148, 237, 813 Design Size 164, 273, 697, 733
wheel line 422 Design Summary Report 876
zone design 36, 40, 148, 811 Designer Name 733
zone design configuration 82, Designing 137
84, 96, 145, 149, 150, 208, process 331
812, 914 stock water 131
Design Detail settings 703 travelling irrigator 134
Design Details 216 wheel line (side roll) 133
Design Files with block entities 110
appendix b 903 Designs
Design Flow 88, 681, 852 merge 540
Design Headings 33, 703, 829, opening 550
855, 866 printing 32, 41, 191, 193, 457,
Design menu 799 541, 704
Design Parameters 208, 799 sharing 240
analysis 805 Detailed Analysis 80, 82, 96,
defaults 19 148, 805, 813, 914
economic 803 convergence 96, 806
hydraulic 147, 151, 800 errors 237
Design Pressure 89, 210, 681 flow close fraction 806
Design Process 20, 31, 36, 40, mainline 89
67, 81, 92, 246, 268, 307, Detailed Costs Report 873
799, 834, 911 Diameter 309
details 33 actual 279, 281
Design Reports 853 inlet 284, 286, 294, 296, 303
configuration 881, 882 lateral 288
mainline configuration 881, major 289, 291, 292, 293
882 minimum submain 288
mainline full 864 minor 289, 291, 292, 293
mainline pipe 865 nominal 279, 281
mainline pipe nodes 865 outlet 284, 286, 294, 303
mainline summary 863 Diameter Circle 584
system duty 863 Diameter Dimension 177, 609
zone configuration 881 Digitizer
zone control Valve summary reference points 462, 463
859 tablet mode 745
zone cv table 859 Wintab driver 745
zone flushing 854 Digitizer settings 18, 745
zone full 859 reference 745, 747
zone pipe 858 scale 18, 745
zone summary 37, 855 Digitizing 745

reference method 464, 746 colors 706
referencing 746 Drawing Right-click menu 489
scale method 463, 746 Drawing Template 458, 619
Digitizing plans 461, 745, 747 Drawing tools 53, 191, 704
Digitizing Plans 327 Driplines 84, 86, 118, 122, 204,
Dimension tool 165, 180, 596 914
angular 175, 607 DWG settings 713
datum 178, 611 font export 715
diameter 177, 609 font import 714
dimension settings 166, 597 Dynamic Pan 559
drawing properties 597, 671
leader 178, 610 E
leader / datum drawing
properties 604 Economic Parameters 803
leader/datum settings 604 Edit
linear 175, 606 assembly 265
ordinate 177, 610 nozzles (database button) 266
radial 177, 608 open ole item 554
text scale 600 paste 553
text tab 171, 600 Edit Design Details 703
Direct Distance Entry 24, 52, Edit Item (database button) 264
573, 576 Edit menu 551
Direct Plot 545 database 255
Discounts 803 Edit Template 883
Display Image 515 Elbows / Bends 249, 272, 291
Display Image Border 515 angle 291
Display Layers 23 database details 291
Display Settings 708 fitting selection 917
Distance Counter – F9 30 Electrical 54
Done 489, 490 controller 694
DOS 283, 506 junction 696
Double Line 574 light 691
Draw misc. electrical 695
contour 626 wire 692
management symbol 137, 619 Electrical menu 691
Draw Last 772 Elevation 32, 42, 48, 63, 71, 72,
Draw menu 572 80, 92, 145, 627, 729, 810,
Drawing Items 860, 864, 911
changing 63 calculation method 805
Drawing Items settings 27, 217, errors 810
222, 556, 705 interpolate 810
Drawing Properties 24, 63, 70, interpolate 73, 74
72, 98, 217, 671, 705, 723 uneven contours 73

Elevations 511 exporting 521
3D dem view 835, 943 exporting image 530
highlight 782 exporting pdf 526
use in design 911 importing 509
Ellipse Circle 585 print 541
Elliptical Arc 590 repair 535
End Caps 290 File Format 42, 215, 273, 506,
database details 290 508, 521, 536
Equation Calculations Used 925 File menu 505
Equiv Length Diameter 303 database 251
Error Messages 950 export 521
Errors export image 530
fitting selection 233 import 509
messages 954 import contours 510
Evenly Spaced Outlets 84 import image 513
Execute Query 312 new 506
Exiting the Program 550 open 506
database editor 253 pdf export 526
Explode tool 769 save 507
Export 521 save as 508
google earth 522 File Recovery 232, 893
Export Image 530 Fill Boundary 165
Exporting Fill Seed 165
files 521 Fill Selection 165
image files 530 Fill tool 594
pdf files 526 boundary 595
reports 192 seed 596
settings 712 selection 595
Extend tool 773 Fills 165
Find
F database search 257, 258
Finish Assembly .. (database
F Usage Code 279 button) 266
F9 30 First Steps
Field tutorials 330
irregular 126 Fitting Selection 444
oval 125 angle tolerance 924
rectangular 125 correcting fittings errors 447
sports field 124, 127 details 916
File five pipe junction 923
compress 535 four pipe junctions 920
convert 536 pipe fitting matching settings
exit 550 446

riser rules 444 virtual manifolds 151, 800
supplier code and multipliers Flushing Tapes 198, 204
447 Forum
three pipe junctions 918 users 3
two pipe junctions 916
Fitting Selection Errors 233 G
Fitting Type 286, 826
Fittings Gender Codes 272, 826
change 160, 235 Geometeric Items
change type 235 changing 63
couplers 233, 249, 272, 289 GIS 47, 711
crosses 234, 249, 293, 920 converting 47
elbows / bends 249, 272, 291 Glossary 17
end caps 290 Google Earth
lateral take offs 249, 271, 272, export 522
288 import 518
tees 249, 272, 292 view 571
valve-under-head 235 Goto Coords 559
Fittings Selection 40, 41, 59, Gradeline 847
160, 233, 430, 824, 916 Graphical
Fixed Arc Type 76, 127, 296 elevation map 157
Fixed Size Pipes 150 flow indicators 156
Flip Images 515 hydraulic gradeline 157
Flow management symbol 155
maximum allowable 284, 286, pressure indicators 156
294 Graphical Reporting Tools 155
minimum allowable 284, 286, Gravity System 89
294 Grid 34
show 834 use 24
Flow Calc Type Grid settings 58, 120, 125, 129,
iteration method 86, 283 709
new method 86, 283 Group Spacing 101
Flow Check 81, 119, 722
Flow Equation 300 H
Flow Indicators 156
Flushing Hardware 7, 545, 547, 745, 953
how to 151, 152 Hatch Boundary 165
manifold labeling 152 Hatch Seed 165
manifold numbering 151 Hatch Selection 165
min pc pressure 154 Hatch tool 591
on 812 boundary 592
parameters 800 dialog 591
tapes 201, 786 seed 593

selection 592 selection 55
Hatches 165 Hydraulic Junction 670
Hazen-Williams 800 Hydraulic Object Info 499, 734,
Hazen-Williams C Values 904 794
Headlands 102 Hydraulic Parameters 151, 800
Headloss Equation Hydraulic Properties
constant 284, 286 combining 136
index 284, 286 Hydraulic Right-click menu 489
intercept 284, 286
Headloss Formula 805 I
Height Above Ground 303
Help Icons
help topics 11, 889 arrange 313
menu 11 Image
on-line help 11, 318 border display 515
using help 11 changing 517
what's new 889 display 515
WinHelp 11 flip 515
Help Menu 889 rotate 515
database 318 scale 771
Helpful Hints 328 settings 42, 515
Highlight Elevations 782 Image Importing 51, 513
HL Equiv. Length 303 draw proportional 515
Horticultural System 124 embedding 51
HTML Help 11 image path 51
Hydraulic 54, 69, 718 lock ratio 51
snap tolerance 742 relative path 51, 515
Hydraulic Design Parameters Import 34, 509
147 gis 47, 711
Hydraulic Gradeline 847 google earth 518
mainline 158 Import Contours 42, 73, 510
Hydraulic Items 64, 240 csv files 47
changing 63, 240 shape files 44
connecting 26, 36, 54, 56, 58, Import Image 51, 513
119, 125, 297, 492, 741, Import Unit 42
758, 809, 912 Important Information 3
entering 24, 54, 72, 273, 630, Important Rules 331
740, 909 Importing
line width 96 contours 42, 73, 510
placing 54, 56, 58, 93, 492, files 42, 509
741, 764, 801 from google earth 50
plan legend 617, 884 images 51, 513
reporting 880 offset scale 42, 711

settings 712 zones 35
Importing Files 42 Item Description 268
Index 284, 286 Item Selection 55
Info Panel 564 Iteration Method 86
Inlet Connection Code 296
Inlet Diameter 284, 286, 294, J
296, 303
Installation 9, 19, 58, 77, 704, Junction BOM Report 872
776 Junction tool 92, 249, 670, 686,
Intercept 284, 286 696
Internal Diameter 279, 281 dialog details 670
Interpolate Elevations 73, 74, electrical 696
810 hydraulic 670
Inventory by Description Report Junctions 57, 64, 89, 633, 671,
873 758, 775, 824, 826, 902,
Inventory by W/H Code Report 911
872 elevation 80
Inventory Report 874 permanent 80, 92, 147, 631,
Invert Selection tool 489, 751 633, 912
Irregular Polygon 581 settings 64, 164, 671, 775
Irregularly Shaped Field 126
IRRICAD Limits 902 K
Irrigation - Design Specific
settings 64, 247, 251, 718 Keyboard 52
Irrigation Area 64, 97, 739, 852, commands 502
886, 902 Keywords 883, 926
arcs 93, 97, 647
water requirements 93 L
Irrigation Block Entity 649
area tab 659, 668 L Usage Code 279
block tab 653, 663 Label
definition 17 alignment 190
flushing tab 656, 666 blocks 187
laterals tab 661 create 784
Irrigation Blocks 110 crop width 189
combining sub-areas 112 database 189, 270
subdivide 110 keywords 926
Irrigation Entity 648, 660 length 186
subdivide 787 modifying 189
Irrigation Items settings 19, 64, multi-labels for contours 785
73, 81, 119, 128, 191 multiple pipe 187
Irrigation System Layout 35 rounding & roll lengths 190
water supply 35 sets 188

settings 725 double 574
text dialog 728 polyline 576
update 785 single 574
user attributes 223 Line Trimming 773
Labels 184 Line Types 24, 63, 68, 73, 79,
Language 10 263, 271, 274, 548, 706,
Language Character Set 734 751, 909
Lateral Blocks 100, 118 available 909
Lateral Take Offs 249, 271, Line Widths 24, 63, 68, 73, 79,
272, 288 706
database details 288 geometric items 96
Laterals 73, 118, 145, 281, 392, hydraulic items 96
644, 651, 662, 801, 862, Linear Copy 762
906 Linear Dimension 175, 606
connecting 80 Linking Nozzles to Outlets 299
diameter 288 Looped Systems 36, 146, 912,
number of sizes 145, 812 915
spacing 121, 641, 644 LP Design 36, 79, 83, 96, 145,
Laterals per Group 101 147, 208, 800, 805
Layer Bar 566 convergence 806
groups tab 568 errors 235
layers tab 567 limits 150
views tab 569 parameters 800
Layer Manager 730
Layer settings 24, 63, 71, 75, M
729, 731
Layers 70, 489, 500 M Usage Code 279
Leader Dimension 178, 180, Mainline 88
610 cut pipe 682
Legends 217 designs 435
editing 221 outlet 74, 130, 133, 686
Length of Pipe Sections 826 pipe 58, 64
Light tool 691 pump 90, 685
dialog details 691 sprayline 58, 738
Lights 250, 906 sprayline block 690
database details 307 water supply 679
rating 307 Mainline Analysis
Limits 128, 143, 147, 150, 209, convergence 806
216, 245, 557, 698, 722, Mainline BOM Report 869, 870
860, 914 Mainline Design 823
Line Extending 773 Mainline Design Full Report 89
Line tool 491, 573 Mainline Design Reports 40
continuous 575

Mainline Detailed Costing replace existing sys flows in
Report 871 water supplies 137
Mainline Full Report 864 replace existing system flows
Mainline Hydraulic Gradeline in zones 137
158 symbol 137, 619
Mainline menu 679 system flows 137
Mainline Outlets 56, 79, 129, troubleshooting 241
144, 684, 690 water supply times 143
definition 17 zone operating times 94, 137,
management 137 143, 821
valve-in-head 74, 130, 144, zones 147
687 Management Reports 94, 637,
Mainline Pipe Nodes Report 644, 662, 850
865 system flows 851
Mainline Pipe Report 865 water requirements 94, 850
Mainline Pipes 17, 79 zone flow 852
definition 17 zone flows 94
Mainline Summary Report 863 Manifold Numbering 151
Mainlines Margins 803
highly looped 914 Match/Change
Major Diameter 289, 291, 292, all fittings 65
293 dialog 65
Make Active Area 884 exact errors 65
Make Legend 218, 222, 884 Matched Arc Type 76, 97, 127,
dialog 884 296
Management 37, 137 Maximum Angle 826
assign all zones to one Maximum Pressure 281, 300
system flow 137, 142, 818 Menu
assign each zone to a unique design 799
system flow 137, 142, 819 draw 572
assign system flows to zones drawing right-click 489
94, 137, 822 edit 551
assign zones to system flows electrical 691
137, 816 file 505
assigning system flows to file (database) 251
zones 143 hydraulic right-click 489
clear 820 mainline 679
cycle time 805 modify 749
mainline outlets 137 plot template 883
options 143 reports 829
other management options right-click 489
820 selection right click 489
partial 144 settings 698

view 555 Multi-lables 785
zone 629 Multiple Copy 766
Merging Databases 239, 253 Multipliers 878
Merging Designs 540
Micro Irrigation Design 383 N
Min Submain Diameter 288
Minimum Pressure 281, 300 Name settings 82, 94, 130, 676,
Minor Diameter 289, 291, 292, 681, 738
293 Network Dongle Setup 939
Minor Losses 197, 812 New 96, 506
spraylines 197 database 251
Minor losses:mainline 800 New Assembly (database
Mirror Copy 766 button) 264
Misc. Electrical 309 New Designs 506, 698, 810,
Misc. Electrical tool 695 883
dialog details 695 New Users 7
Misc. Hydraulic Items 17, 83, comments to 14
286 Nomenclature 18
definition 17 Nominal Diameter 279, 281,
Misc. Hydraulic tool 674 305
dialog details 675 Nominal Pressure 146
Misc.Hydraulic Items 212 Nozzles 66, 76, 127, 148, 207,
Miscellaneous 250, 296, 300, 634, 640,
database details 250, 309 650, 673, 687, 906
design details settings 704 add 267
drawing settings 707 adding 299
settings 164, 273, 732 database details 266
Miscellaneous settings 499 delete orphan 314
Modify 63, 66, 489, 500 edit 266
Modify menu 749 remove 267
Modifying 268, 500, 547, 749
Mouse 22, 34, 42, 57, 98, 747 O
settings 23, 735
usage 22, 42, 52, 57, 98, 491, Object Info 73, 489, 499, 793
557, 560, 564, 747 debug 795
wheel 22, 735 hydraulic 499, 734, 794
Move Fills to Back 219, 885 Odd-Shaped Areas 129
Move Point tool 761 Offset Copy 767
Move Sizes tool 776 OLE
connected spraylines 776 report on plan 193
Move to Back Z Order 772 Ole Item 795
Move to Front Z Order 772 inserting 181
Move tool 57, 93, 617, 760 open 181, 554

On-line Help 318 dialog details 74, 672
Open Outlets 32, 36, 55, 74, 245,
database 252 249, 272, 288, 296, 300,
designs 506 776, 834, 907, 924
existing 96, 191, 252, 506, above ground level 79
707 arc orientation 94, 97, 98
Operating System 7 arc type 296
Operating Times database details 272, 296
water supply 820 demand points 74, 76, 132,
zone 821 136, 145, 296, 298, 299,
Options 674
costing reports 880 evenly spaced 74, 79, 84, 632
Ordinate Dimension 177, 610 fixed arc 76, 127, 296
Orphan Nozzles delete 314 linking nozzles 299
Ortho Mode 708 matched arc 76, 97, 127, 296
use 24 nominal pressure 146
Other Electrics 250, 308 nozzles 300
database details 308 overriding database pressure
Other Hydraulics 83, 249, 272, envelope 812
286, 912 pressure 146
database details 286 spacing 121, 641
Other Management Options sprayline 122, 720, 778
820 symbols 720, 778
Outlet valve-in-head 17, 74, 129,
arcs 93, 97, 126, 300, 571, 144, 684, 687, 738, 861
647, 777 variable arc 76, 97, 127, 296
connectors 78, 134, 272, 303, wetted radius 77, 97, 98, 125,
673, 688 301, 302, 571, 634, 641,
default nozzle 76, 298, 300 650, 673, 688, 720, 724,
definition 17 777, 925
radius 301, 302, 925 zone 17
risers 78, 134, 272, 303, 673, oval field 125
688
Outlet Connections 249, 303 P
database details 303
Outlet Connectors 78, 134, 272, Pan
303, 673, 688 dynamic 559
Outlet Diameter 284, 286, 294, horizontally 22
303 vertically 22
Outlet Symbols 720, 778 view 558
Outlet tool 74, 126, 130, 672, Partial Management 144
686 Paste 553
connect 797 component 256

database 256 database details 270, 279,
PDF Export 526 858, 865
Permanent Junctions 80, 92, mainline 682
147, 631, 633, 912 plan legend 617, 884
Pipe 271 zero flow 912
computer sized 35, 64, 67, 80, zone 17
82, 631, 638, 639, 683, Pipes & Pipe Sizing 79
914 Placement Aids 120
cut pipe 80, 92, 119, 125 circular cursor 24
elevations 32, 63, 72, 73, 80, connecting hydraulic items 24
92, 145, 810, 860, 864, direct entry 24
911 grid 24
fixed size 150 ortho mode 24
flow check 81, 119, 722 snap to grid 24
line width 720 Placing
rolls or lengths 826 laterals 100, 118
rounding 826 sprinklers 127
submain 80, 208, 249, 776, Placing Sprinklers
813 at even spacing 346
Pipe Color 273 at fixed spacing 344
Pipe Diameter Plan
selection 913 digitizing 461, 745, 747
Pipe Fitting Matching Table plot 7, 41, 222, 617, 701, 882
251, 271, 826, 916, 924 presentation 163
Pipe Reduction Symbols 620 Plan Printing 195
Pipe Roughness 279, 281 Plot 7, 41, 222
Pipe tool 279, 630 template 222, 617, 701, 882
dialog details 631 Plot Layout
Pipe Type 271, 826 using 194
major 288 Plot Layout tool 215, 221
Pipe Types 251, 271, 826, 906, dialog 541
924 Plot Layouts 41, 194, 215, 219,
Pipe Usage Codes 279 221, 457, 539, 545, 617,
Pipes 32, 64, 249, 270, 279, 707, 883
288, 617, 774, 902, 907, conversion 539
909, 911 Plot Template 215
computer selected 68, 82, creating 216
146, 637, 682, 812 designer name 733
computer sized 82, 146, 637, editing 221
682, 812, 914 fills 218
computer sizing 64, 79, 92, keywords 219
146, 811, 812, 824, 913 legends 217
cut pipe 279 paper sizes 220

saving 221 Pumps 210, 249, 294, 907, 925
Plot Template menu 883 curve factors 294
Plot Templates 466 database details 259, 294,
Plotters 7 925
Plotting 41, 263, 545, 902 efficiency 803
color 263 in parallel 211
Point tool 572 in series 212
Polygon tool 579 rules 90
center 580 with misc hydraulic items 212
dialog 579
irregular 581 Q
seed 581
side 580 Query
Polyline 576 delete 312
Pressure execute 312
allowable 279, 281 reload 312
default 281, 296 save 312
maximum 281, 300 update pricing example 238,
minimum 281, 300 321
tolerance 281, 296 Query Menu 311
valve 813 Quick Analysis 145
Pressure Indicators 156, 833 Quick Tips 31
Pressure Limits 836
Pressure Map 837 R
Pressure regulating valves 36,
83, 286 Radial Copy 763
Print 541 Radial Dimension 177, 608
Printers 7 Radius Equation 300
Printing Rating
dialog 542 lights 307
plan 195 other electrics 308
plot layouts 215, 221, 457 Recently Used Files 253, 550
reports 191, 550, 829 Rectangle tool 576
to PDF 196 2 point 577
Printing Designs 32, 41, 191, 3 point 578
193, 541, 704 Rectangular Field 125
Printing Using Plot Layouts 327 Redo 552
PRV 83, 86, 148, 215 database 255
fitting type 286 Redraw 555
Pump tool 90, 685 Reference Method 746
dialog details 685 Reference Point 745, 747
Pumped Systems 90, 131 Reload Query 312
factors affecting 212 Remove

from assembly (database Retail Price 268, 271, 804, 880
button) 266 Right-click menu
nozzle (database button) 267 clear selection 489
Repair 535 close 165, 489, 500
database 535 default name 489, 499
Replace done 489, 490
database 257 drawing 489
existing sys flows in water hydraulic 489
supplies 137 invert selection 489
existing system flows in zones layers 489, 500
137 modify 63, 66, 489, 500
Report Settings 832 object info 489
Reporting of Assemblies 263, restart 489
275, 868 running snaps 489
Reports 7, 32, 180, 263, 275, select 489
307, 377, 378, 828, 920 select object 489
assemblies 263, 275, 868 selection 489
bill of materials 160, 879 selection filter 489
client details 699 snaps 28, 489
company details 700 stop 489, 501
costing 41, 160, 233, 878, 920 undo vertex 489, 500
customising 831 zooms 489
design 853 Riser 58, 78, 133, 249, 303,
design details 703 634, 672, 686, 688, 825
designer name 733 equiv. length diameter 303
exporting 192 height above ground 303
management 94, 850 hl equiv. length 303
OLE 193 Riser Selection Rules 59, 825
pressure indicators 833 rule 58
printing 191, 829 user 58
producing 192 Rolls 826
saving 192 Rotate Image 515
show zone pressure limits Rotate tool 98, 768
836, 837 Roughness Factor 904
templates 193 Rounding Pipe Lengths 826
view errors 834 Rules
viewer 829 important 331
Reports menu 829 Running Snaps 24, 489, 741
Resistance
wires 305 S
Resize tool 770
Restart 57, 489, 491 Save
Restore Defaults 799 reports 192

Save As 508 Selection Filter tool 68, 69, 489,
database 252 751
Save as Defaults 799 Selection Right-click menu 489
Save Current Path 515 Selection tools 753
Save Query 312 Send Problem Design 893
Save Template 222, 885 Set Valve Pressure 813
Saving Designs 507 Settings
previous versions 31 client 700
with a new name or path 508 company 701
Scale 18, 174, 745 create sprayline outlets 75,
digitizing 18, 463, 745, 746 720
dimension text 600 cursor 702
printing 617 default snap mode 54, 56,
Scale Image 771 125, 492
Scale Plan 42 design details 703
Scope 95, 108 design size 733
globally change 71 digitizer 18, 745
Screen Messages 805, 950 display 708
Search database 257, 258 drawing items 556, 705
Seed grid 58, 709
fill 595 image 42, 515
hatch 593 irrigation - design specific 247,
polygon 581 251, 718
Select irrigation items 81, 128
adjoining 755 layers 71, 729, 731
all 756 miscellaneous 273, 499, 732
clear selection 751 miscellaneous design details
connected 755 704
crossing 754 miscellaneous drawing 707
invert selection 751 mouse 23, 735
lasso 754 names 82, 94, 676, 681, 738
last 755 reports 832
object 63, 750 snap 54, 56, 81, 492
options 735 units 57, 314, 743
screen 756 user origin 709
selection filter 68, 751 Settings menu 19, 698
window 754 Show Area tool 798
Select Object 489 Show Fittings 41, 64, 68, 160,
Select tools 489 235, 309, 758
lasso 81 Show Flow 128, 180, 283, 637,
selection filter 69 644, 662, 834
Selecting Fittings 824 Show Preview 515
Selection Filter Panel 565 Side Polygon 580

Sidelands 102 rectangular 125
Simple Drip Tape Design Using Spot Height tool 73, 628
Block Entities 327 dialog 629
Simplify Contours 722 Spot Heights 70, 72, 511, 779,
tolerance 723 781, 810, 911
Simulating Spray Block 639
multiple driplines 204 definition 17
tapes 198 mainline 690
Single Bezier Curve 586 Spray Block tool 120, 123, 124
Single Line 574 Spray Irrigation Block 648
Size 309 area tab 659
Small Turf Design 406 block tab 102, 653
Snap Panel 565 create laterals 102
Snap settings 54, 56, 81, 242, flushing tab 108, 656
243, 492, 740 headlands 102
connect 56 laterals tab 101, 649
place 56 sidelands 102
snap to grid 56 submain postion 102
tolerances 742 submain properties 102
Snap to Grid 34 submain stub 102
use 24 tree block 114, 651
Snaps 28, 34, 489, 491 valve postion 102
center 28, 497 valve stub 102
closest 28, 497 valve submain stub 102
endpoint 28, 168, 493 Sprayline 17, 36, 92, 133, 207,
intersection 28, 495 279, 774, 812, 860, 862,
midpoint 28, 167, 492 913
object 28, 495 block 639
parallel 28, 498 connected 17, 74, 84, 86, 145,
percent 28, 494 207, 634, 639, 776, 778,
perpendicular 28, 493 787, 860
place 54, 57, 492, 612 mainline 84, 684, 738
quadrant 28, 497 properties 634
running 24, 741 unconnected 17, 75, 84, 119,
tangent 28, 495 123, 207, 634, 684, 690
Solid Set Sprinkler Design 397 Sprayline Outlets
Solid Set Systems 124, 384 viewing 122
Specific Discharge Rate 281 Sprayline tool 85, 120, 123,
Specified Length 573, 576, 801 126, 129, 270, 279, 632
Spline Curve 588 dialog details 632
Sports Fields 124, 127 Spraylines 55, 64, 84, 147, 198,
irregularly shaped 126 786
oval 125 connected 197

unconnected 197 technical 898
Spraylines to Tapes tool 786 Symbol
Sprinklers base database size 164
at even spacing 346 conversion 538
at fixed spacing 344 create 273
fixed arc 127 orientation 98
layout methods 343 size 164, 263, 273, 671, 681,
matched arc 127 697, 724, 733
placed automatically 127, 349 Symbol Color 273
variable arc 127 Symbol tool 163, 221, 538, 611,
Staged Developments 71 707, 779
Start Mid End Arc 589 create 191, 778
Status Bar 30, 66, 81, 98, 128, dialog 612
495, 503, 564, 744, 912 load symbol 613
database 262 unload symbol 614
info panel 564 Symbols 163, 271
selection filter panel 68, 565 creating 453
snap panel 565 dynamically size 163
Stop 489, 501 maintain shape 163
Subdivide Area 99 modifying 455
Subdivide Irrigation Entity 110, outlet 720, 778
787 pipe reduction 620
combining sub-areas 112 System Duty
Submain definition 17
irrigation block stub 102 System Duty Report 863
valve 102 System Flow 307, 823, 864,
Submain Pipe 80, 208, 249, 902
776 System Flow Report 851
number of sizes 813
Submain Poisition 843 T
Submain Position
irrigation block 103, 654, 664 Tablet
Submain Properties mode 745
irrigation block 104 Tablet mode 463
Supplementary Character set Tape Block
315 automatic 660
Supplier BOM Report 877 definition 17
Supplier Code 269 Tape Block tool 122, 643
Supplier Code Multipliers 251, dialog details 643
269, 878 draw bends 86
Supplier Cost Code 263, 268 Tape Irrigation Block 86, 660
Supplier Costing Report 875 area tab 668
Support block tab 102, 663

create laterals 102 dialog 615
flushing tab 108, 666 Tips 24
headlands 102 Tips for Advanced Users 327
laterals tab 101, 661 Toolbar 31
sidelands 102 Toolbars 506, 561
submain postion 102 current drawing properties 563
submain properties 102 customizing 562
submain stub 102 database 316
valve postion 102 Tools
valve stub 102 create sprayline outlets 75,
valve submain stub 102 122, 778
Tape tool 86, 120, 635 create wetted radii 75
dialog details 120, 636 database menu 314
Tapes 36, 55, 64, 84, 86, 118, menu 774
122, 198, 249, 271, 281, user 887
283, 355, 361, 370, 786, Travel times 800
852, 860, 862, 907, 913 Travel Times:calculation 154
analysis 197 Travelling Irrigator Systems 134
convergence 806 Tree Block
database details 36, 281, 283 outlet positions 114
definition 17 spray irrigation block 651
design notes 208 spray irrigation blockOutlets
flushing design 198 tree positions 114
inlet pressure 146 Tree Block tool 622
no. of emitters 807 create 622
Tapes to Spraylines tool 198, create from existing symbols
204, 786 623
Tapes Under Flushing 201, 786 dialog 624
report 854 modify 623
Technical support 898 Trim Elevations tool 784
Tees 249, 272, 292 Trim Spraylines tool 776
database details 292 Trim tool 773
Template Trouble Shooting 232
creating 467 Turf 127, 297, 304, 406
edit 883 Turf Systems 123
keywords 883, 937 Tutorial database 20
make active area 884 Tutorials 14
make legend 218, 222, 884 basic initial 333
move fills to back 219, 885 correcting fittings errors 447
plot template 215, 883 creating & modifying
save 222, 885 assemblies 449
Terminology 17, 328 creating & modifying symbols
Text tool 614 453

creating a new template 467 sprinklers at even spacing 346
creating assemblies 450 sprinklers at fixed spacing 344
creating new symbols 453 sprinklers placed
customising database 439 automatically 349
database and fitting selection supplier code and multipliers
439 447
digitizing plans 462 using a pump 477
edit an existing plot template using assemblies 449
466 using demand points 435
entering new outlets into using pumps in parallel 484
database 441 using pumps in series 485
entering new pipes into wheel line design 422
database 440
first steps 330 U
fitting selection and rules 444
helpful hints 328 Unconnected Items BOM
introducing 327 Report 876
mainline designs 435 Unconnected Spraylines 75, 84,
micro irrigation 383 119, 120, 123, 129, 133,
modifying assemblies 452 207, 634, 684, 690, 776
modifying existing sysmbols definition 17
455 Undo 551
multi-valve design 378 clear 552
orchard design 370 database 255
pipe fitting matching settings redo 552
446 Undo Record
placement aids and tips 24 database 255
plot templates 466 Undo Vertex 489, 500
printing using plot layouts 458 Uneven Contours 73
reference method for digitizing Unit settings 42, 57, 196, 314,
464 743
residential 406 database 314
riser rules 444 Update Labels 785
rural water supply 436 Updating Prices in the
scale method for digitizing 463 Database 321
setting up a block of symbols Usability Features 22
457 Usage Codes 55, 235, 245,
simple drip tape design 355 263, 270, 275, 279
simple turf 338 A 276, 868
small turf 406 f 279
solid set 397 l 279
specific amount of water 352 m 279
sprinkler layout methods 343 Pipes 279

X 276, 868, 880 curve fitting 259
z 279 database 259
User Attributes google earth 571
label 223 redraw 555
User Defined 122, 639, 642, View Errors Report 834
643, 766, 767 View menu 555
User Origin Settings 709 Voltage
User Tools 887 nominal 307
customize 887 rating 308
Users Forum 3 tolerance 307
Utility Voltage Rating 305
clean fields 314
W
V
Warehouse Code 263, 268
Valve Water Requirements Report 94,
irrigation block position 102 850
irrigation block stub 102 Water Supplies 17, 32, 64, 88,
irrigation block submain stub 147, 679, 738, 821, 902,
102 915
Valve Analysis 37, 40 design pressure 89, 681
Valve Pressure 813 gravity system 89
calculation 913 management 137
Valve-In-Head 17, 74, 130, 144, pumped systems 90, 131
684, 687, 738 Water Supply 35, 68, 88, 131,
Valve-In-Head Outlets 130, 861 145, 164, 428, 679, 738,
Valves 82, 130, 249, 272, 284, 864, 914
676, 907, 925 definition 17
connect tool 796 design flow 88, 681, 852
database details 284, 925 design pressure 89, 681
specification summary 815 flow check 81, 119, 722
Valve-Under-Head 235, 861, gravity system 89
924 pumped systems 90, 131
Variable Arc Type 76, 97, 127, Water Supply Times 88, 143,
296 820
Velocity Design 36, 79, 83, 96, Water Supply tool 679
145, 148, 237, 805, 813 Watering
looped systems 146 specific amount 352
Velocity setting 150, 800 Wetted Radii
Version 221, 319, 521, 536, viewing 74, 125, 571
677, 878, 953 Wetted Radius 77, 97, 98, 125,
View 301, 302, 571, 634, 641,
birds eye view 560

650, 673, 688, 720, 724, pipe 36, 58, 279, 630
777, 925 pipes 70
What's New 889 spray block 120, 123, 124,
Wheel Line (Side Roll) Systems 639
133 spray irrigation block 648
Wheel Line Design 422 sprayline 36, 58, 85, 120, 123,
Wholesale Cost 268, 270, 804 126, 129, 270, 279, 632
Window tape 86, 120, 122, 635
arrange icons 313 tape block 36, 643
cascade 313 tape irrigation block 660
open databases list 313 Zone / Mainline BOM Report
tile 313 869, 870
WinTab driver 745 Zone / Mainline Detailed Report
Wire tool 692 871
dialog details 693 Zone and Mainline Design 40,
Wires 64, 249, 305, 908 148
database details 305 Zone Control Valve Summary
resistance 305 859
type 305 Zone Control Valves 17, 144,
voltage rating 305 146, 913
Working Database 19, 20, 55, Zone CV Table 859
61, 191 Zone Design 36, 40, 811
Zone Design Configuration 82,
X 84, 96, 145, 149, 150, 208,
812, 914
X .. (database button) 254 Zone Design Full Report 859
Zone Design Reports 37
Z Zone Flow Report 94, 852
Zone Flushing Report 854
Z Order 772 Zone Name 82, 738
Z Usage Code 279 Zone Operating Times 94, 137,
Zone 36, 137, 249, 284, 629, 143, 821, 853
902 Zone Outlets 74, 79, 82
area 97, 126, 128, 646 definition 17
autohead 127, 129, 669 Zone Pipe Report 858
block 36, 85, 270 Zone Pipes 18, 64, 74, 79, 82,
control valve 36, 676 270, 800
cut pipe 80, 92, 119, 125, 279, definition 17
637 Zone Pressure Limits 281, 296,
definition 17 836
junction 670 Zone Pressure Map 837
misc. hydraulic 17, 674 Zone Summary / Mainline BOM
outlet 36, 74, 126, 672 Report 870

Zone Summary Report 37, 855
uniformity 855, 857
Zones 284, 306, 902, 912
Zooms 489, 498, 707
all 555
in 63, 556, 707
out 164, 556, 707
previous 557
selected 558
window 557

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IRRICAD

Lincoln Agritech Ltd

Tel: (64) 3 325 3718

© AEI Software 2018. All Rights Reserved

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  iii

iv  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  v

vi  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  vii

viii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

3 IRRICAD Database Editor Manual 245

x  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xi

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xiii

xiv  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

5 Tool and Command Reference 487

xvi  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xvii

xviii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xix

xx  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xxi

xxii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xxiii

xxiv  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Contents  xxv

xxvi  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

6 Technical Reference 897

xxviii  Contents IRRICAD User Guide

IRRICAD User Guide Overview & Installation  1

You are also able to download manufacturer's databases from our

Do you know about the IRRICAD Users Forum?

 Receive up to date announcements from us

1.1.1 INSURANCE FOR YOUR IRRICAD

4  Overview & Installation IRRICAD User Guide

The Tutorials section includes tutorials illustrating the design of several

The Technical Reference includes information to aid in understanding

The Release Notes can be access by selecting Help|Release Notes.

IRRICAD User Guide Overview & Installation  5

6  Overview & Installation IRRICAD User Guide

1.3.1 BEFORE INSTALLATION

 CD-ROM or flash drive – conatining the IRRICAD program and

IRRICAD software is supplied with a hardware protection device (HPD

If the HPD is damaged, return to us an identifiable portion of the HPD

IRRICAD User Guide Overview & Installation  7

Hardware and Memory Requirements

Computer: Intel i5 or i7 or equivalent processor, minimum

A scanner is optional. This can be used to scan in scale plans or

8  Overview & Installation IRRICAD User Guide

1. Log in as an Administrator and open an internet browser (for

Once installed, the language option may be changed in the

The User Interface Language can be independently specified in the

Plot layouts and report templates are available in English, French,

If you have installed IRRICAD without selecting your preferred language

In The Database Editor:

10  Overview & Installation IRRICAD User Guide

 In any IRRICAD window, press F1 to open the Help Topics

Information can then be displayed for performing tasks within IRRICAD,